Patent Grant
7118749
The present invention is related to the molecular cloning of genes encoding transferrin receptor and in particular to the cloning of transferrin receptor genes from Haemophilus influenzae.
Encapsulated Haemophilus influenzae type b strains are the major cause of bacterial meningitis and other invasive infections in young children. However, the non-encapsulated or non-typable H. influenzae (NTHi) are responsible for a wide range of human diseases including otitis media, epiglottitis, pneumonia, and tracheobronchitis. Vaccines based upon H. influenzae type b capsular polysaccharide conjugated to diphtheria toxoid (Berkowitz et al., 1987. Throughout this application, various references are referred to in parenthesis to more fully describe the state of the art to which this invention pertains. Full bibliographic information for each citation is found at the end of the specification, immediately preceding the claims. The disclosures of these references are hereby incorporated by reference into the present disclosure), tetanus toxoid (Classon et al., 1989 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,496,538), or Neisseria meningitidis outer membrane protein (Black et al., 1991) have been effective in reducing H. influenzae type b-induced meningitis, but not NTHi-induced disease (Bluestone, 1982).
Otitis media is the most common illness of early childhood with 60–70% of all children of less than 2 years of age experiencing between one and three ear infections. Chronic otitis media is responsible for hearing, speech and cognitive impairments in children. H. influenzae infections account for about 30% of the cases of acute otitis media and about 60% of chronic otitis media. In the United States alone, treatment of otitis media costs between 1 and 2 billion dollars per year for antibiotics and surgical procedures such as tonsillectomies, adenoidectomies and insertion of tympanostomy tubes. Furthermore, many of the causative organisms of otitis media are becoming resistant to antibiotic treatment. An effective prophylactic vaccine against otitis media is thus desirable. Non-typable strains of H. influenzae are also important pathogens responsible for pneumonia in the elderly and other individuals who are particularly susceptible to respiratory infections. There is thus a need for antigens from H. influenzae which are useful as components in immunogenic preparations that provide protection against the many serotypes of H. influenzae.
Iron is an essential nutrient for the growth of many bacteria. Several human pathogens, such as H. influenzae, Branhamella catarrhalis, N. meningitidis, N. gonorrhoeae and non-pathogenic commensal Neisseria strains, can utilize human transferrin as an iron source (Schryvers, 1988; Schryvers and Lee, 1989; Mickelsen and Sparling, 1981). The bacterial transferrin receptor (TfR) is composed of two chains, Tbp1 and Tbp2. In strains of H. influenzae, the molecular weight of Tbp1 is approximately 100,000, whereas the molecular weight of Tbp2 is variable, ranging from 60,000 to 90,000, depending upon the strain (Schryvers and Gray-Owen, 1992; Holland et al., 1992). Expression of H. influenzae transferrin receptor is thought to be iron-and/or hemin-regulated (Morton et al., 1993) and a putative fur-binding site (Braun and Hantke, 1991) has been identified upstream of tbp2. This sequence is found in the promoter region of genes which are negatively regulated by iron, including N. meningitidis TfR (Legrain et al., 1993). The promoter is followed by the tbp2 and Tbp1 genes, an arrangement found in other bacterial TfR operons (Legrain et al, 1993; Wilton et al., 1993). Antibodies which block the access of the transferrin receptor to its iron source may prevent bacterial growth. In addition, antibodies against TfR that are opsonizing or bactericidal may also provide protection by alternative mechanisms. Thus, the transferrin receptor, fragments thereof, its constituent chains, or peptides derived therefrom are vaccine candidates to protect against H. influenzae disease. Mice immunized with N. meningitidis TfR proteins in Freund's adjuvant were protected from homologous challenge and the anti-TfR antisera were bactericidal and protective in a passive transfer assay (Danve et al., 1993). Pigs immunized with recombinant A. pleuropneumoniae Tbp2 were protected against homologous challenge but not heterologous challenge (Rossi-Campos et al., 1992). These data indicate the efficacy of TfR-based vaccines in protection from disease. It would be desirable to provide the sequence of the DNA molecule that encodes transferrin receptor and peptides corresponding to portions of the transferrin receptor and vectors containing such sequences for diagnosis, immunization and the generation of diagnostic and immunological reagents.
Poliovirus is an enterovirus, a genus of the family Picornaviridae. There are three distinct serotypes of the virus, and multiple strains within each serotype. Virulent strains are causative agents of paralytic poliomyelitis. Attenuated strains, which have reduced potential to cause paralytic disease, and inactivated virulent strains, are used as vaccines. Infection with the virus induces long-lasting, protective, mucosal immunity. Inoculation with inactivated poliovirus vaccines can also induce a mucosal immune response.
The structure of poliovirus is known, and is highly conserved among strains and serotypes. The structures of several other picornaviruses (viruses belonging to genera of the family Picornaviridae) have also been determined, and have been shown to be closely related to the structure of poliovirus. It is possible to express foreign epitopes on the capsid of polioviruses (Murdin et al, 1992) and this work has been extended to other picornaviruses. Epitopes which have been expressed are usually short, well defined, contiguous epitopes, and most have been expressed within poliovirus neutralisation antigenic site I (NAgI) or the equivalent site on other picornaviruses. This site includes the loop linking beta strands B and C (the BC loop) of poliovirus capsid protein VP1. The BC loop of VP1 is a surface-exposed loop of nine amino acids which can be replaced and extended with at least twenty-five heterologous amino acids (Murdin et al, 1991). Hybrid or chimeric polioviruses expressing transferrin receptor epitopes, which grow to a high titre and are immunogenic, would be useful as vaccines and as tools for the generation of immunological reagents.
The present invention is directed towards the provision of purified and isolated nucleic acid molecules encoding a transferrin receptor of a strain of Haemophilus or a fragment or an analog of the transferrin receptor protein. The nucleic acid molecules provided herein are useful for the specific detection of strains of Haemophilus, and for diagnosis of infection by Haemophilus. The purified and isolated nucleic acid molecules provided herein, such as DNA, are also useful for expressing the TfR genes by recombinant DNA means for providing, in an economical manner, purified and isolated transferrin receptor subunits, fragments or analogs thereof. The transferrin receptor, subunits or fragments thereof or analogs thereof, as well as nucleic acid molecules encoding the same and vectors containing such nucleic acid molecules, are useful in immunogenic compositions against diseases caused by Haemophilius, the diagnosis of infection by Haemophilus and as tools for the generation of immunological reagents. Monoclonal antibodies or mono-specific antisera (antibodies) raised against the transferrin receptor protein produced in accordance with aspects of the present invention are useful for the diagnosis of infection by Haemophilus, the specific detection of Haemophilus (in for example in vitro and in vivo assays) and for the treatment of diseases caused by Haemophilus.
Peptides corresponding to portions of the transferrin receptor or analogs thereof are useful immunogenic compositions against disease caused by Haemophilus, the diagnosis of infection by Haemophilus and as tools for the generation of immunological reagents. Monoclonal antibodies or antisera raised against these peptides, produced in accordance with aspects of the present invention, are useful for the diagnosis of infection by Haemophilus, the specific detection of Haemophilus (in, for example, in vitro and in vivo assays) and for use in passive immunization as a treatment of disease caused by Haemophilus.
In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a purified and isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding a transferrin receptor protein of a strain of Haemophilus, more particularly, a strain of H. influenzae, specifically a strain of H. influenzae type b, such as H. influenzae type b strain DL63, Eagan or MinnA, or a non-typable strain of H. influenzae, such as H. influenzae strain PAK 12085, SB33, SB12, SB29, SB30 or SB32, or a fragment or an analog of the transferrin receptor protein.
In one preferred embodiment of the invention, the nucleic acid molecule may encode only the Tbp1 protein of the Haemophilus strain or only the Tbp2 protein of the Haemophilus strain. In another preferred embodiment of the invention, the nucleic acid may encode a fragment of the transferrin receptor protein of a strain of Haemophilus having a conserved amino acid sequence which is conserved among bacteria that produce transferrin receptor protein. Such conserved amino acid sequence may have an amino acid sequence contained within the amino acid sequence of the peptides shown in Tables 2 and 3 below for Haemophilus influenzae type b strain Eagan as well as corresponding peptides of other strains of Haemophilus influenzae.
In another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a purified and isolated nucleic acid molecule having a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of (a) any one of the DNA sequences set out in
In an additional aspect, the present invention includes a vector adapted for transformation of a host, comprising a nucleic acid molecule as provided herein. The vector may be one having the characteristics of plasmid DS-712-1-3 having ATCC accession number 75603 or plasmid JB-1042-7-6 having ATCC accession number 75607.
The plasmids may be adapted for expression of the encoded transferrin receptor, fragments or analogs thereof, in a heterologous or homologous host, in either a lipidated or non-lipidated form. Accordingly, a further aspect of the present invention provides an expression vector adapted for transformation of a host comprising a nucleic acid molecule as provided herein and expression means operatively coupled to the nucleic acid molecule for expression by the host of the transferrin receptor protein or the fragment or analog of the transferrin receptor protein. In specific embodiments of this aspect of the invention, the nucleic acid molecule may encode substantially all the transferrin receptor protein, only the Tbp1 protein or only the Tbp2 protein of the Haemophilus strain. The expression means may include a nucleic acid portion encoding a leader sequence for secretion from the host of the transferrin receptor protein or the fragment or the analog of the transferrin receptor protein. The expression means also may include a nucleic acid portion encoding a lipidation signal for expression from the host of a lipidated form of the transferrin receptor protein or the fragment or the analog of the transferrin receptor protein. The expression plasmid may have the identifying characteristics of plasmid JB-1468-29, JB-1600-1 or JB-1424-2-8. The host may be selected from, for example, Escherichia coli, Bacillus, Haemophilus, fungi, yeast or baculovirus and Semliki Forest virus expression systems may be used.
In an additional aspect of the invention, there is provided a transformed host containing an expression vector as provided herein. Such host may selected from JB-1476-2-1, JB-1437-4-1 and JB-1607-1-1. The invention further includes a recombinant transferrin receptor protein or fragment or analog thereof producible by the transformed host.
As described in more detail below, there has been produced Tbp1 and Tbp2 protein receptors separate from each other. Further aspects of the present invention, therefore, provide an isolated and purified Tbp1 protein of a strain of Haemophilus free from the Tbp2 protein of the Haemophilus strain and an isolated and purified Tbp2 protein of a strain of Haemophilus free from the Tbp1 protein of the Haemophilus strain. The Haemophilus strain may be H. influenzae type b or a non-typable strain of H. influenzae.
