Patent Application
20080283522
The present invention relates generally to polycrystalline alumina ceramics. It finds particular application in connection with a ceramic composition which includes magnesia, hafnia, yttria, and which is suited to formation of a discharge vessel for a high pressure sodium lamp and will be described with particular reference thereto.
Discharge tubes for high intensity discharge (HID) lamps, and in particular, high pressure sodium (HPS) lamps have been fabricated from a variety of translucent alumina materials, including polycrystalline alumina and single crystalline alumina (sapphire). The discharge tube includes a fill of light-emitting elements, such as sodium and mercury, and a starting gas, such as argon. When the lamp is energized, an arc discharge forms with a characteristic emission spectrum which is related to the particular composition of the fill.
The life of such sodium lamps is frequently limited by the loss of the sodium portion of the fill during lamp operation by diffusion of sodium ions through the wall of the discharge tube. The lost sodium is then unavailable to the arc discharge and can no longer contribute its characteristic emissions, causing the light output to gradually diminish, and causing the color to shift from white towards blue. In addition, the arc becomes more constricted, and in a horizontally operated lamp, the arc may bow against and soften the arc chamber wall. Sodium loss may also cause the operating voltage of the lamp to increase to the point where the arc can no longer be sustained by the ballast and failure of the lamp may result.
Ceramics doped with magnesium oxide and used in lamps have been shown to be susceptible to darkening of the outer jacket when lamps are operated at wattages above the design space of the ceramic arc tube. Darkening of the glass outer jacket has been linked to a combination of evaporation of the ceramic arc chamber and sodium loss through the walls of the arc tube due to reaction and diffusion mechanisms. This can limit lumen output and the useful life of the lamp. In addition to the sodium diffusion, the sodium in the arc can react with the alumina at the grain boundaries to form sodium aluminate, which adversely affects the structural integrity of the tube and shortens lamp life. Discharge lamps are being designed for ever increasing internal sodium partial pressure within the alumina arc tube to improve the color rendition and provide a whiter emitted light. However, higher internal sodium pressure further shortens lamp life due to increased rate of sodium loss from the arc chamber. Progressive sodium loss results in a corresponding continual rise in the lamp operating voltage, a decrease of both correlated color temperature and color rendering index, and a color shift from white to pink. Also, the sodium which migrates through the arc chamber wall deposits on the inside wall of the evacuated outer lamp envelope causing a brownish stain on the envelope which, in turn, further reduces the light output of the lamp.
The manufacture of polycrystalline alumina (PCA) and single crystal alumina (sapphire) HPS arc discharge lamps is known. U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,026,210; 4,150,317 and 4,285,732 to Coble, Alaska et al., and Charles et al., respectively, disclose the production of a high density alumina body having improved visible light transmission using relatively pure alumina powder and small amounts of magnesia.
It is desirable for lamps to have a high efficiency to reduce power consumption. A need exists for an alumina arc tube having a reduced tendency to permit sodium diffusion which also provides high transmission of light.
In one aspect of the exemplary embodiment, a polycrystalline body includes aluminum oxide, magnesium oxide, hafnium oxide, and yttrium oxide. Alumina grains of the body have an average size of at least 10 μm. The yttrium oxide is present in an amount of at least 6 ppm of the weight of the ceramic body, and the magnesium and hafnium oxides are present at a molar ratio of from about 0.5:1 to about 3:1.
In another aspect, a method of forming a translucent polycrystalline alumina body includes forming a mixture of ceramic-forming ingredients and an organic binder. The ceramic-forming ingredients include particulate alumina having an average grain size of at least 0.2 μm and additives. The additives, expressed in terms of their oxides in parts per million of a weight of the total ceramic forming ingredients include: magnesium oxide at 200-800 ppm, hafnium oxide at 300-1200 ppm and yttrium oxide at 6-130 ppm. The method further includes forming a shaped body from the mixture and firing the shaped body to form a translucent polycrystalline alumina body.
