The present invention relates to a precoding method, a precoding device, a transmission method, a transmission device, a reception method, and a reception device that in particular perform communication using a multi-antenna.
Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) is a conventional example of a communication method using a multi-antenna. In multi-antenna communication, of which MIMO is representative, multiple transmission signals are each modulated, and each modulated signal is transmitted from a different antenna simultaneously in order to increase the transmission speed of data.
In this context, it has been suggested in Patent Literature 1 to use a transmission device provided with a different interleave pattern for each transmit antenna. In other words, the transmission device in
Models of actual propagation environments in wireless communications include non-line of sight (NLOS), of which a Rayleigh fading environment is representative, and line of sight (LOS), of which a Rician fading environment is representative. When the transmission device transmits a single modulated signal, and the reception device performs maximal ratio combining on the signals received by a plurality of antennas and then demodulates and decodes the signal resulting from maximal ratio combining, excellent reception quality can be achieved in an LOS environment, in particular in an environment where the Rician factor is large, which indicates the ratio of the received power of direct waves versus the received power of scattered waves. However, depending on the transmission system (for example, spatial multiplexing MIMO system), a problem occurs in that the reception quality deteriorates as the Rician factor increases (see Non-Patent Literature 3).
Broadcast or multicast communication is a service directed towards line-of-sight users. The radio wave propagation environment between the broadcasting station and the reception devices belonging to the users is often an LOS environment. When using a spatial multiplexing MIMO system having the above problem for broadcast or multicast communication, a situation may occur in which the received electric field strength is high at the reception device, but degradation in reception quality makes it impossible to receive the service. In other words, in order to use a spatial multiplexing MIMO system in broadcast or multicast communication in both an NLOS environment and an LOS environment, there is a desire for development of a MIMO system that offers a certain degree of reception quality.
Non-Patent Literature 8 describes a method to select a codebook used in precoding (i.e. a precoding matrix, also referred to as a precoding weight matrix) based on feedback information from a communication partner. Non-Patent Literature 8 does not at all disclose, however, a method for precoding in an environment in which feedback information cannot be acquired from the communication partner, such as in the above broadcast or multicast communication.
On the other hand, Non-Patent Literature 4 discloses a method for switching the precoding matrix over time. This method can be applied even when no feedback information is available. Non-Patent Literature 4 discloses using a unitary matrix as the matrix for precoding and switching the unitary matrix at random but does not at all disclose a method applicable to degradation of reception quality in the above-described LOS environment. Non-Patent Literature 4 simply recites hopping between precoding matrices at random. Obviously, Non-Patent Literature 4 makes no mention whatsoever of a precoding method, or a structure of a precoding matrix, for remedying degradation of reception quality in an LOS environment.
[Patent Literature 1]
[Non-Patent Literature 1]
It is an object of the present invention to provide a MIMO system that improves reception quality in an LOS environment.
In order to solve the above problems, an aspect of the present invention is a transmission method for transmitting a first transmission signal from one or more first outputs and a second transmission signal from one or more second outputs that differ from the first outputs, the first and the second transmission signal being generated by using one of a plurality of precoding matrices to precode a first and a second modulated signal modulated in accordance with a modulation method, the first and the second modulated signal being composed of an in-phase component and a quadrature-phase component, the precoding matrix used to generate the first and the second transmission signal being regularly switched to another one of the precoding matrices, the transmission method comprising the steps of: for a first symbol that is a data symbol used to transmit data of the first modulated signal and a second symbol that is a data symbol used to transmit data of the second modulated signal, when a first time and a first frequency at which the first symbol is to be precoded and transmitted match a second time and a second frequency at which the second symbol is to be precoded and transmitted, two third symbols adjacent to the first symbol in the frequency domain are both data symbols, and two fourth symbols adjacent to the first symbol in the time domain are both data symbols, generating the first transmission signal by precoding the first symbol, the two third symbols, and the two fourth symbols, the first symbol being precoded with a different precoding matrix than each of the two third symbols and the two fourth symbols; generating the second transmission signal by precoding the second symbol, two fifth symbols adjacent to the second symbol in the frequency domain, and two sixth symbols adjacent to the second symbol in the time domain each with the same precoding matrix used to precode a symbol at a matching time and frequency among the first symbol, the two third symbols, and the two fourth symbols; outputting the generated first transmission signal from the one or more first outputs; and outputting the generated second transmission signal from the one or more second outputs.