The present invention further provides synthetic peptides corresponding to portions of the transferrin receptor. Accordingly, in a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a synthetic peptide having no less than six amino acids and no more than 150 amino acids and containing an amino acid sequence corresponding to a portion only of a transferrin receptor protein of a strain of bacteria or of an analog the transferrin receptor protein. The bacterial strain preferably is a Haemophilus strain, particularly a H. influenzae strain, specifically a strain of H. influenzae type b or a non-typable strain of H. influenzae.
The peptides provided herein may comprise an amino acid sequence which is conserved among bacteria that produces transferrin receptor protein, including strains of Haemophilus. The peptide may include an amino acid sequence LEGGFYGP (SEQ ID NO: 74) or LEGGFYG (SEQ ID NO: 85). The peptides provided herein may have an amino acid sequence selected from those presented in Table 2 or 3 below for the Eagan strain of H. influenzae type b and corresponding amino acid sequences for other strains of H. influenzae.
In accordance with another aspect of the invention, an immunogenic composition is provided which comprises at least one active component selected from at least one nucleic acid molecule as provided herein, at least one recombinant protein as provided herein, at least one of the purified and isolated Tbp1 or Tbp2 proteins, as provided herein, at least one synthetic peptide, as provided herein, at least one purified and isolated truncated Tbp2 protein, as provided herein and a live vector, as provided herein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier therefor or vector therefor. The at least one active component produces an immune response when administered to a host.
The immunogenic compositions provided herein may be formulated as a vaccine for in vivo administration to protect against diseases caused by bacterial pathogens that produce transferrin receptors. For such purpose, the compositions may be formulated as a microparticle, capsule or liposome preparation. Alternatively, the compositions may be provided in combination with a targeting molecule for delivery to specific cells of the immune system or to mucosal surfaces. The immunogenic composition may comprise a plurality of active components to provide protection against disease caused by a plurality of species of transferrin receptor producing bacteria. The immunogenic compositions may further comprise an adjuvant.
In accordance with another aspect of the invention, there is provided a method for inducing protection against infection or disease caused by Haemophilus or other bacteria that produce transferrin receptor protein, comprising the step of administering to a susceptible host, such as a human, an effective amount of the immunogenic composition as recited above.
In accordance with another aspect of the invention, an antiserum or antibody specific for the recombinant protein, the isolated and purified Tbp1 protein or Tbp2 protein, synthetic peptide or the immunogenic composition, is provided.
In a further aspect, there is provided a live vector for delivery of transferrin receptor to a host, comprising a vector containing the nucleic acid molecule as described above. The vector may be selected from Salmonella, BCG, adenovirus, poxvirus, vaccinia and poliovirus. The vector may specifically be poliovirus and the nucleic acid molecule may code for a fragment of transferrin receptor having an amino acid sequence of LEGGFYGP (SEQ ID NO: 74) or LEGGFYG (SEQ ID NO: 85). The present invention further includes a plasmid vector having the identifying characteristics of pT7TBP2A, pT7TBP2B, pT7TBP2C or pT7TBP2D (ATCC designation Nos. 75931, 75932, 75933, 75934).
An additional aspect of the invention provides a strain of Haemophilus that does not produce transferrin receptor protein. Such strain may comprise a gene encoding transferrin receptor which is functionally disabled, such as by insertional mutagenesis. The Haemophilus strain may be one that has been attenuated and the attenuated strain may comprise the vector for delivery of transferrin receptor.
As mentioned above, one aspect of the invention provides novel Tbp1 or Tbp2 protein of a strain of Haemophilus, preferably a strain of Haemophilius influenzae, which is isolated and purified and free from the other. A yet further aspect of the present invention provides a method for producing such proteins. Accordingly, in this yet further aspect, the present invention provides a method of producing an isolated and purified Tbp1 or Tbp2 protein of a strain of Haemophilus, comprising the steps of (a) providing a recombinant host expressing, in inclusion bodies, Tbp1 or Tbp2 protein, but not both; (b) growing the host to provide a cell mass; (c) disrupting the cell mass to provide a cell lysate; (d) fractionating the cell lysate to provide a first supernatant and a first pellet, the first supernatant comprising substantially a large proportion of soluble host proteins; (e) separating the first supernatant from the first pellet; (f) selectively extracting the first pellet to remove substantially all soluble host proteins and host membrane proteins therefrom to provide a second supernatant and an extracted pellet containing the inclusion bodies; (g) separating the second supernatant from the extracted pellet; (h) solubilizing the extracted pellet to provide a solubilized extract; and (i) fractionating the solubilized extract to provide a Tbp1 or Tbp2 protein containing fraction.
The cell lysate may be fractionated to provide the first supernatant and first pellet may be effected by at least one detergent extraction.
The solubilized extract may be fractionated by gel filtration to provide the Tbp1 or Tbp2 protein containing fraction, which may be subsequently dialyzed to remove at least the detergent and provide a further purified solution of Tbp1 or Tbp2 protein.
The present invention will be further understood from the following description with reference to the drawings, in which:
FIGS. 16A′ and 16A″ show the predicted secondary structure of H. influenzae Tbp1 protein and FIGS. 16B′ and 16B″ show the predicted secondary structure of H. influenzae Tbp2 protein.
In some of the above Figures, the following abbreviations have been used to designate particular site specific restriction endonucleases: R, Eco RI; Ps, Pst I; H, Hind III; Bg, Bgl II; Nde, Nde I; Ear, Ear I; and Sau, Sau3A I.
In
Any Haemophilus strain may be conveniently used to provide the purified and isolated nucleic acid which may be in the form of DNA molecules, comprising at least a portion of the nucleic acid coding for a transferrin receptor as typified by embodiments of the present invention. Such strains are generally available from clinical sources and from bacterial culture collections, such as the American Type Culture Collection.
According to an aspect of the invention, the transferrin receptor protein may be isolated from Haemophilus strains by the methods described by Schryvers (1989), Ogunnaviwo and Schryvers (1992) and U.S. Pat. No. 5,141,743, the subject matter of which is hereby incorporated by reference. Although the details of an appropriate process are provided in patent U.S. Pat. No. 5,141,743, a brief summary of such process is as follows. Isolation of transferrin receptor is achieved by isolating a membrane fraction from a bacterial strain expressing transferrin binding activity and purifying the transferrin receptor by an affinity method involving the sequential steps of prebinding of transferrin to the transferrin receptor in the membrane fraction, solubilising the membrane, immobilising the transferrin and separating the transferrin receptor from the immobilised transferrin. Alternatively, the receptor proteins may be isolated by a modification of the above method in which the prebinding step is avoided and a high concentration of salt is included in the solubilization buffer to allow direct isolation with immobilized transferrin as described in Ogunnariwo and Schryvers (1992).
In this application, the term “transferrin receptor” is used to define a family of Tbp1 and/or Tbp2 proteins which includes those having variations in their amino acid sequences including those naturally occurring in various strains of, for example, Haemophilus. Other bacterial sources of transferrin receptor include, but are not limited to, species of Neisseria, Branhamella, Pasteurella and Actinobacillus. Some, if not all, of these bacteria contain both Tbp1 and Tbp2. The purified and isolated DNA molecules comprising at least a portion coding for transferrin receptor of the present invention also include those encoding functional analogs of transferrin receptor. In this application, a first protein or peptide is a “functional analog” of a second protein if the first protein is immunologically related to and/or has the same function as the second protein or peptide. The functional analog may be, for example, a fragment of the protein, such as those shown in
In one particular embodiment, the transferrin receptor was isolated from H. influenzae type b strain DL63 and purified by affinity chromatography methods, as described by Schryvers (1989), Ogunnariwo and Schryvers (1992) and in U.S. Pat. No. 5,141,743. The isolated and purified transferrin receptor was used to generate anti-TfR antisera in rabbits. Chromosomal DNA from H. influenzae type b strain DL63 was mechanically sheared, EcoRI linkers added, and a λZAP expression library constructed. The library was screened with the anti-TfR rabbit antisera and two positive clones (pBHIT1 and pBHIT2) were obtained which had overlapping restriction maps (
Amino acid sequencing of the N-termini and cyanogen bromide fragments of transferrin receptor from H. influenzae DL63 was performed. The N-terminus of Tbp2 was blocked but amino acid sequences were identified by sequencing of Tbp1 and are indicated by underlining within the protein sequence of
Chromosomal DNA from H. influenzae type b strain Eagan was prepared and libraries were generated. The first library was constructed from DNA partially digested with Sau3A I, size-fractionated for ˜5–10 kb fragments, and cloned into a pUC-based plasmid. The second library was constructed from Eco RI-restricted chromosomal DNA fragments cloned into λZAP. Both libraries were probed with a 5′-fragment of the pBHIT clone as shown in
Chromosomal DNA from H. influenzae type b strain MinnA was prepared and the DNA partially digested with Sau3A I, size-fractionated for 10–20 kb fragments, and cloned into the BamHI site of EMBL3. The library was probed with the 5′-fragment of the pBHIT clone (
Chromosomal DNA from the non-typable H. influenzae strain PAK 12085 was prepared. The DNA was partially digested with Sau3A I, size-fractionated for 10–20 kb fragments, and cloned into the BamH I site of EMBL3. The library was probed with the fragments of the pBHIT clone (
Chromosomal DNA from the otitis-media derived non-typable H. influenzae strain SB33 was prepared. The DNA was partially digested with Sau3A I, size-fractionated for 10–20 kb fragments, and cloned into the BamH I site of EMBL3. The library was probed with the fragments of the pBHIT clone (
PCR amplification of the tbp2 genes from otitis media-derived NTHi strains SB12, SB29, SB30 and SB32 was performed and the genes sequenced.
The nucleotide sequence of the tbp2 genes from non-typable H. influenzae strains SB12 (SEQ ID NO: 105), SB29 (SEQ ID NO: 108), SB30 (SEQ ID NO: 110) and SB32 (SEQ ID NO: 112) are shown in
All of the amplified tbp2 genes were found to encode full-length Tbp2 proteins indicating that the defective tbp2 gene of strain SB33 was atypical.
The three H. influenzae b strains all had identical short intergenic sequences of only 13 bp between tbp2 and Tbp1, but the NTHi strains PAK 12085 and SB33 had longer intergenic sequences of 27 bp (
Strain SB12 had a 13 bp intergenic sequence identical to that found in the H. influenzae b strains while strains SB29, SB30 and SB32 contained longer intergenic sequences (27–30 bp) as found in the other NTHi strains PAK 12085 and SB33 (
A pentapeptide sequence near the amino terminus of H. influenzae Tbp1 was identified (
The amino acid sequences of Tbp1 from H. influenzae strains Eagan/MinnA, DL63, PAK 12085 and SB33 strains are compared in
Putative secondary structures of Eagan Tbp1 and Tbp2 were determined (
The discovery that the Tbp2 amino acid sequence varies between strains of Haemophilus allows for the grouping of Haemophilus into sub-groups defined by the same Tbp2 amino acid sequence. This discovery allows the rational selection of a minimal number of Tbp1 and/or Tbp2 sequences or synthetic peptides representing epitopes shared by such subtypes within strains of Haemophilus to be used in immunogenic compositions for, for example, immunization against the diseases caused by Haemophilus and other bacteria that produce transferrin receptor with sequence similarities to Tbp1 and Tbp2 from Haemophilus species. Thus, a minimal number of transferrin receptor, analogs, fragments, and/or peptides, may be used to immunize against many or all strains of Haemophilus and other bacterial pathogens that produce transferrin receptor.
