TRANSFORMANT WHICH PRODUCES COLLAGEN WHEREIN BOTH LYSINE RESIDUE AND PROLINE RESIDUE ARE HYDROXYLATED

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to a transformant that produces collagen in which lysine residues and proline residues are both hydroxylated.

BACKGROUND ART

Collagen is a protein contained in a connective tissue existing in various types of body tissues, typically including a subcutaneous tissue, a cartilage, and a bone.

Due to high tensile stress of collagen, body tissues containing collagen have a high tolerance for mechanical stress.

Collagen is usable in various applications because it has the excellent physical properties as described, as well as a variety of bioactivities. For example, collagen is used as pharmaceuticals, industrial products, cosmetics and foods, and so it can be regarded as a commercially valuable versatile material.

Collagen occupies an approximately 30% of protein mass present in the body and may be found in substantially all of multicellular animals. To date, it has been found that there may be 20 or more different types of collagens in higher animals, including a human, and also that different types of collagens may be specifically contained in different body tissues (see Non-Patent Documents 1 to 3.)

Representative types of collagens are, for example, Type I collagen, Type II collagen and Type III collagen. Type I collagen is major fibrillar collagen present in bone and skin, which is a heterotrimeric molecule comprising two α1(I) chains and one α2(I) chain. Type II collagen is collagen present in cartilage, which is a homotrimeric molecule comprising three identical α1(II) chains. Type III collagen is collagen present in skin and muscle tissue, which is a homotrimeric molecule comprising three identical α1(III) chains. Type I collagen, Type II collagen and Type III collagen can be purified from the body tissues by, for example, the procedures described in Non-Patent Documents 4 and 5.

Non-Patent Document 6 discloses Type I collagen with hydroxylated proline residues, produced by coexpressing a Type I collagen precursor and a prolyl hydroxylase in yeast cells. Patent Document 1 describes Type I collagen or Type III collagen with hydroxylated proline residues, produced by coexpressing a Type I collagen precursor or a Type III collagen precursor and a prolyl hydroxylase in yeast cells. However, none of these documents disclose hydroxylated lysine residues.

PRIOR ART DOCUMENTS
Non-Patent Documents

Non-Patent Document 1: Masao Tanihara supervised, “Production and Development of Applications of Collagen,” ISBN: 978-4-7813-0071-3, CMC Publishing Co., Ltd.;

Non-Patent Document 2: Volume Editors: Brinckmann, J., Notbohm, H., Muller, P. K., “Collagen primer in Structure, Processing and Assembly”, Topics in Current Chemistry Vol. 247 (2005);

Non-Patent Document 3: Gelse, K., Poschl, E., Aigner, T., “Collagens-structure, function, and biosynthesis”, Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 55: 1531-1546 (2003);

Non-Patent Document 4: Miller et al., Methods In Enzymology, 82: 33-64 (1982), Academic Press;

Non-Patent Document 5: Byers et al., Biochemistry 13: 5243-5248 (1974); and

Non-Patent Document 6: P. David Toman et al., J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 275, No. 30, July 28, p 23303-23309 (2000).

Patent Documents

Patent Document 1: Kivirikko, Kari I., International Publication No. WO 97/38710 (1997).

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION
Problems to be Solved by the Invention

There has been a need to find a novel collagen which usable as a high performance versatile material that is more commercially valuable for pharmaceuticals, industrial products, cosmetics and foods. In particular, for example, there has been a need to find a novel collagen having its stabilized triple-helical structure and an increased ability for fibril formation, and there has been a need to develop a process for producing such novel collagen.

Means for Solving the Problems

The present invention provides:

1. A transformant (hereinafter, sometimes referred to as a transformant of the present invention) in which all of the following genes (1), (2) and (3):

(1) a foreign gene comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence of lysyl hydroxylase,

(2) a foreign gene comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence of prolyl hydroxylase, and

(3) a foreign gene comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence of collagen; are transfected into a microbial cell;

2. The transformant according to the above 1, which coexpresses all of the proteins encoded by the genes (1), (2) and (3) within the cell;

3. The transformant according to the above 1 or 2, wherein the lysyl hydroxylase in (1) is one or more lysyl hydroxylases selected from among lysyl hydroxylase 1, lysyl hydroxylase 2 or lysyl hydroxylase 3;

4. The transformant according to any one of 1 to 3, wherein the prolyl hydroxylase in (2) is an enzyme composed of subunits of prolyl 4-hydroxylase and β subunits of prolyl 4-hydroxylase;

5. The transformant according to the above 4, wherein the β subunit of prolyl 4-hydroxylase is fused with a secretory signal sequence of a yeast α-factor;

6. The transformant according to the above 4 or 5, wherein the α subunit of prolyl 4-hydroxylase is an α subunit, an α2 subunit or an α3 subunit;

7. The transformant according to any one of the above 1 to 6, wherein the collagen in (3) is one or more collagens selected from among Type I to Type XXIX collagens;

8. The transformant according to any one of the above 1 to 7, wherein at least one of the nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence of the lysyl hydroxylase in (1) and the nucleotide sequence encoding the prolyl hydroxylase in (2) is linked to downstream of a promoter derived from yeast;

9. The transformant according to the above 8, wherein the promoter is an alcohol oxidase 1 gene promoter;

10. The transformant according to any one of the above 1 to 9, wherein the microbial cell is an eukaryote cell;

11. The transformant according to the above 10, wherein the eukaryote cell is a yeast cell;

12. The transformant according to the above 11, wherein the yeast cell is a methylotrophic yeast cell;

13. The transformant according to the above 12, wherein the methylotrophic yeast cell is Komagataella pastoris;

14. Collagen which is obtainable by being produced by the transformant according to any one of the above 1 to 13 (hereinafter, sometimes referred to as collagen of the present invention);

15. The collagen according to the above 14, wherein 15% or more of total lysine residues are hydroxylated;

16. The collagen according to the above 14, wherein the lysine residues in a telopeptide region are hydroxylated;

17. A process for producing collagen (hereinafter, sometimes referred to as production process of the present invention), comprising:

a first step of transfecting all of the following genes (1), (2) and (3):

(1) a foreign gene comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence of lysyl hydroxylase,

(2) a foreign genes comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence of prolyl hydroxylase, and

(3) a foreign gene comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence of collagen; into the microbial cell;

a second step of cultivating the transformant resulting from the first step to produce the collagen; and

a third step of collecting the collagen produced in the second step; and

18. Collagen produced by the process according to the above 17.

Effects of the Invention

According to the present invention, it becomes possible to provide collagen which is usable as a high performance versatile material that is more commercially valuable for pharmaceuticals, industrial products, cosmetics and foods. Specifically, for example, collagen which has a stabilized triple-helical structure and an increased ability for fibril formation, and a process for producing the collagen can be provided.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a flow chart schematically illustrating a process of constructing a plasmid for transfection of a prolyl 4-hydroxylase α1 subunit gene, a β subunit of a prolyl 4-hydroxylase gene and a lysyl hydroxylase 1 gene.

FIG. 2 is a flow chart schematically illustrating a process of constructing a plasmid for transfection of a prolyl 4-hydroxylase α1 subunit gene, a β subunit of a prolyl 4-hydroxylase gene and a lysyl hydroxylase 2 gene.

FIG. 3 is a flow chart schematically illustrating a process of constructing a plasmid for transfection of a human collagen Type III gene.

FIG. 4 is a schematic view illustrating a structure of the plasmid for transfection of a prolyl 4-hydroxylase α1 subunit gene, a β subunit of a prolyl 4-hydroxylase gene and a lysyl hydroxylase 1 gene.

FIG. 5 is a schematic view illustrating a structure of the plasmid for transfection of a prolyl 4-hydroxylase α1 subunit gene, a β subunit of a prolyl 4-hydroxylase gene and a lysyl hydroxylase 2 gene.

FIG. 6 is an electrophoretic profile illustrating the collagens purified individually from a TT061226-1-3 strain and a TT061226-3-6 strain, wherein Lane M shows an electrophoretic profile of a molecular weight marker, Lane 1 shows an electrophoretic profile of the collagen purified from the TT061226-1-3 strain, and Lane 2 shows an electrophoretic profile of the collagen purified from the TT061226-3-6 strain.

FIG. 7 is a graph illustrating the ability for fibril formation of collagens.

FIG. 8 is a flow chart schematically illustrating a process of constructing a plasmid for transfection of a human collagen Type I α1 gene and a human collagen Type I α2 gene.

FIG. 9 is an electrophoretic profile illustrating the collagens purified individually from a TT080417-1-8 strain, a TT080724-1-11 strain and a 060713-1-3 strain, wherein Lane M shows an electrophoretic profile of a molecular weight marker, Lane 1 shows an electrophoretic profile of the collagen purified from the 060713-1-3 strain, Lane 2 shows an electrophoretic profile of the collagen purified from the TT080417-1-8 strain, and Lane 3 shows an electrophoretic profile of the collagen purified from the 11080724-1-11 strain.

FIG. 10 is a graph illustrating the ability for fibril formation of collagens, wherein rhCl corresponds to the collagen purified from the 060713-1-3 strain, rhCl+LH1 corresponds to the collagen purified from the TT080417-1-8 strain and rhCl+LH2 corresponds to the collagen purified from the TT080724-1-11 strain.

MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

It is considered that the invention described herein is not limited to specific methodologies, protocols and reagents described, but may be modified. It is also considered that the terms used herein are used merely for description of specific embodiments, without intention to limit the scope of the present invention.

Unless otherwise specified, all technical and chemical terms used herein have the same meanings as commonly understood by those with an ordinary skill in the art to which the present invention belongs. Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein may be used in the exploitation or verification of the invention, preferred methods, apparatuses and materials are described below.

The transformant of the present invention is characterized in that it is obtained by transfecting all of the following genes (1), (2) and (3):

(1) a foreign gene comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence of lysyl hydroxylase;

(2) a foreign gene comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence of prolyl hydroxylase; and

(3) a foreign gene comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence of collagen; into the microbial cell. Accordingly, the transformant of the present invention is a microbial cell which contains a polynucleotide comprising a foreign nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence of lysyl hydroxylase, a polynucleotide comprising a foreign nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence of prolyl hydroxylase, and a polynucleotide comprising a foreign nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence of collagen.

The transformant of the present invention can produce a stable collagen in which lysine residues and proline residues are both hydroxylated. Specifically, each of the transformant comprising a lysyl hydroxylase 1 gene, prolyl hydroxylase genes and a collagen gene, and the transformant comprising a lysyl hydroxylase 3 gene, prolyl hydroxylase genes and a collagen gene can produce collagen, in which, for example, the composition ratio of hydroxylated lysine residues to total lysine residues is equivalent to or higher than that of natural collagen, and the composition ratio of hydroxylated proline residues to total proline residues is substantially equal to that of the natural collagen, respectively. More specifically, the transformant of the present invention comprising a lysyl hydroxylase 1 gene, prolyl hydroxylase genes and collagen Type I genes may produce collagen, in which 30% or more of total lysine residues are hydroxylated and 45% or more of total proline residues are hydroxylated, preferably in which 50% or more of total lysine residues are hydroxylated and 45% or more of total proline residues are hydroxylated. The transformant of the present invention comprising a lysyl hydroxylase 1 gene, prolyl hydroxylase genes and a collagen Type III gene can also produce collagen, in which 15% or more of total lysine residues are hydroxylated and 50% or more of total praline residues are hydroxylated, preferably in which 35% or more of total lysine residues and 50% or more of total proline residues are both hydroxylated. The transformant comprising a lysyl hydroxylase 2 gene, prolyl hydroxylase genes and a collagen gene can also produce collagen, in which lysine residues in the telopeptide region and, for example, 45% or more of total proline residues are both hydroxylated. The transformant of the present invention may be used to produce collagen in which for example, 45% or more of praline are hydroxylated, but for practical purposes, the composition ratio of the hydroxylated proline residues is not particularly intended to be limited as long as the collagen forms stable triple-helical structure.

Since collagen in which lysine residues and proline residues are both hydroxylated is collagen which has a stable triple-helical structure and an enhanced ability for fibril formation, it can be regarded as being a high performance versatile material that is more commercially valuable for pharmaceuticals, industrial products, cosmetics and foods.

The transformant of the present invention may be produced, for example, by constructing a plasmid to be used in gene transfer techniques and using the resulting Gene Transfer Plasmid to transform a host cell. The transformant of the present invention may be prepared in accordance with a typical genetic engineering procedure.

In the genetic engineering procedure, a microbial cell- (i.e., host-) vector system can include, for example, but not especially limited to, the host-vector system using bacteria such as Escherichia, Bacillus or Pseudomonas as the host, and a bacteriophage, a plasmid or a cosmid as the vector; the host-vector system using the yeast such as Komagataella, Saccharomyces, Hansenula, Candida or Ogataea as the host, and an episomal plasmid, a ARS-CEN plasmid or a plasmid integrated into the chromosome as the vector; or the like. Preferably, the Gene Transfer Plasmid may be produced by using Escherichia as the host and the plasmid as the vector. Further, the transformant of the present invention can be produced by using the yeast such as Komagataella, Saccharomyces, Hansenula, Candida or Ogataea as the host, and the plasmid integrated into the chromosome as the vector.

The transformant of the present invention may be produced by transfecting all of the following genes (1), (2) and (3):

(1) a foreign gene comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence of lysyl hydroxylase;

(2) a foreign gene comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence of prolyl hydroxylase; and

(3) a foreign gene comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence of collagen; into the microbial cell. There is no particular limitation on the order in which the foreign genes are transfected, and therefore, any one of the foreign genes (1), (2) and (3) may be transfected primarily. Two or more of the foreign genes can be also transfected simultaneously.

In the present invention, the “lysyl hydroxylase” can include, for example, a lysyl hydroxylase 1, a lysyl hydroxylase 2 or a lysyl hydroxylase 3.

The origin of “lysyl hydroxylase” is, but not especially limited to, for example, preferably higher animals, and more preferably a human.

Each of the lysyl hydroxylase 1, lysyl hydroxylase 2 and lysyl hydroxylase 3 is an enzyme to form a homodimer, respectively. The lysyl hydroxylase 1 hydroxylates lysine at δ-position located in Y site of the Gly-X-Y repeating sequence existing in the helical structure of the collagen. The lysyl hydroxylase 2 is considered, to catalyze hydroxylation of lysine at 5-position located in Y site of the Gly-X-Y, Ser-X-Y or Ala-X-Y sequence in the telopeptide region. And, the lysyl hydroxylase 3 has the ability to hydroxylate lysine located in Y site of the Gly-X-Y repeating sequence existing in the helical structure of the collagen, as well as a galactosyltransferase activity and a glycosyltransferase activity.

The transformant of the present invention may be obtained by transfecting the gene comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence of lysyl hydroxylase, along with the gene comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence of collagen and the genes comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence of prolyl hydroxylase, thereby having an ability to effectively hydroxylate not only proline residues, but also lysine residues, of the collagen.

Examples of the foreign gene comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding the lysyl hydroxylase to be used to produce the transformant of the present invention can include a gene comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a lysyl hydroxylase 1, a lysyl hydroxylase 2 or a lysyl hydroxylase 3. Particularly, for example, a lysyl hydroxylase 1 gene comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence indicated by SEQ ID NO: 52, a lysyl hydroxylase 2 gene comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence indicated by SEQ ID NO: 54, or a lysyl hydroxylase 3 gene comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence indicated by SEQ ID NO: 56 may be used. Further, specific examples of the lysyl hydroxylase gene may include a lysyl hydroxylase 1 gene comprising a nucleotide sequence indicated by SEQ ID NO: 53, a lysyl hydroxylase 2 gene comprising a nucleotide sequence indicated by SEQ ID NO: 55 and a lysyl hydroxylase 3 gene comprising a nucleotide sequence indicated by SEQ ID NO: 57. A gene artificially obtained by partially introducing deletion, substitution or addition of a base into the gene comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding the lysyl hydroxylase 1, the gene comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding the lysyl hydroxylase 2 or the gene comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding the lysyl hydroxylase 3 may be used, and also, a gene encoding an amino acid sequence of a lysyl hydroxylase where an amino acid has been deleted, substituted or added in the amino acid sequence of the lysyl hydroxylase may be used. In other words, as long as the genes encoding the lysyl hydroxylase has an ability to hydroxylate the lysine residue of the collagen, the genes may be preferably used to produce the transformant of the present invention.

Determination of expression of the lysyl hydroxylase (e.g., lysyl 4-hydroxylase) may be conducted as follows.

To detect the lysyl hydroxylase and the like, for example, immunodetection techniques (i.e., immunoassays) is preferably performed. A wide variety of useful immunodetection techniques (i.e., immunoassays) has been found in, for example, Towbin, et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 76, 4350-4354 (1979).

The immunoassays may be categorized into the most direct and simplest methods of determination. The immunoassays can include, for example, but not especially limited to, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), radioimmunoassay (RIA) and immunobeads-trapping assay, or western blot analysis, or the like. Preferably, the immunoassays include the western blot analysis and the like.

The resulting sample may be brought into contact with an antibody under the condition which allows to form the immune complex, thereby forming an immune complex of any combination of antigen and antibody. That is, the antibody and the mixture are incubated for a sufficiently long time to bind them together. After that, it is only needed to detect the antibody specifically bound to the sample. Detection of the immune complex may be typically performed by detecting a radioactivity, fluorescence, biological or enzymatic tag or label used normally in the art.

In the present invention, examples of the “prolyl hydroxylase” can include a prolyl 4-hydroxylase consisting of an α subunit and a β subunit.

Herein, examples of the “α subunit” includes an al subunit, an α2 subunit, an α3 subunit, and the like, and preferably an α subunit.

The origin of “prolyl hydroxylase” is, but not especially limited to, for example, preferably higher animals, and more preferably a human.

The prolyl 4-hydroxylase is an enzyme consisting of an α subunit and a β subunit, and the prolyl hydroxylase derived from higher animals is a heterotetramer consisting of two α subunits and two β subunits. The α subunit is a subunit which contains a catalytic site involved in the hydroxylation of the proline residue. On the other hand, the β subunit is a subunit which is necessary to form the complex with the α subunit and stabilize it. Both the α subunit and the β subunit are required for function of the prolyl 4-hydroxylase.

The prolyl 4-hydroxylase is the enzyme to hydroxylate the proline residue at the 4-position located in Y site of the Gly-X-Y repeating sequence to form 4-hydroxyproline, and therefore, it is one of enzymes important for synthetic process of the collagen. The hydroxyproline improves the stability of the triple helical structure of the collagen. Appropriate hydroxylation of proline residue located in Y site plays a key role in stabilizing the triple helical structure of the collagen.

The transformant of the present invention may be obtained by transfecting the genes comprising the nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence of prolyl hydroxylase together with the gene comprising the nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence of collagen and the gene comprising the nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence of lysyl hydroxylase, thereby having an ability to effectively hydroxylate not only lysine residues but also of proline residues, of the collagen.

Examples of the foreign gene comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding prolyl hydroxylase to be used to produce the transformant of the present invention can include a gene comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding α subunit of prolyl 4-hydroxylase and a gene comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding β subunit of prolyl 4-hydroxylase. Specifically, for example, as the gene comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding an α subunit of prolyl 4-hydroxylase, a prolyl 4-hydroxylase α1 subunit gene comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence indicated by SEQ ID NO: 58, a prolyl 4-hydroxylase α2 subunit gene comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence indicated by SEQ ID NO: 60 or a prolyl 4-hydroxylase α3 subunit gene comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence indicated by SEQ ID NO: 62 may be used. As the gene comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a β subunit of prolyl 4-hydroxylase, a prolyl 4-hydroxylase β subunit gene comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence indicated by SEQ ID NO: 64 may be used. In addition, as to specific examples of the gene comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding the prolyl hydroxylase gene, examples of the gene comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding an α subunit of prolyl 4-hydroxylase can include a prolyl 4-hydroxylase α1 subunit gene comprising a nucleotide sequence indicated by SEQ ID NO: 59, a prolyl 4-hydroxylase α2 subunit gene comprising a nucleotide sequence indicated by SEQ ID NO: 61 and a prolyl 4-hydroxylase α3 subunit gene comprising a nucleotide sequence indicated by SEQ ID NO: 63; and examples of the gene comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a β subunit of prolyl 4-hydroxylase can include a prolyl 4-hydroxylase β subunit gene comprising a nucleotide sequence indicated by SEQ ID NO: 65. A gene artificially obtained by partially introducing deletion, substitution or addition of a base into the gene comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding the α subunit of prolyl 4-hydroxylase or the gene comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding the β subunit of prolyl 4-hydroxylase may be used, and also, a gene encoding an amino acid sequence of a prolyl hydroxylase where an amino acid has been deleted, substituted or added in the amino acid sequence of the prolyl hydroxylase may be used. In the other words, a gene encoding a prolyl hydroxylase may be preferably used for the production of the transformant of the present invention as long as the prolyl hydroxylase would have the ability to hydroxylate the proline residue of collagen. The transformant of the present invention may express the prolyl hydroxylase within the microbial cell, and the proline residues in the collagen may be hydroxylated by the resulting prolyl hydroxylase.

The expression of the prolyl hydroxylase (e.g., prolyl 4-hydroxylase) may be determined as follows.

Detection of the prolyl 4-hydroxylase and the like may be preferably performed by, for example, the immunodetection techniques (i.e., immunoassays). A variety of the useful immunodetection techniques (immunoassays) has been found in, for example, Towbin, et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 76, 4350-4354 (1979).

The resulting sample may be brought into contact with an antibody under the condition which enables to form the immune complex, forming an immune complex of any combination of antigen and antibody. That is, the antibody and the mixture are incubated for a sufficiently long time to bind them together. After that, it is sufficient to detect the antibody specifically bound to the sample. Detection of the immune complex may be typically performed by detecting a radioactivity, fluorescence, biological or enzymatic tag or label used normally in the art.

In the present invention, examples of the “collagen” can include one or more collagens selected from among Type to Type XXIX collagens. Preferably, it includes Fibril-forming collagens such as Type I collagen, Type II collagen, Type III collagen, Type V collagen, Type XI collagen, Type XXIV collagen and Type XXVII collagen, and more preferably Type I collagen, Type III collagen and the like. The origin of “collagen” is, but not especially limited to, for example, preferably higher animals, and more preferably a human.

The Type I collagen is a heterotrimer composed of two α1(I) chains and one α2(I) chain, and the Type III collagen is a homotrimer composed of three α1(III) chains.

The transformant of the present invention may be obtained by transfecting the gene comprising the nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence of collagen together with the gene comprising the nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence of the lysyl hydroxylase and the genes comprising the nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence of the prolyl hydroxylase, thereby having an ability to produce the collagen in which lysine residues and proline residues are both hydroxylated.

Examples of the gene comprising the nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence of collagen to be used for the production of the transformant of the present invention can include a gene comprising the nucleotide sequence encoding the Type I collagen or a gene comprising the nucleotide sequence encoding the Type III collagen. Specifically, for example, as the gene comprising the nucleotide sequence encoding the Type I collagen derived from human, a gene comprising the nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence indicated by SEQ ID NO: 66 and a gene comprising the nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence indicated by SEQ ID NO: 68 may be used; and as the gene comprising the nucleotide sequence encoding the Type III collagen derived from human, a gene comprising the nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence indicated by SEQ ID NO: 70 may be used. Further, as to specific examples of the collagen genes, examples of a gene comprising the nucleotide sequence encoding the Type I collagen can include a COL1A1 gene comprising the nucleotide sequence indicated by SEQ ID NO: 67 and a COL1A2 gene comprising the nucleotide sequence indicated by SEQ ID NO: 69; and examples of the gene comprising the nucleotide sequence encoding the Type III collagen can include a gene comprising the nucleotide sequence indicated by SEQ ID NO: 71. A gene artificially obtained by partially introducing deletion, substitution or addition of a nucleotide into the gene comprising the nucleotide sequence encoding the Type I collagen or the gene comprising the nucleotide sequence encoding the Type III collagen may be used, and a gene encoding a partial nucleotide sequence of the collagen may be also used. Furthermore, a gene comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence of collagen where an amino acid has been deleted, substituted or added in the amino acid sequence of the collagen or a gene encoding the partial amino acid sequence of the collagen may be also used. In other words, a gene encoding a nucleotide sequence encoding Type I collagen and a gene encoding a nucleotide sequence encoding Type III collagen may be appropriately used for the present invention as long as each of the Type I collagen and the Type III collagen comprises the Gly-X-Y repeating sequence within the amino acid sequence thereof and hold a property to form the collagen-specific triple helical structure.

The expression of the collagen within the microbial cell, as well as the enzymatic conversion of both the lysyl hydroxylase and the prolyl hydroxylase which are coexpressed within the microbial cell, may lead to production of the collagen in which lysine residues and proline residues are hydroxylated.

As a method for transfecting the foreign genes (1) to (3) into the microbial cell, the known techniques such as, for example, but not especially limited to, lithium process, spheroplast procedure and electroporation techniques may be available. The foreign genes transfected into the microbial cell may be maintained in a form of plasmid within the microbial cell, Or may be integrated into the chromosome within the microbial cell.

In case of maintaining the foreign genes within the microbial cell, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Komagataella pastoris, Hansenula polymorpha, Pichia methanolica, Candida Boidini or Ogataea minuta may be used as the microbial cell (i.e., host). When Saccharomyces cerevisiae is used as the host, preferably, a vector to be integrated into the chromosome (type Yip), a vector comprising the replication origin of the yeast endogenous plasmid 2 μm DNA (type YEp) and a vector comprising autonomously replicating sequence derived from the chromosome (type YCp) may be used as a vector which carries the foreign genes. Among these vectors, the one in a form of a shuttle vector replicable even in Escherichia coli is more preferably used because it may facilitate the construction of the Gene Transfer Plasmid.

When Saccharomyces cerevisiae is used, the type YEp plasmid may be preferably used. When Komagataella pastoris, Hansenula polymorpha, Pichia methanolica, Candida Boidini or Ogataea minuta is used as a host, the vector to be integrated into the chromosome may be used as the vector which carries the foreign genes. Among these vectors, typically, the one in a form of a shuttle vector generally replicable even in Escherichia coli may be more preferably used because it may facilitate the construction of the Gene Transfer Plasmid. Specifically, pAO815, pPIC9K and the like are preferably used as the vector for Komagataella pastoris.

When the foreign genes are transfected into the host cell using the vector to be integrated into the chromosome, homologous recombination in the homologous region which is integrated into the vector leads to the integration of the foreign genes into the chromosome and their stable retention within the host cell. The nucleotide sequence in the homologous region can include, but not limited to, for example, the nucleotide sequences such as an amino acid or a nucleic acid synthetic pathway gene, ribosomal DNA and Transposon of Yeast element. In case of using the host which lacks in the amino acid synthetic pathway gene or the nucleic acid synthetic pathway gene, the nucleotide sequence in the homologous region may lead to the complementation of host mutation to be used as a selective marker for the transformant.

