Patent Application
20230365434
The present invention belongs to the field of adsorptive separation technology, and in particular relates to a transition metal-doped carbon microsphere, a preparation method therefor and an application thereof.
At present, the problems of water pollution have become increasingly prominent, among which the wastewater containing Cr(VI) and other heavy metal ions in metal processing and other industries has attracted attention due to its strong toxicity, easy infiltration into the soil to enter the food chain, and so on. There are many methods for treating heavy metal ion wastewater, among which the adsorption method has advantages such as simple operation, low cost, and strong practicability. However, a general adsorbent is difficult to achieve the advanced removal of heavy metal ions from wastewater. Therefore, the adsorbent with high adsorption capacity and trace removal effect has become a hot spot in the research.
An activated carbon material is a commonly used adsorbent, but it cannot completely remove trace Cr(VI). The adsorption properties of activated carbon can be greatly enhanced via its doping. At present, the reported doping schemes mainly focus on the doping with non-metallic elements such as nitrogen and phosphorus, while the reports on metal-doped carbon materials are less.
Transition metals have many characteristics because of their unique outer electronic structure. Some transition metals, which are widely distributed in the nature, non-toxic and cheap, are widely used to prepare composite carbon materials for supercapacitor electrodes, lithium-ion battery carriers, redox reaction catalysts, wave-absorbing materials, etc., and also for the adsorption and degradation of pollutants in water. Uniform doping with transition metals can not only reflect the unique electric conduction, mass transfer, stability and other excellent physicochemical properties of carbon materials, but also realize the application of carbon materials in catalysis, adsorption, electrochemistry and other fields by adjusting the doping amounts of metal elements, making the carbon materials have broad application prospect. In particular, the transition metals and carbon materials form spherical composite materials, which will greatly increase the mechanical stability of the composite materials.
The present invention focuses on doping carbon spheres with transition metals such as manganese (Mn), vanadium (V), molybdenum (Mo), and tungsten (W). Taking Mn as an example, it can be compounded with carbon spheres in various ways, either through a hydrothermal reaction of a carbon source with a manganese salt, or through deposition of a manganese salt on the surface of the existing carbon material by the pore volume immersion method and then roasting.
In the reports on the hydrothermal preparation of manganese carbon (Mn—C) composite materials, the manganese salt is used as the main raw material, with the obtained product being a material mainly composed of manganese oxides, while the carbon source is generally used in the form of carbon spheres as a template for the growth of manganese oxides, thereby obtaining core-shell C—Mn composite materials. For example, Yu Jiaguo et al. (Chinese invention CN110335758A) added hollow carbon spheres to an aqueous solution of potassium permanganate (KMnO4) and cobalt salts to make cobalt manganate grow on the surface of carbon spheres, forming Mn—C composite microspheres that could be used as supercapacitors. The carbon particles, as the core, were coated outside with granular, flaky or rod-shaped manganese oxides. The manganese oxide particles of this composite material were loosely bound, and hollow manganese oxide microspheres could be obtained after removal of the carbon cores by roasting. However, the manganese oxide shell was weak in mechanical strength and easy to break after losing the support of carbon core, and such Mn—C composite materials could not reflect the unique chemical inertia, expansion stability, electric conductivity, variable textural property and other characteristics of carbon materials.