Furthermore, the amino acid sequences of the transferrin receptor from a range of bacterial pathogens (H. influenzae type b, non-typable H. influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Actinobacillus (Haemophilus) pleuropneumoniae) were compared as shown in
The discovery of conserved sequences within the transferrin receptor of a range of bacterial pathogens allows the selection of a minimal number of antigens having particular amino acid sequences (including in the form of synthetic peptides) to immunize against the disease caused by pathogens that have transferrin receptors. Such bacteria in addition to those recited above include other species of Neisseria, such as Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Branhamella, including Branhamella catarrhalis. Such conserved amino acid sequences among many bacterial pathogens permits the generation of TfR specific antibodies, including monoclonal antibodies, that recognize most if not all transferrin receptors. Antiserum was raised against peptides corresponding to conserved portions of the transferrin receptor. This antiserum recognized the transferrin receptor in Branhamella catarrhalis. Such antisera are useful for the detection and neutralization of most if not all bacteria that produce TfR protein and are also useful for passive immunization against the diseases caused by such pathogens. Diagnostic assays and kits using such conserved amino acid sequences are useful to detect many if not all bacteria that produce transferrin receptor.
Epitopes containing the afore-mentioned amino acid sequences can be delivered to cells of the immune system by the use of synthetic peptides containing such sequences, or by the use of live vectors expressing such sequences, or by the direct administration of nucleic acid molecules encoding the amino acid sequence.
Some peptides containing conserved amino acid sequences within the Tbp1 proteins of H. influenzae type b strains Eagan, MinnA, DL63 and the nontypable strain PAK 12085 are shown in Table 2. Antibodies to some of these peptides were raised in guinea pigs (Table 4). Peptides containing conserved amino acid sequences within the Tbp2 proteins of H. influenzae type b strains Eagan, Minn A, DL63 and the nontypable strain PAK 12085 are shown in Table 3. Antibodies to some of these peptides were raised in guinea pigs (Table 4).
The coding sequences of the Tbp1 and Tbp2 genes may be cloned into appropriate expression vectors to produce recombinant proteins. Recombinant Tbp1 and Tbp2 were expressed from E. coli using the T7 expression system. The Tbp1 gene encoding the mature Eagan Tbp1 protein was cloned in-frame behind the T7 promoter generating plasmid JB-1468-29, as shown in
The tbp2 gene encoding the mature Tbp2 protein was cloned in-frame behind the T7 promotor generating plasmid JB-1424-2-8 as shown in
The tbp2 gene from strain NTHi SB12 was amplified by PCR. The resultant amplified DNA contains the authentic H. influenzae Tbp2 signal sequence before the mature protein. The SB12 tbp2 gene encoding the signal sequence and the mature protein was cloned into the pT7-7 expression system as shown in
Recombinant proteins Tbp1 and Tbp2 produced in E. coli as inclusion bodies were purified by the scheme shown in
Antisera raised to recombinant Tbp1 or Tbp2 derived from one H. influenzae strain are cross-reactive with other strains, making these potentially useful diagnostic reagents (
Plasmids pUHIT1KFH and pUHITKFP shown in
As discussed above, epitopes of transferrin receptor proteins can be delivered to cells of the immune system by the use of live vectors expressing such amino acid sequences and the live vector may be poliovirus. Referring to
Referring to
Guinea pig anti-Eagan rTbp1, anti-Eagan rTbp2, and anti-SB12 rTbp2 antisera were used to screen a panel of H. influenzae strains for antigenic conservation of the Tbp1 and Tbp2 proteins. Of 33 strains screened by Western blot with anti-Eagan rTbp1 antisera, all had a reactive band of ˜100 kDa. Of 89 strains screened by Western blot with anti-Eagan rTbp2 antisera, 85 had a reactive band of 60–90 kDa. Of 86 strains screened by Western blot with anti-SB12 rTbp2 antisera, 82 had a reactive band of 60–90 kDa. Only one strain was not recognized by either anti-Eagan rTbp2 or anti-SB12 rTbp2 antisera, and that was NTHi strain SB33 which has a defective tbpB gene. These data indicate that transferrin receptor proteins are highly conserved in strains of H. influenzae and support the use of these proteins as antigens and in immunogenic compositions, including vaccines, for immunization against disease cause by H. influenzae and diagnosis thereof.
The infant rat model of bacteremia (Loeb et al, 1987) was used to assess the protective abililty of anti-Eagan rTbp1 and anti-Eagan rTbp2 antisera. Anti-Eagan rTbp1 antisera raised in either rabbits or guinea pigs was not protective in this model but anti-Eagan rTbp2 antisera raised in rabbits or guinea pigs was protective (Table 7). These data indicate the use for rTbp2 proteins as protective antigens against disease caused by H. influenzae.
The chinchilla model of otitis media (Barenksamp et al, 1986) was used to assess the protective ability of SB12 rTbp2. Data indicated that compared with the control group, the immunized animals had less severe disease.
In further embodiments, there is provided a number of truncated analogues at transferrin receptor protein Tbp2 as shown in Table 8 and
The purified and isolated DNA molecules comprising at least a portion coding for a transferrin receptor of a species of Haemophilus typified by the embodiments described herein are advantageous as:
The transferrin receptor encoded by the nucleic acid molecules of the present invention, fragments and analogs thereof, and peptides containing sequences corresponding to portions of the transferrin receptor that are conserved between various isolates of Haemophilus and other bacteria that produce transferrin receptor, are useful in diagnosis of and immunization against diseases caused by any bacterial strain that produces transferrin receptor. In particular, peptides containing the sequences LEGGFYGP are conserved in the transferrin receptor proteins of many bacterial pathogens that produce transferrin receptor and are appropriate for diagnosis of and immunization against diseases caused by bacteria that produce transferrin receptor. Such bacteria include but are not limited to species of Haemophilus, Neisseria (including N. meningitidis and N. gonorrhoeae) and Branhamella (including B. catarrhalis).
It is clearly apparent to one skilled in the art, that the various embodiments of the present invention have many applications in the fields of vaccination, diagnosis, treatment of, for example, Haemophilus infections, and infections with other bacterial pathogens that produce transferrin receptor and the generation of immunological reagents. A further non-limiting discussion of such uses is further presented below.
1. Vaccine Preparation and Use
Immunogenic compositions, suitable to be used as vaccines, may be prepared from immunogenic transferrin receptor, analogs and fragments thereof and/or peptides as disclosed herein. The vaccine elicits an immune response which produces antibodies, including anti-transferrin receptor antibodies and antibodies that are opsonizing or bactericidal. Should the vaccinated subject be challenged by Haemophilus or other bacteria that produce a transferrin receptor, the antibodies bind to the transferrin receptor and thereby prevent access of the bacteria to an iron source which is required for viability. Furthermore, opsonizing or bactericidal anti-TfR antibodies may also provide protection by alternative mechanisms.
Vaccines containing peptides are generally well known in the art, as exemplified by U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,601,903; 4,599,231; 4,599,230; and 4,596,792; all of which references are incorporated herein by reference. Immunogenic compositions including vaccines may be prepared as injectables, as liquid solutions or emulsions. The transferrin receptor, analogs and fragments thereof and/or peptides may be mixed with pharmaceutically acceptable excipients which are compatible with the transferrin receptor, fragments analogs or peptides. Such excipients may include, water, saline, dextrose, glycerol, ethanol, and combinations thereof. The immunogenic compositions and vaccines may further contain auxiliary substances such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering agents, or adjuvants to enhance the effectiveness of the vaccines. Immunogenic compositions and vaccines may be administered parenterally, by injection subcutaneously or intramuscularly. Alternatively, the immunogenic compositions formed according to the present invention, may be formulated and delivered in a manner to evoke an immune response at mucosal surfaces. Thus, the immunogenic composition may be administered to mucosal surfaces by, for example, the nasal or oral (intragastric) routes. The immunogenic composition may be provided in combination with a targeting molecule for delivery to specific cells of the immune system or to mucosal surfaces. Some such targeting molecules include strain B12 and fragments of bacterial toxins, as described in WO 92/17167 (Biotech Australia Pty. Ltd.), and monoclonal antibodies, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,194,254 (Barber et al). Alternatively, other modes of administration including suppositories and oral formulations may be desirable. For suppositories, binders and carriers may include, for example, polyalkalene glycols or triglycerides. Oral formulations may include normally employed incipients such as, for example, pharmaceutical grades of saccharine, cellulose and magnesium carbonate. These compositions take the form of solutions, suspensions, tablets, pills, capsules, sustained release formulations or powders and contain 10–95% of the transferrin receptor, fragment analogs and/or peptides.
The vaccines are administered in a manner compatible with the dosage formulation, and in such amount as will be therapeutically effective, protective and immunogenic. The quantity to be administered depends on the subject to be treated, including, for example, the capacity of the individual's immune system to synthesize antibodies, and if needed, to produce a cell-mediated immune response. Precise amounts of active ingredient required to be administered depend on the judgment of the practitioner. However, suitable dosage ranges are readily determinable by one skilled in the art and may be of the order of micrograms of the transferrin receptor, analogs and fragments thereof and/or peptides. Suitable regimes for initial administration and booster doses are also variable, but may include an initial administration followed by subsequent administrations. The dosage of the vaccine may also depend on the route of administration and will vary according to the size of the host.
The nucleic acid molecules encoding the transferrin receptor of the present invention may also be used directly for immunization by administration of the DNA directly, for example by injection for genetic immunization or by constructing a live vector such as Salmonella, BCG, adenovirus, poxvirus, vaccinia or poliovirus. A discussion of some live vectors that have been used to carry heterologous antigens to the immune system are discussed in for example O'Hagan (1992). Processes for the direct injection of DNA into test subjects for genetic immunization are described in, for example, Ulmer et al., 1993.
The use of peptides in vivo may first require their chemical modification since the peptides themselves may not have a sufficiently long serum and/or tissue half-life and/or sufficient immunogenicity. Such chemically modified peptides are referred to herein as “peptide analogs”. The term “peptide analog” extends to any functional chemical equivalent of a peptide characterized by its increased stability and/or efficacy and immunogenicity in vivo or in vitro in respect of the practice of the invention. The term “peptide analog” is also used herein to extend to any amino acid derivative of the peptides as described herein. Peptide analogs contemplated herein are produced by procedures that include, but are not limited to, modifications to side chains, incorporation of unnatural amino acids and/or their derivatives during peptide synthesis and the use of cross-linkers and other methods which impose conformational constraint on the peptides or their analogs.