When the foreign gene integrated into the vector is transfected into the microbial cell, the selective marker may be used to serve as a guide for generation of gene transfer. As the selective marker gene, typically used may be a gene which leads to phenotypical change when it is integrated into the vector together with the foreign genes and introduced into the cell. As the selective marker gene, an amino acid or nucleic acid synthetic pathway gene, an antibiotic-resistant gene or the like may be used. The amino acid or the nucleic acid synthetic pathway gene can include, but not limited to, for example, LEU2, HIS4, ARG4, TRP1, URA3, ADE2 and the like. Further, the antibiotic-resistant gene can include, but not limited to, for example, genes which induce tolerance to antibiotics such as Zeocyn, Blasticidin S, Geneticin, G418, Chloramphenicol and bleomycin.

A preferable embodiment of the transformant of the present invention may include, for example, the microbial cell which may be an eukaryote cell. Herein, the eukaryote cell can include, for example, yeast cell and the like. Further, the yeast cell may include, for example, a methylotrophic yeast cell and the like. Furthermore, an example of the methylotrophic yeast cell may include Komagataella pastoris and the like.

For the foreign genes (1) to (3), the nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence of protein may be preferably integrated downstream of the promoter in a form which enable the expression.

As the promoter, without especially any limiting as long as it functions within the host cell, an inducible promoter of which the transcriptional activity may be induced by specific nutrients or substrates may be preferably used. For the foreign genes (1) to (3), the terminator is preferably located downstream of the nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence of protein.

There is no particular limitation on the promoter and, for example, a gene promoter such as a galactose metabolizing enzyme gene (GAL1, GAL10), an inhibitory acid phosphatase (PHOS), a glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene (TD), a phosphoglycerate kinase gene (PGK), an alcohol oxidase gene (ADH1, AOX1, AOX2, MOX, AOD1), a formic dehydrogenase gene (FDH1, FMD1), a dihydroxyacetone synthase gene (DAS), a peroxisome membrane protein synthetic gene (PER3) and a formaldehyde dehydrogenase gene (FLD1) may be available. The terminator may be effectively used as long as it has a transcription termination activity, and, for example, a terminator of the gene such as the alcohol oxidase gene (AOX1) and the formaldehyde dehydrogenase gene (FLD1) may be available.

The present invention comprises the collagen (collagen of the present invention) obtainable by being produced by the transformant of the present invention. The collagen of the present invention may be one or more collagens selected from among Type I to Type XXIX collagens. The collagen of the present invention obtained from the transformant of the present invention comprising the lysyl hydroxylase 1 gene, the prolyl hydroxylase genes and collagen gene, and the collagen of the present invention obtained from the transformant of the present invention comprising the lysyl hydroxylase 3 gene, the prolyl hydroxylase genes and collagen gene are collagens in which, for example, the composition ratio of hydroxylated lysine residues to total lysine residues is higher than that of natural collagen, and the composition ratio of hydroxylated proline residues to total proline residues is substantially equal to that of the natural collagen. More specifically, the collagen obtained from the transformant of the present invention comprising the lysyl hydroxylase 1 gene, the prolyl hydroxylase genes and the collagen Type I genes is the collagen in which 30% or more of total lysine residues are hydroxylated and 45% or more of total proline residues are hydroxylated, preferably wherein 50% or more of total lysine residues are hydroxylated and 45% or more of total proline residues are hydroxylated. Further, the collagen obtained from the transformant of the present invention comprising a lysyl hydroxylase 1 gene, a prolyl hydroxylase genes and a collagen Type III gene is the collagen in which 15% or more of total lysine residues are hydroxylated and 50% or more of total proline residues are hydroxylated, preferably in which both of 35% or more of total lysine residues and 50% or more of total proline residues are hydroxylated. Furthermore, the collagen of the present invention obtained from the transformant comprising lysyl hydroxylase 2 gene, a prolyl hydroxylase genes and a collagen gene may lead to production of the collagen in which lysine residues in the telopeptide region and, for example, 45% or more of total proline residues are both hydroxylated. The transformant of the present invention may be used to produce the collagen wherein for example, 45% or more of praline are hydroxylated, but for practical purposes, the composition ratio of the hydroxylated proline residues is not particularly intended to be limited as long as the collagen forms stable triple-helical structure.

Each composition ratio of the hydroxylated proline residues and the hydroxylated lysine residues in the collagen may be determined in the known method of amino acid composition analysis.

The ability for fibril formation of the collagen may be determined, for example, by the following procedures. Specifically, for example, readjustment of a solution of the purified collagens to salt concentration of 1×D-PBS(−), pH 7.3 to 7.4 followed by keeping at the temperature of 37° C. leads to reorientation of the collagen molecules and then clouding of the solution. Such clouding may be regarded as an indication of the ability for fibril formation of the collagen. Accordingly, by means of such property, the ability for fibril formation of the collagen may be determined by measuring the absorbance of the solution of collagens over time while keeping the solution in the collagen concentration of 0.05% to 0.2% at the temperature of 37° C. in a salt concentration of 1×D-PBS(−), pH 7.3 to 7.4.

The production process of the present invention includes:

a first step of transfecting all of the following genes (1), (2) and (3):

(1) a foreign gene comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence of lysyl hydroxylase,

(2) a foreign gene comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence of prolyl hydroxylase, and

(3) a foreign gene comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence of collagen;

into the microbial cell;

a second step of cultivating transformant resulting from the first step to produce the collagen; and a third step of collecting the collagen produced from the second step.

Since the first step has been previously described in the description for the transformant of the present invention, herein, detailed description of it is omitted.

The second step can be performed in accordance with the standard microbiological techniques.

As a medium used for cultivation of the transformant resulting from the first step, in general, the medium known in the art may be preferably used, and its cultivation condition may be provided in accordance with the standard techniques.

There is no particular limitation on the “medium”, and any of a synthetic medium and a natural medium may be used, preferably in a form of liquid media.

For example, the “synthetic medium” is preferably used with the inclusion of a carbon source, such as a variety of sugar, glycerol, methanol; a nitrogen source, such as urea, ammonium salt or nitrate salt; micronutrients, such as a range of vitamins or nucleotides; and the other mineral salts, such as Mg, Ca, Fe, Ma, K, Mn, Co or Cu or the like. Further, the carbon source may be feeded into the medium moderately little by little with a concentrated form in order to prevent inhibition of collagen production due to the high carbon-source concentration.

Alternatively, as the “natural medium,” YPD Liquid Medium (1% Yeast Extract (Difco), 2% Bacto Peptone (Difco), 2% glucose) and YPM Liquid Medium may be also preferably used.

There is no particular limitation on the pH of the medium, and the pH is preferably neutral, weakly basic or weakly acidic. When the transformant of the present invention is a methylotrophic yeast cell, a methanol containing medium is preferably used. In this case, its methanol concentration may preferably range from approximately 0.01 to 5%.

There is no particular limitation on the cultivating temperature, and the cultivating temperature is preferably between 15° C. and 43° C. There is no particular limitation on the elapsed cultivating time, and the elapsed cultivating time is preferably between 1 and 1,000 hours. The cultivating is preferably conducted under the stationary standing, with shaking, agitation or aeration, and preferably conducted in batch cultivation, semibatch cultivation or continuous cultivation.

Further, prior to the cultivation (i.e., the main incubation), pre-cultivation is preferably performed. As mediums for pre-cultivation, for example, YNB liquid medium, YPO liquid medium or the like may be preferably used. There is no particular limitation on the cultivation condition for the ore-cultivation, and the elapsed cultivation time is preferably between 10 and 100 hours and for example, when the transformant of the present invention is yeast, the cultivation temperature is preferably between 15° C. and 45° C.

The step of colleting the collagen may be performed in accordance with a standard biochemical and a protein engineering techniques.

To collect the collagen produced in the second step, it is sufficient to purify the collagen from culture supernatant or cultivated microbial cell containing the collagen produced by the transformant.

The purification technique is not especially limited, but the known techniques may be appropriately used. For instance, fractionation technique, ion-exchange technique, gel filtration chromatography technique, hydrophobic interaction chromatography technique or affinity column chromatography technique or the like may be used.

More convenient purification techniques may include the purification technique with the use of the property possessed by the collagen, i.e., tolerance of triple helical structure for protease. Such purification technique may preferably include the following steps (a) to (e) of:

(a) a step of breaking the transformant in a ph buffer solution;

(b) a step of adding a protease into the lysis solution and degrading contaminants;

(c) a step of colleting a supernatant by centrifuging the degraded broken solution;

(d) a step of salting-out from the supernatant under a various ph conditions; and

(e) a step of dissolving the precipitation collected by the salting-out for desalting.

Thus, the collagen produced by the production process of the present invention can be regarded as being a high performance versatile material that is more commercially valuable for pharmaceuticals, industrial products, cosmetics and foods. Specifically, for example, the collagen produced by the production process of the present invention can be collagen having its stabilized triple-helical structure and an increased ability for fibril formation.

EXAMPLES

The present invention will be described in more detail below by way of Examples, but the present invention is not limited thereto.

In cloning of the genes and the like, the Gene Transfer Plasmid used for production of the transformant of the present invention may be obtained by cloning the foreign gene to bring into the plasmid in accordance with the techniques described in “Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual 2nd edition”, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press (1989), ISBN 0-87969-309-6; “Current Protocols in Molecular Biology”, John Wiley & Sons (1987), Inc. ISBN O-471-50338-X; and the like. As the plasmid used for production of the Gene Transfer Plasmid, without especially limiting, for example, pUC119 (Takara Bic Inc.), pTV118N (Takara Bio Inc.), pUC19 (Toyobo Co., Ltd.), pBluescriptII (Stratagene), pCR2.1-TOPO (Invitrogen), pCR-BluntII-TOPO (Invitrogen) and the Like may be available. The cloning procedures will be described below in detail.

Example 1
Cloning of Genes
(1-1) Cloning of Lysyl Hydroxylase 1 Gene (PLOD1)

A cDNA clone (ID: 3917351) was purchased from Invitrogen. The following oligonucleotides 1 and 2 were synthesized. PLOD1 was amplified by PCR using the cDNA clone as a template and the oligonucleotides 1 and 2 as primers.

(a) Oligonucleotide 1:

(SEQ ID NO: 1)

CGTCATATGATGCGGCCCCTGCTGC

(b) Oligonucleotide 2:

(SEQ ID NO: 2)

ATCCTCGAGTTAGGGATCGACGAAGGAGAC

As a polymerase for the PCR, KOC-Plus-PCR polymerase, manufactured by Toyobo Co., Ltd., was used. The details of composition of the reaction solutions are given as follows:

(a) Plasmid solution (10 ng/μl)
1 μl

(b) dNTP (2 mM-mix each)
5 μl

(c) MgSO₄(25 mM)
2 μl

(d) Primers (10 pmol/μl)
1.5 μl each

(e) 10 × PCR buffer for KOD-plus-
5 μl

(f) KOD-plus- DNA polymerase (1 U/μl)
1 μl

(g) Sterile distilled water
33 μl

PCR was conducted using PERKIN ELMER GeneAmp FOR System 9700. This reaction was conducted under the following conditions: heating the reaction solution at 94° C. for 2 minutes followed by 25 cycles of denaturation at 94° C. for 15 seconds, annealing at 50° C. for 30 seconds and extension at 68° C. for 2 minutes, and then maintaining the reaction solution at 68° C. for 5 minutes.

The about 2000 bp double-stranded DNA fragment prepared by the PCR was ligated to the “PCR Product insertion site” of pCR2.1-TOPO plasmid, and the resulting ligation solution was used for transformation of E. coli (Competent high DH5α, Toyobo Co., Ltd.). For the ligation, Invitrogen TOPO TA cloning kit was used.

On LB agar medium (1% Bacto Tripton, 0.5% Bacto Yeast Extract, 1% sodium chloride) containing 50 μg/ml of ampicillin, the transformed E. coli was inoculated to cultivate it. A colony formed on the agar medium was inoculated into sterile LB medium (2 ml) containing 50 μg/ml of ampicillin and incubated in the test tube with shaking (37° C., 17 hours). Then, using QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit (Qiagen), the plasmid into which the target DNA fragment was inserted was isolated from the cultivated bacterial cells. The plasmid will be referred to as pPLOD1-TOPO hereinafter.

(1-2) Cloning of Lysyl Hydroxylase 2 Gene (PLOD2)

cDNA clone (ID: 4994235) was purchased from Invitrogen. The following oligonucleotides 3 and 4 were synthesized. PLOD2 was amplified by PCR using the cDNA clone as a template and the oligonucleotides 3 and 4 as primers.

(a) Oligonucleotide 3:

(SEQ ID NO: 3)

CGAGATCTGATGGGGGGATGCACGGT

(b) Oligonucleotide 4:

(SEQ ID NO: 4)

GCAGATCTCGTTAGGGATCTATAAATGACACTG

As a polymerase for the PCR, KOD-Plus-PCR polymerase, manufactured by Toyobo Co., Ltd., was used. The details of composition of the reaction solutions are given as follows:

PCR was conducted using PERKIN ELMER GeneAmp PCR System 9700. This reaction was conducted under the following conditions: heating the reaction solution at 94° C. for 2 minutes followed by 25 cycles of denaturation at 94° C. for 15 seconds, annealing at 50° C. for 30 seconds and extension at 68° C. for 2 minutes, and then maintaining the reaction solution at 68° C. for 5 minutes.

(1-3) Cloning of Histidinol Dehydrogenase Gene (HIS4)

The sequence information of HIS4 (Accession No. X56180) was obtained through NCBI online database. The following oligonucleotides 5 and 6 were synthesized based on the sequence information. HIS4 was amplified by PCR using the oligonucleotides 5 and 6 as primers and genomic DNA of Komagataella pastoris ATCC76273 obtained from ATCC as a template. The genomic DNA was isolated using QIAGEN Genomic-tip 100/G and Genomic DNA Buffer Set.

(a) Oligonucleotide 5:

(SEQ ID NO: 5)

GATCTCCTGATGACTGACTCACTGATAATA

(b) Oligonucleotide 6:

(SEQ ID NO: 6)

TAATTAAATAAGTCCCAGTTTCTCCATACG

As a polymerase for the PCR, Invitrogen AccuPrime Pfx Polymerase was used. The details of composition of the reaction solutions are given as follows:

(a) Genomic DNA (15 ng/μl)
1
μl

(b) Primers (10 pmol/μl)
1.5 μl each

(c) 10 × AccuPrime Pfx reaction mix
5
μl

(d) AccuPrime Pfx DNA polymerase (2.5 U/μl)
0.5
μl

(e) Sterile distilled water
40.5
μl

PCR was conducted using PERKIN ELMER GeneAmp PCR System 9700. This reaction was conducted under the following conditions: heating the reaction solution at 94° C. for 2 minutes followed by 35 cycles of denaturation at 94° C. for 15 seconds, annealing at 60° C. for 30 seconds and extension at 68° C. for 2.5 minutes, and then maintaining the reaction solution at 68° C. for 5 minutes.

The about 2600 bp double-stranded DNA fragment prepared by the PCR was ligated to the “PCR Product insertion site” of pCR-BluntII-TOPO plasmid, and the resulting ligation solution was used for the transformation of E. coli (One Shot TOP10F′ Chemically Compitent E. coli, Invitrogen). For the ligation, Invitrogen ZERO-BluntII TOPO PCR cloning kit was used.

On LB agar medium containing 50 μg/ml of kanamycin, the transformed E. coli was inoculated to cultivate it. A colony formed on the agar medium was inoculated into sterile LB medium (2 ml) containing 50 μg/ml of kanamycin and incubated in the test tube with shaking (37° C., 17 hours). Then, using QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit (Qiagen), the plasmid into which the target DNA fragment was inserted was isolated from the cultivated bacterial cells. The plasmid will be referred to as pHIS4-TOPO hereinafter.

(1-4) Cloning of Argininosuccinate Lyase Gene (ARG4)

The sequence information of ARG4 (Accession No. AF321097) was obtained through NCBI online database. The following oligonucleotides 7 and 8 were synthesized based on the sequence information. ARG4 was amplified by PCP using the oligonucleotides 7 and 8 as primers and genomic DNA of Komagataella pastoris ATCC76273 obtained from ATCC as a template. The genomic DNA was isolated using QIAGEN Genomic-tip 100/G and Genomic DNA Buffer Set.

(a) Oligonucleotide 7:

(SEQ ID NO: 7)

ACGAAAATATGGTACCTGCCCTCAC

(b) Oligonucleotide 8:

(SEQ ID NO: 8)

GTTCTATCTACCCGAGGAAACCGATACATA

As a polymerase for the PCR, Invitrogen AccuPrime Pfx Polymerase was used. The details of composition of the reaction solutions are given as follows:

PCR was conducted using PERKIN ELMER GeneAmp PCR System 9700. This reaction was conducted under the following conditions: heating the reaction solution at 94° C. for 2 minutes followed by 35 cycles of denaturation at 94° C. for 15 seconds, annealing at 65° C. for 30 seconds and extension at 68° C. for 2.5 minutes, and then maintaining the reaction solution at 68° C. for 5 minutes.

The about 2200 bp double-stranded DNA fragment prepared by the OCR was ligated to the “PCR Product insertion site” of pCR-BluntII-TOPO plasmid, and the resulting ligation solution was used for the transformation of E. coli (One Shot TOP10F′ Chemically Compitent E. coli, invitrogen). For the ligation, Invitrogen ZERO-BluntII TORO PCR cloning kit was used.

(1-5) Cloning of Alcohol Dehydrogenase 1 (AOX1) Promoter

The sequence information of AOX1 (Accession No. E00913 and U96967) was obtained through NCBI online database. The following oligonucleotides 9 and 10 were synthesized based on the sequence information. AOX1 promoter was amplified by PCR using the oligonucleotides 9 and 10 as primers and genomic DNA of Komagataella pastoris ATCC76273 obtained from ATCC as a template. The genomic DNA was isolated using QIAGEN Genomic-tip 100/G and Genomic DNA Suffer Set.

(a) Oligonucleotide 9:

(SEQ ID NO: 9)

AGATCTAACATCCAAAGACGAAAGGTT

(b) Oligonucleotide 10:

(SEQ ID NO: 10)

ATCCACCACCTAGAACTAGGATATCAAAC

As a polymerase for the PCR, Invitrogen AccuPrime Pfx Polymerase was used. The details of composition of the reaction solutions are given as follows:

PCR was conducted using PERKIN ELMER GeneAmp PCR System 9700. This reaction was conducted under the following conditions: heating the reaction solution at 94° C. for 2 minutes followed by 35 cycles of denaturation at 94° C. for 15 seconds, annealing at 62° C. for 30 seconds and extension at 68° C. for 1 minute, and then maintaining the reaction solution at 68° C. for 5 minutes.

The about 940 bp double-stranded DNA fragment prepared by the PCR was ligated to the “PCR Product insertion site” of pCR-BluntII-TOPO plasmid, and the resulting ligation solution was used for the transformation of E. coli (One Shot TOP10F′Chemically Compitent E. coli, Invitrogen). For the ligation, Invitrogen ZERO-BluntII TOPO PCR cloning kit was used.

(1-6) Cloning of Alcohol Dehydrogenase 1 (AOX1) Terminator

The sequence information of AOX1 (Accession No. 096967) was obtained through NCBI online database. The following oligonucleotides 11 and 12 were synthesized based on the sequence information. AOX1 terminator was amplified by PCR using the oligonucleotides 11 and 12 as primers and genomic DNA of Komagataella pastoris ATCC76273 obtained from ATCC as a template. The genomic DNA was isolated using QIAGEN Genomic-tip 100/G and Genomic DNA Buffer Set.

(a) Oligonucleotide 11:

(SEQ ID NO: 11)

CCTTAGACATGACTGTTCCTCAGTTC

(b) Oligonucleotide 12:

(SEQ ID NO: 12)

GCACAAACGAACGTCTCACTTAAT

As a polymerase for the PCR, Invitrogen AccuPrime Pfx Polymerase was used. The details of composition of the reaction solutions are given as follows:

PCR was conducted using PERKIN ELMER GeneAmp PCR System 9700. This reaction was conducted under the following conditions: heating the reaction solution at 94° C. for 2 minutes followed by 35 cycles of denaturation at 94° C. for 15 seconds, annealing at 60° C. for 30 seconds and extension at 68° C. for 30 seconds, and then maintaining the reaction solution at 68° C. for 5 minutes.

The about 300 bp double-stranded DNA fragment prepared by the PCR was ligated to the “PCR Product insertion site” of pCR-BluntII-TOPO plasmid, and the resulting ligation solution was used for the transformation of E. coli (One Shot TOP10F′ Chemically Compitent E. coli, Invitrogen). For the ligation, Invitrogen ZERO-BluntII TOPO PCR cloning kit was used.

(1-7) Cloning of Non-Coading Region located 3′-downstream of Alcohol Dehydrogenase 1 (AOX1)

The sequence information of 3′-downstream region of AOX1 was obtained from the sequence information of a plasmid (pAO815) manufactured by invitrogen. The following oligonucleotides 13 and 14 were Synthesized based on the sequence information. The 3′-downstream region of AOX1 was amplified by PCR using the oligonucleotides 13 and 14 as primers and genomic DNA of Komagataella pastoris ATCC76273 obtained from ATCC as a template. The genomic DNA was isolated using QIAGEN Genomic-tip 100/G and Genomic DNA Buffer Set.

(a) Oligonucleotide 13:

(SEQ ID NO: 13)

TCGAGTATCTATGATTGGAAGTATGGGAAT

(b) Oligonucleotide 14:

(SEQ ID NO: 14)

GATCTTGAGATAAATTTCACGTTTAAAATC

As a polymerase for the PCR, Invitrogen AccuPrime Pfx Polymerase was used. The details of composition of the reaction solutions are given as follows:

PCR was conducted using PERKIN ELMER GeneAmp PCR System 9700. This reaction was conducted under the following conditions: heating the reaction solution at 94° C. for 2 minutes followed by 35 cycles of denaturation at 94° C. for 15 seconds, annealing at 58° C. for 30 seconds and extension at 68° C. for 1.5 minutes, and then maintaining the reaction solution at 68° C. for 5 minutes.

The about 750 bp double-stranded DNA fragment prepared by the PCR was ligated to the “PCR Product insertion site” of pCR-BluntII-TOPO plasmid, and the resulting ligation solution was used for the transformation of E. coli (One Shot TOP10F′ Chemically Compitent E. coli, Invitrogen). For the ligation, Invitrogen ZERO-BluntII TOPO PCR cloning kit was used.

(1-8) Cloning of α-Factor Signal Sequence

The sequence information of a sex determining gene α-factor of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Accession No. J0134 and X01581) was obtained through NCBI online database. The following oligonucleotides 15 and 16 were synthesized based on the sequence information. DNA encoding α-factor was amplified by PCR using the oligonucleotides 15 and 16 as primers and genomic DNA of Saccharomyces cerevisiae NBRC1136 obtained from NBR as a template. The genomic DNA was isolated using QIAGEN Genomic-tip 100/G and Genomic DNA Buffer Set.

(a) Oligonucleotide 15:

(SEQ ID NO: 15)

TCAAACAAGAAGATTACAAACTATCAATTTCA

(b) Oligonucleotide 16:

(SEQ ID NO: 16)

TTTGTTACATCTACACTGTTGTTATCAGTCG

As a polymerase for the PCR, KOD-Plus-PCR polymerase, manufactured by Toyobo Co., Ltd., was used. The details of composition of the reaction solutions are given as follows:

(a) Genomic DNA solution (15 ng/μl)
1 μl

(b) dNTP (2 mM-mix each)
5 μl

(c) MgSO₄(25 mM)
2 μl

(d) Primers (10 pmol/μl)
1.5 μl each

(e) 10 × PCR buffer for KOD-plus-
5 μl

(f) KOD-plus- DNA polymerase (1 U/μl)
1 μl (1 U)

(g) Sterile distilled water
33 μl

PCR was conducted using PERKIN ELMER GeneAmp PCR System 9700. This reaction was conducted under the following conditions: heating the reaction solution at 94° C. for 3 minutes followed by 35 cycles of denaturation at 94° C. for 15 seconds, annealing at 60° C. for 30 seconds and extension at 68° C. for 1 minute, and then maintaining the reaction solution at 68° C. for 5 minutes.

The about 600 bp double-stranded DNA fragment prepared by the PCR was ligated to the “FOR Product insertion site” of pCR-BluntII-TOPO plasmid, and the resulting ligation solution was used for the transformation of E. coli (One Shot TOP10F′ Chemically Compitent E. coli, Invitrogen). For the ligation, Invitrogen ZERO-BluntII TOPO PCR cloning kit was used.

(1-9) Cloning of Human Type III Collagen Gene

The sequence information of human Type III Collagen (Accession No. NM000090) was obtained through NCBI online database. The following oligonucleotides 17 and 18 were synthesized based on the sequence information. A DNA encoding human Type III Collagen was amplified by PCR using the oligonucleotides 17 and 18 with addition of a phosphate group to each 5′ end as primers and Human brain mRNA obtained from Toyobo Co., Ltd. as a template.

(a) Oligonucleotide 17:

(SEQ ID NO: 17)

GGCTGAGTTTTATGACGGGC

(b) Oligonucleotide 18:

(SEQ ID NO: 18)

GACAAGATTAGAACAAGAGG

As a polymerase for the PCR, KOD-Plus-PCR polymerase, manufactured by Toyobo Co., Ltd., was used. The details of composition of the reaction solutions are given as follows:

PCR was conducted using PERKIN ELMER GeneAmp OCR System 9700. This reaction was conducted by 35 cycles of denaturation at 98° C. for 20 seconds, annealing at 58° C. for 10 seconds and extension at 74° C. for 5 minutes.

pUC18 plasmid was cut with the restriction enzyme SmaI and then dephosphorylated using alkaline phosphatase.

The double-stranded DNA fragment and the plasmid were ligated, and the resulting ligation solution was used for the transformation of E. coli (Component high DH5α, manufactured by Toyobo Co., Ltd.) was transformed. For the ligation, Ligation high manufactured by Toyobo Co., Ltd. was used.

On LB agar medium containing 50 μg/ml of ampicillin, the transformed E. coli was inoculated to cultivate it. A colony formed on the agar medium was inoculated into sterile LB medium (2 ml) containing 50 μg/ml of ampicillin and incubated in the test tube with shaking (37° C., 17 hours). Then, using QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit (Qiagen), the plasmid into which the target DNA fragment was inserted was isolated from the cultivated bacterial cells. The plasmid will be referred to as pUC19-COL3A1 hereinafter.