With the pore volume immersion method, a carbon precursor needs to be prepared in advance, then manganese ions are doped into the precursor through infiltration and adsorption, and then roast is carried out at high temperature, so as to convert the manganese ions into manganese oxides. For example, Jiang Zhi et al. (Chinese invention CN107876044A) made manganese ions of various valence states adsorbed in porous carbon spheres, and then conducted heat treatment, thereby obtaining the carbon spheres doped with manganese oxides. Yi Qingfeng et al. (CN108899217A) loaded Mn2+ on the inner wall of the hollow carbon spheres, and then oxidized the Mn2+ with KMnO4 into MnO2, thereby doping MnO2 in the carbon spheres; or the hollow carbon spheres were directly added to a KMnO4 solution, so that MnO4 loaded on the carbon spheres could be converted into the MnO2 dopant due to the reducibility of carbon at high temperature (Chinese invention CN109727783A). There are also some similar reports (J. Mater. Chem. A, 2014, 2, 2555-2562; ACS Appl. Mater. Inter., 2014, 6, 9689-9697; Electrochim. Acta, 2016, 191, 1018-1025). The manganese oxides in the Mn—C composite material prepared by the immersion method have a small crystal size, uniform dispersion, and a high utilization rate of manganese element. However, the manganese oxides may block the pores of activated carbon, resulting in a reduction in the specific surface area and pore volume of carbon composite materials; moreover, due to the limited adsorption amount of the carbon precursor for Mn, the doping amount of Mn in the prepared composite materials is very small, usually less than 0.1%, and it is difficult to get improved.
Jiang Xiang et al. (Chinese invention CN108682871A) prepared MnO2-doped carbon spheres by dropping a potassium permanganate solution into a boiling glucose solution. However, this method could not control the morphology of the obtained carbon materials, most of which were amorphous carbon slag with low mechanical strength.
There are also similar reports on doping with other transition metals, such as vanadium, molybdenum, and tungsten. For example, preformed patterned carbon spheres were loaded with molybdate, and then roasted in a nitrogen atmosphere, thereby obtaining molybdenum-doped carbon spheres (Chinese invention CN110787823A); polydopamine microspheres were coated with molybdenum disulfide, and then carbonized, thereby forming a molybdenum dopant coating (Chinese inventions CN106981647A and CN108231426A); tungsten salt, carbon black and activated carbon were roasted at high temperature in a hydrogen atmosphere to realize doping (Chinese invention CN110885114A). However, these methods are somewhat cumbersome.
In order to overcome the shortcomings and deficiencies of the prior art, the primary object of the present invention is to provide a one-step method to prepare transition metal-doped carbon microspheres (referred to as transition metal-doped carbon spheres for short), and to prepare, through activation, porous carbon spheres with good adsorption properties for the heavy metal pollutant Cr(VI).
The method of the present invention makes use of the hydrothermal carbonization of transition metal salts and sucrose with the aid of persulfate to prepare carbon spheres (CS) uniformly doped with transition metals in a short time, and then mixes the carbon spheres with potassium oxalate for high-temperature roasting, thereby obtaining porous activated carbon spheres (ACS) doped with transition metals.
A second object of the present invention is to provide a transition metal-doped carbon microsphere prepared by the above method.
A third object of the present invention is to provide an application of the above transition metal-doped carbon microspheres. The ACS prepared by the present invention has the transition metal atoms well dispersed therein and has rich micropores, such that it has good adsorption properties for Cr(VI) in wastewater.
The objects of the present invention are achieved through the following solution:
A method for preparing transition metal-doped carbon spheres is provided, comprising the following steps: mixing sucrose, transition metal salts and persulfate in water, then transferring the obtained mixed liquid into a hydrothermal kettle, and then carrying out a hydrothermal reaction at 180° C. for 4 h; cooling, washing, separating, and then drying the reaction products to obtain carbon microspheres; then mixing the carbon microspheres with potassium oxalate, and heating the mixture to a temperature of 600° C. to 800° C. to roast in a protective atmosphere for 1-3 h, thereby obtaining the carbon spheres doped with transition metals (i.e. the transition metal-doped carbon microspheres).
The transition metals in the present invention include manganese, vanadium, molybdenum and tungsten, which are uniformly distributed inside the carbon microspheres.
The transition metal salts include at least one of potassium permanganate, sodium orthovanadate, sodium molybdate dihydrate, and sodium tungstate dihydrate.
The persulfate is preferably ammonium persulfate.
The addition amount of sucrose is 4 parts by mass, the addition amount of transition metal salts is 1-4 parts by mass, and the addition amount of persulfate is 1-5 parts by mass.
The washing refers to repeated washing with water and ethanol.
The addition amount of carbon microspheres is 1 part by mass, and the addition amount of potassium oxalate is 1-4 parts by mass.