Examples of side chain modifications contemplated by the present invention include modification of amino groups such as by reductive alkylation by reaction with an aldehyde followed by reduction with NaBH4; amidation with methylacetimidate; acetylation with acetic anhydride; carbamylation of amino groups with cyanate; trinitrobenzylation of amino groups with 2, 4, 6, trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS); alkylation of amino groups with succinic anhydride and tetrahydrophthalic anhydride; and pyridoxylation of lysine with pyridoxal-5′-phosphate followed by reduction with NaBH4.
The guanidino group of arginine residues may be modified by the formation of heterocyclic condensation products with reagents such as 2,3-butanedione, phenylglyoxal and glyoxal.
The carboxyl group may be modified by carbodiimide activation via o-acylisourea formation followed by subsequent derivatisation, for example, to a corresponding amide.
Sulfhydryl groups may be modified by methods such as carboxymethylation with iodoacetic acid or iodoacetamide; performic acid oxidation to cysteic acid; formation of mixed disulphides with other thiol compounds; reaction with maleimide; maleic anhydride or other substituted maleimide; formation of mercurial derivatives using 4-chloromercuribenzoate, 4-chloromercuriphenylsulfonic acid, phenylmercury chloride, 2-chloromercuric-4-nitrophenol and other mercurials; carbamylation with cyanate at alkaline pH.
Tryptophan residues may be modified by, for example, oxidation with N-bromosuccinimide or alkylation of the indole ring with 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide or sulphonyl halides. Tryosine residues may be altered by nitration with tetranitromethane to form a 3-nitrotyrosine derivative.
Modification of the imidazole ring of a histidine residue may be accomplished by alkylation with iodoacetic acid derivatives or N-carbethoxylation with diethylpyrocarbonate.
Examples of incorporating unnatural amino acids and derivatives during peptide synthesis include, but are not limited to, use of norleucine, 4-amino butyric acid, 4-amino-3-hydroxy-5-phenylpentanoic acid, 6-aminohexanoic acid-, t-butylglycine, norvaline, phenylglycine, ornithine, sarcosine, 4-amino-3-hydroxy-6-methylhepanoic acid, 2-thienyl alanine and/or D-isomers of amino acids.
Immunogenicity can be significantly improved if the antigens are co-administered with adjuvants, commonly used as an 0.05 to 1.0 percent solution in phosphate-buffered saline. Adjuvants enhance the immunogenicity of an antigen but are not necessarily immunogenic themselves. Adjuvants may act by retaining the antigen locally near the site of administration to produce a depot effect facilitating a slow, sustained release of antigen to cells of the immune system. Adjuvants can also attract cells of the immune system to an antigen depot and stimulate such cells to elicit immune responses.
Immunostimulatory agents or adjuvants have been used for many years to improve the host immune responses to, for example, vaccines. Intrinsic adjuvants, such as lipopolysaccharides, normally are the components of the killed or attenuated bacteria used as vaccines. Extrinsic adjuvants are immunomodulators which are typically non-covalently linked to antigens and are formulated to enhance the host immune responses. Thus, adjuvants have been identified that enhance the immune response to antigens delivered parenterally. Some of these adjuvants are toxic, however, and can cause undesirable side-effects, making them unsuitable for use in humans and many animals. Indeed, only aluminum hydroxide and aluminim phosphate (collectively commonly referred to as alum) are routinely used as adjuvants in human and veterinary vaccines. The efficacy of alum in increasing antibody responses to diptheria and tetanus toxoids is will established and, more recently, a HBsAg vaccine has been adjuvanted with alum. While the usefulness of alum is well established for some applications, it has limitations. For example, alum is ineffective for influenza vaccination and inconsistently elicits a cell mediated immune response. The antibodies elicited by alum-adjuvanted antigens are mainly of the IgG1 isotype in the mouse, which may not be optimal for protection by some vaccinal agents.
A wide range of extrinsic adjuvants can provoke potent immune responses to antigens. These include saponins complexed to membrane protein antigens (immune stimulating complexes), pluronic polymers with mineral oil, killed mycobacteria and mineral oil, Freund's complete adjuvant, bacterial products, such as muramyl dipeptide (MDP) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), as well as lipid A, and liposomes.
To efficiently induce humoral immune responses (HIR) and cell-mediated immunity (CMI), immunogens are emulsified in adjuvants. Many adjuvants are toxic, inducing granulomas, acute and chronic inflammations (Freund's complete adjuvant, FCA), cytolysis (saponins and pluronic polymers) and pyrogenicity, arthritis and anterior uveitis (LPS and MDP). Although FCA is an excellent adjuvant and widely used in research, it is not licensed for use in human or veterinary vaccines because of its toxicity.
Desirable characteristics of ideal adjuvants include:
U.S. Pat. No. 4,855,283 granted to Lockhoff et al on Aug. 8, 1989 which is incorporated herein by reference thereto teaches glycolipid analogues including N-glycosylamides, N-glycosylureas and N-glycosylcarbamates, each of which is substituted in the sugar residue by an amino acid, as immuno-modulators or adjuvants. Thus, Lockhoff et al. 1991 reported that N-glycolipid analogs displaying structural similarities to the naturally-occurring glycolipids, such as glycosphingolipids and glycoglycerolipids, are capable of eliciting strong immune responses in both herpes simplex virus vaccine and pseudorabies virus vaccine. Some glycolipids have been synthesized from long chain-alkylamines and fatty acids that are linked directly with the sugars through the anomeric carbon atom, to mimic the functions of the naturally occurring lipid residues.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,258,029 granted to Moloney, assigned to the assignee hereof and incorporated herein by reference thereto, teaches that octadecyl tyrosine hydrochloride (OTH) functions as an adjuvant when complexed with tetanus toxoid and formalin inactivated type I, II and III poliomyelitis virus vaccine. Also, Nixon-George et al. 1990, reported that octadecyl esters of aromatic amino acids complexed with a recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen, enhanced the host immune responses against hepatitis B virus.
Lipidation of synthetic peptides has also been used to increase their immunogenicity. Thus, Wiesmuller 1989, describes a peptide with a sequence homologous to a foot-and-mouth disease viral protein coupled to an adjuvant tripalmityl-s-glyceryl-cysteinylserylserine, being a synthetic analogue of the N-terminal part of the lipoprotein from Gram negative bacteria. Furthermore, Deres et al. 1989, reported in vivo priming of virus-lpecific cytotoxic T lymphocytes with synthetic lipopeptide vaccine which comprised of modified synthetic peptides derived from influenza virus nucleoprotein by linkage to a lipopeptide, N-palmityl-s-(2,3-bis(palmitylxy)-(2RS)-propyl-[R]-cysteine (TPC).
2. Immunoassays
The transferrin receptor, analogs and fragments thereof and/or peptides of the present invention are useful as immunogens, as antigens in immunoassays including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), RIAs and other non-enzyme linked antibody binding assays or procedures known in the art for the detection of anti-bacterial, Haemophilus, TfR and/or peptide antibodies. In ELISA assays, the transferrin receptor, analogs, fragments and/or peptides corresponding to portions of TfR protein are immobilized onto a selected surface, for example a surface capable of binding proteins or peptides such as the wells of a polystyrene microtiter plate. After washing to remove incompletely adsorbed transferrin receptor, analogs, fragments and/or peptides, a nonspecific protein such as a solution of bovine serum albumin (BSA) or casein that is known to be antigenically neutral with regard to the test sample may be bound to the selected surface. This allows for blocking of nonspecific adsorption sites on the immobilizing surface and thus reduces the background caused by nonspecific bindings of antisera onto the surface. Preferably, the selected peptides are from the conserved regions of Table 2 or Table 3 to enhance the cross-species detection unless one particular bacterial species is to be detected. In that event, a polypeptide is selected which is unique to the TfR of that particular species. Normally, the peptides are in the range of 12 residues and up and preferably 14 to 30 residues. It is understood however, that a mixture of peptides may be used either as an immunogen in a vaccine or as a diagnostic agent. There may be circumstances where a mixture of peptides from the conserved regions and/or from the non-conserved regions are used to provide cross-species protection and/or diagnosis. In this instance, the mixture of peptide immunogens is commonly referred to as a “cocktail” preparation for use as a vaccine or diagnostic agent.
The immobilizing surface is then contacted with a sample such as clinical or biological materials to be tested in a manner conducive to immune complex (antigen/antibody) formation. This may include diluting the sample with diluents such as BSA, bovine gamma globulin (BGG) and/or phosphate buffered saline (PBS)/Tween. The sample is then allowed to incubate for from 2 to 4 hours, at temperatures such as of the order of 25° to 37° C. Following incubation, the sample-contacted surface is washed to remove non-immunocomplexed material. The washing procedure may include washing with a solution such as PBS/Tween, or a borate buffer.
Following formation of specific immunocomplexes between the test sample and the bound transferrin receptor, analogs, fragments and/or peptides, and subsequent washing, the occurrence, and even amount, of immunocomplex formation may be determined by subjecting the immunocomplex to a second antibody having specificity for the first antibody. If the test sample is of human origin, the second antibody is an antibody having specificity for human immunoglobulins and in general IgG. To provide detecting means, the second antibody may have an associated activity such as an enzymatic activity that will generate, for example, a color development upon incubating with an appropriate chromogenic substrate. Quantification may then achieved by measuring the degree of color generation using, for example, a visible spectra spectrophotometer.
3. Use of Sequences as Hybridization Probes
The nucleotide sequences of the present invention, comprising the sequence of the transferrin receptor gene, now allow for the identification and cloning of the transferrin receptor genes from any species of Haemophilus and other bacteria that have transferrin receptor genes.
The nucleotide sequences comprising the sequence of the transferrin receptor genes of the present invention are useful for their ability to selectively form duplex molecules with complementary stretches of other TfR genes. Depending on the application, a variety of hybridization conditions may be employed to achieve varying degrees of selectivity of the probe toward the other TfR genes. For a high degree of selectivity, relatively stringent conditions are used to form the duplexes, such as low salt and/or high temperature conditions, such as provided by 0.02 M to 0.15 M NaCl at temperatures of between about 50° C. to 70° C. For some applications, less stringent hybridization conditions are required such as 0.15 M to 0.9 M salt, at temperatures ranging from between about 20° C. to 55° C. Hybridization conditions can also be rendered more stringent by the addition of increasing amounts of formamide, to destabilize the hybrid duplex. Thus, particular hybridization conditions can be readily manipulated, and will generally be a method of choice depending on the desired results. In general, convenient hybridization temperatures in the presence of 50% formamide are: 42° C. for a probe which is 95 to 100% homologous to the target fragment, 37° C. for 90 to 95% homology and 32° C. for 85 to 90k homology.