(1-10) Cloning of Human Collagen Type I α1 Gene (Construction of pBlue-HsCOL1A1)

The following oligonucleotides 52 and 53 were synthesized. After a phosphate group was added to each 5′ end of the oligonucleotides 52 and 53 using T4 polynucleotide kinase (Toyobo Co., Ltd.), PCR was conducted using these oligonucleotides as primers and Human brain cDNA (Toyobo Co., Ltd.) as a template to amplify DNA encoding human collagen Type I α1.

(a) Oligonuclectide 52:

(SEQ ID NO: 72)

CAGCCACAAAGAGTCTACATGTCTAGG

(b) Oligonucleotide 53:

(SEQ ID NO: 73)

AGGTTGGGATGGAGGGAGTT

The composition of the reaction solutions is given as follows:

(a) cDNA solution
5 μl

(b) dNTP (2 mM-mix each)
5 μl

(c) MgSO₄(25 mM)
2 μl

(d) Primers (10 pmol/μl)
1.5 μl each

(e) 10 × PCR buffer for KOD-plus- (Toyobo Co., Ltd.)
5 μl

(f) KOD-plus- DNA polymerase (1 U/μl, Toyobo Co.,
1 μl

Ltd.)

(g) Sterile distilled water
29 μl

PCR was conducted by heating the reaction solution at 94° C. for 2 minutes and then 35 cycles of denaturation at 98° C. for 20 seconds, annealing at 58° C. for 10 seconds and extensione at 74° C. for 5 minutes.

Approximately 4.5 kb of the DNA obtained from the PCR was purified using MagExtractor PCR&Gel Clean up (Toyobo Co., Ltd.)

A pBluescriptII KS(+) plasmid (Stratagene) was cut with the restriction enzyme EcoRV, dephosphorylated by the use of alkaline phosphatase, and then purified using MagExtractor PCR&Gel Clean up (Toyobo Co., Ltd.)

The about 4.5 kb of the DNA and the plasmid were ligated, and the resulting ligation solution was used for the transformation of E. coli (Competent high DH5α, Toyobo Co., Ltd.). For the ligation, Ligation high, manufactured by Toyobo Co., Ltd., was used.

On LB agar medium containing 50 μg/ml of ampicillin, the transformed E. coli was inoculated to cultivate it. A colony formed on the agar medium was inoculated into LB medium containing 50 μg/ml of ampicillin and incubated in the test tube with shaking (37° C., 17 hours). Then, using MagExtractor plasmid (Toyobo Co., Ltd.), the plasmid into which the DNA encoding human collagen Type I α1 was inserted (hereinafter, it may be referred to as pBlue-HsCOL1A1) was isolated from the cultivated bacterial cells to give pBlue-HsCOL1A1.

(1-11) Cloning of Human Collagen Type I α2 Gene (Construction of pUC18-HsCOL1A2)

Total RNA derived from Human Neonatal Dermal Fibroblasts was obtained from Cell Applications, Inc. cDNA was synthesized using ReverTra Plus (Toyobo Co., Ltd.). The following oligonucleotides 54 and 55 were synthesized. PCP was conducted, using oligonucleotides 54 and 55 as primers and the cDNA as a template to amplify DNA encoding human collagen Type I α2.

(a) Oligonucleotide 54:

(SEQ ID NO: 74)

GCCAAGCTTGCATGCTCAGCTTTGTGGATACGCGGAC

(b) Oligonucleotide 55:

(SEQ ID NO: 75)

CGGTACCCGGGGATCCTTATTTGAAACAGACTGGGCCAATGTCC

The composition of the reaction solutions is given as follows:

PCR was conducted by heating the reaction solution at 94° C. for 2 minutes before 30 cycles of denaturation at 98° C. for 10 seconds, annealing and extension at 68° C. for 6 minutes. The amplified DNA of approximately 4.1 kb was isolated by agarose gel electrophoresis, and then extracted and purified from the gel with MagExtractor PCR&Gel Clean up (Toyobo Co., Ltd.) The resulting DNA was cut with the restriction enzymes SphI and BamHI, and then purified using MagExtractor PCR&Gel Clean up (Toyobo Co., Ltd.)

pUC18 Plasmid (Toyobo Co., Ltd.) was cut with the restriction enzymes SphI and BamHI, and then purified using MagExtractor PCR&Gel Clean up (Toyobo Co., Ltd.)

The about 4.1 kb and the plasmid were ligated, and the resulting ligation solution was used for the transformation of E. coli (Competent high DH5α, Toyobo Co., Ltd.). For the ligation, Ligation high (Toyobo Co., Ltd.) was used.

On LB agar medium containing 50 μg/ml of ampicillin, the transformed E. coli was inoculated to cultivate it. A colony formed on the agar medium was inoculated into sterile LB medium containing 50 μg/ml of ampicillin and incubated in the test tube with shaking (37° C., 17 hours). Then, using MagExtractor plasmid (Toyobo Co., Ltd.), the plasmid into which the DNA encoding human collagen Type I α2 was inserted (hereinafter, it may be referred to as pUC18-HsCOL1A2) was isolated from the cultivated bacterial cells to give pUC18-HsCOL1A2.

Example 2
Construction of Gene Transfer Plasmid

The details of a method for producing a Gene Transfer Plasmid will be described below. FIG. 1 shows a flow chart schematically illustrating a construction process of a plasmid for transfection of a prolyl 4-hydroxylase α1 subunit gene, a β subunit of a prolyl 4-hydroxylase gene and a lysyl hydroxylase 1 gene; FIG. 2 shows a flow chart schematically illustrating a construction process of a plasmid for transfection of a prolyl 4-hydroxylase α1 subunit gene, a β, subunit of a prolyl 4-hydroxylase gene and lysyl hydroxylase 2 gene; and FIG. 3 shows a flow chart schematically illustrating a construction process of a plasmid for transfection of a human collagen Type III gene. Further, FIG. 4 illustrates a structure of the plasmid for transfection of a prolyl 4-hydroxylase α1 subunit gene, β subunit of a prolyl 4-hydroxylase gene and a lysyl hydroxylase 1 gene; and

FIG. 5 illustrates a structure of the plasmid for transfection of a prolyl 4-hydroxylase α1 subunit gene, a β subunit of a prolyl 4-hydroxylase gene and lysyl hydroxylase 2 gene.

(2-1) Construction of pSN003

Oligonucleotides 19 and 20 were synthesized. The oligonucleotides 19 and 20 are oligonucleotides consisting the nucleotide sequence of AOX1 terminator and the nucleotide sequence of the restriction enzyme site. The double-stranded DNA fragment was amplified by PCR using the following oligonucleotides 19 and 20 as primers and the pAOX1term-TOPO as a template.

(a) Oligonucleotide 19:

(SEQ ID NO: 19)

TCGACTAGTTTAGACATGACTGTTCCTCAGTTCAA

(b) Oligonucleotide 20:

(SEQ ID NO: 20)

AACTGCAGGCACAAACGAACGTCTCACTTA

As a polymerase for the PCR, KOD-Plus-PCR polymerase, manufactured by Toyobo Co., Ltd., was used. The details of composition of the reaction solutions are given as follows:

PCR was conducted using PERKIN ELMER GeneAmp PCR System 9700. This reaction was conducted under the following conditions: heating the reaction solution at 94° C. for 2 minutes followed by 25 cycles of denaturation at 94° C. for 15 seconds, annealing at 60° C. for 30 seconds and extensione at 68° C. for 1 minute, and then maintaining the reaction solution at 68° C. for 5 minutes.

The resulting double-stranded DNA fragment from the PCR was cut with the restriction enzymes SpeI and PstI to isolate and purify the about 300 bp double-stranded DNA fragment comprising AOX1 terminator by means of agarose gel electrophoresis.

A pBluescriptII SK(+) plasmid purchased from Stratagene was cut with the restriction enzymes SpeI and PstI, and then subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis to isolate and purify the about 3000 bp double-stranded DNA fragment.

The double-stranded DNA fragment and the plasmid were ligated, and the resulting ligation solution was used for the transformation of E. coli (Competent high DH5α, Toyobo Co., Ltd.). For the ligation, Takara Ligation Kit ver2.1 was used.

(2-2) Construction of pSN004

The pAOX1pro-TOPO was cut with the restriction enzyme Eco52I to isolate and purify the about 1000 bp double-stranded DNA fragment comprising AOX1 promoter by means of agarose gel electrophoresis.

The pSN003 was cut with the restriction enzyme Eco52I and then dephosphorylated using alkaline phosphatase.

(2-3) Construction of pSN005

Oligonucleotides 21 and 22 shown by the following nucleotide sequences which are complementary each other were synthesized:

(a) Oligonucleotide 21:

(SEQ ID NO: 21)

TATTCGAAACGCATATGTGACCGGCAGACTAGTGG

(b) Oligonucleotide 22:

(SEQ ID NO: 22)

CCACTAGTCTGCCGGTCACATATGGGTTTCGAATA

These oligonucleotides 21 and 22 were mixed as shown in the following composition, and then the mixed solution was incubated at 98° C. for 5 minutes, 50° C. for 50 minutes and then 37° C. for 1 hour.

Oligonucleotide 21 (50 pmol/μl)
5 μl

Oligonucleotide 22 (50 pmol/μl)
5 μl

(a) Tris-HCl (100 mM)
10 μl

(b) MgCl₂(100 mM)
10 μl

(c) Dithiothreitol (10 mM)
10 μl

(d) Sterile distilled water
60 μl

The double-stranded DNA fragment prepared by annealing the oligonucleotides 21 and 22 was cut with the restriction enzymes BspT104I and SpeI. Next, the mixed solution was extracted with phenol: chloroform: isoamyl alcohol (25:24:1) and then subjected to ethanol precipitation to purify double-stranded DNA fragment (linker-1).

Also, pSN004 was cut with the restriction enzymes BspT104I and SpeI to isolate and purify the about 4300 bp double-stranded DNA fragment by means of agarose gel electrophoresis.

(2-4) Construction of pSSN006

Oligonucleotides 23 and 24 shown by the following nucleotide sequences which are complementary each other were synthesized:

(a) Oligonucleotide 23:

(SEQ ID NO: 23)

TATTCGAAACGCATATGGTACCGGCAGACTAGTGG

(b) Oligonucleotide 24:

(SEQ ID NO: 24)

CCACTAGTCGCCTAGGCGACATATGGTTTCGAATA

These oligonucleotides 23 and 24 were mixed as shown in the following composition, and then the mixed solution was incubated at 98° C. for 5 minutes, 50° C. for 50 minutes and then 37° C. for 1 hour.

(a) Oligonucleotide 23 (50 pmol/μl)
5 μl

(b) Oligonucleotide 24 (50 pmol/μl)
5 μl

(c) Tris-HCl (100 mM)
10 μl

(d) MgCl₂(100 mM)
10 μl

(e) Dithiothreitol (10 mM)
10 μl

(f) Sterile distilled water
60 μl

The double-stranded DNA fragment prepared by annealing the oligonucleotides 23 and 24 was cut with the restriction enzymes BspT104I and SpeI. Next, the mixed solution was extracted with phenol: chloroform: isoamyl alcohol (25:24:1) and, then subjected to ethanol precipitation to purify double-stranded DNA fragment (linker-2).

Also, pSN004 was cut with the restriction enzymes BspT104I and SpeI to isolate and purify the about 4300 bp double-stranded DNA fragment by means of agarose gel electrophoresis.

(2-5) Construction of pSN007

Oligonucleotides 25 and 26 shown by the following nucleotide sequences which are complementary each other were synthesized:

(a) Oligonucleotide 25:

(SEQ ID NO: 25)

TATTCGAAACGACGCGTGTCAGCTAGCACTAGTGC

(b) Oligonucleotide 26:

(SEQ ID NO: 26)

GCACTAGTGCTAGCTGACACGCGTCGTTTCGAATA

These oligonucleotides 25 and 26 were mixed as shown in the following composition, and then the mixed solution was incubated at 98° C. for 5 minutes, 50° C. for 50 minutes and 37° C. for 1 hour.

(a) Oligonucleotide 25 (50 pmol/μl)
5 μl

(b) Oligonucleotide 26 (50 pmol/μl)
5 μl

(c) Tris-HCl (100 mM)
10 μl

(d) MgCl₂(100 mM)
10 μl

(e) Dithiothreitol (10 mM)
10 μl

(f) Sterile distilled water
60 μl

The double-stranded DNA fragment prepared by annealing the oligonucleotides 25 and 26 was cut with the restriction enzymes BspT104I and SpeI. Next, the mixed solution was extracted with phenol: chloroform: isoamyl alcohol (25:24:1) and then subjected to ethanol precipitation to purify double-stranded DNA fragment (linker-3).

Also, pSN004 was cut with the restriction enzymes BspT104I and SpeI to isolate and purify the 4,300 bp double-stranded DNA fragment by means of agarose gel electrophoresis.

(2-6) Construction of a Plasmid for transfection of Prolyl 4-Hydroxylase α1 Subunit Gene and Prolyl 4-Hydroxylase β Subunit Gene (pEXP-A-P4HBsig(−)A1rev)

(2-6-1) Construction of a Plasmid comprising Prolyl 4-Hydroxylase α1 Subunit Expression Construct (pSN017)

cDNA Clone (Clone ID: 4797051) of human prolyl 4-hydroxylase α subunit gene was purchased from Invitrogen. Oligonucleotides 27 and 28 were synthesized. The oligonucleotides 27 and 28 are oligonucleotides consisting of the nucleotide sequence of the prolyl 4-hydroxylase α1 subunit and the nucleotide sequence of the restriction enzyme site.

The double-stranded DNA fragment was amplified by PCR using the following oligonucleotides 27 and 28 as primers and the cDNA clone as a template.

(a) Oligonucleotide 27:

(SEQ ID NO: 27)

TATTCGAAACGATGATCTGGTATATATTAATTATA

(b) Oligonucleotide 28:

(SEQ ID NO: 28)

TTGCTAGCTCATTCCAATTCTGACAACGTACAAGG

As a polymerase for the PCR, KOD-Plus-PCR polymerase, manufactured by Toyobo Co., Ltd., was used. The details of composition of the reaction solutions are given as follows:

PCR was conducted using PERKIN ELMER GeneAmp PCR System 9700. This reaction was conducted under the following conditions: heating the reaction solution at 94° C. for 3 minutes followed by 10 cycles of denaturation at 94° C. for 15 seconds, annealing at 60° C. for 30 seconds and extension at 68° C. for 2 minutes, and 15 cycles of denaturation at 94° C. for 15 seconds, annealing and extension at 68° C. for 2 minutes, and then maintaining the reaction solution at 68° C. for 5 minutes.

The resulting double-stranded DNA fragment from the PCP was cut with the restriction enzymes BspT104I and NheI, and subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis to isolate and purify the target DNA fragment.

The pSN007 was cut with the restriction enzymes BspT104I and NheI, and then subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis to isolate and purify the about 4200 bp double-stranded DNA fragment.

On LB agar medium containing 50 μg/ml of ampicillin, the transformed E. coli was inoculated to cultivate it. Ten (10) colonies were selected randomly from colonies formed on the agar medium, and E. coli forming each of them was inoculated into sterile LB medium (2 ml) containing 50 μg/ml of ampicillin and then incubated in the test tube with shaking (37° C., 17 hours). After that, using QIAprep Spin. Miniprep Kit (Qiagen), the plasmid into which the target DNA fragment was inserted was isolated from the cultivated bacterial cells. The plasmid will be referred to as pSN017 hereinafter.

(2-6-2) Construction of Plasmid Comprising ARG4 (pSN023)

ARG4 to which the restriction enzyme sites were ligated was cloned into a plasmid. Oligonucleotides 29 and 30 were synthesized. The oligonucleotides 29 and 30 are oligonucleotides consisting of the nucleotide sequence of the ARG4 and the nucleotide sequence of the restriction enzyme site.

The double-stranded DNA fragment was amplified by PCR using the following oligonucleotides 29 and 30 as primers and the pARG4-TOPO as a template.

(a) Oligonucleotide 29:

(SEQ ID NO: 29)

AACTCGAGACGAAAATATGGTACCTGCCCT

(b) Oligonucleotide 30:

(SEQ ID NO: 30)

CCATCGATACAGAGGTATCATCCAATGATTCC

As a polymerase for the PCR, KOD-Plus-PCR polymerase, manufactured by Toyobo Co., Ltd., was used. The details of composition of the reaction solutions are given as follows:

PCR was conducted using PERKIN ELMER GeneAmp PCR System 9700. This reaction was conducted under the following conditions: heating the reaction solution at 94° C. for 3 minutes followed by 10 cycles of denaturation at 94° C. for 15 seconds, annealing at 60° C. for 30 seconds and extension at 68° C. for 2 minutes, and 15 cycles of denaturation at 94° C. for 15 seconds, annealing and extension at 68° C. for 2 minutes, and then maintaining the reaction solution at 68° C. for 5 minutes.

The resulting double-stranded. DNA fragment from the PCP was cut with the restriction enzymes XhoI and ClaI, and subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis to isolate and purify the about 2200 bp double-stranded DNA fragment comprising ARG4.

A pBluescriptII SK(+) plasmid purchased from Stratagene was cut with the restriction enzymes XhoI and Clef, and then subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis to isolate and purify the about 3000 bp double-stranded DNA fragment.

(2-6-3) Construction of pSN015

Oligonucleotides 31 and 32 were synthesized. The oligonucleotides 31 and 32 are oligonucleotides consisting of the nucleotide sequence of the α-factor and the nucleotide sequence of the restriction enzyme site.

The double-stranded DNA fragment was amplified by PCR using the following oligonucleotides 31 and 32 as primers and the pα-factor-TOPO as a template.

(a) Oligonucleotide 31:

(SEQ ID NO: 31)

GGTTCGAAACGATGAGATTTCCTTCAATTTTTACT

(b) Oligonucleotide 32:

(SEQ ID NO: 32)

TCGACTAGTAGCTTCAGCCTCTCTTTTATCC

As a polymerase for the PCR, HOD-Plus-PCR polymerase, manufactured by Toyobo Co., Ltd., was used. The details of composition of the reaction solutions are given as follows:

PCR was conducted using PERKIN ELMER GeneAmp PCR System 9700. This reaction was conducted under the following conditions: heating the reaction solution at 94° C. for 3 minutes followed by 10 cycles of denaturation at 94° C. for 15 seconds, annealing at 60° C. for 30 seconds and extension at 68° C. for 1 minute, and 15 cycles of denaturation at 94° C. for 15 seconds, annealing and extension at 68° C. for 1 minute, and then maintaining the reaction solution at 68° C. for 5 minutes.

The resulting double-stranded DNA fragment from the PCR was cut with the restriction enzymes BspT104I and SpeI, and subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis to isolate and purify the target DNA fragment.

The pSN005 was cut with the restriction enzymes BspT104I and SpeI, and then subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis to isolate and purify the about 4200 bp double-stranded DNA fragment.

On LB agar medium containing 50 μg/ml of ampicillin, the transformed E. coil was inoculated to cultivate it. A colony formed on the agar medium was inoculated into sterile LB medium (2 ml) containing 50 μg/ml of ampicillin and incubated in the test tube with shaking (37° C., 17 hours). Then, using QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit (Qiagen), the plasmid into which the target DNA fragment was inserted was isolated from the cultivated bacterial cells. The plasmid will be referred to as pSN015 hereinafter.

(2-6-4) Construction of Plasmid comprising Prolyl 4-Hydroxylase β Subunit Expression Construct with α-Factor Signal (pSN020)

cDNA Clone (Clone: 3848651) of human β subunit prolyl 4-hydroxylase gene was purchased from invitrogen. Oligonucleotides 33 and 34 were synthesized. The oligonucleotides 33 and 34 are oligonucleotides consisting of the nucleotide sequence of the β subunit of prolyl 4-hydroxylase gene and the nucleotide sequence of the restriction enzyme site.

The double-stranded DNA fragment was amplified by BCE using the following oligonucleotides 33 and 34 as primers and the cDNA clone as a template.

(a) Oligonuclectide 33:

(SEQ ID NO: 33)

TTACTAGTGACGCCCCCGAGGAGGA

(b) Oligonuclectide 34:

(SEQ ID NO: 34)

TTACTAGTTTACAGTTCATCTTTCACAGCTTTCTG

As a polymerase for the PCR, KOD-Plus-PCR polymerase, manufactured by Toyobo Co., Ltd., was used. The details of composition of the reaction solutions are given as follows:

PCR was conducted using PERKIN ELMER GeneAmp PCR System 9700. This reaction was conducted under the following conditions: heating the reaction solution at 94° C. for 3 minutes followed by 10 cycles of denaturation at 94° C. for 15 seconds, annealing at 60° C. for 30 seconds and extension at 68° C. for 2 minutes, and 15 cycles of denaturation at 94° C. for 15 seconds, annealing and extension at 68° C. for 2 minutes, and then maintaining the reaction solution at 68° C. for 5 minutes.

The resulting double-stranded DNA fragment from the PCR was cut with the restriction enzyme SpeI, and subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis to isolate and purify the target DNA fragment.

The pSN015 was cut with the restriction enzyme SpeI and then dephosphorylated by the use of alkaline phosphatase.

The double-stranded DNA fragment and the plasmid were ligated, and the resulting ligation solution was used for the transformation of E. coli (Competent high JM109, Toyobo Co., Ltd.). For the ligation, Takara Ligation Kit ver2.1 was used. On LB agar medium containing 50 μg/ml of ampicillin, the transformed E. coli was inoculated to cultivate it. A colony formed on the agar medium was inoculated into sterile LB medium (2 ml) containing 50 μg/ml of ampicillin and incubated in the test tube with shaking (37° C., 17 hours). Then, using QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit (Qiagen), the plasmid into which the target DNA fragment was inserted was isolated from the cultivated bacterial cells. The plasmid will be referred to as pSN020 hereinafter.

(2-6-5) Construction of a Plasmid for transfection of a Prolyl 4-Hydroxylase β Subunit gene (pEXP-A-P4HBsig(−)rev)

Oligonucleotides 35 and 36 were synthesized. The oligonucleotide 35 is the oligonucleotide consisting of the nucleotide sequence of the AOX1 promoter and the nucleotide sequence of the restriction enzyme site, and the oligonucleotide 36 is the oligonucleotide consisting the nucleotide sequence of the AOX1 terminator and the nucleotide sequence of the restriction enzyme site.

The double-stranded DNA fragment was amplified by PCR using the following oligonucleotides 35 and 36 as primers and the pSN020 as a template.

(a) Oligonucleotide 35:

(SEQ ID NO: 35)

AACCGCGGTCTAACATCCAAAGACGAAAGGTTGAA

(b) Oligonucleotide 36:

(SEQ ID NO: 36)

AACCCGGGGCACAAACGAACGTCTCACTTAATCTT

As a polymerase for the PCP, KOD-Plus-PCP polymerase, manufactured by Toyobo Co., Ltd., was used. The details of composition of the reaction solutions are given as follows:

PCR was conducted using PERKIN ELMER GeneAmp PCR System 9700. This reaction was conducted under the following conditions: heating the reaction solution at 94° C. for 3 minutes followed by 10 cycles of denaturation at 94° C. for 15 seconds, annealing at 60° C. for 30 seconds and extension at 68° C. for 3.5 minutes, and 15 cycles of denaturation at 94° C. for 15 seconds, annealing and extension at 68° C. for 3.5 minutes, and then maintaining the reaction solution at 68° C. for 5 minutes.

The double-stranded DNA fragment prepared by the PCR was ligated to the “PCR′Product insertion site” of pCR-BluntII-TOPO plasmid, and the resulting ligation solution was used for the transformation of E. coli (Competent high JM109, Toyobo Co., Ltd.). For the ligation, Invitrogen ZERO-BluntII TOPO PCR cloning kit was used.

The plasmid was cut with the restriction enzymes SacII and Cfr9I, and subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis to isolate and purify the DNA fragment of the β subunit of prolyl 4-hydroxylase expression construct.

Further, the pSN0023 was cut with the restriction enzymes SacII and Cfr9I, and then subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis to isolate and purify the about 5200 bp double-stranded DNA fragment,

(2-6-6) Introduction of Prolyl 4-Hydroxylase α1 Subunit Expression Construct into pEXP-A-P4HBsig(−)rev

Oligonucleotides 37 and 36 were synthesized. The oligonucleotide 37 is the oligonucleotide consisting of the nucleotide sequence of the AOX1 promoter and the nucleotide sequence of the restriction enzyme site, and the oligonucleotide 36 is the oligonucleotide consisting of the nucleotide sequence of the AOX1 terminator and the nucleotide sequence of the restriction enzyme site.

The double-stranded DNA fragment was amplified by PCP using the following oligonucleotides 37 and 36 as primers and the pSN017 as a template.

(a) Oligonucleotide 37:

(SEQ ID NO: 37)

AACCCGGGTCTAACATCCAAAGACGAAAGGTTGAA

(b) Oligonucleotide 36:

(SEQ ID NO: 36)

AACCCGGGGCACAAACGAACGTCTCACTTAATCTT

As a polymerase for the PCR, KOD-Plus-PCR polymerase, manufactured by Toyobo Co., Ltd., was used. The details of composition of the reaction solutions are given as follows:

PCR was conducted using PERKIN ELMER GeneAmp PCR System 9700. This reaction was conducted under the following conditions: heating the reaction solution at 94° C. for 3 minutes followed by 10 cycles of denaturation et 94° C. for 15 seconds, annealing at 60° C. for 30 seconds and extension at 68° C. for 3.5 minutes, and 15 cycles of denaturation at 94° C. for 15 seconds, annealing and extension at 68° C. for 3.5 minutes, and then maintaining the reaction solution at 68° C. for 5 minutes.

The double-stranded DNA fragment prepared by the PCR was ligated to the “PCR Product insertion site” of pCR-BluntII-TOPO plasmid, and the resulting ligation solution was used for the transformation of E. coli (Competent high DH5α, Toyobo Co., Ltd.). For the ligation, Invitrogen ZERO-BluntII TOPO PCR cloning kit was used.

The plasmid was cut with the restriction enzyme Cfr9I, and subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis to isolate and purify the DNA fragment of the prolyl 4-hydroxylase α1 subunit expression construct.

Further, the pEXP-A-P4HBsig(−)rev was cut with the restriction enzyme Cfr9I and then dephosphorylated by the use of alkaline phosphatase.

(2-7) Construction of a Plasmid for Transfection of Prolyl 4-Hydroxylase α1 Subunit Gene, Prolyl 4-Hydroxylase β Subunit Gene and Lysyl Hydroxylase 1 Gene (pEXP-LH1(+)-P4HAB)

A method for producing a plasmid pEXP-LH1(+)-P4HAB into which prolyl 4-hydroxylase α1 subunit gene, β subunit of prolyl 4-hydroxylase gene and a lysyl hydroxylase 1 gene (PLOD1) were inserted will be described below.