In the roasting, the temperature is raised to a range of 600° C. to 800° C. at a heating rate of 1° C./min to 5° C./min, preferably 3° C./min.
The roasting is preferably carried out at 700° C. for 2 h.
The roasting is carried out in a protective atmosphere of nitrogen or inert gas.
The prepared transition metal-doped carbon spheres have a uniform solid porous structure, and the transition metals are uniformly distributed inside the carbon spheres, such that the carbon spheres can be used to adsorb Cr(VI) in wastewater.
The transition metal-doped carbon spheres are used for adsorption of Cr(VI) in wastewater, with the maximum adsorption amount thereof being 160.4-660.7 mg/g; when the concentration of Cr(VI) ions in wastewater is less than 200 mg/L, the advanced removal of Cr(VI) can be achieved, so that the concentration of Cr(VI) in wastewater is lower than that provided by the national drinking water standard (GB 5749-2006).
In the method of the present invention, the hydrothermal method in step (1) can realize the one-step preparation of carbon spheres uniformly doped with transition metals, and the content of transition metals in the carbon spheres can reach a range of 0.9% to 10.6%. The method of the present invention is different from the multi-step method of the prior art, in which the matrix carbon material or precursor needs to be pre-prepared, then the doping of transition metals is realized through loading, and then carbonization is carried out. In the method of the present invention, the transition metals are uniformly distributed, and are high and adjustable in content; and the reaction takes only 4 h to complete, which greatly shortens the reaction time and reduces the energy consumption.
In the method of the present invention, the transition metal-doped hydrothermal carbon spheres are roasted with potassium oxalate, so as to get activated at high temperature using potassium oxalate, thereby obtaining activated carbon spheres ACS with enhanced porosity, which effectively keeps the morphology of the carbon spheres unchanged and keeps the transition metals uniformly distributed and not agglomerated; with the specific surface area and pore structure increasing significantly, the specific surface area reaches 1406 m2/g, which is obviously higher than that of the activated carbon spheres undoped with transition metals (784 m2/g).
In the method of the present invention, the activated transition metal-doped carbon spheres can be used for the treatment of Cr(VI)-containing wastewater, exhibiting good adsorption properties. In an aqueous solution with pH 1-2, the maximum adsorption amount of Mn-doped ACS for Cr(VI) could reach 660.7 mg/g; in a solution with the Cr(VI) concentration less than 200 mg/L, the adsorptive removal rate of Mn-doped ACS for Cr(VI) could reach 97.5% or more within 40 min, and the advanced removal of Cr(VI) could be achieved, enabling the solution to reach the national drinking water standard in terms of the Cr(VI) concentration; the removal rate for Cr element could reach 95.5%, and the dissolution rate of Mn in this process was so low that the dissolution of Mn could be ignored (the element content was detected by ICP).
Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following advantages and beneficial effects:
Compared with the prior art, the present invention proposes for the first time to carry out a hydrothermal reaction altogether with transition metal salts (KMnO4, Na3VO4, Na2MoO4·2H2O, and Na2WO4·2H2O), persulfate and sucrose to obtain transition metal-doped carbon spheres. During the hydrothermal reaction, transition metal salts are reduced by glucose to their corresponding metal ions or oxides, and meanwhile persulfate accelerates the formation of carbon spheres and made rich carboxyl groups formed on the surfaces thereof. Persulfate also provides an acidic environment during decomposition, so that the carbon spheres do not cross-link during growth. The carboxyl groups on the surfaces of carbon spheres capture metal ions or the oxides thereof, so that during the continuous growth of carbon spheres, metal atoms are wrapped inside the carbon spheres layer by layer to form a uniformly doped structure. In addition, the particles of metals (or their oxides) in the carbon spheres are separated by a carbon layer and difficult to fuse together. The distribution of the metal atoms in the doped carbon spheres is similar to that of single atoms.