In a clinical diagnostic embodiment, the nucleic acid sequences of the TfR genes of the present invention may be used in combination with an appropriate means, such as a label, for determining hybridization. A wide variety of appropriate indicator means are known in the art, including radioactive, enzymatic or other ligands, such as avidin/biotin, which are capable of providing a detectable signal. In some diagnostic embodiments, an enzyme tag such as urease, alkaline phosphatase or peroxidase, instead of a radioactive tag may be used. In the case of enzyme tags, colorimetric indicator substrates are known which can be employed to provide a means visible to the human eye or spectrophotometrically, to identify specific hybridization with samples containing TfR gene sequences.
The nucleic acid sequences of TfR genes of the present invention are useful as hybridization probes in solution hybridizations and in embodiments employing solid-phase procedures. In embodiments involving solid-phase procedures, the test DNA (or RNA) from samples, such as clinical samples, including exudates, body fluids (e. g., serum, amniotic fluid, middle ear effusion, sputum, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid) or even tissues, is adsorbed or otherwise affixed to a selected matrix or surface. The fixed, single-stranded nucleic acid is then subjected to specific hybridization with selected probes comprising the nucleic acid sequences of the TfR genes or fragments thereof of the present invention under desired conditions. The selected conditions will depend on the particular circumstances based on the particular criteria required depending on, for example, the G+C contents, type of target nucleic acid, source of nucleic acid, size of hybridization probe etc. Following washing of the hybridization surface so as to remove non-specifically bound probe molecules, specific hybridization is detected, or even quantified, by means of the label. As with the selection of peptides, it is preferred to select nucleic acid sequence portions which are conserved among species of Haemophilus, such as nucleic acid sequences encoding the conserved peptide sequence of
4. Expression of the Transferrin Receptor Genes
Plasmid vectors containing replicon and control sequences which are derived from species compatible with the host cell may be used for the expression of the transferrin receptor genes in expression systems. The vector ordinarily carries a replication site, as well as marking sequences which are capable of providing phenotypic selection in transformed cells. For example, E. coli may be transformed using pBR322 which contains genes for ampicillin and tetracycline resistance and thus provides easy means for identifying transformed cells. The pBR322 plasmid, or other microbial plasmid or phage must also contain, or be modified to contain, promoters which can be used by the host cell for expression of its own proteins.
In addition, phage vectors containing replicon and control sequences that are compatible with the host can be used as a transforming vector in connection with these hosts. For example, the phage in lambda GEM™-11 may be utilized in making recombinant phage vectors which can be used to transform host cells, such as E. coli LE392.
Promoters commonly used in recombinant DNA construction include the β-lactamase (penicillinase) and lactose promoter systems (Chang et al., 1978: Itakura et al., 1977 Goeddel et al., 1979; Goeddel et al., 1980) and other microbial promoters such as the T7 promoter system (U.S. Pat. No. 4,952,496). Details concerning the nucleotide sequences of promoters are known, enabling a skilled worker to ligate them functionally with genes. The particular promoter used will generally be a matter of choice depending upon the desired results. Hosts that are appropriate for expression of the transferrin receptor genes, fragment analogs or variants thereof include E. coli, Bacillus species, Haemophilus, fungi, yeast or the baculovirus expression system may be used.
In accordance with this invention, it is preferred to make the protein by recombinant methods, particularly when the naturally occurring TfR protein as purified from a culture of a species of Haemophilus may include trace amounts of toxic materials or other contaminants. This problem can be avoided by using recombinantly produced TfR protein in heterologous systems which can be isolated from the host in a manner to minimize comtaminants in the purified material. Particularly desirable hosts for expression in this regard include Gram positive bacteria which do not have LPS and are therefore endotoxin free. Such hosts include species of Bacillus and may be particularly useful for the production of non-pyrogenic transferrin receptor, fragments or analogs thereof. Furthermore, recombinant methods of production permit the manufacture of Tbp1 or Tbp2 or fragments thereof separate from one another which is distinct from the normal combined proteins present in Haemophilus.
5 Biological Deposits
Certain plasmids that contain at least a portion coding for a transferrin receptor from strains of Haemophilus influenzae that are described and referred to herein have been deposited with the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) located at 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, Va. 20110-2209, USA pursuant to the Budapest Treaty and prior to the filing of this application. Samples of the deposited plasmids will become available to the public upon grant of a patent based upon this United States patent application. The invention described and claimed herein is not to be limited in scope by plasmids deposited, since the deposited embodiment is intended only as an illustration of the invention. Any equivalent or similar plasmids that encode similar or equivalent antigens as described in this application are within the scope of the invention.
Deposit Summary
Strains of Haemophilus
Hib strain Eagan is available from Connaught Laboratories Limited, 1755 Steeles Ave. W., Willowdale, Ontario, Canada M2R 3T4.
Hib strain MinnA was obtained from the collection of Dr. Robert Munson, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Children's Hospital, St. Louis, Mis. 63110.
Hib strain DL63 was obtained from the collection of Dr. Eric Hansen, Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Tex. 75235-9048.
PAK 12085 was obtained from the collection of Dr. Robert Munson (supra).
SB12, 29, 30, 32 and 33 were obtained from the collection of Dr. Stephen Barenkamp, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University Medical Centre, St. Louis, Mo. 63104.
The above disclosure generally describes the present invention. A more complete understanding can be obtained by reference to the following specific Examples. These Examples are described solely for purposes of illustration and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. Changes in form and substitution of equivalents are contemplated as circumstances may suggest or render expedient. Although specific terms have been employed herein, such terms are intended in a descriptive sense and not for purposes of limitations.
Methods of molecular genetics, protein biochemistry, immunology and fermentation technology used but not explicitly described in this disclosure and these Examples are amply reported in the scientific literature and are well within the ability of those skilled in the art.
This Example illustrates the preparation of chromosomal DNA from H. influenzae strains DL63, Eagan, MinnA, and PAK 12085, and SB33.
H. influenzae strains were grown on Mueller-Hinton agar or in brain heart infusion broth as described by Harkness et al 1992.
A. Chromosomal DNA extraction from Haemophilus influenzae type b DL63
Chromosomal DNA was prepared as follows. Two hundred and fifty ml of culture were pelleted by centrifugation at 8,000 rpm in a Beckman J14 rotor for 15 minutes. The pellet was washed with 200 ml of 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, centrifuged as before, resuspended in 12.5 ml of 50 mM Tris-HCl, 50 mM EDTA, pH 8.0, and frozen at −20° C. Then 1.25 ml of a 10 mg/ml lysozyme solution in 0.25M Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, was added to the frozen cell pellet. The pellet was thawed and incubated on ice for 45 minutes. Next, 2.5 ml of a solution of 1 mg/ml proteinase K in 0.5% SDS, 0.4M EDTA, 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5 was added and the mixture incubated at 50° C. for 1 hour with occasional mixing. The lysate was extracted once with 15 ml of Tris-buffered phenol, then 1.5 ml of 3M sodium acetate and 30 ml of ethanol were added to precipitate the DNA. The DNA was spooled on a glass rod, then dissolved in 12.5 ml of 50 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.5 containing 0.2 mg/ml RNAse A by rocking overnight. The sample was extracted once with an equal volume of chloroform, precipitated, and spooled as above. The DNA was dissolved in 2 ml of 50 mM Tris-HCl, 1mM EDTA, pH 7.5 and stored at 4° C.
B. Chromosomal DNA extraction from Haemophilus influenzae type b Eagan
Fifty ml of culture were pelleted by centrifugation, the pellet resuspended in 25 ml of TE (10 mM Tris, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.5), and 2×5 ml aliquots used for chromosomal DNA preparation. To each aliquot was added 0.6 ml of 10% sarkosyl and 0.15 ml of 20 mg/ml proteinase K and the samples incubated at 37° C. for 1 hour. The lysate was extracted once with Tris-saturated phenol and three times with chloroform:isoamyl alcohol (24:1). The aqueous phases were pooled for a final volume of 7 ml. Then 0.7 ml of 3M sodium acetate (pH 5.2) and 4.3 ml of isopropanol were added to precipitate the DNA which was spooled, rinsed with 70% ethanol, dried, and resuspended in 1 ml of water.
C. Chromosomal DNA extraction from Haemophilus influenzae Eagan, MinnA, PAK 12085 and SB33
Cells were pelleted from 50 ml of culture by centrifugation at 5000 rpm for 15–20 minutes, at 4° C. The cell pellet was resuspended in 10 ml of TE (10 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.5), pronase and SDS were added to final concentrations of 500 μg/ml and 1%, respectively. The sample was incubated at 37° C. for 4 hours until a clear lysate was obtained. The lysate was extracted once with Tris-saturated phenol, once with Tris-saturated phenol/chloroform (1:1), and once with chloroform. The final aqueous phase was dialysed for 24 hours against 2×500 ml of 1M NaCl at 4° C., changing the buffer once, and for 24 hours against 2×500 ml of TE at 4° C., changing the buffer once. The final dialysate was aliquotted for use.
This Example illustrates the preparation of chromosomal libraries.
A. H. influenzae DL63-λZAP Library
100 μg of H. influenzae DL63 chromosomal DNA in TE was mechanically sheared in a 1 ml syringe with a 25 gauge needle. The sheared DNA was made blunt-ended by adding water to a final volume of 405 μl, 45 μl of 10×S1 nuclease buffer (2M NaCl, 500 mM NaOAc, pH 4.5, 10 mM ZnSO4, 5% glycerol), and 1.7 μl of S1 nuclease at 100 U/μl and incubating at 37° C. for 15 min. The sample was extracted once with phenol/chloroform and once with chloroform and 1 ml of ethanol was added to precipitate the DNA. The sample was incubated on ice for 10 min or at −20° C. overnight and the DNA was harvested by centrifugation in a microfuge for 30 minutes. The DNA was washed with 70% ethanol and dried. The Eco RI sites in the DNA sequence were methylated using standard procedures. To this methylated DNA was added 5 μl of 100 mM MgCl2, 8 μl of dNTP mix (2.5 mM each of dATP, dCTP, dGTP, and dTTP), and 4 μl of 5 U/μl Klenow. The mixture was incubated at 12° C. for 30 minutes. 450 μl of STE (0.1M NaCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA, pH 8.0) were added, and the mixture extracted once with phenol/chloroform, and once with chloroform, before adding 1 ml of ethanol to precipitate the DNA. The sample was incubated on ice for 10 min or at −20° C. overnight. The DNA was harvested by centrifugation in a microfuge for 30 minutes, washed with 70% ethanol and dried.