(2-7-1) Construction of Plasmid Comprising Lysyl Hydroxylase 1 Expression Construct (pSN006-PLOD1)

A DNA fragment encoding the second half part of lysyl hydroxylase 1 was introduced into the pSN006. Oligonucleotides 38 and 39 were synthesized. The oligonucleotides 38 and 39 are oligonucleotides consisting of the nucleotide sequence of the lysis hydroxylase 1 and the nucleotide sequence of the restriction enzyme site.

The double-stranded DNA fragment was amplified by PCR using the following oligonucleotides 38 and 39 as primers and the pPLOD1-TOPO as a template.

(a) Oligonucleotide 38:

(SEQ ID NO: 38)

GACCTTCGAAACAGGCTGCACCGT

(b) Oligonucleotide 39:

(SEQ ID NO: 39)

CGACTAGTTTAGGGATCGACGAA

As a polymerase for the PCR, ROD-Plus-PCR polymerase, manufactured by Toyobo Co., Ltd., was used. The details of composition of the reaction solutions are given as follows:

PCR was conducted using PERKIN ELMER GeneAmp PCR System 9700. This reaction was conducted under the following conditions: heating the reaction solution at 94° C. for 2 minutes followed by 35 cycles of denaturation at 94° C. for 15 seconds, annealing at 60° C. for 30 seconds and extension at 68° C. for 1.5 minutes, and then maintaining the reaction solution at 68° C. for 5 minutes.

The pSN006 was out with the restriction enzymes BspT104I and SpeI, and then subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis to isolate and purify the about 4200 bp double-stranded DNA fragment.

Then, a DNA fragment encoding the first half part of lysyl hydroxylase 1 was introduced into the pSN006-PLOD1-b. Oligonucleotides 40 and 41 were synthesized. The oligonucleotides 40 and 41 are oligonucleotides consisting of the nucleotide sequence of the lysis hydroxylase 1 and the nucleotide sequence of the restriction enzyme site.

The double-stranded DNA fragment was amplified by PCR using the following oligonucleotides 40 and 41 as primers and the pPLOD1-TOPO as a template.

(a) Oligonucleotide 40:

(SEQ ID NO: 40)

TATTCGAAACGATGCGGCCCCTGCTGCTAC

(b) Oligonucleotide 41:

(SEQ ID NO: 41)

CAGCCTGTTTCGAAGGTCCAGAAGCGCG

As a polymerase for the PCR, KOD-Plus-PCP polymerase, manufactured by Toyobo Co., Ltd., was used. The details of composition of the reaction solutions are given as follows:

PCR was conducted using PERKIN ELMER GeneAmp PCR System 9700. This reaction was conducted under the following conditions: heating the reaction solution at 94° C. for 2 minutes followed by 35 cycles of denaturation at 94° C. for 15 seconds, annealing at 60° C. for 30 seconds and extension at 68° C. for 1 minute, and then maintaining the reaction solution at 68° C. for 5 minutes.

The resulting double-stranded DNA fragment from the PCR was cut with the restriction enzyme BspT104I, and subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis to isolate and purify the about 800 bp target DNA fragment.

The pSN006-PLOD1-b was cut with the restriction enzyme BspT104I, and then the plasmid was dephosphorylated by the use of alkaline phosphatase.

The double-stranded. DNA fragment and the plasmid were ligated, and the resulting ligation solution was used for the transformation of E. coli (Competent high JM109, Toyobo Co., Ltd.). For the ligation, Takara Ligation Kit ver2.1 was used.

(2-7-2) Construction of pEXP-LH1(+)-P4HAB

Oligonucleotides 42 and 43 were synthesized. The oligonucleotide 43 is the oligonucleotide consisting of the nucleotide sequence of the AOX1 promoter and the nucleotide sequence of the restriction enzyme site, and the oligonucleotide is the oligonucleotide consisting of the nucleotide sequence of the AMU terminator and the nucleotide sequence of the restriction enzyme site.

The double-stranded DNA fragment was amplified by PCR using the following oligonucleotides 42 and 43 as primers and the pSN006-PLOD1 as a template.

(a) Oligonucleotide 42:

(SEQ ID NO: 42)

AAGGTACCTCTAACATCCAAAGACGAAAGGT

(b) Oligonucleotide 43:

(SEQ ID NO: 43)

AAGGTACCGCACAAACGAACGTCTCACTTA

As a polymerase for the PCR, ROD-Plus-PCR polymerase, manufactured by Toyobo Co., Ltd., was used. The details of composition of the reaction solutions are given as follows:

PCR was conducted using PERKIN ELMER GeneAmp PCR System 9700. This reaction was conducted under the following conditions: heating the reaction solution at 94° C. for 3 minutes followed by 35 cycles of denaturation at 94° C. for 15 seconds, annealing at 60° C. for 30 seconds and extension at 68° C. for 3.5 minutes, and then maintaining the reaction solution at 68° C. for 5 minutes.

The double-stranded DNA fragment prepared by the PCR was ligated to the “PCR Product insertion site” of pCR-BluntII-TOPO plasmid, and the resulting ligation solution was used for the transformation of E. coli (Competent high JM105, Toyobo Co., Ltd.). For the ligation, Invitrogen ZERO-BluntII TOPO PCR cloning kit was used.

The plasmid was cut with the restriction enzyme KpnI, and subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis to isolate and Purify the DNA fragment of the lysyl hydroxylase 1 expression construct.

And, the pEXP-A-P4HBsig(−)A1rev was cut with the restriction enzyme KpnI and then dephosphorylated by the use of alkaline phosphatase.

The isolated plasmid was cut with the restriction enzyme BlnI and subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis, and then, it was found that the target fragment was inserted into the resulting plasmid. The plasmid in which the lysyl hydroxylase 1 expression construct is suited to the same direction as the selective marker ARG4 gene will be referred to as pEXP-LH1(+)-P4HAB.

(2-8) Construction of Plasmid Obtained by Expressing Prolyl 4-Hydroxylase α1 Subunit Gene, Prolyl 4-Hydroxylase β Subunit Gene and Lysyl Hydroxylase 2 Gene (pEXP-LH2(+)-P4HAB)

A method for producing a plasmid pEXP-LH2(+)-P4HAB into which prolyl 4-hydroxylase α1 subunit gene, β subunit of prolyl 4-hydroxylase gene and lysyl hydroxylase 2 gene (PLOD2) were inserted will be described below.

(2-8-1) Construction of Plasmid Comprising Lysyl Hydroxylase 2 Expression Construct (pSN006-PLOD2)

A DNA fragment encoding lysyl hydroxylase 2 was introduced into the pSN006. Oligonucleotides 44 and 45 were synthesized. The oligonucleotides 44 and 45 are oligonucleotides consisting of the nucleotide sequence of the lysis hydroxylase 2 and the nucleotide sequence of the restriction enzyme site.

The double-stranded DNA fragment was amplified by PCR using the following oligonucleotides 44 and 45 as primers and the pPLOD2-TOPO as a template.

(a) Oligonucleotide 44:

(SEQ ID NO: 44)

TATTCGAAACGATGGGGGGATGCACGGTG

(b) Oligonucleotide 45:

(SEQ ID NO: 45)

CGACTAGTTTAGGGATCTATAAATGACACTG

As a polymerase for the PCR, KOD-Plus-PCR polymerase, manufactured by Toyobo Co., Ltd., was used. The details of composition of the reaction solutions are given as follows:

PCR was conducted using PERKIN ELMER GeneAmp PCR System 9700. This reaction was conducted under the following conditions: heating the reaction solution at 94° C. for 2 minutes followed by 35 cycles of denaturation at 94° C. for 15 seconds, annealing at 60° C. for 30 seconds and extension at 68° C. for 2.5 minutes, and then maintaining the reaction solution at 68° C. for 5 minutes.

The plasmid pSN006 was also cut with the restriction enzymes BspT104I and SpeI, and then subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis to isolate and purify the about 4200 bp double-stranded DNA fragment.

(2-8-2) Construction of pEXP-LH2(+)-P4HAB

Oligonucleotides 42 and 43 were synthesized. The oligonucleotide 42 is the oligonucleotide consisting of the nucleotide sequence of the AOX1 promoter and the nucleotide sequence of the restriction enzyme site, and the oligonucleotide 43 is the oligonucleotide consisting of the nucleotide sequence of the AOX1 terminator and the nucleotide sequence of the restriction enzyme site.

The double-stranded DNA fragment was amplified by PCR using the following oligonucleotides 42 and 43 as primers and the pSN006-PLOD2 as a template.

(a) Oligonuclectide 42:

(SEQ ID NO: 42)

AAGGTACCTCTAACATCCAAAGACGAAAGGT

(b) Oligonucleotide 43:

(SEQ ID NO: 43)

AAGGTACCGCACAAACGAACGTCTCACTTA

As a polymerase for the PCR, KOD-Plus-PCR polymerase, manufactured by Toyobo Co., Ltd., was used. The details of composition of the reaction solutions are given as follows:

PCR was conducted using PERKIN ELMER GeneAmp PCR System 9700. This reaction was conducted under the following conditions: heating the reaction solution at 94° C. for 3 minutes followed by 10 cycles of denaturation at 94° C. for 15 seconds, annealing at 60° C. for 30 seconds and extension at 68° C. for 3.5 minutes, and 15 cycles of denaturation at 94° C. for 15 seconds, annealing and extension at 68° C. for 3.5 minutes, and then maintaining the reaction solution at 68° C. for 5 minutes.

The plasmid was cut with the restriction enzyme KpnI, and subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis to isolate and purify the DNA fragment of the lysyl hydroxylase 2 expression construct.

And, the pEXP-A-P4HBsig(−)A1rev was cut with the restriction enzyme KpnI and then dephosphorylated by the use of alkaline phosphatase.

The isolated plasmid was cut with the restriction enzyme EcoRV and subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis, and then, it was found that the target fragment was inserted into the resulting plasmid. The plasmid in which the lysyl hydroxylase 2 expression construct is suited to the same direction as the selective marker ARG4 gene will be referred to as pEXP-LH2(+)-P4HAB.

(2-9) Construction of a Plasmid for transfection of Human Collagen Type III Gene

(2-9-1) Construction of pSN001

HIS4 to which the restriction enzyme sites were ligated was cloned into plasmid. Oligonucleotides 46 and 47 were synthesized. The oligonucleotides 46 and 47 are oligonucleotides consisting of the nucleotide sequence of the HIS4 and the nucleotide sequence of the restriction enzyme site.

The double-stranded DNA fragment was amplified by PCR using the following oligonucleotides 46 and 47 together with the pHIS4-TOPO as a template.

(a) Oligonucleotide 46:

(SEQ ID NO: 46)

GGAAGCTTGATCTCCTGATGACTGACTCACTG

(b) Oligonucleotide 47:

(SEQ ID NO: 47)

CCCTGCAGTAATTAAATAAGTCCCAGTTTCTCCA

As a polymerase for the PCR, KOD-Plus-PCR polymerase, manufactured by Toyobo Co., Ltd., was used. The details of composition of the reaction solutions are given as follows:

PCR was conducted using PERKIN ELMER GeneAmp PCR System 9700. This reaction was conducted under the following conditions: heating the reaction solution at 94° C. for 3 minutes followed by 5 cycles of denaturation at 94° C. for 15 seconds, annealing at 60° C. for 30 seconds and extension at 68° C. for 3 minutes, and 20 cycles of denaturation at 94° C. for 15 seconds, annealing and extension at 68° C. for 3 minutes, and then maintaining the reaction solution at 68° C. for 5 minutes.

The resulting double-stranded DNA fragment from the PCR was cut with the restriction enzymes HindIII and PstI, and subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis to isolate and purify the about 2600 bp double-stranded DNA fragment.

A pBluescriptII SK(+) plasmid purchased from Stratagene was cut with the restriction enzymes HindIII and PstI, and then subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis to isolate and purify the about 3000 bp double-stranded DNA fragment.

The nucleotide sequence of the DNA fragment which was inserted into the plasmid was analyzed in accordance with the known techniques, and then, it was found to be in good agreement with the nucleotide sequence of HIS4 on a database.

(2-9-2) Construction of pSN002

Oligonucleotide 48 and oligonucleotide 49 were synthesized. The oligonucleotides 48 and 49 are oligonucleotides consisting of the nucleotide sequence of the 3′-downstream non-coding region of AOX1 and the nucleotide sequence of the restriction enzyme site.

The double-stranded DNA fragment was amplified by PCR using the following oligonucleotides 48 and 49 as primers and the pAOX1-3′-TOPO as a template.

(a) Oligonucleotide 48:

(SEQ ID NO: 48)

GCATCGATTCGAGTATCTATGATTGGAAGTATGG

(b) Oligonucleotide 49:

(SEQ ID NO: 49)

AAGGGCCCGATCTTGAGATAAATTTCACGTTTAAA

As a polymerase for the PCR, KOD-Plus-PCR polymerase, manufactured by Toyobo Co., Ltd., was used. The details of composition of the reaction solutions are given as follows:

PCR was conducted using PERKIN ELMER GeneAmp PCR System 9700. This reaction was conducted under the following conditions: heating the reaction solution at 94° C. for 3 minutes followed by 5 cycles of denaturation at 94° C. for 15 seconds, annealing at 60° C. for 30 seconds and extension at 68° C. for 1 minute, and 20 cycles of denaturation at 94° C. for 15 seconds, annealing and extension at 68° C. for 1 minute, and then maintaining the reaction solution at 68° C. for 5 minutes.

The resulting double-stranded DNA fragment from the PCR was cut with the restriction enzymes ApaI and ClaI, and subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis to isolate and purify the about 700 bp double-stranded DNA fragment.

The plasmid pSN001 was cut with the restriction enzymes ApaI and ClaI, and then subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis to isolate and purify the about 5600 bp double-stranded DNA fragment.

The double-stranded DNA fragment and the plasmid were ligated, and the resulting, ligation solution was used for the transformation of E. coli (Competent high DH5α, Toyobo Co., Ltd.). For the ligation, Takara Ligation Kit ver2.1 was used.

(2-9-3) Construction of pEXH002

The pSN006 was cut with the restriction enzymes PstI and Eco52I, and subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis to isolate and purify the about 1300 bp double-stranded DNA fragment encoding AOX1 promoter/terminator expression units.

The SN002 was cut with the restriction enzymes PstI and Eco52I, and subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis to isolate and purify the about 6300 bp double-stranded DNA fragment.

(2-9-4) Construction of pSN026

Oligonucleotides 50 and 51 were synthesized. The oligonucleotides 50 and 51 are oligonucleotides consisting of the nucleotide sequence of human collagen Type III and the nucleotide sequence of the restriction enzyme site.

The double-stranded DNA fragment was amplified by POR using the following oligonucleotides 50 and 51 as primers and the pUC19-COL3A1 as a template.

(a) Oligonucleotide 50:

(SEQ ID NO: 50)

TATTCGAAACGATGATGAGCTTTGTGCAAAAGGGG

(b) Oligonucleotide 51:

(SEQ ID NO: 51)

TTACTAGTTTATAAAAAGCAAACAGGGCCAACGT

As a polymerase for the PCR, NOD-Plus-PCR polymerase, manufactured by Toyobo Co., Ltd., was used. The details of composition of the reaction solutions are given as follows:

PCR was conducted using PERKIN ELMER GeneAmp PCR System 9700. This reaction was conducted under the following conditions: heating the reaction solution at 94° C. for 3 minutes followed by 5 cycles of denaturation at 94° C. for 15 seconds, annealing at 60° C. for 30 seconds and extension at 68° C. for 5 minutes, and 20 cycles of denaturation at 94° C. for 15 seconds, annealing and extension at 68° C. for 5 minutes, and then maintaining the reaction solution at 68° C. for 5 minutes.

The resulting double-stranded DNA fragment from the PCP was cut with the restriction enzymes BspT104I and SpeI, and subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis to isolate and purify the about 4400 bp double-stranded DNA fragment encoding human Type III collagen.

The pSN006 was cut with the restriction enzymes BspT104I and ClaI, and then subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis to isolate and purify the about 4200 bp double-stranded DNA fragment.

(2-9-5) Construction of pEXP-HA-HsCOL3A1

The pSN026 was cut with the restriction enzymes Eco52I and SpeI, and then subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis to isolate and purify the about 5300 bp DNA fragment encoding both human Type III collagen and AOX1 promoter,

The pEXH002 was cut with the restriction enzymes Eco52I and SpeI, and then subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis to isolate and purify the about 6700 bp double-stranded DNA fragment.

(2-10) Construction of a Plasmid for Transfection of Human

Collagen Type I α1 Gene and Human Collagen Type I α2 Gene (pEXP-HA-HsCOL1A2-1A1)

(2-10⁻¹) Construction of pSN025

Oligonucleotides 56 and 57 were synthesized. The oligonucleotides 56 and 57 are oligonucleotides consisting of the nucleotide sequence of the human collagen Type I α1 and the nucleotide sequence of the restriction enzyme site. The double-stranded DNA fragment was amplified by PCR using the following oligonucleotides 56 and 57 as primers and the pBlue-HsCOL1A1 (see Example (1-10)) as a template.

(a) Oligonucleotide 56:

(SEQ ID NO: 76)

TATTCGAAACGATGTTCAGCTTTGTGGACCTCCG

(b) Oligonucleotide 57:

(SEQ ID NO: 77)

TTACTAGTTTACAGGAAGCAGACAGGGCCAA

As a polymerase for the PCR, KOD-Plus-PCP polymerase, manufactured by Toyobo Co., Ltd., was used. The details of composition of the reaction solutions are given as follows:

PCR was conducted using PERKIN ELMER GeneAmp PCP System 9700. This reaction was conducted under the following conditions: heating the reaction solution at 98° C. for 2 minutes followed by 5 cycles of denaturation at 98° C. for 15 seconds, annealing at 60° C. for 30 seconds and extension at 68° C. for 5 minutes, and 23 cycles of denaturation at 98° C. for 15 seconds, annealing and extension at 68° C. for 5 minutes, and then maintaining the reaction solution at 68° C. for 5 minutes.

A pSN006 (see Example (2-4)) was cut with the restriction enzymes BspT104I and SpeI, and then subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis to isolate and purify the about 4200 bp double-stranded DNA fragment.

(2-10⁻²) Construction of pEXP-HA-HsCOL1A1

The pSN025 (see Example (2-10-1)) was cut with the restriction enzymes EcoT22I, SspI and SpeI, and subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis to isolate approximately 4.5 kb of AOX1 promoter and the DNA encoding human collagen Type al, and then extracted and purified from the gel with MinElute Gel Extraction Kit (QIAGEN).

The plasmid named as pEXH002 (see Example (2-9-3)) was cut with the restriction enzymes EcoT22I and SpeI to isolate approximately 7.5 kb of DNA using agarose gel electrophoresis, and then extracted and purified from the gel using MinElute Gel Extraction Kit (QIAGEN).

The about 4.5 kb DNA and the about 7.5 kb DNA were ligated, and the resulting ligation solution was used for the transformation of E. coli (Competent high DH5α, Toyobo Co., Ltd.). For the ligation, Takara Ligation Kit ver2.1 was used.

On LB agar medium containing 50 μg/ml of ampicillin, the transformed E. coli was inoculated to cultivate it. A colony formed on the agar medium was inoculated into sterile LB medium containing 50 μg/ml of ampicillin and incubated in the test tube with shaking (37° C., 17 hours). Then, using QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit (Qiagen), the plasmid into which the AOX1 promoter and the DNA encoding human collagen Type I al were inserted (which may be referred to as pEXP-HA-HsCOL1A1 hereinafter) was isolated from the cultivated bacterial cells to give pEXP-HA-HsCOL1A1.

(2-10-3) Construction of pSN029

Oligonucleotides 58 and 59 were synthesized. The oligonucleotides 58 and 59 are oligonucleotides consisting of the nucleotide sequence of the human collagen Type I α2 and the nucleotide sequence of the restriction enzyme site. The double-stranded DNA fragment was amplified by PCR using the following oligonucleotides 58 and 59 as primers and the pUC18-HsCOL1A2 (see Example (1-11)) as a template.

(a) Oligonucleotide 58:

(SEQ ID NO: 78)

TATTCGAAACGATGCTCAGCTTTGTGGATACGCG

(b) Oligonucleotide 59:

(SEQ ID NO: 79)

TTACTAGTTTATTTGAAACAGACTGGGCCAATGTC

As a polymerase for the PCR, KOD-Plus-PCP polymerase, manufactured by Toyobo Co., Ltd., was used. The details of composition of the reaction solutions are given as follows:

PCR was conducted using PERKIN ELMER GeneAmp PCR System 9700. This reaction was conducted under the following conditions: heating the reaction solution at 98° C. for 2 minutes followed by 5 cycles of denaturation at 98° C. for 15 seconds, annealing at 60° C. for 30 seconds and extension at 68° C. for 5 minutes, and 23 cycles of denaturation at 98° C. for 15 seconds, annealing and extension at 68° C. for 5 minutes, and then maintaining the reaction solution at 68° C. for 5 minutes.

The resulting doublestranded DNA fragment from the PCR was cut with the restriction enzymes BspT104I and SpeI, and subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis to isolate and purify the about 4100 bp double-stranded DNA fragment encoding human Type I α1.

The pSN006 (see Example (2-4)) was cut with the restriction enzymes BspT104I and SpeI, and then subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis to isolate and purify the about 4200 bp double-stranded DNA fragment.

(2-10⁻⁴) Construction of pHsCOL1A2 Exp unit-Eco52I

Oligonucleotides 60 and 61 were synthesized. PCR was conducted using the following oligonucleotides 60 and 61 as primers and the plasmid named as pSN029 (see Example (2-10-3)) as a template to amplify the DNA wherein the sequence of restriction enzyme sites was added to both end of the human collagen Type I α2 expression cassette.

(a) Oligonucleotide 60:

(SEQ ID NO: 80)

AACGGCCGTCTAACATCCAAAGACGAAAGGTTGAA

(b) Oligonucleotide 61:

(SEQ ID NO: 81)

AACGGCCGGCACAAACGAACGTCTCACTTAATCTT

The composition of the reaction solutions is given as follows:

PCR was conducted under the following conditions: heating the reaction solution at 94° C. for 3 minutes followed by 5 cycles of denaturation at 94° C. for 15 seconds, annealing at 60° C. for 30 seconds and extension at 68° C. for 6 minutes, and 18 cycles of denaturation at 94° C. for 15 seconds, annealing and extension at 68° C. for 6 minutes, and then maintaining the reaction solution at 68° C. for 5 minutes.

Approximately 5.4 kb of the double-stranded DNA fragment resulted from the PCR was isolated by agarose gel electrophoresis, and then extracted and purified from the gel using MinElute Gel Extraction Kit (QIAGEN). The about 5.4 kb of DNA was ligated to the “PCR Product insertion site” of pCR-BluntII-TOPO plasmid (Invitrogen), and the resulting ligation solution was used for the transformation of E. coli (Competent high DH5α, Toyobo Co., Ltd.). For the ligation, Invitrogen Zero-Blunt TOPO POR cloning kit was used.

On LB agar medium containing 50 μg/ml of kanamycin, the transformed E. coli was inoculated to cultivate it. A colony formed on the agar medium was inoculated into LB medium containing 50 μg/ml of kanamycin and incubated in the test tube with shaking (37° C., 17 hours), Then, using QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit (Qiagen), the plasmid (which may be referred to as pHsCOL1A2 Exp unit-Eco52I hereinafter) to which the DNA with addition of the recognition sequences of restriction enzyme site on both ends of the human collagen Type I α2 expression cassette was inserted was isolated to give the pHsCOL1A2 Exp unit-Eco52I.

(2-10-5) Construction of pEXP-HA-HsCOL1A2-1A1

The plasmid named as pHsCOL1A2 Exp unit-Eco52I (see Example (2-10⁻⁴)) was cut with the restriction enzymes Eco52I, and subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis to isolate approximately 5.4 kb of DNA wherein the recognition sequences of restriction enzyme site were added to both, ends of the human collagen Type I α2 expression cassette, and then extracted and purified from the gel using MinElute Gel Extraction Kit (QIAGEN).

The plasmid named as pEXP-HA-HsCOL1A1 (see Example (2-10⁻²)) was cut with the restriction enzymes Eco52I and dephosphorylated by the use of alkaline phosphatase, followed by purification using MinElute Reaction Cleanup Kit (QIAGEN).

The about 5.4 kb of DNA was ligated to the plasmid, and the resulting ligation solution was used for the transformation of E. coli (Competent high DH5α, Toyobo Co., Ltd.). For the ligation, Takara Ligation Kit ver2.1 was used.

On LB agar medium containing 50 μg/ml of ampicillin, the transformed E. coli was inoculated to cultivate it. A colony formed on the agar medium was inoculated into LB medium containing 50 μg/ml of ampicillin and incubated in the test tube with shaking (37° C., 17 hours). Then, using QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit (Qiagen), the plasmid into which the DNA with the addition of the sequence of restriction enzyme sites to both ends of the human collagen Type I α2 expression cassette was inserted (which may be referred to as pEXP-HA-HsCOL1A2-1A1 hereinafter) was isolated from the cultivated bacterial cells to give the pEXP-HA-HsCOL1A2-1A1.

Example 3
Production of Anti-lysyl Hydroxylase 1 Antibody

The lysyl hydroxylase 1 was prepared using recombinants E. coli., and the resulting lysyl hydroxylase 1 was used as an antigen to prepare anti-lysyl hydroxylase 1 antibody. The details of the procedures for preparation will be described below.

(3-1) Construction of Expression Plasmid for E. coli

The pPLOD1-TOPO was cut with the restriction enzymes NdeI and XhoI, and then subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis to isolate and purify the about 2200 bp double-stranded DNA fragment encoding lysyl hydroxylase 1.

After pET-16b (Novagen) was cut with the restriction enzymes NdeI and XhoI, the about 5700 bp double-stranded DNA fragment was isolated and purified by agarose gel electrophoresis.

The double-stranded DNA fragment and the vector were ligated and using the resulting solution, E. coli (Competent high JM109, Toyobo Co., Ltd.) was transformed. For the ligation, Takara Ligation Kit ver2.1 was used.

Next, the pET16b-PLOD1 was used to transform E. coli (BL21(DE3) Competent cells, Takara Bic Inc.), and then the resulting transformant was used as antigen-preparation E. coli.

