This application is a non-provisional application of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/584,526 filed Nov. 10, 2017 which is herewith incorporated by reference in it's entirety for all purposes.
The present disclosure relates to large scale light emitting diodes (LED) lighting networks and in particular to power quality issues associated with the LED lighting networks.
It is well-known that the main advantages of using light emitting diode (LED) lamps are long lifetime and low energy consumption when compared to conventional lighting technologies, such as incandescent lamps and florescent lamps. Therefore, many governments are encouraging residential users and electricity providers to replace conventional lighting sources with LED lamps to endorse energy savings. Since most of LED lamps are for residential applications, rated power per lamp is usually from 5 to 30 W, Power Factor Correction (PFC) requirement is not applied to those products, such as EN61000-3-2. Thus, some low cost LED lamps generate harmonic currents to the grid that affects the power system network when lamps are used in a large scale lighting system such as a street lighting network and a parking building lighting network. Researchers have analyzed the harmonics emission of large penetration of LED lamps, in which it was found that the nonlinear characteristics of the LEDs result in a low Power Factor (PF), around 0.5, with total harmonic distortion (THD) between 80-150%. In addition, LED lamps are sensitive to power system disturbances like a voltage sag. Even though a voltage sag lasts for few milliseconds, it may cause the lamp to flicker or even get damaged in some cases. Especially lighting networks which are located near large industrial facilities, such as for example an electric arc furnace, voltage flickers make light intensity changing accordingly. Several studies were conducted on improving the LED performance focusing on enhancing the design of the internal ballast circuit, however those techniques add more complexity and cost to the system, while focusing on power factor correction only. Another simple method is to connect capacitors in front of the ballast. The drawback of this method is, if the load impedance has changed, the degree of power factor correction cannot respond since the capacitors are passive components.
Accordingly, systems and methods that enable improved power quality provided to largescale LED lighting networks remains highly desirable.
Further features and advantages of the present disclosure will become apparent from the following detailed description, taken in combination with the appended drawings, in which:
It will be noted that throughout the appended drawings, like features are identified by like reference numerals.
In accordance with an aspect of the present disclosure there is provided a transformerless unified power quality conditioner comprising: an active power filter (APF) coupled to an alternating current grid source, the APF injecting harmonic currents and reactive current to provide unity power factor of a received grid current provided to a light emitting diode (LED) load; and a dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) coupled to the APF, the DVR compensating for voltage flickering of the light emitting diode (LED) load from a grid voltage.
Embodiments are described below, by way of example only, with reference to
A comprehensive Power Quality (PQ) solution to improve grid current harmonics and light intensity flickers in large scale LED lighting networks is provided. Low cost and low power LED lamps exhibit current harmonic contents due to their nonlinear characteristics. A large scale lighting network requires tens to hundreds LED lamp installations, the resultant harmonic currents pollute the grid seriously. Furthermore, light intensity fluctuations are becoming a concern nowadays to many users, as a safety and a health problems. This phenomenon is mainly caused by heavy loads as they lead to voltage fluctuations and deteriorating in PQ and hence visual flickering in LED lamps. As shown in
As shown in
An LED is typically driven by a power electronic converter which includes a diode bridge and a buck-boost converter. A typical block diagram of LED is shown in
Flickering can be defined as a visual rapid change in the intensity of the lamp's light. This phenomenon has a negative impact on human health as it causes distraction, headaches or even epileptic seizures. Flickering is typically caused by voltage fluctuations in an electrical power network. Major disturbing load that cause voltage flickering at the point of common coupling, such as for example an electric arc furnace (EAF) used in steel manufacturing industry. EAF produces random voltage variations over a wide frequency range, where a human eye is sensitive to light variations in a low frequency range, of 5-10 Hz, this causes a visible and annoying flickering phenomenon. As shown in graph 302 of
The shunt APF injects current harmonics and reactive power to compensate the distorted current of the load. Thus, there are two control objectives, 1) the input current and 2) the DC (direct current) link voltage, in the control system. And it requires two control loops to perform the functions. The DC link voltage controller 460 is to determine the fundamental component of the load current, and the input current controller is to force the actual input current to be the same as the determined fundamental current. If there is a voltage dip or variation, the series DVR 420 is responsible to inject a voltage in series with the supply voltage to compensate the difference between the nominal voltage and the required voltage to be applied. The DVR 420 can be seen as a controllable voltage source that is placed between the input supply voltage and the load. To control the DVR 420 behavior a reference voltage is given to it. This reference signal can take any value to control the voltage applied to the load therefore this topology can also be used to perform as a dimmer for the LED lamp lighting network.