The DNA was resuspended in 7 μl of TE and to the solution was added 14 μl of phosphorylated Eco RI linkers (200 ng/μl), 3 μl of 10× ligation buffer, 3 μl of 10 mM ATP, and 3 μl of T4 DNA ligase (4 U/μl). The sample was incubated at 4° C. overnight, then incubated at 68° C. for 10 minutes to inactivate the ligase. To the mixture was added 218 μl of H2O, 45 μl of 10× Universal buffer, and 7 μl of Eco RI at 30 U/μl. After incubation at 37° C. for 1.5 hours, 1.5 μl of 0.5M EDTA was added, and the mixture placed on ice.
The DNA was size fractionated on a sucrose gradient, pooling fractions containing DNA of 6–10 kb. The pooled DNA was ethanol precipitated and resuspended in 5 μl of TE buffer. 200 ng of insert DNA was ligated for 2–3 days at 4° C. with 1 μg of ZAP II vector in a final volume of 5 μl. The ligation mixture was packaged using Gigapack II Gold (Stratagene) and plated on E. coli SURE cells on NZY plates. The library was titrated, amplified, and stored at 4° C. under 0.3% chloroform.
B. H. influenzae Eagan-pUC Library
Chromosomal DNA prepared from H. influenzae Eagan by the method in Example 1C was digested with Sau3A I for 2, 5, and 10 minutes and samples electrophoresed on a preparative agarose gel. Gel slices which included DNA fragments between 3–10 kb in length were excised and the DNA extracted by the standard freeze-thaw procedure. Plasmid DNA from pUC 8:2 (pUC 8 with additional Bgl II and Xba I restriction enzyme sites in the multiple cloning site) was digested with BamH I and Bgl II, and dephosphorylated with calf alkaline phosphatase (CAP). The fragments of H. influenzae Eagan DNA were ligated into pUC and the mixture used to transform E. coli JM109 cells.
C. H. influenzae Eagan-λZAP Library
Chromosomal DNA from H. influenzae Eagan prepared as in Example 1B was digested with Eco RI and size fractionated on a preparative agarose gel. Gel slices corresponding to DNA fragments of 7–23 kb were excised and DNA was electroeluted overnight in dialysis tubing containing 3 ml of TAE (40 mM Tris-acetate, 1 mM EDTA) at 14V. The DNA was precipitated twice and resuspended in water before being ligated overnight with Eco RI digested λZAP II DNA. The ligation mixture was packaged using the Gigapack II packaging kit (Stratagene) and plated on E. coli XL1-Blue cells. The library was titrated, amplified, and stored at 4° C. under 0.3% chloroform.
D. EMBL3 Libraries
H. influenzae MinnA chromosomal DNA (10 μg) was prepared as in Example 1C and digested with Sau3A I (40 units) for 2, 4, and 6 minutes then size-fractionated on a 10–30% sucrose gradient in TNE buffer (20 mM Tris-HCl, 5 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, pH 8). Fractions containing DNA fragments greater than 5 kb were pooled and precipitated. In a second experiment, chromosomal DNA (2.6 μg) was digested with Sau3A I (4 units) for 1, 2, and 3 minutes and size-fractionated by preparative agarose gel electrophoresis. Gel slices containing DNA fragments of 10–20 kb were excised and DNA extracted by a standard freeze/thaw technique. The size- fractionated DNA from the two experiments was pooled for ligation with BamH I arms of EMBL3 (Promega). The ligation mixture was packaged using the Gigapack II packaging kit and plated on E. coli LE392 cells. The library was titrated, then amplified and stored at 4° C. under 0.3% chloroform.
Chromosomal DNA from H. influenzae PAK 12085 or SB33 prepared as in Example 1C was digested with Sau3A I (0.5 units/10 μg DNA) at 37° C. for 15 minutes and size-fractionated by agarose gel electrophoresis. Gel slices corresponding to DNA fragments of 15–23 kb were excised and DNA was electroeluted overnight in dialysis tubing containing 3 ml of TAE at 14V. The DNA was precipitated twice and resuspended in water before overnight ligation with EMBL3 BamH I arms (Promega). The ligation mixture was packaged using the Lambda in vitro packaging kit (Amersham) according to the manufacturer's instructions and plated onto E. coli NM539 cells. The library was titrated, then amplified, and stored at 4° C. in the presence of 0.3%. chloroform.
This Example illustrates screening of the libraries
A. H. influenzae DL63-λZAP Expression Library
Tbp1 and Tbp2 proteins were affinity purified on solid phase human transferrin (hTf). Briefly, a 20 ml hTf-Sepharose column was prepared according to the manufacturer's protocol for coupling protein ligands to CNBr-activated Sepharose (Sigma). The resulting matrix was washed with 3 column volumes of 50 mM Tris-HCl, 1M NaCl, 6M guanidine-HCl, pH 8.0 to remove non-covalently bound hTf. The column was then equilibrated with 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0 and bound hTf was iron loaded using 1 ml of 10 mg/ml FeCl3 in buffer containing 100 mM each of sodium citrate and sodium bicarbonate, pH 8.6, followed by 2 column volumes of 50 mM Tris-HCl, 1M NaCl, pH 8.0. Total bacterial membranes (300 mg total protein) were prepared from H. influenzae strain DL63 grown on iron deficient media as described previously (Schryvers et al., 1989). Membranes were diluted to 2 mg/ml in 50 mM Tris-HCl, 1M NaCl, pH 8.0 and solubilized by the addition of EDTA to 15 mM and Sarkosyl NL97 to 1.5%. After centrifugation at 40,000×g for 1 hour, the supernatant was applied to the hTf column and the column washed with 10 column volumes of 50 mM Tris-HCl, 1M NaCl, 10 mM EDTA, 0.5% Sarkosyl, pH 8.0. The receptor proteins were eluted using 2M GnHCl in the same buffer and the eluted fractions were dialysed extensively against 25 mM ammonium bicarbonate buffer (5 buffer changes), lyophilized, and stored at −20° C. Isolated proteins were used to generate transferrin receptor-specific antisera in New Zealand White rabbits using standard techniques. Briefly, rabbits were immunized 3 times subcutaneously, at intervals of two weeks, using complete Freund's adjuvant for the first injection and incomplete Freund's adjuvant for subsequent injections.
The DL63 λZAP library was plated on E. coli SURE cells and plaques were transferred onto nitrocellulose membranes which had been pre-soaked in 10 mM IPTG to induce expression from the pBluescript lacZ promoter. Filters were blocked using 0.5% skim milk in 50 mM Tris-HCl, 150 mM NaCl, pH 7.5, prior to being probed with the polyclonal anti-TfR antisera and horse radish peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG. Plaques were purified by 3 rounds of screening and recombinant pBluescript plasmids (pBHIT1 and pBHIT2;
B. Eagan, MinnA, and PAK 12085 Non-expression Libraries
(i) Screening of H. influenzae Eagan-pUC Library
Colony lifts onto nitrocellulose were performed using standard techniques and the filters were probed with the 5′pBHIT2 probe of the transferrin receptor gene illustrated in
(ii) Screening H. influenzae Eagan-λZAP Library
The phage library was plated using standard techniques on XLI Blue cells (Stratagene) using LB plates and a 0.7% agarose overlay layer. Plaques were lifted onto nitrocellulose using standard protocols and the filters were baked at 80° C., for 2 hours, under vacuum, to fix the DNA. The 5′pBHIT2 probe of the transferrin receptor gene (
(iii) Screening EMBL 3 Libraries
The H. influenzae MinnA library was plated onto LE392 cells on NZCYM plates using 0.7% top agarose in NZCYM as overlay. Plaque lifts onto nitrocellulose filters were performed following standard procedures, and filters were processed and probed with the 5′pBHIT2 probe (
The H. influenzae PAK 12085 library was plated on LE392 cells on NZCYM plates using 0.7% agarose in NZCYM as overlay. Plaques were lifted onto nitrocellulose and filters were processed and probed with the digoxigenin-labelled 5′pBHIT2 probe (
The H. influenzae SB33 library was plated on LE392 cells on NZCYM plates using 0.7% agarose in NZCYM as overlay. Plaques were lifted onto nitrocellulose and filters were processed and probed with the digoxigenin-labelled 5′pBHIT2 probe (
This Example illustrates the sequencing of the Tbp1 and Tbp2 genes of the TfR operon.
Plasmid DNA from clones pBHIT 1, pBHIT 2, S-4368-3-3, JB-901-5-3, DS-712-1-3, JB-1042-7-6 and JB-1031-2-9 was prepared using standard techniques. Oligonucleotide sequencing primers of 17–25 bases in length were synthesized on the ABI model 380B DNA Synthesizer and purified by chromatography using OPC cartridges obtained from Applied Biosystems Inc., and used in accordance with the manufactures recommendations. Samples were sequenced using the ABI model 370A DNA Sequencer and dye terminator chemistry according to manufacturers' protocols. The sequence of the TfR operon from strain DL63 is illustrated in
This Example illustrates the PCR amplification of the tbp2 genes from non-typable H. influenzae strains SB12, SB29, SB30, and SB32.
Chromosomal DNA from non-typable H. influenzae strains SB12, SB29, SB30, and SB32 was prepared as described aobve. The TfR genes are arranged as an operon with tbp2 followed by Tbp1 (see
This Example illustrates the comparison of the amino acid sequences of transferrin the identification of potentially exposed epitopes of transferrin receptor proteins by secondary structure analysis.
Referring to
Referring to
Protein secondary structure analyses were performed using the Chou and Fasman algorithms (1978) and hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity plots were performed using the Hopp algorithm (1986). The values were derived from the averages of heptapeptide windows and are plotted at the midpoint of each fragment.
Conserved epitopes of Tbp1 and Tbp2 proteins from several different bacteria were identified by sesquence alignment as shown in
Furthermore, in combination with the predicted secondary structures, four conserved exposed epitopes were identified on Tbp1 and two were identified on Tbp2. These are:
Proteins, polypeptides or peptides containing the afore-mentioned conserved amino acid sequences are particularly useful as detecting means in diagnostic embodiments and as immunogens to detect or protect from diseases caused by bacteria that produce transferrin receptor protein. For immunization, the particularly indicated amino acid sequences may be presented to the immune system as proteins or peptides or a live delivery vehicle, such as Salmonella, BCG, adenovirus, poxcvirus, vaccinia or poliovirus may be used.
This Example illustrates the construction of plasmid JB-1468-29 which expresses Eagan Tbp1 from E. coli.