(3-2) Determination of Expression of Lysyl Hydroxylase 1

The transformed E. coli with pET16b-PLOD1 was inoculated into 5 ml of LB liquid medium containing 50 μg/ml of ampicillin to cultivate it at 37° C. for 17 hours. Also, the untransformed E. coli (i.e., BL21 (DE3)) was inoculated into 5 ml of LB medium to cultivate it at 37° C. for 17 hours.

The culture solution of the transformant was inoculated into 50 ml of LB liquid medium containing 50 μg/ml of ampicillin to cultivate it at 37° C. for 9 hours in such a way that its turbidity (OD₆₀₀) was equal to 0.1. Three hours after the inoculation, 150 μl of 0.1 M isopropyl-β-thiogalactopyranoside was added thereto. Also, the culture solution of the untransformed E. coli was inoculated into 50 ml of LB liquid medium to cultivate it at 37° C. for 9 hours in such a way that its turbidity (OD₆₀₀) was equal to 0.1. Three hours after the inoculation, 150 μl of 0.1 M isopropyl-β-thiogalactopyranoside was added thereto.

Each 20 ml of the culture solutions was centrifuged at 3,000 rpm, 4° C. for 10 minutes. The supernatant was removed therefrom, and then, the precipitate was suspended in 5 ml of sterile distilled water. This suspension was centrifuged at 3,000 rpm, 4° C. for 10 minutes. The supernatant was removed therefrom, and then, the precipitate was suspended in 0.7 ml of 200 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.5).

The suspension was subjected to disruption using Multi-beads Shocker (manufactured by Yasui Kikai Corporation). The disruption was performed under the conditions of E. coli disruption (0.1 mmφ glass beads, 2,500 rpm, 10 minutes). The resulting solution was centrifuged at 13,000 rpm, 4° C. for 10 minutes and a supernatant was collected.

The supernatant was subjected to SDS polyacrylamide electrophoresis in according with the procedures described in Laemmli, U. K., Nature, 227, 680 (1970). The electrophoresed gel was stained with Page Blue 83 (manufactured by Cosmo Bio Co., Ltd.)

On the electrophoresed gel, a distinct band was found to correspond to about 80 kDa. Molecular weight of lysyl hydroxylase 1 is 81.6 kDa, and so, the molecular weight of the observed band was an equivalent size to the lysyl hydroxylase 1. Further, for E. coli used as a host of the transformation, there was no band at about 80 kDa. These results show the expression of lysyl hydroxylase 1 in the transformant.

(3-3) Purification of PLOD1

The E. coli transformed with the pET16b-PLOD1 was inoculated into 5 ml of LB liquid medium containing 50 μg/ml of ampicillin to cultivate it at 37° C. for 17 hours.

The culture solution of the transformant was inoculated into 100 ml of LB liquid medium containing 50 μg/ml of ampicillin to cultivate it at 37° C. for 9 hours in such a way that its turbidity (OD₆₀₀) was equal to 0.1. Three hours after the inoculation, 150 μl of 0.1 M isopropyl-β-thiogalactopyranoside was added thereto.

The culture solution was centrifuged at 5,000 rpm, 4° C. for 10 minutes to collect bacterial cells. The collected bacterial cells were resuspended in 0.2 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) and then centrifuged at 5,000 rpm, 4° C. for 10 minutes to collect bacterial cells.

A tag (His-tag) comprising repeating sequence of 10 histidine residues may be integrated into the N-terminal end of the pET16b-PLOD1, and the PLOD1 may express as a protein wherein the His-tag is fused on the N-terminal end. The PLOD1 was purified using an affinity column for the His-tag (Ni-NTA Fast Start kit, Quiagen). The PLOD1 was purified under the degenerative conditions.

The resulting protein was subjected to SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in according with the procedures described in Laemmli, U. K., Nature, 227, 680 (1970). The electrophoresed gel was stained with a Coomassie brilliant blue G250 staining fluid (Bio-Rad).

As a result of the electrophoresis, a distinct band was observed at about 80 kDa on the gel. The detected band was a single band, and the molecular weight was an equivalent size to the lysyl hydroxylase 1.

(3-4) Preparation of Anti-Lysyl Hydroxylase 1 Antibody

The purified PLOD1 was used along with adjuvants for the subcutaneous immunization of a rabbit in accordance with the known techniques. After the immunization, the rabbit was subjected to the check for antibody titers in blood and then the collection of whole blood to isolate IgG in accordance with the known techniques. The anti-lysyl hydroxylase 1 antibody (polyclonal antibody) obtained after the isolation will be referred to as TAL061025 hereinafter.

Example 4
Preparation of Lysyl Hydroxylase 1, Prolyl 4-Hydroxylase α1 Subunit and Prolyl 4-Hydroxylase β Subunit Expression Yeasts)

(4-1) Transfection of Lysyl Hydroxylase 1 Gene, Prolyl 4-Hydroxylase α1 Subunit Gene and Prolyl 4-Hydroxylase β Subunit Gene into Yeast

The Gene Transfer Plasmid pEXP-LH1(+)-P4HAB was transfected into yeast Komagataella pastoris PPY12 strain (purchased from ATCC, ATCC204163) so as to be chromosomally integrated through homologous recombination. The gene transfer procedures will be described below.

Into 100 ml of YPD liquid medium (prepared by dissolving 1 g of Yeast Extract and 2 g of Bacto Peptone into ion exchanged water to be made up to 90 ml and then autoclave sterilizing, followed by mixing the medium with 10 ml of 20% glucose which was mechanically sterilized separately), Komagataella pastoris PPY12 strain was inoculated to cultivate them at 30° C. until the turbidity (OD₆₀₀) reached approximately 10. After 80 ml of the culture solution was cooled in an ice bath, it was centrifuged at 3,000 g, 4° C. for 10 minutes to precipitate the bacterial cells. After removing the supernatant, the bacterial cells were washed with equal, ½ and then ¼ parts of ice-chilled sterile distilled water in turn. After that, the bacterial cells were suspended in ¼ parts of ice-chilled 1M sorbitol and then centrifuged at 3,000 g, 4° C. for 10 minutes to collect them. The resulting bacterial cells were suspended in ice-chilled 1M sorbitol to adjust OD₆₀₀into approximately 150.

Ten (10) μg of pEXP-LH1(+)-P4HAB were cut with the restriction enzyme Bsp1407I. The DNA was collected through ethanol precipitation and dissolved into 5 cl of 10 mM Tris-HCl to prepare DNA solution.

Into a sterile test tube, 100 μl of the bacterial cell suspension was added to be mixed with 5 μl of the DNA solution. After a gene transfer device (ECM630, manufactured by BTX) was set to the specific yeast conditions (1,500 V/2 mm, 25 μF, 200Ω of parallel resistance), and the mixture was transferred into a cuvette with electrode, the cuvette was placed in the device to apply pulse voltage. After that, into the resulting mixture, 1 ml of 1M sorbitol was added and mixed. The mixture was inoculated in an amount of 200 μl on a MD agar medium (final concentration: 1.34% Yeast Nitrogen Base, 4×10⁻⁵% biotin, 2% glucose, 0.005% of histidine, 2% agar) to cultivate them at 30° C. for 48 hours. A colony formed on the MD agar medium was isolated as a transformed yeast.

(4-2) Determination of Transfection of Lysyl Hydroxylase 1 Gene

PCR was conducted using the chromosomal. DNA of the transformed yeast as a template to determine integration of a lysyl hydroxylase 1 gene into the chromosome.

A small number of bacterial cells were taken from the colony formed on the MD agar medium to suspend them in 10 μl of sterile distilled water. Into the suspension, 5 μl of 2,000 u/μl Lyticase (purchased from Sigma) was added and incubated at 30° C. for 20 minutes. After that, the suspension was incubated at −80° C. for 10 minutes and then at 98° C. for 5 minutes before centrifugation at 12,000 rpm, 4° C. for 10 minutes. A supernatant was collected to use it as a chromosomal DNA extract.

Oligonucleotides 40 and 39 were synthesized. The oligonucleotide 40 is oligonucleotide located on the 5′ end of a lysyl hydroxylase 1 gene, and the oligonucleotide 39 is oligonucleotide located on the 3′ end of the gene, respectively.

The double-stranded DNA fragment of a lysyl hydroxylase 1 gene was amplified by PCR using the following oligonucleotides 40 and 39 as primers and the chromosomal DNA extract as a template.

(a) Oligonuclectide 40:

(SEQ ID NO: 40)

TATTCGAAACGATGCGGCCCCTGCTGCTAC

(b) Oligonucleotide 39:

(SEQ ID NO: 39)

CGACTAGTTTAGGGATCGACGAA

As a polymerase for the PCR, BlendTaq PCR polymerase, manufactured by Toyobo Co., Ltd., was used. The details of composition of the reaction solutions are given as follows:

(a) Chromosomal DNA extract
5
μl

(b) dNTP (2 mM-mix each)
5
μl

(c) Primers (10 pmol/μl)
1 μl each

(d) 10 × PCR buffer for BlendTaq
5
μl

(e) BlendTaq DNA polymerase (1 U/μl)
0.5
μl

(f) Sterile distilled water
32.5
μl

PCR was conducted using PERKIN ELMER GeneAmp PCR System 9700. This reaction was conducted under the following conditions: heating the reaction solution at 94° C. for 2 minutes followed by 40 cycles of denaturation at 94° C. for 15 seconds, annealing at 60° C. for 30 seconds and extension at 68° C. for 4 minutes.

The solution resulted from the PCR was subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis to lead to observation of a single band at about 2,200 bp on the gel. This obviously shows that a lysyl hydroxylase 1 gene has been transfected into the chromosome.

(4-3) Determination of Transfection of Prolyl 4-Hydroxylase α1 Subunit Gene

PCR was conducted using the chromosomal DNA of the transformed yeast as a template to determine integration of lysyl 4-hydroxylase α1 subunit gene into the chromosome.

Oligonucleotides 27 and 28 were synthesized. The oligonucleotide 27 is oligonucleotide located on the 5′ end of prolyl 4-hydroxylase α1 subunit gene, and the oligonucleotide 28 is oligonucleotide located on the 3′ end of the gene, respectively.

The double-stranded DNA fragment of prolyl 4-hydroxylase α1 subunit gene was amplified by PCR using the following oligonucleotides 27 and 28 as primers and the chromosomal DNA extract as a template.

(a) Oligonucleotide 27:

(SEQ ID NO: 27)

TATTCGAAACGATGATCTGGTATATATTAATTATA

(b) Oligonucleotide 28:

(SEQ ID NO: 28)

TTGCTAGCTCATTCCAATTCTGACAACGTACAAGG

As a polymerase for the PCR, BlendTaq PCR polymerase, manufactured by Toyobo Co., Ltd., was used. The details of composition of the reaction solutions are given as follows:

PCR was conducted using PERKIN ELMER GeneAmp PCR System 9700. This reaction was conducted under the following conditions: heating the reaction solution at 94° C. for 2 minutes followed by 40 cycles of denaturation at 94° C. for 15 seconds, annealing at 60° C. for 30 seconds and extension at 68° C. for 4 minutes.

The solution resulted from the PCR was subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis, and therefore, a single band was observed at about 1,600 bp on the gel. This obviously shows that prolyl 4-hydroxylase α1 subunit gene has been transfected into the chromosome.

(4-4) Determination of Transfection of Prolyl 4-Hydroxylase β Subunit Gene

PCR was conducted using the chromosomal DNA of the transformed yeast as a template to determine integration of β subunit of prolyl 4-hydroxylase gene into the chromosome.

A small number of bacterial cells were taken from the colony formed on the MD agar medium, and suspended in 10 μl of sterile distilled water. Into the suspension, 5 μl of 2,000 u/μl Lyticase (purchased from Sigma) was added and incubated at 30° C. for 20 minutes. After that, the suspension was incubated at −80° C. for 10 minutes and then at 98° C. for 5 minutes before centrifugation at 12,000 rpm, 4° C. for 10 minutes. A supernatant was collected to use it as a chromosomal DNA extract.

Oligonucleotides 33 and 34 were synthesized. The oligonucleotide 33 is oligonucleotide located on the 5′ end of subunit of prolyl 4-hydroxylase gene, and the oligonucleotide 34 is oligonucleotide located on the 3′ end of the gene, respectively.

The double-stranded DNA fragment of β subunit of prolyl 4-hydroxylase gene was amplified by PCR using the following oligonucleotides 33 and 34 as primers and the chromosomal DNA extract as a template.

(a) Oligonuclectide 33:

(SEQ ID NO: 33)

TTACTAGTGACGCCCCCGAGGAGGA

(b) Oligonucleotide 34:

(SEQ ID NO: 34)

TTACTAGTTTACAGTTCATCTTTCACAGCTTTCT

As a polymerase for the PCR, BlendTaq PCR polymerase, manufactured by Toyobo Co., Ltd., was used. The details of composition of the reaction solutions are given as follows:

PCR was conducted using PERKIN ELMER GeneAmp PCR System 9700. This reaction was conducted under the following conditions: heating the reaction solution at 94° C. for 2 minutes followed by 40 cycles of denaturation at 94° C. for 15 seconds, annealing at 60° C. for 30 seconds and extension at 68° C. for 4 minutes.

The solution resulted from the PCR was subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis, and therefore, a single band was observed at about 1,500 bp on the gel. This obviously shows that the β subunit of prolyl 4-hydroxylase gene has been transfected into the chromosome.

In conclusion, as the result of determination of gene transfer 4-2, 4-3 and 4-4, TT061018-1-13 strain as the recombinant yeast obtained by transfecting all of the genes was provided.

(4-5) Determination of expression of Lysyl Hydroxylase 1

The TT061018-1-13 strain was inoculated into 100 ml of BMGY medium (1% Yeast Extract, 2% peptone, 100 mM phosphate buffer, 1.34% Yeast Nitrogen Base, 4×10⁵% biotin, 1% glycerol, 0.005% of histidine) to cultivate it at 30° C. for 26 hours. The resulting culture solution was then centrifuged at 5,000 g, room temperature for 10 minutes to collect bacterial cells.

The collected bacterial cells were inoculated into 50 ml of MM medium (100 mM phosphate buffer, 1.34% Yeast Nitrogen Base, 4×10⁻⁵% biotin, 0.5% methanol, 0.005% of histidine) in such a way that the turbidity (OD₆₀₀) was equal to approximately 10, and cultivated at 30° C. for 60 hours. Every about 12 hours during the cultivation, 50% methanol was added in an amount of 0.5 ml each.

After 4 ml of the culture solution was centrifuged at 5,000 g, 4° C. for 10 minutes, the bacterial cells were collected therefrom and then suspended in 2 ml of ice-chilled distilled water. The suspension was centrifuged at 5,000 g, 4° C. for 10 minutes, and then, the resulting bacterial cells were resuspended in 0.7 ml of 100 mM of potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0.

The suspension was subjected to disruption using Multi-beads Shocker (manufactured by Yasui Kikai Corporation). The disruption was performed under the conditions for yeast disruption (0.5 mmφ glass beads, 2,500 rpm, 40 minutes). The resulting solution was centrifuged at 10,000 rpm, 4° C. for 10 minutes to collect the supernatant.

The supernatant was subjected to SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in according with the procedures described in Laemmli, U. K., Nature, 227, 680 (1970). The electrophoresed acrylamide gel was blotted to PVDF membrane (Immobilon-P, manufactured by Millipore Corp.).

The resulting membrane was shaken in 25 ml of Blocking one (purchased from Nacalai Tesque., Inc.) for 1 hour, and then washed with PBS-T (PBS solution containing 0.5% Tween-20) twice.

Ten (10) μl of anti-lysyl hydroxylase 1 antibody (TAL160025) was diluted with 10 ml of Can Get Signal solution 1 (manufactured by Toyobo Co., Ltd.) to prepare a diluted solution, in which the membrane was then soaked and shaken for 1 hour. After shaking, the membrane was washed with each 25 ml of PBS-T three times. Next, 10 μl of secondary antibody (anti-rabbit IgG HRP-Linked donkey antibody NA-934, manufactured by GE Healthcare Bio Science) was diluted with 10 ml of Can Get Signal solution 2 (manufactured by Toyobo Co., Ltd.) to prepare a diluted solution, in which the membrane was further soaked and shaken for 1 hour. After shaking, the membrane was washed with each 25 ml of PBS-T three times. The luminescence generated from the washed membrane with a chemiluminescence detection reagent (ECL Western Blotting Detection System, manufactured by GE Healthcare Bio Science) was detected by means of an image analyzer (LAS-3000UVmini, manufactured by Fujifilm Corporation). As a result, the band of molecular weight equivalent to LH1 was detected in the TT061018-1-13 strain, and therefore, it was found that the strain produced LH1.

(4-5) Determination of Expression of Lysyl. Hydroxylase α1 Subunit

The TT061018-1-13 strain was inoculated into 100 ml of BMGY medium. (1% Yeast Extract, 2% peptone, 100 mM phosphate buffer, 1.34% Yeast Nitrogen Base, 4×10⁻⁵% biotin, 1% glycerol, 0.005% of histidine) to cultivate it at 30° C. for 26 hours. The resulting culture solution was then centrifuged at 5,000 g, room temperature for 10 minutes to collect bacterial cells.

The collected bacterial cells were inoculated into 50 BMM medium (100 mM phosphate buffer, 1.34% Yeast Nitrogen Base, 4×10⁻⁵% biotin, 0.5% methanol, 0.005% of histidine) in such a way that the turbidity (OD₆₀₀) was equal to approximately 10, and cultivated at 30° C. for 60 hours. Every about 12 hours during the cultivation, 50% methanol was added in an amount of 0.5 ml each.

After 4 ml of the culture solution was centrifuged at 5,000 g, 4° C. for 10 minutes, the bacterial cells were collected and then suspended in 2 ml of ice-chilled distilled water. The suspension was centrifuged at 5,000 g, 4° C. for 10 minutes, and the resulting bacterial cells were resuspended in 0.7 ml of 100 mM of potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0.

The suspension was subjected to disruption using Multi-beads Shocker (manufactured by Yasui Kikai Corporation). The disruption was performed under the conditions for yeast disruption (0.5 mmφ glass beads, 2,500 rpm, 40 minutes). After the resulting solution was centrifuged at 10,000 rpm, 4° C. for 10 minutes, a supernatant was collected.

The resulting membrane was shaken in 25 ml of Blocking one (purchased from Nacalai Tesque., Inc.) for 1 hour, and then washed with PBS-T (PBS solution containing 0.5% Tween-20) twice.

Five (5) μl of anti-prolyl hydroxylase α1 antibody (63167, purchased from MP Biomedicals) was diluted with 10 ml of Can Get Signal solution 1 (manufactured by Toyobo Co., Ltd.) to prepare a diluted solution, and then, the membrane was soaked in the diluted solution and shaken for 1 hour. After shaking, the membrane was washed with each 25 ml of PBS-T three times. Then, 10 μl of secondary antibody (anti-mouse IgG-HRP-Linked sheep antibody NA-931, manufactured by GE Healthcare Bic Science) was diluted with 10 ml of Can Get Signal solution 2 (manufactured by Toyobo Co., Ltd.) to prepare a diluted solution, and then, the membrane was soaked in this diluted solution and shaken for 1 hour. After shaking, the membrane was washed with each 25 ml of PBS-T three times. The luminescence generated from the washed membrane with a chemiluminescence detection reagent (ECL Western Blotting Detection System, manufactured by GE Healthcare Bio Science) was detected by means of an image analyzer (LAS-3000UVmini, manufactured by Fujifilm Corporation).

As a result, the band equivalent to prolyl hydroxylase α1 subunit was detected in the TT061018-1-13 strain, and therefore, it was found that the strain produced prolyl hydroxylase α1 subunit.

(4-6) Determination of expression of Prolyl Hydroxylase β Subunit

The TT061018-1-13 strain was inoculated into 100 ml of BMGY medium (1% Yeast Extract, 2% peptone, 100 mM phosphate buffer, 1.34% Yeast Nitrogen Base, 4×10⁻⁵% biotin, 1% glycerol, 0.005% of histidine) to cultivate it at 30° C. for 26 hours. The resulting culture solution was then centrifuged at 5,000 g, room temperature for 10 minutes to collect bacterial cells.

The collected bacterial cells were inoculated into 50 ml of BMM medium (100 mM phosphate buffer, 1.34% Yeast Nitrogen Base, 4×10⁻⁵% biotin, 0.5% methanol, 0.005% of histidine) in such a way that the turbidity (OD₆₀₀) was equal to approximately 10, and cultivated at 30° C. for 60 hours.

Every about 12 hours during the cultivation, 50% methanol was added in an amount of 0.5 ml each.

The resulting membrane was shaken in 25 ml of Blocking one (purchased from Nacalai Tesque., Inc.) for 1 hour, and then washed with PBS-T (PBS solution containing 0.5% Tween-20) twice.

Two (2) μl of anti-prolyl hydroxylase β antibody (SPA-890, purchased from Stressgen) was diluted with 10 ml of Can Get Signal solution 1 (manufactured by Toyobo Co., Ltd.) to prepare a diluted solution, and then, the membrane was soaked in the diluted solution and shaken for 1 hour. After shaking, the membrane was washed with each 25 ml of PBS-T three times. Next, 1 μl of secondary antibody (anti-rabbit IgG-HRP-Linked donkey antibody NA-934, manufactured by GE Healthcare Bio Science) was diluted with 10 ml of Can Get Signal solution 2 (manufactured by Toyobo Co., Ltd.) to prepare a diluted solution, and then the membrane was soaked in this diluted solution and shaken for 1 hour. After shaking, the membrane was washed with each 25 ml of PBS-T three times. The luminescence generated from the washed membrane with a chemiluminescence detection reagent (ECL Western Blotting Detection System, manufactured by GE Healthcare Bic Science) was detected by means of an image analyzer (LAS-3000UVmini, manufactured by Fujifilm Corporation).

As a result, the band of molecular weight equivalent to prolyl hydroxylase β subunit was detected in the TT061018-1-13 strain, and therefore, it was found that the strain produced prolyl hydroxylase β subunit.

Example 5
Preparation of Human Collagen Type III Expression Yeast

(5-1) Transfection of Human Collagen Type III Gene into Yeast

In order to be chromosomally integrated through homologous recombination, the Gene Transfer Plasmid pEXP-HA-HsCOL3A1 was transfected into the yeast TT061018-1-13 strain in which a lysyl hydroxylase 1 gene, prolyl 4-hydroxylase α1 subunit gene and β subunit of prolyl 4-hydroxylase gene has been transfected. The gene transfer procedures will be described below.

Into 100 ml of YPD liquid medium, the yeast TT061018-1-13 strain was inoculated to cultivate them at 30° C. until the turbidity (OD₆₀₀) reached approximately 10. The culture solution of 80 ml was cooled in an ice bath, and then centrifuged at 3,000 g, 4° C. for 10 minutes to precipitate the bacterial cells. After removing the supernatant, the bacterial cells were washed with equal, ½ and then ¼ parts of ice-chilled sterile distilled water in turn. After that, the bacterial cells were suspended in ¼ parts of ice-chilled 1M sorbitol and then centrifuged at 3,000 g, 4° C. for 10 minutes to collect the bacterial cells. The resulting bacterial cells were suspended in ice-chilled 1M sorbitol to adjust OD₆₀₀into approximately 150.

Ten (10) μg of pEXP-HA-HsCOL3A1 were cut with the restriction enzyme XbaI. The DNA was collected through ethanol precipitation and dissolved into 5 μl of 10 mM Tris-HCl to prepare DNA solution.

Into a sterile test tube, 100 μl of the bacterial cell suspension was added to be mixed with 5 μl of the DNA solution. After a gene transfer device (ECM630, manufactured by BTX) was set to the specific yeast conditions (1,500 V/2 mm, 25 μF, 200Ω of parallel resistance), and the mixture was transferred into a cuvette with electrode, the cuvette was placed in the device to be subjected to pulses. After that, into the resulting mixture, 1 ml of 1M sorbitol was added and mixed. Two hundreds (200) μl of the resulting mixture was inoculated on a MD agar medium to cultivate it at 30° C. for 48 hours. A colony formed on the MD agar medium was isolated as a transformed yeast.

(5-2) Determination of Transfection of Human Collagen Type III Gene

PCR was conducted using the chromosomal DNA of the transformed yeast as a template to determine integration of human collagen Type III gene into the chromosome.

A small number of bacterial cells were taken from the colony formed on the MD agar medium, and suspended in 10 μl sterile distilled water. Into the suspension, 5 μl of 2,000 u/μl Lyticase (purchased from Sigma) was added and incubated at 30° C. for 20 minutes. Then, the suspension was incubated at −80° C. for 10 minutes and then at 98° C. for 5 minutes before centrifugation at 12,000 rpm, 4° C. for 10 minutes. A supernatant was collected to use it as a chromosomal DNA extract.

Oligonucleotides 50 and 51 were synthesized. The oligonucleotide 50 is oligonucleotide located on the 5′ end of human collagen Type III gene, and the oligonucleotide 51 is oligonucleotide located on the 3′ end of the gene, respectively.

The double-stranded DNA fragment of human collagen Type III gene was amplified by PCR using the following oligonucleotides 50 and 51 as primers and the chromosomal DNA extract as a template.

(a) Oligonucleotide 50:

(SEQ ID NO: 50)

TATTCGAAACGATGATGAGCTTTGTGCAAAAGGGG

(b) Oligonucleotide 51:

(SEQ ID NO: 51)

TTACTAGTTTATAAAAAGCAAACAGGGCCAACGT

As a polymerase for the PCR, BlendTaq PCR polymerase, manufactured by Toyobo Co., Ltd., was used. The details of composition of the reaction solutions are given as follows:

PCR was conducted using PERKIN ELMER GeneAmp PCR System 9700. This reaction was conducted under the following conditions: heating the reaction solution at 94° C. for 2 minutes followed by 40 cycles of denaturation at 94° C. for 15 seconds, annealing at 60° C. for 30 seconds and extension at 68° C. for 5 minutes.

The solution resulted from the PCR was subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis, and then a single band was found to correspond to about 4,400 bp on the gel. This obviously shows that the β subunit of prolyl 4-hydroxylase gene has been transfected into the chromosome.

As to the yeast, the strain obtained by transfecting human collagen Type III gene into the TT061018-1-13 strain will be referred to as TT061226-1-3 strain hereinafter.

(5-3) Determination of Expression of Human Collagen Type III

The TT061226-1-3 strain was inoculated into 100 ml of BMGY medium to cultivate it at 30° C. for 26 hours. The resulting culture solution was then centrifuged at 5,000 g, room temperature for 10 minutes to collect bacterial cells.

The collected bacterial cells were inoculated into 50 ml of BMM medium in such a way that the turbidity (OD₆₀₀) was equal to approximately 10, and cultivated at 30° C. for 60 hours. Every about 12 hours during the cultivation, 50% methanol was added in an amount of 0.5 ml each.