In another aspect, a translucent polycrystalline alumina body includes magnesium oxide, hafnium oxide, and yttrium oxide, these oxides being present in the following amounts, expressed in parts per million of the weight of the ceramic body as follows magnesium oxide 100-200 ppm, hafnium oxide 300-840 ppm, and yttrium oxide 10-100 ppm.
Aspects of the exemplary embodiments relate to a ceramic material which includes oxides of magnesium, hafnium, and yttrium, to a ceramic body, such as a discharge vessel, formed of the ceramic material, and to a lamp which includes the ceramic body.
All percentages and parts per million (ppm) referred to herein are expressed by weight, except as otherwise noted.
With reference to
As illustrated in
The discharge vessel 10 may include a cylindrical body portion 32 with leg portions in the form of tubes 34, 36 extending axially from end caps 38, 40 of the body portion. Other configurations of the body portion are also contemplated, such as a generally spherical or oblate shape. The body portion 32, tubes 34, 36 and end caps 38, 40 of the exemplary embodiment may all be formed from a polycrystalline aluminum oxide (alumina, Al2O3) ceramic which includes magnesium (Mg), hafnium (Hf), and yttrium (Y). These elements may be present primarily in the form of their oxides: magnesia (MgO), (HfO2), and yttria (Y2O3). While the exemplary ceramic composition is described in terms of a discharge vessel, it is to be appreciated that the exemplary ceramic may find other applications.
An exemplary fill 16 for a high pressure sodium lamp includes sodium, mercury, and a starting gas. Exemplary starting gases are inert gases, such as argon, xenon, krypton, and combinations thereof. The inert gas (or gases) in the fill may have a cold fill pressure from about 10 to about 500 torr, e.g., about 200 torr, which increases during lamp operation. The partial pressure of the sodium may range from about 30 to about 1000 torr during operation, e.g., about 70 to 150 torr for high efficacy. For a ceramic metal halide lamp, the fill may include a mixture of mercury, an inert gas such as argon, xenon, krypton, and a metal halide. Exemplary metal halides are halides (e.g., bromides, iodides) of rare earth elements, such as scandium, indium, dysprosium, neodymium, praseodymium, cerium, thorium, and combinations thereof. However, other fill compositions may be used with the exemplary discharge vessel. The arc discharge between electrodes 18, 20 may be initiated by a starting voltage in the form of a pulse. Arc discharge is then sustained by the ionized vapor and the operating voltage.
As is known in the art, the discharge vessel 10 may be formed by sintering together green ceramic components, optionally followed by further processing of the sintered vessel to increase transmittance, as described for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,639,362 6,741,033, and 7,063,586. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,424,609, 5,698,948, and 5,751,111 disclose alternative discharge vessels which may be used.
In particular, the green ceramic components are fabricated by die pressing, extruding, or injection molding a mixture of a ceramic powder and a liquid binder composition. The components are pre-sintered to about 900-1200° C. in air to remove the organic processing aids. The pre-sintered components are tacked are then partially sintered at a temperature of around 1500-1850° C. in a hydrogen atmosphere to form gas-tight joints. During this sintering, the components shrink to different extents. The differential shrinkage is used advantageously in forming the gas-tight joints. The sintered discharge tube may be subjected to further processing to increase transmittance.
The green ceramic components used to form the discharge tube may be formed from a particulate mixture which is predominantly particulate aluminum oxide (generally alumina, Al2O3). A small amount of magnesium oxide (magnesia, MgO) is mixed with the alumina. The alumina particles may be at least 99.9% alumina, e.g., about 99.98% pure alumina and have a surface area of about 1.5 to about 10 m2/g, typically about 8 m2/g. The ceramic powder may be doped with magnesia to inhibit grain growth, for example in an amount equal to 0.03% to 0.2%, e.g., about 0.05% by weight of the alumina. The particulate mixture may have an average particle size of less than 1 micrometer (μ). In some embodiments, the average particle size is at least 0.2μ and in some embodiments, the particle size is at least about 0.5 μm.