Plasmids S-4368-3-3 (
JB-1476-2-1 was grown in YT medium and induced with IPTG following standard protocols. For preparation of Tbp1 for immunogenicity and other studies, strain JB-1476-2-1 was grown overnight in NZCYM media containing 3% glucose. A 1:40 inoculum was added to fresh NZCYK media without glucose, and the culture grown to A578=0.3. Lactose was added to 1% and the culture was induced for 4 hours. SDS-PAGE analysis of whole cell lysates of JB-1476-2-1 is shown in
This Example illustrates the construction of plasmid JB-1424-2-8 which expresses Eagan Tbp2 from E. coli.
Referring to
This Example illustrates the construction of plasmids which encode a lipoprotein leader sequence before the Tbp2 sequence.
Oligonucleotides used for the construction of plasmids with lipoprotein leader sequences derived from E. coli lpp (SEQ ID NOS: 88 and 89), rlpB (SEQ ID NOS: 90 and 91), and pal (SEQ ID NOS: 92 and 93) preceeding Tbp2 are shown in
This Example illustrates the construction of plasmid JB-1600-1 which expresses SB12 Tbp2 from E. coli.
Plasmid DS-1047-1-2 (
This Example illustrates the extraction and purification of Tbp1 and Tbp2.
The purification scheme for Tbp1 and Tbp2 is shown in
The remaining pellet (
The SDS-PAGE analysis of the purification process is shown in
In an alternative method for extraction and purification of recombinant rTbp1 and rTbp2, cells from a 500 mL culture, prepared as described in Example 7 for Tbp1 and Example 8 for Tbp2, were resuspended in 40 mL of 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, containing 5 mM AEBSF (4-(2-aminoethyl)benzenesulfonylfluoride) and disrupted by sonication (3×10 min, 70% duty circle). After centrifugation at 20,000×g for 30 min, the resultant pellet was further extracted at room temperature for 1 hour in 40 mL 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, containing 10 mM EDTA and 0.5% Triton X-100. After centrifugation as described above, the resultant pellet contained the rTbp1 or rTbp2 inclusion bodies. rTbp1 or rTbp2 was then solubilized in 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, containing 6 M guanidine and 5 mM DTT. After centrifugation, the resultant supernatant was further purified on a Superdex 200 gel filtration column equilibrated in 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, containing 2 M guanidine and 5 mM DTT. The fractions were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and those containing purified rTbp1 or rTbp2 were pooled. Triton X-100 was added into the pooled solution to a final concentration of 0.1% and the solution was dialyzed against 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0 overnight at 40° C. The protein remained soluble under these conditions and the purified rTbp1 and rTbp2 were stored at 4° C.
This Example illustrates immunogenicity studies of recombinant Tbp1 and Tbp2 in mice.
Groups of five Balb/c mice were injected subcutaneously (s.c.) on days 1, 29 and 43 with purified rTbp1 or rTbp2 (1 μg to 10 μg), prepared as described in Example 11, in the presence of AlPO4 (1.5 mg per dose). Blood samples were taken on days 14, 28, 42 and 56 for analysis of the anti-rTbp1 and anti-rTbp2 antibody titers by EIA. The results of the immunogenicity studies are illustrated in
This Example illustrates the development of EIAs for determination of anti-rTbp1 and anti-rTbp2 antibodies in mouse sera.
Anti-rTbp1 and anti-rTbp2 antibody titres were determined essentially as described by Panezutti et al. (1993). Microtiter wells were coated with 0.5 μg of rTbp1 or rTbp2, prepared as described in Example 11, for 16 h at room temperature, then blocked with 0.1% (w/v) BSA in PBS. The sera were serially diluted, added to the wells, then incubated for one hour at room temperature. Affinity-purified F(ab′)2 fragments of goat anti-mouse IgG (Fc specific) antibody conjugated to horseradish peroxidase were used as second antibody. The reactions were developed using tetramethylbenzidine (TMB/H2O2) and the absorbance was measured at 450 nm (using 540 nm as a reference wavelength) in a Flow Multiskan MCC microplate reader. The reactive titer of an antiserum was defined as the reciprocal of the dilution consistently showing a two-fold increase in absorbance over that obtained with the pre-immune serum sample.
This Example illustrates the cross-reactivity of anti-Tbp1 antisera, produced by immunization with recombinant Eagan Tbp1, with various strains of H. influenzae.
Whole cell lysates of H. influenzae strains grown in BHI media supplemented with NAD and heme (Harkness et al., 1992) ±EDDA were separated by SDS PAGE gel, transferred to nitrocellulose membrane, and probed with guinea pig anti-Tbp1 antisera raised to purified recombinant Eagan Tbp1 (
This Example illustrates the cross-reactivity of anti-Tbp2 antisera, produced by immunization with recombinant Eagan Tbp2, with various strains of H. influenzae.
Whole cell lysates of H. influenzae strains grown in BHI media supplemented with NAD and heme (Harkness et al., 1992) ±EDDA were separated on an SDS PAGE gel, transferred to nitrocellulose membrane, and probed with guinea pig anti-Tbp2 antisera raised to purified recombinant Eagan Tbp2 (
This Example illustrates the synthesis of synthetic peptides corresponding to conserved regions in Tbp2 and Tbp1.
The deduced amino acid sequences of Tbp1 and Tbp2 were compared as shown in
Briefly, peptides were synthesized using an ABI 430A peptide synthesizer and optimized t-Boc chemistry using the conditions recommended by the manufacturer, and peptides were cleaved from the resin using hydrofluoric acid (HF). The peptides were purified by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) on a Vydac C4 semi-preparative column (1×30 cm) using a 15 to 55% acetonitrile gradient in 0.1% trifluoryl acetic acid (TFA) developed over 40 minutes at a flow rate of 2 ml/minute. All synthetic peptides used in biochemical and immunological studies were >95% pure as judged by analytical HPLC. Amino acid composition analyses were performed on a Waters Pico-Tag system and were in good agreement with the theoretical compositions.
This Example illustrates the immunogenicity of synthetic peptides in test animals.
Guinea pigs were immunized intramuscularly with 100 μg of peptide, prepared as described in Example 16, emulsified in Freund's complete adjuvant on day 0 followed by boosters on days +14 and +28 using the same amount of peptide emulsified in Freund's incomplete adjuvant. Sera samples were obtained on day 42+ and antibody titres determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Briefly, microtiter wells (Nunc-Immunoplate, Nunc, Denmark) were coated with 500 ng of any one particular peptide in 50 μL of coating buffer (15 mM Na2CO3, 35 mM NaHCO3, pH 9.6) for 16 hours at room temperature. The plates were then blocked with 0.1% (w/v) BSA in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) for 30 minutes at room temperature. The antisera were serially diluted, added to the wells and incubated for 1 hour at room temperature. After removal of the antisera, the plates were washed five times with PBS containing 0.1% (w/v) Tween-20 and 0.1% (w/v) BSA. F(ab′)2 from goat anti-guinea pig IgG antibodies conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (Jackson ImmunoResearch Labs Inc., PA) were diluted (1/8,000) with washing buffer, and added onto the microtiter plates. After 1 hour of incubation at room temperature, the plates were washed five times with the washing buffer. The plates were developed using the substrate tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) in H2O2 (ADI, Toronto), the reaction was stopped with 1N H2SO4 and the optical density was measured at 450 nm using a Titretek Multiskan II (Flow Labs., Virginia). Two irrelevant peptides of 32 amino acid residues were included as negative controls in these ELISAs. Assays were performed in triplicate, and the reactive titer of each antiserum was defined as the dilution consistently showing a 2-fold increase in absorbance value over those obtained from the negative controls. The antisera raised in guinea pigs were monospecific for the peptide used for immunization. The titres of the sera obtained following immunization are shown in Table 4.
Peptides of the present invention comprise single copies of any of those shown in Tables 2 and 3 or peptides containing multiple copies of analogs thereof. A peptide may further comprise multiples of different peptides selected from those shown in Tables 2 and 3 or analogs thereof and include suitable carrier molecules. It is preferred that the peptides from conserved regions be used to develop antibodies because an immuno- or other type of binding assay can then be used to detect several species of Haemophilus. Tables 2 and 3 therefore set out several other conserved regions of transferrin receptor to identify other peptides which would be useful in diagnosis, immunization and medical treatment.
Guinea pig anti-Eagan rTbp1, anti-Eagan rTbp2, and anti-SB12 rTbp2 antisera were used to screen a panel of H. influenzae strains for antigenic conservation of the Tbp1 and Tbp2 proteins. Of 33 strains screened by Western blot with anti-Eagan rTbp1 antisera, all had a reactive band of ˜100 kDa. Of 89 strains screened by Western blot with anti-Eagan rTbp2 antisera, 85 had a reactive band of 60–90 kDa. Of 86 strains screened by Western blot with anti-SB12 rTbp2 antisera, 82 had a reactive band of 60–90 kDa. Only one strain was not recognized by either anti-Eagan rTbp2 or anti-SB12 rTbp2 antisera, and that was NTHi strain SB33 which has a defective tbpB gene. These data indicate that transferrin receptor proteins are highly conserved in strains of H. influenzae and support the use of these proteins as antigens and in immunogenic compositions, including vaccines, for immunization against disease cause by H. influenzae and diagnosis thereof.
This Example describes the ability of antiserum raised against peptides corresponding to conserved portions of transferrin receptor to recognize the transferrin receptor of Branhamella catarrhalis.
Guinea pigs were immunized with peptide, corresponding to conserved portions of transferrin receptor, and antisera obtained are described in Example 17. A whole-cell extract of Branhamella catarrhalis was immunoblotted with the peptide-specific antiserum which specifically recognized the transferrin receptor from this bacterium. Anti-peptide antiserum from a guinea pig immunized with the Tbp2 N-terminal peptide and peptide TBP2-25 specifically recognized Tbp2 protein from Branhamella catarrhalis and recombinant Tbp2 expressed by plasmid clone pBHIT2 in E. coli. Clone pBHIT2 expresses a truncated version of Tbp2 starting at amino acid 80. (i.e. NKKFYSG SEQ ID NO: 105). Therefore, the Tbp2 protein from pBHIT2 can only be recognized by antibodies raised against the second epitope LEGGFYGP (TBP2-25). This analysis shows that peptides corresponding to conserved sequences between transferrin receptor are useful in detecting most, if not all, bacteria that produce transferrin receptor and as components in immunogenic compositions, including vaccines to produce an immune response against transferrin receptor and protect against diseases caused by such bacteria.
The sera from these rabbits were tested by ELISA against a peptide incorporating the sequence LEGGFYGP (SEQ ID NO: 74) or against H. influenzae strain DL63, Tbp2. ELISA plates were coated with the peptide or the protein then blocked with 5% skim milk. Serial two-fold dilutions of sera in phosphate buffered saline, 0.05% tween-20, and 1% dried milk were incubated on the plates for two hours at 37° C., following which the plates were washed five times in phosphate buffered saline with 0.05% tween-20. Washed plates were probed with a horse-radish peroxidase (HRPO)-conjugated donkey anti-rabbit IgG for 30 minutes at room temperature, then washed five times in phosphate buffered saline with 0.05% tween-20. HRPO-substrate was added to all wells for 30 minutes at room temperature in the dark, then color developement was halted by the addition of 50 ul 1M sulphuric acid. Color was measured by determining absorbance at 450 nm.