In a protective atmosphere of nitrogen or inert gas, after the high-temperature activation with potassium oxalate, CO or CO2 formed by the combination of carbon and oxygen inside the carbon microspheres escapes from the carbon microspheres, forming rich micropores and significantly increasing the specific surface area of the carbon microspheres. Meanwhile, due to the isolation of the carbon layer, the metal particles will not form a large volume of aggregation, but will still be uniformly distributed inside the carbon spheres, making the carbon spheres exhibit excellent reduction and adsorption properties for Cr(VI). Taking Mn-doped activated carbon spheres as an example, their maximum adsorption amount could reach 660.7 mg/g, and the content of Mn element in the solution after adsorption was only 0.009 mg/L measured by ICP, indicating almost no dissolution. The adsorption capacities of V-doped, Mo-doped, and W-doped activated carbon spheres for Cr(VI) prepared by this method are all greatly improved.
The present invention will be further described below in detail with reference to examples and drawings, but the embodiments of the present invention are not limited thereto. Process parameters not specified can be determined with reference to conventional technology.
The materials involved in the following examples are commercially available. The dosage of each component is calculated in parts by mass and volume (g/mL).
This example relates to the preparation of Mn-doped carbon spheres (Mn-CS), the preparation of Mn-doped carbon materials (Mn—C) as a control sample, and the preparation of Mn-ACS through the non-destructive activation of Mn-CS with potassium oxalate.
The preparation of Mn-CS was as follows: Dissolving 4 parts by mass of sucrose, 1 part by mass of KMnO4, and 3 parts by mass of APS (ammonium persulfate) in 40 parts by volume of water, then transferring the obtained mixed liquid into a stainless-steel hydrothermal kettle lined with polytetrafluoroethylene and placing the kettle in a hot air oven, and then heating up to 180° C. and reacting at this temperature for 4 h; filtering the obtained reaction solution to obtain a filter cake, then washing the filter cake respectively with water and ethanol for three times, and finally drying the filter cake in a hot air oven at 80° C. for 8 h, thereby obtaining Mn-CS with a manganese content of 0.89 wt %.
The control sample Mn—C was prepared by the same method as above without the addition of APS. A control sample CS was prepared by the same method as above without the addition of KMnO4 and APS.
The preparation of Mn-ACS was as follows: Taking 1 part by mass of the Mn-CS sample, mixing it with 3 parts by mass of potassium oxalate uniformly, transferring the obtained mixture into a ceramic boat, placing the boat in a tubular furnace, introducing nitrogen to replace the air in the furnace, then adjusting the nitrogen flow to 30 mL/min, raising the temperature to 600° C. at a heating rate of 3° C./min to roast for 2 h, and then naturally cooling to room temperature; then washing the black powder obtained from the roasting with water until a neutral filter cake was obtained, and finally drying the filter cake in a hot air oven at 110° C. for 6 h, thereby obtaining the Mn-doped activated carbon spheres Mn-ACS. By the same method, CS was activated to prepare a control sample ACS. The SEM photos of Mn-ACS are shown in
100 mg of Mn-ACS and 100 mg of ACS were respectively added into two beakers respectively containing 100 mL of a Cr(VI) solution (800 mg/L, pH=1-2), and then the beakers were shaken in a rotary shaker at 25° C. at a rotational speed of 180 rpm for 5 h for an adsorption experiment. The adsorption amount of Mn-ACS for Cr(VI) was 272.8 mg/g, while the adsorption amount of undoped activated carbon spheres ACS for Cr(VI) was only 96.2 mg/g.
This example relates to the preparation of Mn-doped carbon spheres (Mn-CS), and the preparation of Mn-ACS through the non-destructive activation of Mn-CS with potassium oxalate.
The preparation of Mn-CS was as follows: Dissolving 4 parts by mass of sucrose, 4 part by mass of KMnO4, and 5 parts by mass of APS in 40 parts by volume of water, then transferring the obtained mixed liquid into a stainless-steel hydrothermal kettle lined with polytetrafluoroethylene and placing the kettle in a hot air oven, and then heating up to 180° C. and reacting at this temperature for 4 h; filtering the obtained reaction solution to obtain a filter cake, then washing the filter cake respectively with water and ethanol for three times, and finally drying the filter cake in a hot air oven at 80° C. for 8 h, thereby obtaining Mn-CS with a manganese content of 2.31 wt %.