To incorporate hafnia and yttria, the particulate mixture may be doped with an aqueous solution which includes soluble salts of hafnium and yttrium, such as nitrates or oxychlorides, e.g., hafnium nitrate and yttrium nitrate. These salts are converted to their oxides during the sintering stage. Alternatively, these dopants may be added as finely dispersed powder, e.g. as their oxides.
The resulting mixture of ceramic forming ingredients is combined with a liquid binder composition which includes an organic binder, a solvent, such as water, and optionally a lubricant. Organic binders which may be used individually or in combination include organic polymers, such as polyols, polyvinyl alcohol, vinyl acetates, acrylates, cellulosics, such as methyl cellulose or cellulose ethers, polyesters and stearates. An exemplary binder is a water soluble cellulose ether having a weight average molecular weight of about 200,000-500,000, e.g., about 370,000. This may be combined with deionized water as a solvent and oleic acid as a lubricant. For example, a suitable extrusion formulation may include 4-5 wt % cellulose ether, 2-3 wt % oleic acid, 16-17 wt % water, and the balance, alumina ceramic powder and other ceramic forming ingredients.
In other embodiments, the binder composition may comprise a wax, such as paraffin wax, having a melting point of about 73-80° C. Other suitable binder components may include beeswax, aluminum stearate, and stearic acid.
The green ceramic may be formed by injection molding or an extrusion process, e.g., screw extrusion or piston extrusion. In the case of injection molding, the mixture of ceramic material and binder composition is heated to form a highly viscous mixture. The mixture is then injected into a suitably shaped mold and then subsequently cooled to form a molded part. Subsequent to injection molding, the binder is removed from the molded part, typically by thermal treatment, to form a debindered part. The thermal treatment may be conducted by heating the molded part in air or a controlled environment, e.g., a vacuum, nitrogen, rare gas, to a maximum temperature (e.g., about 900-1000° C.), and then holding the maximum temperature.
In the case of an extrusion process, the powdered ceramic material (alumina and MgO) may be mixed with cellulose ether, oleic acid and nitrates or oxychlorides of hafnium and yttrium dissolved in water. This mixture is then kneaded as dough and extruded by a screw extruder as a green tube body 60. The green tube body may then be dried on automatically rotated rods 62, 64 in 55˜60° C. heated air for at least half hour (
After drying, the extruded or molded parts may be de-bindered at about 600° C. to remove organics completely and then pre-sintered at 1050° C. in air, to provide the green ceramic with sufficient strength. The components of the discharge tube may then be adhesively tacked together in the desired configuration for forming the ceramic body during sintering. The sintering step may be carried out by heating the parts in hydrogen having a dew point of about 10 to 15° C. The temperature is progressively raised to a maximum temperature of about 1800-1900° C. and held at this temperature for at least about 2 hours. Finally, the temperature is brought back to room temperature. The resulting ceramic material comprises densely sintered polycrystalline aluminum.
In general, the average (mean) grain size of the alumina particles in the sintered ceramic body is at least about 10μ and can be up to about 60μ, e.g., at least 20μ and in some embodiments between about 25μ and about 45μ, to provide the discharge vessel with translucent properties while maintaining the strength properties of the ceramic. In one embodiment, at least 99.9% of the grains are less than 75μ in diameter.
The ceramic forming ingredients are ingredients which are inorganic oxides or which are converted thereto during forming the parts or sintering. These are primarily alumina, magnesia, hafnium compounds, and yttrium compounds in the illustrated embodiment. These ingredients may be present in the pre-sintered composition in the following amounts (in parts per million ppm, expressed as the oxide, based on the total weight of all oxides of the ceramic forming ingredients present).
Alumina may make up the balance of the ceramic forming ingredients. In one embodiment all other ceramic forming ingredients (i.e., other than alumina, magnesia, yttria, and hafnia, or their precursors), are present in the presintered composition at a level at which the resulting sintered body has a total of less than 800 ppm, and in some embodiments no more than 500 ppm of these other ceramic forming ingredients.