As mentioned in the previous section, there are two controllers in the shunt APF 410, which is shown in
In small signal model, harmonic components in the load current are neglected as the dynamic of the system is slower than that of harmonics. The fundamental components are considered in the analysis. In order to analyze the dynamic behaviors of the system, small signal models are determined. The control block diagram is given in
The transfer function of the inverter TINV(S) 630, the inner loop TIN(S) 620, and the overall power stage T1(s) 640 are given in equations (1), (2) and (3) respectively:
where KTi: is the sensor gain of the grid current.
A PI control is used to control the power stage, which has the following transfer function,
where KT: 650 is the sensor gain of the load voltage.
For the series DVR the controller methodology is based on boundary control with second order switching surface in which the switching trajectory is used to predict the moves of voltages and currents of passive components, and then gives switching decisions (gate signals) to the inverter at the right moment. This prediction ensures a very fast dynamic response to any external disturbance. The load reference voltage νo* is generated by the phase locked loop (PLL) from which the DVR reference voltage νA* can be generated as follows:
νA*(t)=νo*(t)−νG(t) (5)
where νG(t) is the grid voltage.
The amplitude of νo*(t) is regulated at a desired RMS (root mean square) value with the same frequency of the grid voltage. The gate signals to the switches are determined by the following criteria:
Criteria of Switching S3 Off and S4 on
As illustrated in
The series capacitor voltage is given by
Where σA(0) is the initial capacitor voltage, the integration of capacitor current from t1 to t2 is given by the triangular area surrounding by capacitor current waveform and t1 and t2 time axis and can be written as follows
At time instant t2 and by combining the above equations, the peak capacitor voltage can be obtained as such
In order to ensure that νA will not go beyond νA,max, the following two conditions must be fulfilled
Criteria of Switching S3 on and S4 Off
Similarly, by observing the time integral from t3 to t4, the capacitor voltage will reach the minimum value at t4, while the voltage across the inductor is given by
In order to ensure that νA will not go beyond νo,min, the following two conditions can be derived as following the group of equations (6) to (12).
A 500 VA/120 V UPQC converter prototype with DSP controller was implemented to experimentally verify the proposed converter. Two types of loads were used. A linear load which consists of a resistor and an inductor to represent reactive power delivery of the APF in graph 900 of
The APF turns unity power factor and filters out the harmonics generated by loads as well as compensates all voltage fluctuations in the supply voltage to prevent LED flickering. Reactive power control has been used to balance the input and output powers of the APF with using capacitor bank voltage.
Each element in the embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented as hardware, software/program, or any combination thereof. Software codes, either in its entirety or a part thereof, may be stored in a computer readable medium or memory (e.g., as a ROM, for example a non-volatile memory such as flash memory, CD ROM, DVD ROM, Blu-Ray™, a semiconductor ROM, USB, or a magnetic recording medium, for example a hard disk). The program may be in the form of source code, object code, a code intermediate source and object code such as partially compiled form, or in any other form.
It would be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art that the system and components shown in
Number | Name | Date | Kind |
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6249108 | Smedley | Jun 2001 | B1 |
7411359 | Chung et al. | Aug 2008 | B2 |
20130119882 | Mao | May 2013 | A1 |
Number | Date | Country |
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103560520 | Feb 2014 | CN |
2418786 | Nov 2006 | GB |
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Number | Date | Country | |
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20190182917 A1 | Jun 2019 | US |
Number | Date | Country | |
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62584526 | Nov 2017 | US |