After 4 ml of the culture solution was centrifuged at 5,000 g, 4° C. for 10 minutes, the bacterial cells were collected therefrom and suspended in 2 ml of ice-chilled distilled water. The suspension was centrifuged at 5,000 g, 4° C. for 10 minutes, and then, the resulting bacterial cells were resuspended in 0.7 ml of 100 mM of potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0.

The supernatant was subjected to SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in according with the procedures described in Laemmli, U. K., Nature, 227, 680 (1970). The electrophoresed acrylamide gel was stained with Page Flue 83 (manufactured by Cosmo Sic) Co., Ltd.)

As a result of the electrophoresis, a distinct band was found to correspond to at about 100 kDa or more on the gel. Molecular weight of procollagen of human collagen Type III is approximately 140 kDa, and so, the molecular weight of the observed band was an equivalent size to the human collagen Type III procollagen. From these results, it was found that the human collagen Type III expressed in the TT061226-1-3 strain.

Example 6
Analysis of Collagen

(6-1) Cultivation of Yeast

To conduct preculture, the TT061226-1-3 strain was inoculated into 100 ml of BMGY medium and incubated it at 30° C. for 20 hours. Into 1 L volume of Basal salt medium prepared in 3 L jar fermentor (B. E. Marubisi Co., Ltd), the culture solution was inoculated in such a way that the turbidity (OD₆₆₀) was equal to approximately 1.25, and then agitated with aeration to conduct main culture.

The main culture was conducted with setting the culture temperature at 30° C., maximum air flow rate at 1.0 vvm (1 L). After all available glycerol in the medium was consumed, feeding of glycerol feed medium (50% glycerol, 1.2% PMT1 solution) was started. The glycerol fed-batch culture was stopped when OD₆₀of the culture solution achieved approximately 140. Then, feeding of methanol feed medium (99.8% (w/v) methanol, 1.2% PMT1) was started to conduct the methanol fed-batch culture.

For the methanol fed-batch culture, culture temperature was changed to 32° C., and dissolved oxygen concentration was controlled to be approximately 8 ppm. During the cultivation, the culture solution was maintained constant pH of approximately 5.0 using 28% ammonia water and 4M phosphoric acid. After approximately 140 hours in culture, approximately 21, of the culture solution were obtained. The composition of the reaction solutions used herein is given as follows:

(a) (Composition of Basal salt medium)

(b) 85% H₃PO₄
26.7
mL/L

(c) CaSO₄—2H₂O
0.93
g/L

(d) K₂SO₄
18.2
g/L

(e) MgSO₄—7H₂O
14.9
g/L

(f) KOH
4.13
g/L

(g) Glycerol
40
g/L

After mixing the above components, it was subjected to autoclave sterilization. After adjusted to pH 5.0 with 28% ammonia water, 2 ml/L of PMT1 solution and 1 ml/L of a solution of defoaming agent in methanol (12.5% Adekanol LG295S) were further added.

(Composition of PMT1 Solution)

(a) CuSO₄—5H₂O
6.0
g/L

(b) KI
0.8
g/L

(c) MnSO₄—H₂O
3.0
g/L

(d) Na₂MoO₄—2H₂O
0.2
g/L

(e) H₃BO₄
0.2
g

(f) CaSO₄—2H₂O
0.5
g/L

(g) ZnCl₂
20
g/L

(h) FeSO₄—7H₂O
65
g/L

(i) Biotin
0.2
g/L

(j) Conc. sulfuric acid
5
mL/L

(6-2) Crude Purification of Collagen

The bacterial cells obtained from the culture were subjected to disruption, and then, collagen was purified from the resulting solution. The disruption of the bacterial cells was conducted using DYNO-MILL Type KDL-A (Willy A. Bachofen AG). The culture solution was centrifuged at 5,000 rpm, 4° C. for 10 minutes to collect the bacterial cells. The obtained bacterial cells were suspended in potassium phosphate buffer (50 mM, pH6.0) and then centrifuged to collect the bacterial cells. These procedures were repeated once again to remove the medium components, and then, 600 g of wet bacterial cells were suspended in 1500 ml of potassium phosphate buffer (50 mM, pH6.0). Using a feed pump, the suspension was applied into the DYNO-MILL which was set to the conditions for yeast disruption. Completion of disruption was determined by examining the configuration of the bacterial cells under a microscope

The solution of the disrupted bacterial cells was 2-fold diluted with potassium phosphate buffer (50 mM, pH6.0). Conc. hydrochloric acid was used to adjust pH to approximately 2.0. Pepsin (purchased from Sigma) was added to be 5 mg/ml of final concentration. After incubating at 4° C. for 96 hours, the solution was centrifuged at 9,000 rpm, 4° C. for 30 minutes to collect the supernatant. Into the resulting supernatant, 10 N NaOH was added to adjust pH to approximately 10. The supernatant was incubated at 4° C. with stirring. Approximately 16 hours later, the supernatant was centrifuged at 9,000 rpm, 4° C. for 30 minutes to collect a supernatant.

Into the resulting supernatant, acetic acid was added so that the final concentration could be 0.5 M. Conc. hydrochloric acid was used to adjust pH to approximately 3.0. The supernatant was centrifuged at 9,000 rpm, 4° C. for 30 minutes to collect the supernatant. Into the supernatant, NaCl was added so that the final concentration could be 1 M and then incubated at 4° C. with stirring. Approximately 16 hours later, the supernatant was centrifuged at 9,000 rpm, 4° C. for 30 minutes to collect precipitate. The resulting precipitate was dissolved in 0.1 N HCl.

Into the dissolved solution, 1M potassium phosphate buffer (ph 7.4) was added so that the final concentration could be 0.05 M. and then adjusted to pH of approximately 7.4 using 10 N NaCH. NaCl was added so that the final concentration could be 2 M, and the solution was incubated at 4° C. with stirring. Approximately 16 hours later, the solution was centrifuged at 9,000 rpm, 4° C. for 30 minutes to collect precipitate. The resulting precipitate was dissolved in 0.1 N HCl and then centrifuged at 9,000 rpm, 4° C. for 30 minutes to collect the supernatant.

Into the resulting supernatant, acetic acid was added so that the final concentration could be 0.5 M. Conc. hydrochloric acid was used to adjust pH to approximately 3.0. NaCl was added so that the final concentration could be 1 M, and the supernatant was incubated at 4° C. with stirring. Approximately 16 hours later, the supernatant was centrifuged at 9,000 rpm, 4° C. for 30 minutes to collect precipitate. The resulting precipitate was dissolved in 0.1 N HCl. The dissolved solution was centrifuged at 40,000 rpm, 4° C. for 60 minutes to collect a supernatant.

The resulting supernatant was added into a dialysis tube (Spectra/Por, SPECTUM), dialyzed three times with ten-fold volume of 1 mM HCl solution more than the volume of the supernatant, and then filtered with 0.22 μm filter (Millex GP, manufactured by Millipore Corp.) to give crude collagen.

(6-3) Purification of Collagen

Into the crude collagen, 1M potassium phosphate buffer (pH7.4) was added so that the final concentration could be 0.05 M, and then adjusted to pH of approximately 7.4 using 10 N NaOH. NaCl was added so that the final concentration could be 2 M, and the crude collagen solution was incubated at 4° C. with stirring. Approximately 16 hours later, the crude collagen solution was centrifuged at 9,000 rpm, 4° C. for 30 minutes to collect precipitate. The resulting precipitate was dissolved in 5-fold weight of 0.1 N HCl more than the weight of the precipitate, and then centrifuged at 9,000 rpm, 4° C. for 30 minutes to collect a precipitate.

Into the resulting supernatant, acetic acid was added so that the final concentration could be 0.5 M. Conc. hydrochloric acid was used to adjust pH to approximately 3.0. NaCl was added so that the final concentration could be 1 M, and the supernatant was incubated at 4° C. with stirring. Approximately 16 hours later, it was centrifuged at 9,000 rpm, 4° C. for 30 minutes to collect a precipitate. The resulting precipitate was dissolved in 0.1 N HCl. The dissolved solution was centrifuged at 40,000 rpm, 4° C. for 60 minutes to collect a supernatant.

(6-4) Electrophoresis of Collagen

The purified collagen was subjected to SUS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in according with the procedures described in Laemmli, U. K., Nature, 227, 680 (1970). The electrophoresed acrylamide gel was stained with a Coomassie brilliant blue G250 staining fluid (Bio-Rad). From the result of the electrophoresis, a distinct single band was observed on the gel. Further, molecular weight of the band was an equivalent size to the collagen (see FIG. 6). Lane 1 in FIG. 6 shows an electrophoretic profile of the purified collagen obtained from the TT061226-1-3 strain.

(6-5) Analysis of Amino Acid

A 0.1M hydrochloric acid solution containing 1 mg of the purified recombinant human collagen was added into a hydrolysis tube and dried under reduced pressure before the addition of 500 μl of 6M hydrochloric acid solution. Air in the hydrolysis tube was purged with nitrogen and then sealed under reduced pressure.

The sealed hydrolysis tube was incubated at 110° C. for 24 hours to hydrolyze the purified recombinant human collagen. After the hydrolysis tube was opened, the hydrochloric acid solution therein was dried under reduced pressure.

The hydrolyzed human collagen was dissolved in 2 ml of 20 mM HCl, and 10 μg of the resulting hydrolysate were examined by ninhydrin coloring method (on Hitachi Model L-8800 high performance amino acid analyzer).

As a column, ion-exchange resin column (#2622) was used, and as eluents, commercially available products: L-8500 Buffer Solution PH-1 (021-09111, Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.), L-8500 Buffer Solution PH-2 (028-09121, Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.), L-8500 Buffer Solution PH-3 (025-09131, Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.), L-8500 Buffer Solution PH-4 (022-09141, Wake Pure Chemical industries, Ltd.) and L-8500 Column Regenerating Solution PH (PH-RG) (036-12531, Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) were used. For color development of the amino acid by ninhydrin coloring method, commercially available Ninhydrin Solution Set (201-06251, Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) was used. The amino acid standard mixture was prepared and used by adding trans-4-Hydroxy-L-PROLINE (H-6002, Sigma) and CL-plus allo-δ Hydroxylysine, HCl (3920, CALBIO. CHEM.) into commercially available AMINO ACID CALIBRATION MIXTURE (782-3140, Hitachi High-Tech Fielding Corporation) and then adjusting the amino acid level to be 100 nmol/mL, wherein each concentration of proline and hydroxyproline was 200 nmol/mL.

As shown in Table 1, it was found that in this example, a composition ratio of hydroxylated lysine to the total lysine residues was increased up to 36.9%.

TABLE 1

Amino acid composition of purified collagen

Wild type human

Purified product of
Purified product of
Type III

TT061226-3-6 strain*2
TT061226-1-3 strain*3
collagen*1

Asp
48.8
49.2
42.0

Thr
15.7
16.2
13.0

Ser
40.7
41.4
39.0

Glu
69.0
69.1
71.0

Gly
349.8
348.3
350.0

Ala
88.9
88.8
96.0

Cys
1.5
1.6
2.0

Val
13.1
13.7
14.0

Met
8.5
8.7
8.0

Ile
13.8
13.9
13.0

Leu
22.4
22.5
22.0

Tyr
2.3
2.5
3.0

Phe
8.2
8.2
8.0

Hyl
0.0
13.2
5.0

Lys
36.9
24.1
30.0

His
6.8
6.8
6.0

Arg
46.5
46.4
46.0

Hyp
116.8
116.6
125.0

Pro
110.3
108.8
107.0

Total
1000
1000
1000

*1Literature data: Chung, F., and Miller, E. J., Science 183, 1200-1201;

*2Recombinant human collagen Type III (without hydroxylation of lysine)

*3Recombinant human collagen Type III (with coexpression of lysyl hydroxylase 1)

(6-6) Measurement of Ability for Fibril Formation

The purified recombinant human collagen was dialyzed with 1 mM HCl and then diluted with the external solution derived from dialysis to be 0.06% of protein concentration.

Next, 6-fold concentrated D-PBS(−) (which was obtained by dissolving 8 g of sodium chloride, 1.15 g of disodium hydrogen phosphate, 0.2 g of potassium chloride and 0.2 g of potassium hydrogen phosphate in water to be made up to 1000 mL) was added thereto to adjust the collagen concentration to be final 0.05% and the D-PBS(−) concentration to be 1-fold. The pH after preparation was between 7.3 and 7.4. After the purified recombinant human collagen was added into a quartz glass cell surrounded by a jacket, the cell was decorated under reduced pressure using an oil-sealed rotary pump and then placed on the cell stand in spectrophotometer (U-2000, Hitachi). Absorbance at 400 nm of wave length was measured with time while allowing the circulating water at 37° C. to flow (sampling points: every 30 second).

As shown in FIG. 7, it was found that ability for fibril formation of the collagen prepared from TT061226-1-3 strain was enhanced.

Since the present invention is not intended to be limited to any of the constitutions as mentioned above, but various modifications can be made within the scope of the appended claims, any other embodiments and examples provided by appropriately combining technical means discretely-disclosed in different embodiments and examples are also intended to be encompassed within the technical scope of the present invention.

Example 7
Preparation of Lysyl Hydroxylase 2, Prolyl 4-Hydroxylase α1 Subunit and Prolyl 4-Hydroxylase β Subunit Expression Yeast

(7-1) Transfection of Lysyl Hydroxylase 2 Gene, Prolyl 4-Hydroxylase α1 Subunit Gene and Prolyl 4-Hydroxylase β Subunit Gene into Yeast

The Gene Transfer Plasmid pEXP-LH2(+)-P4HAB was transfected into yeast Komagataella pastoris PPY12 strain (purchased from ATCC, ATCC204163) to be chromosomally integrated through homologous recombination. The gene transfer procedures will be described below.

Into 100 ml of YPD liquid medium (prepared by dissolving 1 g of Yeast Extract and 2 g of Bacto Peptone into ion exchanged water to be made up to 90 ml, followed by autoclave sterilization, and then the medium was mixed with 10 ml of 20% glucose which was subjected to filter sterilization), Komagataella pastoris PPY12 strain was inoculated to cultivate them at 30° C. until the turbidity (OD₆₀₀) reached approximately 10. 80 ml of the culture solution was cooled in an ice bath, and then centrifuged at 3,000 g, 4° C. for 10 minutes to precipitate the bacterial cells. After removing the supernatant, the bacterial cells were washed with equal, ½ and then ¼ parts of ice-chilled sterile distilled water in turn. After that, the bacterial cells were suspended in ¼ parts of ice-chilled 1M sorbitol and then centrifuged at 3,000 g, 4° C. for 10 minutes to collect them. The resulting bacterial cells were suspended in ice-chilled 1M sorbitol to adjust OD₆₀₀to approximately 150.

Ten (10) μg of pEXP-LH2(+)-P4HAB were cut with the restriction enzyme AatII. The DNA was collected through ethanol precipitation and dissolved into 5 μl of 10 mM Tris-HCl to prepare DNA solution.

Into a sterile test tube, 100 μl of the bacterial cell suspension was added to be mixed with 5 μl of the DNA solution.

After a gene transfer device (ECM630, manufactured by BTX) was set to the specific yeast conditions (1,500 V/2 mm, 25 μF, 200Ω of parallel resistance), and the mixture was transferred into a cuvette with electrode, the cuvette was placed in the device to apply pulse voltage. After that, into the resulting mixture, 1 ml of 1M sorbitol was added and mixed. Two hundreds (200) μl of the resulting mixture was inoculated on a MD agar medium (final concentration: 1.34% Yeast Nitrogen Base, 4×10⁻⁵% biotin, 2% glucose, 0.005% of histidine, 2% agar) to cultivate it at 30° C. for 48 hours. A colony formed on the agar medium was isolated as a transformed yeast.

(7-2) Determination of Transfection of Lysyl Hydroxylase 2 Gene

PCR was conducted using the chromosomal DNA of the transformed yeast as a template to determine integration of lysyl hydroxylase 2 gene into the chromosome.

A small number of bacterial cells were taken from the colony formed on the MD agar medium, and suspended in 10 μl of sterile distilled water. Into the suspension, 51 of 2,000 u/μl Lyticase (purchased from Sigma) was added and incubated at 30° C. for 20 minutes. Then, the bacterial cells were incubated at −80° C. for 10 minutes and then at 98° C. for 5 minutes before centrifugation at 12,000 rpm, 4° C. for 10 minutes. A supernatant was collected to be used as a chromosomal DNA extract.

Oligonucleotides 44 and 45 were synthesized. The oligonucleotide 44 is oligonucleotide located on the 5′ end of lysyl hydroxylase 2 gene, and the oligonucleotide 45 is oligonucleotide located on the 3′ end of the gene, respectively.

The double-stranded DNA fragment of a lysyl hydroxylase 2 gene was amplified by PCR using the following oligonucleotides 44 and 45 as primers and the chromosomal DNA extract as a template.

(a) Oligonucleotide 44:

(SEQ ID NO: 44)

TATTCGAAACGATGGGGGGATGCACGGTG

(b) Oligonucleotide 45:

(SEQ ID NO: 45)

CGACTAGTTTAGGGATCTATAAATGACACTG

As a polymerase for the PCR, BlendTaq PCR polymerase, manufactured by Toyobo Co., Ltd., was used. The details of composition of the reaction solutions are given as follows:

PCP was conducted using PERKIN ELMER GeneAmp PCR System 9700. This reaction was conducted under the following conditions: heating the reaction solution at 94° C. for 2 minutes followed by 40 cycles of denaturation at 94° C. for 15 seconds, annealing at 60° C. for 30 seconds and extension at 68° C. for 4 minutes.

The solution obtained from the PCR was subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis, and then a distinct single band was found to correspond to about 2,200 bp on the gel. This obviously shows that the lysyl hydroxylase 2 gene has been transfected into the chromosome.

(7-3) Determination of Transfection of Prolyl 4-Hydroxylase α1 Subunit Gene

PCR was conducted using the chromosomal DNA of the transformed yeast as a template to determine integration of lysyl 4-hydroxylase α1 subunit gene into the chromosome.

A small number of bacterial cells were taken from the colony formed on the MD agar medium, and suspended in 10 μl of sterile distilled water. Into the suspension, 5 μl of 2,000 u/μl Lyticase (purchased from Sigma) was added and incubated at 30° C. for 20 minutes. Then, bacterial cells were incubated at −80° C. for 10 minutes and then at 98° C. for 5 minutes before centrifugation at 12,000 rpm, 4° C. for 10 minutes. A supernatant was collected to be used as a chromosomal DNA extract.

The double-stranded DNA fragment of prolyl 4-hydroxylase α1 subunit gene was amplified by PCR using the following oligonucleotides 27 and 28 as primers and the chromosomal DNA extract as a template.

(a) Oligonucleotide 27:

(SEQ ID NO: 27)

TATTCGAAACGATGATCTGGTATATATTAATTATA

(b) Oligonucleotide 28:

(SEQ ID NO: 28)

TTGCTAGCTCATTCCAATTCTGACAACGTACAAGG

As a polymerase for the PCR, BlendTaq PCR polymerase, manufactured by Toyobo Co., Ltd., was used. The details of composition of the reaction solutions are given as follows:

PCR was conducted using PERKIN ELMER GeneAmp PCR System 9700. This reaction was conducted under the following conditions: heating the reaction solution at 94° C. for 2 minutes followed by 40 cycles of denaturation at 94° C. for 15 seconds, annealing at 60° C. for 30 seconds and extension at 68° C. for 4 minutes.

The solution obtained from the PCR was subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis, and then a distinct single band was observed at about 1,600 bp on the gel. This obviously shows the prolyl 4-hydroxylase α1 subunit gene has been transfected into the chromosome.

(7-4) Determination of Transfection of Prolyl 4-Hydroxylase β Subunit Gene

PCR was conducted using the chromosomal DNA of the transformed yeast as a template to determine integration of β subunit of prolyl 4-hydroxylase gene into the chromosome.

A small number of bacterial cells were taken from the colony formed on the MD agar medium, and suspended in 10 μl of sterile distilled water. Into the suspension, 5 μl of 2,000 u/μl Lyticase (purchased from Sigma) was added and incubated at 30° C. for 20 minutes. Then, bacterial cells were incubated at −80° C. for 10 minutes and then at 98° C. for 5 minutes before centrifugation at 12,000 rpm, 4° C. for 10 minutes. A supernatant was collected to be used as a chromosomal DNA extract.

Oligonucleotides 33 and 34 were synthesized. The oligonucleotide 33 is oligonucleotide located on the 5′ end of β subunit of prolyl 4-hydroxylase gene, and the oligonucleotide 34 is oligonucleotide located on the 3′ end of the gene, respectively.

(a) Oligonucleotide 33:

(SEQ ID NO: 33)

TTACTAGTGACGCCCCCGAGGAGGA

(b) Oligonucleotide 34:

(SEQ ID NO: 34)

TTACTAGTTTACAGTTCATCTTTCACAGCTTTCT

As a polymerase for the PCR, BlendTaq OCR polymerase, manufactured by Toyobo Co., Ltd., was used. The details of composition of the reaction solutions are given as follows:

PCR was conducted using PERKIN ELMER GeneAmp PCR System 9700. This reaction was conducted under the following conditions: heating the reaction solution at 94° C. for 2 minutes followed by 40 cycles of denaturation at 94° C. for seconds, annealing at 60° C. for 30 seconds and extension at 68° C. for 4 minutes.

The solution obtained from the PCR was subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis, and therefore, a distinct single band was observed at about 1,500 bp on the gel. This obviously shows the transfection of subunit of prolyl 4-hydroxylase gene into the chromosome.

In conclusion, as the result of determination of gene transfer in 7-2, 7-3 and 7-4, TT061018-3-5 strain was obtained as a recombinant yeast into which all of the genes have been transfected.

(7-5) Determination of Expression of Lysyl Hydroxylase 2

The TT061018-3-5 strain was inoculated into 100 ml of BMGY medium (1% Yeast Extract, 2% peptone, 100 mM phosphate buffer, 1.34% Yeast Nitrogen Base, 4×10⁻⁵% biotin, 1% glycerol, 0.005% of histidine) to cultivate it at 30° C. for 26 hours. The resulting culture solution was then centrifuged at 5,000 g, room temperature for 10 minutes to collect bacterial cells.

The collected bacterial cells were inoculated into 50 ml of BMM medium (100 mM phosphate buffer, 1.34% Yeast Nitrogen Base, 4×10% biotin, 0.5% methanol, 0.005% of histidine) so that the OD₆₀₀could be approximately 10 of turbidity, followed by cultivation at 30° C. for 60 hours. Every about 12 hours during the cultivation, 50% methanol was added in an amount of 0.5 ml each.

After 0.7 ml of the culture solution was centrifuged at 5,000 g, 4° C. for 10 minutes, the bacterial cells were collected to be suspended in 0.7 ml of ice-chilled distilled water. The resulting suspension was centrifuged at 5,000 g, 4° C. for 10 minutes, and then, the collected bacterial cells were resuspended in 0.7 ml of sterile distilled water.

From the bacterial cells, total DNA was extracted with RNeasy Kit (QIAGEN), and then reverse transcription reaction was conducted using the total DNA as a template to synthesize cDNA. The reverse transcription reaction was performed using Takara RNA PCR Kit (AMV) ver. 3.0 and Random 9mer as a reverse transcription reaction primer.

Oligonucleotides 62 and 63 were synthesized. The oligonucleotides 62 and 63 are primers which amplify an about 600-bp product corresponding to the N-terminal end of PLOD2 gene.

The double-stranded DNA fragment derived from the transcription product of PLOD2 gene was amplified by PCR′ using the following oligonucleotides 62 and 63 as primers and the resulting cDNA from the reverse transcription reaction as a template.

(a) Oligonucleotide 62:

(SEQ ID NO: 82)

TGGAGAGGTGGTGATGGAATT

(b) Oligonucleotide 63:

(SEQ ID NO: 83)

AAAGAGTGCAGCCATTATCCTG

As a polymerase for the PCR, BlendTaq PCR polymerase, manufactured by Toyobo Co., Ltd., was used. The details of composition of the reaction solutions are given as follows:

PCR was conducted using PERKIN ELMER GeneAmp PCR System 9700. This reaction was conducted by 30 cycles of denaturation at 94° C. for 30 seconds, annealing at 60° C. for 30 seconds and extension at 68° C. for 1 minute.

The solution obtained from the PCR was subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis, and therefore, a distinct single band was observed at about 600 bp on the gel. This obviously shows the expression of PLOD2 gene transfected into the chromosome.

(7-6) Determination of Expression of Prolyl Hydroxylase α1 Subunit

The collected bacterial cells were inoculated into 50 ml of BMM medium (100 mM phosphate buffer, 1.34% Yeast Nitrogen Base, 4×10⁻⁵% biotin, 0.5% methanol, 0.005% histidine) so that the OD₆₀₀could be approximately 10 turbidity, followed by cultivation at 30° C. for 60 hours. Every about 12 hours during the cultivation, 50% methanol was added in an amount of 0.5 ml each.

After 4 ml of the culture solution was centrifuged at 5,000 g, 4° C. for 10 minutes, bacterial cells were collected and then suspended in 2 ml of ice-chilled distilled water. The resulting suspension was centrifuged at 5,000 g, 4° C. for 10 minutes, and then, the collected bacterial cells were resuspended in 0.7 ml of 200 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4.

The resulting suspension was subjected to disruption using Multi-beads Shocker (manufactured by Yasui Kikai Corporation). The disruption was performed under the conditions for yeast disruption (0.5 mmφ glass beads, 2,500 rpm, 40 minutes). The resulting solution was centrifuged at 10,000 rpm, 4° C. for 10 minutes before a supernatant was collected.

The supernatant was subjected to SOS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in according with the procedures described in Laemmli, U. K., Nature, 227, 680 (1970). The electrophoresed acrylamide gel was blotted to PVDF membrane (Immobilon-P, manufactured by Millipore Corp.).

The resulting membrane was shaken in 25 ml of Blocking one (purchased from Nacalai Tesque., Inc.) for 1 hour, and then washed with PBS-T (PBS solution containing 0.5% Tween-20) twice.

Five (5) μl of anti-prolyl hydroxylase α1 antibody (63167, obtained from MP Biomedicals) was diluted with 10 ml of Can Get Signal solution 1 (manufactured by Toyobo Co., Ltd.) to prepare a diluted solution, and the membrane was then soaked and shaken in the resulting diluted solution for 1 hour. After shaking, the membrane was washed with each 25 ml of PBS-T three times. Next, 10 μl of secondary antibody (anti-mouse IgG HRP-Linked sheep antibody NA-931, manufactured by GE Healthcare Bio Science) was diluted with 10 ml of Can Get Signal solution 2 (manufactured by Toyobo Co., Ltd.) to prepare a diluted solution, and the membrane was further soaked and shaken in this diluted solution for 1 hour. After shaking, the membrane was washed with each 25 ml of PBS-T three times. The luminescence generated from the washed membrane with a chemiluminescence detection reagent (ECL Western Blotting Detection System, manufactured by GE Healthcare Bio Science) was detected by means of an image analyzer (LAS-3000UVmini, manufactured by Fujifilm Corporation).