The concentrations of alumina, yttria, and hafnia in the finished ceramic body, expressed as ppm of the total oxides, is generally about the same as that prior to sintering. However, in the case of magnesia, a portion of the magnesia may be lost during processing, e.g., by vaporization.
The finished ceramic body may thus include the following oxides, based on the total weight of the ceramic body.
Expressed as molar ratios, the molar ratio of Mg:Hf in the sintered body may be from about 0.5:1 to about 3:1, and in one embodiment, from 1:1 to 2:1. In one embodiment, the ratio is about 1.2:1.
The molar ratio of Mg:Y may be at least about 5:1.
These oxides are substantially uniformly distributed through the body. The fired ceramic body may be substantially free of oxides of alkali metals and alkaline earth metals, such as oxides of sodium, potassium, and calcium. For example these oxides may be present at a total concentration of less than about 20 ppm.
The fired ceramic body is predominantly polycrystalline alumina with a hexagonal close-packed structure. For example, at least 95% or at least 99% is alumina. The body is translucent rather than transparent, i.e., the amount of diffuse light exceeds the in-line light which is transmitted through the body. For example, about 20% or less of the light is emitted in-line, as compared with about 80% for a transparent body. The magnesia imparts transparency to the finished tube and helps to reduce sodium loss during lamp operation.
It has been found that magnesia is most effective in controlling sodium loss when it is present at relatively low levels. Hafnia is believed to charge compensate, and increase the solubility of magnesia in alumina. While the mechanism is not fully understood, the yttria present may function to prevent sodium loss at the grain boundaries. Formation of yttrium aluminum garnet may aid in preventing sodium attack at the grain boundary. It is also proposed that yttria may scavenge magnesia, resulting in excess magnesia being liberated from the ceramic body during firing, such that an appropriate amount for control of sodium loss remains.
The high transmittance ceramic arc tubes produced in this manner show improved resistance to sodium attack. Ceramic HPS lamps fabricated with the ceramic discharge tubes described herein thus have a longer useful life.
Without intending to limit the scope of the invention, the following examples demonstrate exemplary compositions.
Ultra high purity alumina powder (99.98% alumina) containing 0.063 wt. % magnesia, obtained from Baikowski was doped with an aqueous solution containing hafnium oxychloride and yttrium nitrate. Control samples were similarly formed without yttrium and hafnium. The doped mixtures were combined with a binder containing cellulose ether and oleic acid and extruded to form green ceramic tubes using a screw extruder. The compositions of the unsintered tubes were as follows (the balance in each case being the ultra high purity alumina):
The discharge tubes were sintered at 1840° C. in a wet hydrogen atmosphere. The tubes had a wall thickness of about 0.75 mm. On firing, the magnesia content had dropped to about 150 ppm. The compositions of the sintered tubes were as follows (the balance in each case being the ultra high purity alumina):
Accelerated aging tests were performed on high pressure sodium lamps formed with the discharge tubes in which a fill of 3 wt % of sodium in the amalgam was used. The low weight of sodium in the amalgam allowed amplified signals on small losses of sodium from the lamp. Ten samples of each were burned, and the results are shown in
The lumen maintenance of the lamps was measured over a period of 2000 hours. As can be seen from
The average (mean) grain size of the alumina grains in the sintered discharge tubes was measured by a linear intercept method on pictures taken by electron microscopy. The hafnia/yttria tubes A had an average grain size of 40.0 microns, averaged over the ten samples, while the discharge tubes B formed with magnesia alone had an average grain size of 25.2 microns, averaged over ten samples. The tubes with hafnia and yttria did not exhibit a loss in total transmission, the average measured transmissions for tubes of type A and type B being 96.3 and 96.1%, respectively, of that measured in the absence of a tube. However, as illustrated in
The invention has been described with reference to the preferred embodiments. Obviously, modifications and alterations will occur to others upon reading and understanding the preceding detailed description. It is intended that the invention be construed as including all such modifications and alterations.