This Example illustrates the generation of H. influenzae strains that do not produce transferrin receptor.
A 2.55 Eco RI fragment of the insert from pBHIT1 was subcloned into the Eco RI site of pUC4K, resulting in removal of the Tn903 kanamycin resistance (kan) cassette from this vector (pUHIT1;
This Example illustrates the construction of polioviruses expressing an epitope of a transferrin receptor.
A cDNA clone of bases 1175 to 2956 of the poliovirus type 1, Mahoney strain (PV1-M) genome was cut with restriction enzymes Sau I and Hind III. These enzymes excise a fragment containing bases 2754 to 2786, which encodes PV1-M amino acids 1094 to 1102, as shown in
The plasmid pT7XLD and clones derived from pT7XLD, such as pT7CMCB, contain a promoter sequence for the enzyme T7 RNA polymerase at the 5′ end of the PV1-M cDNA. RNA transcripts of the PV1-M cDNA, including any bases encoding transferrin receptor amino acids, were prepared using T7 RNA polymerase as described by van der Werf et al. Transfection of Vero cells with these RNA transcripts produced four viable hybrid viruses, designated PV1TBP2A, PV1TBP2B, PV1TBP2C and PV1TBP2D. Transfection with transcripts of pT7CMCB yielded a transfection-derived wild-type poliovirus designated PV1XLD (
The antigenic characteristics of PV1TBP2A, PV1TBP2B, PV1TBP2C and PV1TBP2D are shown in Table 5. All were neutralized by guinea-pig antisera raised against a peptide incorporating the sequence LEGGFYGP (SEQ ID NO: 74), indicating that the viruses expressed this sequence in an antigenically recognisable form. To produce the antisera female guinea pigs were immunized IM with a 500 ul volume containing 200 ug peptide formulated in aluminum phosphate (3 mg/ml). Animals were immunized on days 1, 14, 28 and 42 and bled on days 0, 28, 42 and 56. Sera were from the day 56 bleed. PV1TBP2A and PV1TBP2B were also neutralized by rabbit antisera raised against H. influenzae strain DL63 Tbp2, indicating that at least these two viruses expressed the sequence in a form recognisable to antibodies raised against the protein. All viruses were neutralisable by anti-PV1 sera, indicating that the changes in polio neutralization antigenic site I had not significantly affected other antigenic sites on the viruses.
This Example illustrates the use of poliovirus hybrids to induce high titer antisera against Tbp2.
Rabbits were inoculated with CsCl-purified PV1TBP2A (rabbits #40, 41, 42). Note that, although the viruses used were live, poliovirus does not replicate in rabbits and that any response observed is effectively the response to an inactivated antigen. On day 1, rabbits were inoculated with 1 ug of virus in Freund's complete adjuvant subcutaneously on the back, and, on day 14, the rabbits were boosted with 1 ug of virus in Freund's incomplete adjuvant inoculated subcutaneously on the back. The rabbits were bled on day 0 (prebleed) and on day 27. The dose of virus per inoculation was 2.5×108 pfu, which was determined from A260 values to be approximately 3.0×1011 virions. This equivalent to 0.5 pmol of virus or 30 pmol of the LEGGFYG (SEQ ID NO: 74) epitope, since each virion expresses 60 copies of the epitope.
This Example illustrates the protection of relevant animal models from disease caused by H. influenzae.
The infant rat model of bacteremia (Loeb et al, 1987) was used to assess the protective abililty of anti-Eagan rTbp1 and anti-Eagan rTbp2 antisera. Anti-Eagan rTbp1 antisera raised in either rabbits or guinea pigs was not protective in this model but anti-Eagan rTbp2 antisera raised in rabbits or guinea pigs was protective (Table 7). These data indicate the use for rTbp2 proteins as protective antigens.
The chinchilla model of otitis media (Barenkamp et al, 1986) was used to assess the protective ability of SB12 rTbp2. Data indicated that compared with the control group, the immunized animals had less severe disease.
The ability of recombinant Tbp2 (rTbp2) to prevent nasopharyngeal colonization was determined in chinchillas. H. influenzae strain 12 was grown on supplemented Mueller Hinton agar containing 10–100 μg mL−1 of streptomycin until spontaneous strR colonies were obtained. Strain 12 resistant to 100 μg mL−1 of streptomycin was used in the colonization model which enabled the specific culture of H. influenzae bacteria from nasal ravages.
Chinchillas (3–4 month old or 1–2 year old) were immunized 3 times (i.m.) with either 30 μg of rTbp2 in alum, or 2×109 cfu inactivated strain 12 whole cells in alum, or alum alone on days 0, 14 and 28. On day 44, animals were lightly anesthetized using ketamine HCl. Intranasal inoculations were performed via passive inhalation (50 μL per nare, total 0.1 ml per animal) of freshly cultured streptomycin resistant NTHi strain 12 in BHI medium supplemented with hemin and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). The dose of bacterial challenge was 1×108 cfu per animal.
Nasopharyngeal lavage was performed on days 5 and 9 post inoculation. Secretions were obtained from anesthetized chinchillas by irrigating the nasopharynx with 1 ml of sterile diluent (diluent: 50 mL BHI, 100 mL saline, 200 μg NAD and 25 μL of 1% hemin) and collecting fluid out of the contralateral nares. Normally about 500 μL of fluid was collected from each animal and 25 μL of sample was plated on chocolate agar plate in the presence of 1 mg streptomycin. The results are shown in Table 10. On both 5-day and 9-day post challenge, 25 μL of undiluted nasal lavage fluid were plated in the presence of streptomycin. Although a few animals in the two positive control groups (whole cell immunization and convalescent) had a positive nasopharyngeal colonization on 5 days post challenge, all bacteria were cleared from these animals by day 9, and none of the animals from these two groups developed ear infection. Thus, rTbp2 was shown to partially protect chinchillas against NTHi colonization.
This Example describes the generation of truncated analogues of transferrin receptor protein Tbp2.
H. influenzae Tbp2 is produced in low amounts by E. coli. The Eagan tbpB gene was truncated from its 3′-end using an Erase-a-base kit to produce a number of truncated analogues of Tbp2 as shown in
The infant rat model of bacteremia (Loeb et al, 1987) was used to assess the protective ability of anti-truncated analogues of transferrin receptor protein Tbp2 and the results are shown in Table 9. Animals were considered to be protected if they had <10 cfu in 2 μl of blood.
In summary of this disclosure, the present invention provides purified and isolated DNA molecules containing transferrin receptor genes, the sequences of these transferrin receptor genes and the derived amino acid sequences thereof. The invention also provides peptides corresponding to portions of the transferrin receptor. The genes, DNA sequences, recombinant proteins and peptides are useful for diagnosis, immunization and the generation of diagnostic and immunological reagents. Vaccines based upon expressed recombinant Tbp1 and/or Tbp2, portions thereof, or peptides derived from the provided sequences can be prepared for prevention of diseases caused by bacterial pathogens that produce transferrin receptor. Modifications are possible within the scope of this invention.
E. coli lpp
E. coli lpp
E. coli pal
E. coli pal
E. coli rlpB
E. coli rlpB
1Residue number from the sequence of Tbp1 of H. influenzae type b strain Eagan (as shown in FIG. 8).
2Cysteine added to facilitate coupling to a carrier protein, for example KLH.
1Residue number from the sequence of Tbp2 of H. infLuenzae type B Eagan strain (as shown in FIG. 9).
aRb @PV1 is pool of rabbit immune sera raised against PV1XLD. Rabbit 516 was immunised with three successive 3 μg dses of recombinant H. influenzae DL63 transferrin binding protein 2 on days 1, 14 and 28. Serum was collected on days 0 (D0) and 42 (D42). Guinea-pigs were immunized with four successive doses of 200 μg of peptide on days 1, 14, 28 and 42. Sera were collected on day 0 (D0) and day 56 (D56). Guinea-Pigs 561 and 562 received a peptide containing the sequence LEGGFYGP(SEQ ID NO:74). Guinea-pigs 558, 559 and 556 received a control peptide with an unrelated sequence.
bTitre is the inverse dilution of serum giving a 50% endpoint in a virus neutralization assay versus 100 TCID50 of virus.
<20b
aTitres are the reciprocal of the greatest dilution of sera giving an A450 of at least twice the background value. The background value was the mean A450 of wells assayed in the absence of rabbit sera.
bTitres for rabbits 10 and 11 refer to sera taken on day 42 after three immunisations with PV1 Mahoney. Rabbits 10 and 11 were immunised as rabbits 40 to 45, except that an additional booster dose was administered on day 28.
Antisera were raised in guinea pigs and rabbits to Eagan rTbp1 and Eagan rTbp2 proteins. Infant rats were immunized s.c. with 0.1 ml of antisera and 24 h later were challenged i.p. with 350 cfu of H. influenzae type b strain MinnA. Blood was collected 20 h post-challenge and plated on chocolate agar.
1Rabbit antiserum
2Guinea pig antiserum
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/649,518 filed May 17, 1996 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,361,779), which itself is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/483,577, filed Jun. 7, 1995 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,015,698), which itself is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/337,483, filed Nov. 8, 1994 (now U.S. Pat. No. 5,922,562), which itself is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/175,116 filed Dec. 29, 1993 (now abandoned), which itself is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/148,968, filed Nov. 8, 1993 (now abandoned).
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| 4496538 | Gordon | Jan 1985 | A |
| 4596792 | Vyas | Jun 1986 | A |
| 4599230 | Milich et al. | Jul 1986 | A |
| 4599231 | Milich et al. | Jul 1986 | A |
| 4601903 | Frasch | Jul 1986 | A |
| 4855283 | Lockhoff et al. | Aug 1989 | A |
| 4952496 | Studier et al. | Aug 1990 | A |
| 5141743 | Schryvers | Aug 1992 | A |
| 5194254 | Barber et al. | Mar 1993 | A |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| WO 9217167 | Oct 1992 | WO |
| WO 9412641 | Jun 1994 | WO |
| WO 9513370 | May 1995 | WO |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20030088086 A1 | May 2003 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 08649518 | May 1996 | US |
| Child | 10043344 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 08483577 | Jun 1995 | US |
| Child | 08649518 | US | |
| Parent | 08337483 | Nov 1994 | US |
| Child | 08483577 | US | |
| Parent | 08175116 | Dec 1993 | US |
| Child | 08337483 | US | |
| Parent | 08148968 | Nov 1993 | US |
| Child | 08175116 | US |