The preparation of Mn-ACS was as follows: Taking 1 part by mass of the Mn-CS sample, mixing it with 3 parts by mass of potassium oxalate uniformly, transferring the obtained mixture into a ceramic boat, placing the boat in a tubular furnace, introducing nitrogen to replace the air in the furnace, then adjusting the nitrogen flow to 30 mL/min, raising the temperature to 800° C. at a heating rate of 3° C./min to roast for 2 h, and then naturally cooling to room temperature; then washing the black powder obtained from the roasting with water until a neutral filtrate was obtained, and finally drying the obtained filter cake in a hot air oven at 110° C. for 6 h, thereby obtaining the Mn-doped activated carbon spheres Mn-ACS.
The corresponding element distribution diagrams of Mn-CS and Mn-ACS are shown in
By the same method as in Example 1, the obtained Mn-ACS was tested for Cr(VI) adsorption, showing that the maximum adsorption amount of Mn-ACS for Cr(VI) was 660.7 mg/g. 100 mg of Mn-ACS was respectively added into six beakers respectively containing 100 mL of a Cr(VI) solution (respectively at a concentration of 0, 50, 100, 150, 250 and 300 mg/L, pH=2), and then the beakers were shaken in a rotary shaker at 25° C. at a rotational speed of 180 rpm for 5 h for an adsorption experiment. The measured adsorption amount and the concentration of residual Cr(VI) in the solution are shown in
This example relates to the preparation of V-doped carbon spheres (V-CS), the preparation of V-doped carbon materials (V-C) as a control sample, and the preparation of V-ACS through the non-destructive activation of V-CS with potassium oxalate.
The preparation of V-CS was as follows: Dissolving 4 parts by mass of sucrose, 1 part by mass of Na3VO4, and 3 parts by mass of APS in 40 parts by volume of water, then transferring the obtained mixed solution into a stainless-steel hydrothermal kettle lined with polytetrafluoroethylene and placing the kettle in a hot air oven, and then heating up to 180° C. and reacting at this temperature for 4 h; filtering the obtained reaction solution to obtain a filter cake, then washing the filter cake respectively with water and ethanol for three times, and finally drying the filter cake in a hot air oven at 80° C. for 8 h, thereby obtaining V-CS with a vanadium content of 2.59 wt %.
The control sample V-C was prepared by the same method as above without the addition of APS.
The preparation of V-ACS was as follows: Taking 1 part by mass of the V-CS sample, mixing it with 3 parts by mass of potassium oxalate uniformly, transferring the obtained mixture into a ceramic boat, placing the boat in a tubular furnace, introducing nitrogen to replace the air in the furnace, then adjusting the nitrogen flow to 30 mL/min, raising the temperature to 700° C. at a heating rate of 3° C./min to roast for 2 h, and then naturally cooling to room temperature; then washing the black powder obtained from the roasting with water until a neutral filter cake was obtained, and finally drying the filter cake in a hot air oven at 110° C. for 6 h, thereby obtaining the V-doped activated carbon spheres V-ACS.
100 mg of V-ACS was added into a beaker containing 100 mL of a Cr(VI) solution (500 mg/L, pH=1-2), and then the beaker was shaken in a rotary shaker at 25° C. at a rotational speed of 180 rpm for 5 h for an adsorption experiment. The adsorption amount of V-ACS for Cr(VI) was 193.4 mg/g.
This example relates to the preparation of Mo-doped carbon spheres (Mo-CS), the preparation of Mo-doped carbon materials (Mo-C) as a control sample, and the preparation of Mo-ACS through the non-destructive activation of Mo-CS with potassium oxalate.