From the result, it was found that since the band of molecular weight equivalent to prolyl hydroxylase α1 subunit was detected, the TT061018-3-5 strain produces prolyl hydroxylase α1 subunit.

(7-7) Determination of Expression of Prolyl Hydroxylase β Subunit

The collected bacterial cells were inoculated into 50 ml of BMM medium (100 mM phosphate buffer, 1.34% Yeast Nitrogen Base, 4×10⁵% biotin, 0.5% methanol, 0.005% of histidine) so that OD₆₀₀could be approximately 10 of turbidity, followed by cultivation at 30° C. for 60 hours. Every about 12 hours during the cultivation, 50% methanol was added in an amount of 0.5 ml each.

After 4 ml of the culture solution was centrifuged at 5,000 g, 4° C. for 10 minutes, the bacterial cells were collected therefrom to be suspended in 2 ml of ice-chilled distilled water. The resulting suspension was centrifuged at 5,000 g, 4° C. for 10 minutes, and then, the resulting bacterial cells were resuspended in 0.7 ml of 20 mM of potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4.

The resulting membrane was shaken in 25 ml of Blocking one (purchased from Nacalai Tesque., Inc.) for 1 hour, and then washed with PBS-T (PBS solution containing 0.5% Tween-20) twice.

Two (2) μl of anti-prolyl hydroxylase β antibody (SPA-890, purchased from Stressgen) was diluted with 10 ml of Can Get Signal solution 1 (manufactured by Toyobo Co., Ltd.) to prepare a diluted solution, and the membrane was then soaked and shaken in the diluted solution for 1 hour. After shaking, the membrane was washed with each 25 ml of PBS-T three times. Next, 1 μl of secondary antibody (anti-rabbit IgG-HAP-Linked donkey antibody NA-934, manufactured by GE Healthcare Bio Science) was diluted with 10 ml of Can Get Signal solution 2 (manufactured by Toyobo Co., Ltd.) to prepare a diluted solution, and the membrane was further soaked and shaken in this diluted solution for 1 hour. After shaking, the membrane was washed with each 25 ml of PBS-T three times. The luminescence generated from the washed membrane with a chemiluminescence detection reagent (ECL Western Blotting Detection System, manufactured by GE Healthcare Bio Science) was detected by means of an image analyzer (LAS-3000UVmini, manufactured by Fujifilm Corporation).

From the result, it was found that since the band of molecular weight equivalent to prolyl hydroxylase β subunit was detected, TT061018-3-5 strain produces prolyl hydroxylase subunit.

Example 8
Preparation of Human Collagen Type I Expression Yeast

(8-1) Transfection of Human Collagen Type I α1 Gene and Human Collagen Type I α2 Gene into Yeast

In order to be chromosomally integrated through homologous recombination, the Gene Transfer Plasmid pEXP-HA-HsCOL1A2-1A1 was transfected into the gene transfer yeast TT061016-1-13 strain into which a lysyl hydroxylase 1 gene, prolyl 4-hydroxylase α1 subunit gene and β subunit of prolyl 4-hydroxylase gene have been transfected; and the gene transfer yeast T061018-3-5 strain into which lysyl hydroxylase 2 gene, prolyl 4-hydroxylase α1 subunit gene and subunit of prolyl 4-hydroxylase gene have been transfected. The gene transfer procedures will be described below.

Into 100 ml of YPD liquid medium, the yeasts TT061018-1-13 strain and TT061018-3-5 strain were individually inoculated to cultivate them at 30° C. until the turbidity (OD₆₀₀) reached approximately 10. 80 ml of the culture solution was cooled in an ice bath, and then centrifuged at 3,000 g, 4° C. for 10 minutes to precipitate the bacterial cells. After removing the supernatant, the bacterial cells were washed with equal, ½ and then ¼ parts of ice-chilled sterile distilled water in turn. After that, the bacterial cells were suspended in ¼ parts of ice-chilled 1M sorbitol and then centrifuged at 3,000 g, 4° C. for 10 minutes to collect them. The resulting bacterial cells were suspended in ice-chilled 1M sorbitol to adjust OD₆₀₀to approximately 150.

Ten (10) μg of pEXP-HA-HsCOL1A2-1A1 were cut with the restriction enzyme XbaI. The DNA was collected through ethanol precipitation and dissolved into 5 μl of 10 mM Tris-HCl to prepare the DNA solution.

Into a sterile test tube, 100 μl of the bacterial cell suspension was added to be mixed with 5 μl of the DNA solution. After a gene transfer device (ECM630, manufactured by BTX) was set to the specific yeast conditions (1,500 V/2 mm, 25 μF, 200Ω of parallel resistance), and the mixture was transferred into a cuvette with electrode, the cuvette was placed in the device to apply pulse voltage. After that, into the resulting mixture, 1 ml of 1M sorbitol was added and mixed. 200 μl of the resulting mixture was inoculated on a MD agar medium to cultivate it at 30° C. for 48 hours. A colony formed on the MD agar medium was isolated as a transformed yeast.

(8-2) Determination of Transfection of Human Collagen Type α1 Gene

PCP was conducted using the chromosomal DNA of the transformed yeast as a template to determine integration of human collagen Type I α1 gene into the chromosome.

A small number of bacterial cells were taken from the colony formed on the MD agar medium, and suspended in 10 μl of sterile distilled water. Into the suspension, 5 μl of 2,000 u/μl Lyticase (purchased from Sigma) was added and incubated at 30° C. for 20 minutes. Then, the bacterial cells were incubated at −80° C. for 10 minutes and then at 98° C. for 5 minutes before centrifugation at 12,000 rpm, 4° C. for 10 minutes. A supernatant was collected to be used as a chromosomal DNA extract.

Oligonucleotides 56 and 57 were synthesized. The oligonucleotide 56 is oligonucleotide located on the 5′ end of human collagen Type I α1 gene, and the oligonucleotide 57 is oligonucleotide located on the 3′ end of the gene, respectively.

The double-stranded DNA fragment of human collagen Type I α1 gene was amplified by PCR using the following oligonucleotides 56 and 57 as primers and the chromosomal DNA extract as a template.

(a) Oligonucleotide 56:

(SEQ ID NO: 76)

TATTCGAAACGATGTTCAGCTTTGTGGACCTCCG

(b) Oligonucleotide 57:

(SEQ ID NO: 77)

TTACTAGTTTACAGGAAGCAGACAGGGCCAA

As a polymerase for the PCR, BlendTaq PCR polymerase, manufactured by Toyobo Co., Ltd., was used. The details of composition of the reaction solutions are given as follows:

PCR was conducted using PERKIN ELMER GeneAmp PCR System 9700. This reaction was conducted under the following conditions: heating the reaction solution at 94° C. for 2 minutes followed by 40 cycles of denaturation at 94° C. for 15 seconds, annealing and extension at 68° C. for 5 minutes.

The solution obtained from the PCR was subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis, and then a distinct single band was observed at about 4,400 bp on the gel. This obviously shows the transfection of human collagen Type I α1 gene into the chromosome.

(8-3) Determination of Expression of Human Collagen Type I α2 gene

PCR was conducted using the chromosomal DNA of the transformed yeast as a template to determine integration of human collagen Type I α2 gene into the chromosome.

A small number of bacterial cells were taken from the colony formed on the MD agar medium, and suspended in 10 μl of sterile distilled water. Into the suspension, 5 μl of 2,000 u/μl Lyticase (purchased from Sigma) solution was added and incubated at 30° C. for 20 minutes. Then, the bacterial cells were incubated at −80° C. for 10 minutes and then at 98° C. for 5 minutes before centrifugation at 12,000 rpm, 4° C. for 10 minutes. A supernatant was collected to be used as a chromosomal DNA extract.

Oligonucleotides 58 and 59 were synthesized. The oligonucleotide 58 is oligonucleotide located on the 5′ end of human collagen Type I α2 gene, and the oligonucleotide 59 is oligonucleotide located on the 3′ end of the gene, respectively.

The double-stranded DNA fragment of human collagen Type I α2 gene was amplified by PCR using the following oligonucleotides 58 and 59 as primers and the chromosomal DNA extract as a template.

(a) Oligonucleotide 58:

(SEQ ID NO: 78)

TATTCGAAACGATGCTCAGCTTTGTGGATACGCG

(b) Oligonucleotide 59:

(SEQ ID NO: 79)

TTACTAGTTTATTTGAAACAGACTGGGCCAATGTC

As a polymerase for the PCR, BlendTaq PCR polymerase, manufactured by Toyobo Co., Ltd., was used. The details of composition of the reaction solutions are given as follows:

PCR was conducted using PERKIN ELMER GeneAmp PCR System 9700. This reaction was conducted under the following conditions: heating the reaction solution at 94° C. for 2 minutes followed by 40 cycles of denaturation at 94° C. for 15 seconds, annealing at 60° C. for 30 seconds and extension at 68° C. for 5 minutes.

The solution obtained from the PCR was subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis, and then a distinct single band was observed at about 4,100 bp on the gel. This obviously shows that human collagen Type I α2 gene has been transfected into the chromosome.

For the yeasts, hereinafter, the strain obtained by transfecting the human collagen Type I α1 gene and the human collagen Type I α2 gene into the TT061018-1-13 strain will be referred to as a TT080417-1-8 strain, and the strain obtained by transfecting the human collagen Type I α1 gene and the human collagen Type I α2 gene into the TT061018-3-5 strain will be referred to as a TT080724-1-11 strain.

(8-4) Determination of Expression of Human Collagen Type I al and Human Collagen Type I α2

The TT080417-1-8 and TT080724-11 strains were individually inoculated into 100 ml of BMGY medium to cultivate them at 30° C. for 26 hours. The resulting culture solution was then centrifuged at 5,000 g, room temperature for 10 minutes to collect bacterial cells.

The collected bacterial cells were inoculated into 50 ml of BMM medium so that OD₆₀₀could be approximately 10 of turbidity, followed by cultivation at 30° C. for 60 hours. Every about 12 hours during the cultivation, 50% methanol was added in an amount of 0.5 ml each.

After 4 ml of the culture solution was centrifuged at 5,000 g, 4° C. for 10 minutes, the bacterial cells were collected therefrom to be suspended in 2 ml of ice-chilled distilled water. The suspension was centrifuged at 5,000 g, 4° C. for 10 minutes, and then, the resulting bacterial cells were resuspended in 0.7 ml of 200 mM of potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4.

The supernatant was subjected to SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in according with the procedures described in Laemmli, U. K., Nature, 227, 680 (1970). The electrophoresed gel was stained with Page Blue 83 (manufactured by Cosmo Bio Co., Ltd.)

As a result of the electrophoresis, two distinct bands were found to correspond to about 100 kDa or more on the gel.

Molecular weight of procollagen of human collagen Type I α1 is approximately 140 kDa, and molecular weight of procollagen of human collagen Type α2 is approximately 130 kDa, and therefore, from these results, it was found that both human collagen Type I α1 and human collagen Type I α2 have been expressed in the TT080417-1-8 and TT080724-1-11 strains, respectively.

Example 9
Analysis of Collagen
(9-1) Cultivation of Yeasts

To conduct precultures the TT090417-1-8 and TT080724-1-11 strains were individually inoculated into 100 ml of BMGY medium and incubated them at 30° C. for 20 hours.

In 3 L jar fermenters (model: BMS-03P1, Able Corporation), 0.8 L of Basal salt medium were prepared. The culture solutions were inoculated so that final concentration OD₆₆₀could be approximately 1.25 and then agitated with aeration to conduct main culture.

The main culture was conducted with setting the culture temperature at 30° C., maximum air flow rate at 0.8 vvm (0.8 L) and agitation rate to 800 rpm. After all available glycerol in the medium was consumed and oxygen consumption was decreased, feeding of glycerol feed medium (50% glycerol, 1.2% PMT1 solution) was started at a rate of about 15 g/h. The glycerol fed-batch culture was stopped when OD₆₆₀of the culture solution achieved approximately 130. Then, feeding of methanol feed medium (98.6% (w/v) methanol, 1.2% PMT1) was started to conduct the methanol fed-batch culture. After the methanol fed-batch culture started, the culture temperature was changed to 32° C. and dissolved oxygen concentration was controlled to be approximately 8 ppm. During the cultivation, pH of the culture solutions were maintained to be approximately 5.0 using 28% ammonia water. After approximately 136 hours in culture, 1358 g of the culture solution of TT080417-1-8 strain and 1371 g of the culture solution of TT080724-1-11 strain were obtained. The composition of the medium used herein is given as follows:

(a) (Composition of Basal salt medium)

(b) 85% H₃PO₄
26.7
mL/L

(c) CaSO₄—2H₂O
0.93
g/L

(d) K₂SO₄
18.2
g/L

(e) MgSO₄—7H₂O
14.9
g/L

(f) KOH
4.13
g/L

(g) Glycerol
40
g/L

After mixing the above components, the mixture was subjected to autoclave sterilization. After adjusted to pH 5.0 with 28% ammonia water, 2 ml/L of PMT1 solution and 1 ml/L of a solution of defoaming agent in methanol 12.5% Adekanol LG295S) were further added.

(Composition of PMT1 Solution)

(a) CuSO₄—5H₂O
6.0
g/L

(b) KI
0.8
g/L

(c) MnSO₄—H₂O
3.0
g/L

(d) Na₂MoO₄—2H₂O
0.2
g/L

(e) H₃BO₄
0.2
g/L

(f) CaSO₄—2H₂O
0.5
g/L

(g) ZnCl₂
20
g/L

(h) FeSO₄—7H₂O
65
g/L

(i) Biotin
0.2
g/L

(j) Conc. sulfuric acid
5
mL/L

The culture solution was centrifuged at 5,000 rpm, 4° C. for 10 minutes to collect the bacterial cells. To remove the medium components, the bacterial cells were suspended in potassium phosphate buffer (50 mM, pH 6.0) and then centrifuged to collect the bacterial cells. These procedures were repeated total of twice to prepare the bacterial cells. 557 g of the bacterial cells of TT080417-1-8 strain and 590 g of the bacterial cells of TT080724-1-11 strain were obtained.

(9-2) Extraction and Purification of Crude Collagen

557 g of the bacterial cells of TT080417-1-8 strain (see in Example (9-1)) and 590 g of the bacterial cells of TT080724-1-11 strain (see in Example (4-1)) were subjected to disruption to extract and purify collagens. The disruption of the bacterial cells was conducted using DYNO-MILL Type KDL-A (Willy A. Bachofen AG).

The bacterial cells were suspended at a concentration of 40% (W/W) in potassium phosphate buffer (50 mM, pH 6.0) to prepare a suspension. Using a feed pump, the suspension was applied at a flow rate of 4,000 g/hour to the DYED-MILL which was set to conditions for yeast disruption.

Potassium phosphate buffer (50 mM, pH 6.0) was added to reduce the concentration of the disrupted solution of the bacterial cells to half of the concentration. Conc. hydrochloric acid was used to adjust the pH of the solution to strong acidity pH 1.5 or less) at 0.2 N of the final concentration. After pepsin (P7000, SIGMA) was added until the final concentration was equal to 5 mg/ml, the disrupted solution of the bacterial cells was incubated at 4° C. with stirring. Approximately 96 hours later, the disrupted solution of the bacterial cells was centrifuged at 9,000 rpm, 4° C. for 30 minutes to remove the insoluble fraction so as to provide supernatant. By adding 8 N NaOH, the resulting supernatant was adjusted to pH of approximately 10 and then incubated at 4° C. with stirring. Approximately 16 hours later, the supernatant was centrifuged at 9,000 rpm, 4° C. for 30 minutes to remove the insoluble fraction so as to provide supernatant.

Acetic acid was added into the resulting supernatant so that the final concentration could be 0.5 M, and conc. hydrochloric acid was used to adjust pH to 3.0, and then the mixture was incubated at 4° C. with stirring. Approximately 16 hours later, the supernatant was centrifuged at 9,000 rpm, 4° C. for 30 minutes to remove the insoluble fraction so as to provide supernatant. Into the resulting supernatant, NaCl was added so that the final concentration could be 1 M, and then incubated at 4° C. with stirring. Approximately 16 hours later, the supernatant was centrifuged at 9,000 rpm, 4° C. for 30 minutes to collect the insoluble fraction. Into the insoluble fraction, 0.1 N HCl was added and then incubated at 4° C. with stirring to prepare a dissolved solution of the insoluble fraction. Approximately 16 hours later, the solution was centrifuged at 9,000 rpm, 4° C. for 30 minutes remove the insoluble fraction so as to provide supernatant.

Into the resulting supernatant, 1M potassium phosphate buffer (ph 7.4) was added so that the final concentration could be 0.05 M, and then, pH of the supernatant was adjusted to approximately 7.4 using 8 N NaOH. After NaCl was dissolved therein at the final concentration of 4 M, the supernatant was incubated at 4° C. with stirring. Approximately 16 hours later, the supernatant was centrifuged at 9,000 rpm, 4° C. for 30 minutes to collect an insoluble fraction. 0.1 N HCl was added into the insoluble fraction so that the weight of added 0.1 N HCl could be 2.8-fold higher compared to the weight of the insoluble fraction and then incubated at 4° C. with stirring. Approximately 16 hours later, the insoluble fraction was centrifuged at 9,000 rpm, 4° C. for 30 minutes to collect the insoluble fraction. Into the insoluble fraction, 0.1 N HCl was added, followed by incubation at 4° C. with stirring to prepare a dissolved solution of the insoluble fraction. Approximately 16 hours later, the solution was centrifuged at 9,000 rpm, 4° C. for 30 minutes to remove the insoluble fraction to prepare supernatant.

Into the resulting supernatant, acetic acid was added so that the final concentration could be 0.5 M, and then, conc. hydrochloric acid was used to adjust the pH of the supernatant to 3.0. Into the supernatant, NaCl was dissolved at the final concentration of 2 M, followed by incubation at 4° C. with stirring. Approximately 16 hours later, the supernatant was centrifuged at 9,000 rpm, 4° C. for 30 minutes to collect the insoluble fraction. After 0.1 N HCl was added into the insoluble fraction, the insoluble fraction was incubated at 4° C. with stirring to prepare a dissolved solution. Approximately 16 hours later, the solution was centrifuged at 9,000 rpm, 4° C. for 30 minutes to remove the insoluble fraction so as to provide supernatant.

The resulting supernatant was added into a dialysis tube (Spectra/Por 132665, SPECTUM LABORATORIES), dialyzed three times with 1 mM HCl solution, volume of which is ten-fold larger than the volume of the supernatant, and then filtered with 0.22 μm filter (Millex GP, manufactured by Millipore Corp.). 67.6 g, 25.3 g and 34.7 g of the purified collagen solutions were obtained from TT070327-1-11 strain, from TT080417-1-8 strain and from TT080724-1-1 strain, respectively.

(9-3) Electrophoresis of Collagen

The purified collagen products were subjected to SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in according with the procedures described in Laemmli, U. K., Nature, 227, 680 (1970). Each electrophoresed gel was stained with a Page Blue 83 staining fluid (manufactured by Nacalai Tesque., Inc.) in FIG. 9, Lane 2 shows an electrophoretic profile of the purified collagen product from the TT080417-1-8 strain, and Lane 3 shows an electrophoretic profile of the purified collagen product from the TT080724-1-11 strain. As a result from electrophoresis (see in FIG. 9), in each lane, two distinct bands were observed, wherein on the gel, the higher molecular band was the one derived from Type I α1 and the lower molecular band was the one derived from Type I α2.

(9-4) Analysis of Amino Acid

A 0.1 M hydrochloric acid solution containing 1 mg of the recombinant human collagen isolated from TT070327-1-11 strain was added into a hydrolysis tube and dried under reduced pressure before the addition of 500 μl of 6M hydrochloric acid solution. Air in the hydrolysis tube was purged with nitrogen and then sealed under reduced pressure.

As a column, ion-exchange resin column (#2622) was used, and as eluents, commercially available products: L-8500 Buffer Solution PH-1 (021-09111, Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.), L-8500 Buffer Solution PH-2 (028-09121, Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.), L-8500 Buffer Solution PH-3 (025-09131, Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.), L-8500 Buffer Solution PH-4 (022-09141, Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) and L-8500 Column Regenerating Solution PH (PH-RG) (036-12531, Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) were used. For color development of the amino acid by ninhydrin coloring method, commercially available Ninhydrin Solution Set (201-06251, Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) was used. The amino acid standard mixture was prepared and used by adding trans-4-Hydroxy-L-PROLINE (H-6002, Sigma) and DL-plus allo-δ Hydroxylysine, HCl (3920, CALBIO. CHEM.) into commercially available AMINO ACID CALIBRATION MIXTURE (782-3140, Hitachi High-Tech Fielding Corporation) and then adjusting the amino acid level to be 100 nmol/mL, wherein each concentration of proline and hydroxyproline was 200 nmol/mL.

As shown in Table 2, it was found that in this example, a composition ratio of the hydroylated lysine to the total lysine residues was increased up to 50.1%.

TABLE 2

Amino acid composition of purified collagen

Purified product of
Purified product of
Wild type human

060713-1-3 strain*1
TT080417-1-8 strain*2
Type I collagen*3

Asp
42.6
42.0
43

Ser
34.4
34.2
33

Thr
17.1
17.0
17

Glu
69.1
68.6
71

Gly
332.4
332.1
335

Ala
116.8
116.0
111

Cys
ND
ND.
ND

Val
25.1
24.8
26

Met
6.4
6.5
6

Ile
10.1
10.0
9

Leu
23.5
23.7
23

Tyr
1.8
1.7
2

Phe
12.3
12.3
12

Hyl
0.0
17.6
10

Lys
34.2
17.5
23

His
4.9
4.9
6

Arg
49.8
49.3
50

Hyp
100.8
102.0
103

Pro
119.2
119.7
120

Total
1000
1000
1000

*1Recombinant human collagen Type I (without hydroxylation of lysine)

*2Recombinant human collagen Type I (with coexpression of lysyl hydroxylase 1)

*3Literature data: Miller E. J., Gay S., Methods in Enzymology 82, 3-32

(9-5) Measurement of Ability for Fibril Formation

The purified recombinant human collagen was dialyzed with 1 nM HCl and then diluted with the external solution derived from dialysis to be 0.24% of collagen concentration. Next, 6-fold concentrated D-PBS(−) (which was obtained by dissolving 8 g of sodium chloride, 1.15 g of disodium hydrogen phosphate, 0.2 g of potassium chloride and 0.2 g of potassium hydrogen phosphate in water to be made up to 1000 mL) was added thereto to adjust the collagen concentration to be final 0.20% and the D-PBS(−) concentration to be 1-fold. The ph after preparation was between 7.3 and 7.4. After the purified recombinant human collagen was added into a quartz glass cell surrounded by a jacket, the cell was deaerated under reduced pressure using an oil-sealed rotary pump and then placed on the cell stand in the spectrophotometer (U-2000, Hitachi). Absorbance at 400 nm of wave length was measured with time while allowing the circulating water at 37° C. to flow (sampling points: every 30 second).

As shown in FIG. 10, it was found that regarding both of the collagen prepared from TT080417-1-8 strain and collagen obtained from TT080724-1-11 strain, ability for fibril formation was enhanced.

Reference Example 1
Preparation of Prolyl 4-Hydroxylase α1 Subunit and Prolyl 4-Hydroxylase β Subunit Expression Yeast

(1-1) Transfection of Prolyl 4-Hydroxylase α1 Subunit Gene and Prolyl 4-Hydroxylase β Subunit Gene into Yeast

The Gene Transfer Plasmid pEXP-A-P4HBsig(−)A1rev was transfected into the Komagataella pastoris PPY12 strain so as to be chromosomally integrated through homologous recombination. The gene transfer procedures will be described below.

Into 100 ml of YPD liquid medium (which was prepared by dissolving 1 g of Yeast Extract and 2 g of Bacto Peptone into ion exchanged water to be made up to 90 ml; and autoclave sterilization of it; mixing the medium with 10 ml of 20% glucose which was subjected to filter sterilization separately), Komagataella pastoris PPY12 strain was inoculated to cultivate them at 30° C. until the turbidity (OD₆₀₀reached approximately 10. 80 ml of the culture solution was cooled in an ice bath, and then centrifuged at 3,000 g, 4° C. for 10 minutes to precipitate bacterial cells. After removing the supernatant, the bacterial cells were washed with equal, ½ and then ¼ parts of ice-chilled sterile distilled water in turn. After that, the bacterial cells were suspended in ¼ parts of ice-chilled 1M sorbitol and then centrifuged at 3,000 g, 4° C. for 10 minutes to collect them. The resulting bacterial cells were suspended in ice-chilled 1M sorbitol to adjust OD₆₀₀into approximately 150.

Ten (10) μg of pEXP-A-P4HBsig(−)A1rev were cut with the restriction enzyme AatII. The DNA was collected through ethanol precipitation and dissolved into 5 μl of 10 mM Tris-HCl to prepare DNA solution.

(1-2) Determination of Transfection of Prolyl 4-Hydroxylase α1 Subunit Gene

PCR was conducted using the chromosomal DNA of the transformed yeast as a template to determine the integration of prolyl 4-hydroxylase α1 subunit gene into the chromosome.

A small number of bacterial cells were taken from the colony formed on the MD agar medium, and suspended in 10 μl of sterile distilled water. Into the suspension, 5 μl of 2,000 u/μl Lyticase (purchased from Sigma) was added and incubated at 30° C. for 20 minutes. Then, it was incubated at −80° C. for 10 minutes and then at 98° C. for 5 minutes before centrifugation at 12,000 rpm, 4° C. for 10 minutes. The supernatant was collected to be used as a chromosomal DNA extract.

The double-stranded DNA fragment of prolyl 4-hydroxylase α1 subunit gene was amplified by PCR using the following oligonucleotides 27 and 28, as well as the chromosomal DNA extract as a template.

(a) Oligonucleotide 27:

(SEQ ID NO: 27)

TATTCGAAACGATGATCTGGTATATATTAATTATA

(b) Oligonucleotide 28:

(SEQ ID NO: 28)

TTGCTAGCTCATTCCAATTCTGACAACGTACAAGG

As a polymerase for the PCR, BlendTaq PCR polymerase, manufactured by Toyobo Co., Ltd., was used. The details of composition of the reaction solutions are given as follows:

PCR was conducted using PERKIN ELMER GeneAmp PCR System 9700. This reaction was conducted under the following conditions: heating the reaction solution at 94° C. for 2 minutes followed, by 40 cycles of denaturation at 94° C. for 15 seconds, annealing at 60° C. for 30 seconds and extension at 68° C. for 4 minutes.

The solution obtained from the PCR was subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis, and then a distinct single band was observed at about 1,600 bp on the gel. This obviously shows that prolyl 4-hydroxylase α1 subunit gene has been transfected into the chromosome.

(1-3) Determination of Transfection of Prolyl 4-Hydroxylase β Subunit Gene

PCR was conducted using the chromosomal DNA of the transformed yeast as a template to determine the integration of β subunit of prolyl 4-hydroxylase gene into the chromosome.

A small number of bacterial cells were taken from the colony formed on the MD agar medium, and suspended in 10 μl of sterile distilled water. Into the suspension, 5 μl of 2,000 u/μl Lyticase (purchased from Sigma) was added and incubated at 30° C. for 20 minutes. Then, the bacterial cells were incubated at −80° C. for 10 minutes and then at 98° C. for 5 minutes before centrifugation at 12,000 rpm, 4° C. for 10 minutes. A supernatant was collected to be used as a chromosomal DNA extract.

oligonucleotides 33 and 34 were synthesized. The oligonucleotide 33 is oligonucleotide located on the 5′ end of β subunit of prolyl 4-hydroxylase gene, and the oligonucleotide 34 is oligonucleotide located on the 3′ end of the gene, respectively.

The double-stranded DNA fragment of β subunit of prolyl 4-hydroxylase gene was amplified by PCR was conducted using the following oligonucleotides 33 and 34 as primers and the chromosomal DNA extract as a template.

(a) Oligonucleotide 33:

(SEQ ID NO: 33)

TTACTAGTGACGCCCCCGAGGAGGA

(b) Oligonucleotide 34:

(SEQ ID NO: 34)

TTACTAGTTTACAGTTCATCTTTCACAGCTTTCT

As a polymerase for the PCR, BlendTaq PCR polymerase, manufactured by Toyobo Co., Ltd., was used. The details of composition of the reaction solutions are given as follows:

PCR was conducted using PERKIN ELMER GeneAmp PCR System 9700. This reaction was conducted under the following conditions: heating the reaction solution at 94° C. for 2 minutes followed by 40 cycles of denaturation at 94° C. for 15 seconds, annealing at 60° C. for 30 seconds and extension at 68° C. for 4 minutes.

The solution obtained from the PCR was subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis, and then a distinct single band was observed at about 1,500 bp on the gel. This obviously shows that β subunit of prolyl 4-hydroxylase gene has been transfected into the chromosome.

In conclusion, as the result of determination of gene transfer in 1-2 and 1-3, 050518-3-1 strain into which a subunit of prolyl 4-hydroxylase gene and β subunit of prolyl 4-hydroxylase gene have been transfected was obtained.

Reference Example 2
Preparation of Prolyl 4-Hydroxylase α1 Subunit, Prolyl 4-Hydroxylase β Subunit and Human Collagen Type III Expression Yeast

(2-1) Transfection of Human Collagen Type III Gene into Yeast

In order to be chromosomally integrated through homologous recombination, the Gene Transfer Plasmid pEXP-HA-HsCOL3A1 was transfected into the yeast 050518-3-1 strain into which prolyl 4-hydroxylase α1 subunit gene and β subunit of prolyl 4-hydroxylase gene have been transfected. The gene transfer procedures will be described below.

Into 100 ml of YPD liquid medium, the yeast 050518-3-1 strain was inoculated to cultivate them at 30° C. so that OD₆₀₀could be approximately 10 of turbidity. 80 ml of the culture solution was cooled in an ice bath, and then centrifuged at 3,000 g, 4° C. for 10 minutes to precipitate bacterial cells. After removing the supernatant, the bacterial cells were washed with equal, ½ and then ¼ parts of ice-chilled sterile distilled water in turn. After that, the bacterial cells were suspended in ¼ parts of ice-chilled 1M sorbitol and then centrifuged at 3,000 g, 4° C. for 10 minutes to collect the bacterial cells. The resulting bacterial cells were suspended in ice-chilled 1M sorbitol to adjust OD₆₀₀into approximately 150.

Ten (10) μg of pEXP-HA-HsCOL3A1 were cut with the restriction enzyme XbaI. The DNA was collected through ethanol precipitation and dissolved into 5 μl of 10 mM Iris-HCl to give DNA solution.

Into a sterile test tube, 100 μl of the bacterial cell suspension was added to be mixed with 5 μl of the DNA solution. After a gene transfer device (ECM630, manufactured by RTX) was set to the specific yeast conditions (1,500 V/2 mm, 25 μF, 200Ω of parallel resistance), and the mixture was transferred into a cuvette with electrode, the cuvette was placed in the device to apply pulse voltage. After that, into the resulting mixture, 1 ml of 1M sorbitol was added and mixed. Two hundreds (200) μl of the resulting mixture was inoculated on a MD agar medium to cultivate it at 30° C. for 48 hours. A colony formed on the MD agar medium was isolated as a transformed yeast.

(2-2) Determination of Transfection of Human Collagen Type III Gene

PCR was conducted using the chromosomal DNA of the transformed yeast as a template to determine integration of the human collagen Type III gene into the chromosome.

A small number of bacterial cells were taken from the colony formed on the MD agar medium, and suspended in 10 μl of sterile distilled water. Into the suspension, 5 μl of 2,000 u/μl Lyticase (purchased from Sigma) was added and incubated, at 30° C. for 20 minutes. Then, the bacterial cells were incubated at −80° C. for 10 minutes and then at 98° C. for 5 minutes before centrifugation at 12,000 rpm, 4° C. for 10 minutes. A supernatant was collected to be used as a chromosomal DNA extract.

The double-stranded DNA fragment of human collagen Type III gene was amplified by PCR using the following oligonucleotides 50 and 51 as primers and the chromosomal DNA extract as a template.

(a) Oligonucleotide 50:

(SEQ ID NO: 50)

TATTCGAAACGATGATGAGCTTTGTGCAAAAGGGG

(b) Oligonucleotide 51:

(SEQ ID NO: 51)

TTACTAGTTTATAAAAAGCAAACAGGGCCAACGT

As a polymerase for the PCR, BlendTaq PCR polymerase, manufactured by Toyobo Co., Ltd., was used. The details of composition of the reaction solutions are given as follows:

PCR was conducted using PERKIN ELMER GeneAmp PCR System 9700. This reaction was conducted under the following conditions: heating the reaction solution at 94° C. for 2 minutes followed by 40 cycles of denaturation at 94° C. for 15 seconds, annealing at 60° C. for 30 seconds and extension at 68° C. for 5 minutes.

The solution obtained from the PCR was subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis, and then a distinct single band was observed at about 4,400 bp on the gel. This obviously shows that β subunit of prolyl 4-hydroxylase gene has been transfected into the chromosome.

For the yeast, the strain obtained by transfecting human collagen Type III gene into the 050518-3-1 strain will be referred to as TT061226-3-6 strain hereinafter.

Reference Example 3
Analysis of Collagen
(3-1) Cultivation of Yeast

To conduct preculture, the TT061226-3-6 strain was inoculated into 100 ml of BMGY medium and incubated it at 30° C. for 20 hours.

into 1 L of Basal salt medium prepared in 3 L jar fermentor (B. E. Marubisi Co., Ltd), the culture solution was inoculated so that OD₆₀₀could be approximately 1.25, and then agitated with aeration to conduct main culture.

The main culture was conducted at 30° C., with setting maximum air flow rate 1.0 vvm (1 L). After the culture was used all available glycerol in the medium, feeding of glycerol feed medium (50% glycerol, 1.2% PMT1 solution) was started. The glycerol fed-batch culture was stopped when OD₆₆₀of the culture solution achieved approximately 140. Then, feeding of methanol feed culture (99.8% (w/v) methanol, 1.2% PMT1) was started to conduct the methanol fed-batch culture. For the methanol fed-batch culture, culture temperature was changed to 32° C. and dissolved oxygen concentration was controlled to approximately 8 ppm. During the cultivation, pH of the culture solution was maintained to be approximately 5.0 using 28% ammonia water and 4M phosphoric acid. After approximately 140 hours in culture, approximately 2 L of the culture solution were obtained. The composition of the reaction solutions used herein is given as follows:

(a) (Composition of Basal salt medium)

(b) 85% H₃PO₄
26.7
mL/L

(c) CaSO₄—2H₂O
0.93
g/L

(d) K₂SO₄
18.2
g/L

(e) MgSO₄—7H₂O
14.9
g/L

(f) KOH
4.13
g/L

(g) Glycerol
40
g/L

(3-2) Crude Purification of Collagen

The bacterial cells obtained from the cultivation were subjected to disruption, and then, collagen was purified from the resulting solution. The disruption of the bacterial cells was conducted using DYNO-MILL Type KDL-A (Willy A. Bachofen AG). The culture solution was centrifuged at 5,000 rpm, 4° C. for 10 minutes to collect the bacterial cells. The obtained bacterial cells were suspended in potassium phosphate buffer (50 mM, pH 6.0) and then centrifuged to collect the bacterial cells. These procedures were repeated once more to remove the medium components, and then, 600 g of the wet bacterial cells were suspended in 1500 ml potassium phosphate buffer (50 mM, pH6.0). Using a feed pump, the suspension was applied into the DYNO-MILL which was set to the conditions for yeast disruption. Completion of disruption was determined by examining the configuration of the bacterial cells under a microscope.

The solution of the disrupted bacterial cells was 2-fold diluted with potassium phosphate buffer (50 mM, pH 6.0). Conc. hydrochloric acid was used to adjust pH to approximately 2.0. Pepsin (purchased from Sigma) was added so that the final concentration could be 5 mg/ml. After incubation at 4° C. for approximately 96 hours, the disrupted bacterial cells were centrifuged at 9,000 rpm, 4° C. for 30 minutes to collect a supernatant. Into the resulting supernatant, 10 N NaOH was added to adjust pH to approximately 10. The supernatant was incubated at 4° C. with stirring. Approximately 16 hours later, the supernatant was centrifuged at 9,000 rpm, 4° C. for 30 minutes to collect a supernatant.

Into the resulting supernatant, acetic acid was added so that the final concentration was 0.5 M. Conc. hydrochloric acid was used to adjust pH to 3.0. The supernatant was then centrifuged at 9,000 rpm, 4° C. for 30 minutes to collect a supernatant. Into the resulting supernatant, NaCl was added so that the final concentration was 1 M and then incubated at 4° C. with stirring. Approximately 16 hours later, the supernatant was centrifuged at 9,000 rpm, 4° C. for 30 minutes to collect a precipitate. The precipitate was dissolved in 0.1 N HCl.

Into the dissolved solution, 1M potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) was added so that the final concentration was 0.05 M, and then, 10 N NaOH was used to adjust pH to approximately 7.4. After NaCl was added so that the final concentration was 2 M, the dissolved solution was incubated at 4° C. with stirring. Approximately 16 hours later, the dissolved solution was centrifuged at 9,000 rpm, 4° C. for 30 minutes to collect a precipitate. The resulting precipitate was dissolved in 0.1 N HCl and then centrifuged at 9,000 rpm, 4° C. for 30 minutes to collect a supernatant.

Into the resulting supernatant, acetic acid was added so that the final concentration was 0.5 M. Conc. hydrochloric acid was used to adjust pH to approximately 3.0. Into the supernatant, NaCl was dissolved so that the final concentration was 1 M and then incubated at 4° C. with stirring. Approximately 16 hours later, the supernatant was centrifuged at 9,000 rpm, 4° C. for 30 minutes to collect a precipitate. The resulting precipitate was dissolved in 0.1 N HCl. The dissolved solution was centrifuged at 40,000 rpm, 4° C. for 60 minutes to collect a supernatant.

The resulting supernatant was added into a dialysis tube (Spectra/Por, SPECTUM), dialyzed three times with 1 mM HCl solution, the volume of which was ten-fold larger than the volume of the supernatant, and then filtered with 0.22 μm filter (Millex GP, manufactured by Millipore Corp.) to give crude collagen product.

(3-3) Purification of Collagen

Into the crude collagen product, 1M potassium phosphate buffer (pH7.4) was added so that the final concentration was 0.05 M, and then, the crude collagen product was adjusted to pH of approximately 7.4 bp using 10 N NaOH. After NaCl was added so that the final concentration was 2 M, the crude collagen product was incubated at 4° C. with stirring. Approximately 16 hours later, the crude collagen product was centrifuged at 9,000 rpm, 4° C. for 30 minutes to collect a precipitate. The resulting precipitate was dissolved in 5-fold volume of 0.1 N HCl of the volume of the resulting precipitate and then centrifuged at 9,000 rpm, 4° C. for 30 minutes to collect a precipitate.

Into the resulting supernatant, acetic acid was added so that the final concentration was 0.5 M. Conc. hydrochloric acid was used to adjust pH to approximately 3.0. After NaCl was added so that the final concentration was 1 M, the supernatant was incubated at 4° C. with stirring. Approximately 16 hours later, the supernatant was centrifuged at 9,000 rpm, 4° C. for 30 minutes to collect a precipitate. The resulting precipitate was dissolved in 0.1 N HCl. The dissolved solution was centrifuged at 40,000 rpm, 4° C. for 60 minutes to collect a supernatant.

The resulting supernatant was added into a dialysis tube (Spectra/Por, SPECTUM), dialyzed three times with 1 mM HCl solution, the volume of which is ten-fold larger than the volume of the supernatant, and then filtered with 0.22 μm filter (Millex GP, manufactured by Millipore Corp.) to give purified collagen product.

Reference Example 4
Preparation of Prolyl 4-Hydroxylase α1 Subunit, Prolyl 4-Hydroxylase β Subunit and Human Collagen Type I α1 and Human Collagen Type I α2 Expression Yeast

(4-1) Transfection of Human Collagen Type I α1 Gene and Human Collagen Type I α2 into Yeast

In order to be chromosomally integrated through homologous recombination, the Gene Transfer Plasmid pEXP-HA-HsCOL1A2-1A1 was transfected into the yeast 050518-3-1 strain into which prolyl 4-hydroxylase α1 subunit gene and β subunit of prolyl 4-hydroxylase gene have been transfected. The gene transfer procedures will be described below.

Into 100 ml of YPD liquid medium, the yeast 050518-3-1 strain was inoculated to cultivate it at 30° C. until the turbidity (OD₆₀₀) reached approximately 10. 80 ml of the culture solution was cooled in an ice bath and then centrifuged at 3,000 g, 4° C. for 10 minutes to precipitate bacterial cells. After removing the supernatant, the bacterial cells were washed with equal, ½ and then ¼ parts of ice-chilled sterile distilled water in turn. After that, the bacterial cells were suspended in ¼ parts of ice-chilled 1M sorbitol and then centrifuged at 3,000 g, 4° C. for 10 minutes to collect the bacterial cells. The obtained bacterial cells were suspended in ice-chilled 1M sorbitol so that OD₆₀₀was approximately 150.

Ten (10) μg of pEXP-HA-HsCOL1A2-1A1 were cut with the restriction enzyme XbaI. The DNA was collected through ethanol precipitation and dissolved into 5 μl of 10 mM Iris-HCl to give DNA solution.

Into a sterile test tube, 100 μl of the bacterial cell suspension was added to be mixed with 5 μl of the DNA solution. After a gene transfer device (ECM630, manufactured by BTX) was set to the specific yeast conditions (1,500 V/2 mm, 25 μF, 200Ω of parallel resistance), and the mixture was transferred into a cuvette with electrode, the cuvette was placed in the device to apply pulse voltage. After that, into the resulting mixture, 1 ml of 1M sorbitol was added and mixed. Two hundreds (200) μl of the resulting mixture was inoculated on a MD agar medium to cultivate it at 30° C. for 48 hours. A colony formed on the MD agar medium was isolated as a transformed yeast.

(4-2) Determination of Transfection of Human Collagen Type α1 Gene

PCR was conducted using the chromosomal DNA of the transformed yeast as a template to determine integration of the human collagen Type I α1 gene into the chromosome.

A small number of bacterial cells were taken from the colony formed on the MD agar medium, and suspended in 10 μl of sterile distilled water. Into the suspension, 5 μl of 2,000 u/μl Lyticase (purchased from Sigma) was added and incubated at 30° C. for 20 minutes. Then, the bacterial cells were incubated at −80° C. for 10 minutes and then at 98° C. for 5 minutes before centrifugation at 12,000 rpm, 4° C. for 10 minutes. A supernatant was collected to be used as a chromosomal DNA extract.

The double-stranded DNA fragment of human collagen Type I α1 gene was amplified by PCP using the following oligonucleotides 56 and 57 as primers and the chromosomal DNA extract as a template.

(a) Oligonucleotide 56:

(SEQ ID NO: 76)

TATTCGAAACGATGTTCAGCTTTGTGGACCTCCG

(b) Oligonucleotide 57:

(SEQ ID NO: 77)

TTACTAGTTTACAGGAAGCAGACAGGGCCAA

As a polymerase for the PCR, BlendTaq PCR polymerase, manufactured by Toyobo Co., Ltd., was used. The details of composition of the reaction solutions are given as follows:

PCR was conducted using PERKIN ELMER GeneAmp PCR System 9700. This reaction was conducted under the following conditions: heating the reaction solution at 94° C. for 2 minutes followed by 40 cycles of denaturation at 94° C. for 15 seconds, annealing and extension at 68° C. for 5 minutes.

The solution obtained from the PCR was subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis, and then a distinct single band was observed at about 4,400 bp on the gel. This obviously shows that human collagen Type I α1 gene has been transfected into the chromosome.

(4-3) Determination of Transfection of Human Collagen Type I α2 Gene

PCR was conducted using the chromosomal. DNA of the transformed yeast as a template to determine integration of the human collagen Type I α2 gene into the chromosome.

A small number of bacterial cells were taken from the colony formed on the MD agar medium, and suspended in 10 μl of sterile distilled water. Into the suspension, 5 μl of 2,000 u/μl Lyticase (purchased from Sigma) was added and incubated at 30° C. for 20 minutes. Then, the bacterial cells was incubated at −80° C. for 10 minutes and then at 98° C. for 5 minutes before centrifugation at 12,000 rpm, 4° C. for 10 minutes. A supernatant was collected to be used as a chromosomal DNA extract.

The double-stranded DNA fragment of human collagen Type I α2 gene was amplified by PCR using the following oligonucleotides 58 and 59 as primers and the chromosomal DNA extract as a template.

(a) Oligonucleotide 58:

(SEQ ID NO: 78)

TATTCGAAACGATGCTCAGCTTTGTGGATACGCG

(b) Oligonucleotide 59:

(SEQ ID NO: 79)

TTACTAGTTTATTTGAAACAGACTGGGCCAATGTC

As a polymerase for the PCR, BlendTaq PCR polymerase, manufactured by Toyobo Co., Ltd., was used. The details of composition of the reaction solutions are given as follows:

PCR was conducted using PERKIN ELMER GeneAmp PCR System 9700. This reaction was conducted under the following conditions: heating the reaction solution at 94° C. for 2 minutes followed by 40 cycles of denaturation, at 94° C. for 15 seconds, annealing at 60° C. for 30 seconds and extension at 68° C. for 5 minutes.

The solution obtained from the PCR was subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis, and therefore, a distinct single band was observed at about 4,100 bp on the gel. This obviously shows that human collagen Type I α2 gene has been transfected into the chromosome.

For the yeast, the strains obtained by transfecting both human collagen Type I α1 gene and human collagen Type I α2 gene into the 050518-3-1 strain will be referred to as 060713-1-3 strain hereinafter.

Example 5
Analysis of Collagen
(5-1) Cultivation, of Yeast

To conduct preculture, the 060713-1-3 strain was inoculated into 100 ml of BMGY medium, and incubated it at 30° C. for 20 hours.

In 3 L jar fermenter (B. E. Marubisi), 0.8 L of Basal salt medium was prepared. The culture solution was inoculated into the medium so that final concentration OD₆₆₀was equal to approximately 1.25, and then agitated with aeration to conduct main culture.

The main culture was conducted with setting the culture temperature at 30° C., maximum air flow rate at 0.8 vvm (0.8 L) and agitation rate to 800 rpm. After all available glycerol in the medium was consumed and oxygen consumption was decreased, feeding of glycerol feed medium (50% glycerol, 1.2% PMT1 solution) was started at a flow rate of approximately 15 g/hour. The glycerol fed-batch culture was stopped when OD₆₆₀of the culture solution achieved approximately 130. Then, feeding of methanol feed culture medium (98.6% (w/v) methanol, 1.2% PMT1 solution) was started to conduct the methanol fed-batch culture. After the start of the methanol fed-batch culture, its culture temperature was changed to 32° C. and its dissolved oxygen concentration was controlled to be approximately 8 ppm. During the cultivation, ph of the culture solution was maintained to be approximately 5.0 using 28% ammonia water. After approximately 136 hours in culture, 1415 g of the culture solution of 060713-1-3 strain were obtained. The composition of the reaction solutions used herein is given as follows:

(a) (Composition of Basal salt medium)

(b) 85% H₃PO₄
26.7
mL/L

(c) CaSO₄—2H₂O
0.93
g/L

(d) K₂SO₄
18.2
g/L

(e) MgSO₄—7H₂O
14.9
g/L

(f) KOH
4.13
g/L

(g) Glycerol
40
g/L

After mixing the above components, the mixture was subjected to autoclave sterilization. After adjusted to ph 5.0 with 28% ammonia water, 2 ml/L of Mil solution and 1 ml/L of a solution of defoaming agent in methanol (12.5% Adekanol LG295S) were further added.

The culture solution was centrifuged at 5,000 rpm, 4° C. for 10 minutes to collect the bacterial cells. To remove the medium components, the bacterial cells were suspended in potassium phosphate buffer (50 mM, pH6.0), and then centrifuged to collect the bacterial cells. These procedures were repeated total twice to give the bacterial cells. 588 Grams of the bacterial cells of 060713-1-3 strain were obtained.

(5-2) Extraction and Purification of Collagen

Collagen was extracted and purified by disrupting 588 g of the bacterial cells of 060713-1-3 strain (see in Reference Example (5-1)). The disruption of the bacterial cells was conducted using DYNO-MILL Type KDL-A (Willy A. Bachofen AG).

The bacterial cells were suspended at a concentration of 40% (W/W) in potassium phosphate buffer (50 mM, pH 6.0) to prepare the suspension. Using a feed pump, the suspension was applied at a flow rate of 4,000 g/hour into the DYNO-MILL which was set to the conditions for yeast disruption.

Potassium phosphate buffer (50 mM, pH 6.0) was added to reduce the concentration of the disrupted solution of the bacterial cells to half of the concentration. Conc. hydrochloric acid was used to adjust pH to strong acidity (i.e., pH 1.5 or less) at 0.2N of the final concentration. After pepsin (P7000, SIGMA) was added so that the final concentration was 5 mg/ml, the disrupted solution of the bacterial cells was incubated at 4° C. with stirring. Approximately 96 hours later, the disrupted solution of the bacterial cells was centrifuged at 9,000 rpm, 4° C. for 30 minutes to remove the insoluble fraction so as to provide supernatant. Into the resulting supernatant, 8 N NaOH was added to adjust pH to approximately 10, and then incubated at 4° C. with stirring. Approximately 16 hours later, the supernatant was centrifuged at 9,000 rpm, 4° C. for 30 minutes to remove the insoluble traction so as to provide supernatant.

Into the resulting supernatant, acetic acid was added so that the final concentration was 0.5 M, and conc. hydrochloric acid was used to adjust pH to 3.0, and then, the supernatant was incubated at 4° C. with stirring. Approximately 16 hours late-, the supernatant was centrifuged at 9,000 rpm, 4° C. for 30 minutes to remove the insoluble fraction so as to provide supernatant. Into the resulting supernatant, NaCl was added so that the final concentration was 1 M, followed by incubation at 4° C. with stirring. Approximately 16 hours later, the supernatant was centrifuged at 9,000 rpm, 4° C. for 30 minutes to collect the insoluble fraction. After 0.1 N HCl was added into the insoluble fraction, it was incubated at 4° C. with stirring to prepare a dissolved solution. Approximately 16 hours later, the dissolved solution was centrifuged at 9,000 rpm, 4° C. for 30 minutes to remove the insoluble fraction so as to provide supernatant.

Into the resulting supernatant, 1M potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) was added so that the final concentration was 0.05 M, and then, 8 N NaCH was used to adjust pH to approximately 7.4. After NaCl was dissolved therein at the final concentration of 4 M, the supernatant was incubated at 4° C. with stirring. Approximately 16 hours later, the supernatant was centrifuged at 9,000 rpm, 4° C. for 30 minutes to collect an insoluble fraction. 0.1 N HCl was added to the insoluble fraction so that the weight was 2.8-fold higher compared to the weight of the insoluble fraction, and then incubated at 4° C. with stirring. Approximately 16 hours later, the insoluble fraction was centrifuged at 9,000 rpm, 4° C. for 30 minutes to collect the insoluble fraction. Into the insoluble fraction, 0.1 N HCl was added and incubated at 4° C. with stirring to prepare a dissolved solution. Approximately 16 hours later, the dissolved solution was centrifuged at 9,000 rpm, 4° C. for 30 minutes to remove the insoluble fraction so as to provide a supernatant.

Into the resulting supernatant, acetic acid was added so that the final concentration was 0.5 M, and conc. hydrochloric acid was used to adjust pH to approximately 3.0. Into the supernatant, NaCl was dissolved at the final concentration of 2 M and then incubated at 4° C. with stirring. Approximately 16 hours later, the supernatant was centrifuged at 9,000 rpm, 4° C. for 30 minutes to collect the insoluble fraction. After 0.1 N HCl was added into the insoluble fraction, the supernatant was incubated at 4° C. with stirring to prepare a dissolved solution. Approximately 16 hours later, the dissolved solution was centrifuged at 9,000 rpm, 4° C. for 30 minutes to remove the insoluble fraction so as to provide a supernatant.

The resulting supernatant was added into a dialysis tube (Spectra/Por 132665, SPECTUM LABORATORIES), dialyzed three times with 1 mM HCl solution, the volume of which was ten-fold larger than the volume of the supernatant, and then filtered with 0.22 μm filter (Millex GP, manufactured by Millipore Corp.). 35.6 Grams of the purified collagen solutions were obtained from 060713-1-3 strain.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

According to the present invention, it becomes possible to provide collagen which is usable as a high performance versatile material that is more commercially valuable for pharmaceuticals, industrial products, cosmetics and foods. Specifically, for example, it becomes possible to provide collagen having a stabilized triple-helical structure and an increased ability for fibril formation, and a process for producing the collagen.

TRANSFORMANT WHICH PRODUCES COLLAGEN WHEREIN BOTH LYSINE RESIDUE AND PROLINE RESIDUE ARE HYDROXYLATED

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