The preparation of Mo-CS was as follows: Dissolving 4 parts by mass of sucrose, 1 part by mass of Na2MoO4·2H2O, and 3 parts by mass of APS in 40 parts by volume of water, then transferring the obtained mixed liquid into a stainless-steel hydrothermal kettle lined with polytetrafluoroethylene and placing the kettle in a hot air oven, and then heating up to 180° C. and reacting at this temperature for 4 h; filtering the obtained reaction solution to obtain a filter cake, then washing the filter cake respectively with water and ethanol for three times, and finally drying the filter cake in a hot air oven at 80° C. for 8 h, thereby obtaining Mo-CS with a molybdenum content of 10.62 wt %.
The control sample Mo-C was prepared by the same method as above without the addition of APS.
The preparation of Mo-ACS was as follows: Taking 1 part by mass of the Mo-CS sample, mixing it with 3 parts by mass of potassium oxalate uniformly, transferring the obtained mixture into a ceramic boat, placing the boat in a tubular furnace, introducing nitrogen to replace the air in the furnace, then adjusting the nitrogen flow to 30 mL/min, raising the temperature to 800° C. at a heating rate of 3° C./min to roast for 2 h, and then naturally cooling to room temperature; then washing the black powder obtained from the roasting with water until a neutral filtrate was obtained, and finally drying the obtained filter cake in a hot air oven at 110° C. for 6 h, thereby obtaining the Mo-doped activated carbon spheres Mo-ACS.
According to the method in Example 3, the adsorption amount of Mo-ACS for Cr(VI) was 191.7 mg/g.
This example relates to the preparation of W-doped carbon spheres (W-CS), the preparation of W-doped carbon materials (W-C) as a control sample, and the preparation of W-ACS through the non-destructive activation of W-CS with potassium oxalate.
The preparation of W-CS was as follows: Dissolving 4 parts by mass of sucrose, 1 part by mass of Na2WO4·2H2O, and 3 parts by mass of APS in 40 parts by volume of water, then transferring the obtained mixed liquid into a stainless-steel hydrothermal kettle lined with polytetrafluoroethylene and placing the kettle in a hot air oven, and then heating up to 180° C. and reacting at this temperature for 4 h; filtering the obtained reaction solution to obtain a filter cake, then washing the filter cake respectively with water and ethanol for three times, and finally drying the filter cake in a hot air oven at 80° C. for 8 h, thereby obtaining W-CS with a tungsten content of 3.31 wt %.
The control sample W-C was prepared by the same method as above without the addition of APS.
The preparation of W-ACS was as follows: Taking 1 part by mass of the W-CS sample, mixing it with 3 parts by mass of potassium oxalate uniformly, transferring the obtained mixture into a ceramic boat, placing the boat in a tubular furnace, introducing nitrogen to replace the air in the furnace, then adjusting the nitrogen flow to 30 mL/min, raising the temperature to 800° C. at a heating rate of 3° C./min to roast for 2 h, and then naturally cooling to room temperature; then washing the black powder obtained from the roasting with water until a neutral filtrate was obtained, and finally drying the obtained filter cake in a hot air oven at 110° C. for 6 h, thereby obtaining the W-doped activated carbon spheres W-ACS.
According to the method in Example 3, the adsorption amount of W-ACS for Cr(VI) was 160.4 mg/g.
In the above examples, the concentration of the heavy metal ion Cr(VI) was detected by the diphenylcarbazide spectrophotometry, and the UVmini-1240 UV-VIS spectrophotometer used was from Shimadzu, Japan; the content of transition metal dopants was determined by the inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry, and the Prodigy7 full-spectrum direct-reading plasma emission spectrometer used was from Leeman Labs Inc., USA; and the surface microstructure of samples was detected by JSM-IT300 scanning electron microscope produced by Japan Electronics Co., Ltd.
The above examples are preferred embodiments of the present invention, but the embodiments of the present invention are not limited thereto, and any other alterations, modifications, replacements, combinations and simplifications made without departing from the spirit and principle of the present invention shall all be equivalent substitutions and included in the scope of protection of the present invention.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 202011214465.9 | Nov 2020 | CN | national |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | PCT/CN2021/114696 | Aug 2021 | US |
| Child | 18141687 | US |