Another aspect of the present invention is a transmission device for transmitting a first transmission signal from one or more first outputs and a second transmission signal from one or more second outputs that differ from the first outputs, the first and the second transmission signal being generated by using one of a plurality of precoding matrices to precode a first and a second modulated signal modulated in accordance with a modulation method, the first and the second modulated signal being composed of an in-phase component and a quadrature-phase component, the precoding matrix used to generate the first and the second transmission signal being regularly switched to another one of the precoding matrices, the transmission device comprising: a precoding weight generating unit operable to allocate precoding matrices, wherein for a first symbol that is a data symbol used to transmit data of the first modulated signal and a second symbol that is a data symbol used to transmit data of the second modulated signal, when a first time and a first frequency at which the first symbol is to be precoded and transmitted match a second time and a second frequency at which a second symbol is to be precoded and transmitted, two third symbols adjacent to the first symbol in the frequency domain are both data symbols, and two fourth symbols adjacent to the first symbol in the time domain are both data symbols, the precoding weight generating unit allocates precoding matrices to the two third symbols and the two fourth symbols that differ from the precoding matrix allocated to the first symbol, and allocates the same precoding matrix used to precode a symbol at a matching time and frequency among the first symbol, the two third symbols, and the two fourth symbols to each of the second symbol, two fifth symbols adjacent to the second symbol in the frequency domain, and two sixth symbols adjacent to the second symbol in the time domain; a weighting unit operable to generate the first transmission signal and the second transmission signal by weighting the first modulated signal and the second modulated signal with the allocated precoding matrices; and a transmission unit operable to transmit the generated first transmission signal from the one or more first outputs and the generated second transmission signal from the one or more second outputs.
Another aspect of the present invention is a reception method for receiving a first and a second transmission signal precoded and transmitted by a transmission device, wherein the first and the second transmission signal are generated by using one of a plurality of precoding matrices, while regularly hopping between the precoding matrices, to precode a first and a second modulated signal modulated in accordance with a modulation method, the first and the second modulated signal being composed of an in-phase component and a quadrature-phase component, for a first symbol that is a data symbol used to transmit data of the first modulated signal and a second symbol that is a data symbol used to transmit data of the second modulated signal, when a first time and a first frequency at which the first symbol is to be precoded and transmitted match a second time and a second frequency at which the second symbol is to be precoded and transmitted, two third symbols adjacent to the first symbol in the frequency domain are both data symbols, and two fourth symbols adjacent to the first symbol in the time domain are both data symbols, then the first transmission signal is generated by precoding the first symbol, the two third symbols, and the two fourth symbols, the first symbol being precoded with a different precoding matrix than each of the two third symbols and the two fourth symbols, and the second transmission signal is generated by precoding the second symbol, two fifth symbols adjacent to the second symbol in the frequency domain, and two sixth symbols adjacent to the second symbol in the time domain with the same precoding matrix used to precode a symbol at a matching time and frequency among the first symbol, the two third symbols, and the two fourth symbols, the reception method comprising the steps of: receiving the first and the second transmission signal; and demodulating the first and the second transmission signal using a demodulation method in accordance with the modulation method and performing error correction decoding to obtain data.
Another aspect of the present invention is a reception device for receiving a first and a second transmission signal precoded and transmitted by a transmission device, wherein the first and the second transmission signal are generated by using one of a plurality of precoding matrices, while regularly hopping between the precoding matrices, to precode a first and a second modulated signal modulated in accordance with a modulation method, the first and the second modulated signal being composed of an in-phase component and a quadrature-phase component, for a first symbol that is a data symbol used to transmit data of the first modulated signal and a second symbol that is a data symbol used to transmit data of the second modulated signal, when a first time and a first frequency at which the first symbol is to be precoded and transmitted match a second time and a second frequency at which the second symbol is to be precoded and transmitted, two third symbols adjacent to the first symbol in the frequency domain are both data symbols, and two fourth symbols adjacent to the first symbol in the time domain are both data symbols, then the first transmission signal is generated by precoding the first symbol, the two third symbols, and the two fourth symbols, the first symbol being precoded with a different precoding matrix than each of the two third symbols and the two fourth symbols, the second transmission signal is generated by precoding the second symbol, two fifth symbols adjacent to the second symbol in the frequency domain, and two sixth symbols adjacent to the second symbol in the time domain with the same precoding matrix used to precode a symbol at a matching time and frequency among the first symbol, the two third symbols, and the two fourth symbols, the first and the second transmission signal are received, and the first and the second transmission signal are demodulated using a demodulation method in accordance with the modulation method and performing error correction decoding to obtain data.
With the above aspects of the present invention, a modulated signal is generated by performing precoding while hopping between precoding matrices so that among a plurality of precoding matrices, a precoding matrix used for at least one data symbol and precoding matrices that are used for data symbols that are adjacent to the data symbol in either the frequency domain or the time domain all differ. Therefore, reception quality in an LOS environment is improved in response to the design of the plurality of precoding matrices.
With the above structure, the present invention provides a transmission method, a reception method, a transmission device, and a reception device that remedy degradation of reception quality in an LOS environment, thereby providing high-quality service to LOS users during broadcast or multicast communication.
The following describes embodiments of the present invention with reference to the drawings.
The following describes the transmission method, transmission device, reception method, and reception device of the present embodiment.
Prior to describing the present embodiment, an overview is provided of a transmission method and decoding method in a conventional spatial multiplexing MIMO system.
In this Equation, HNtNr is the channel matrix, n=(n1, . . . , nNr)T is the noise vector, and ni is the i.i.d. complex white Gaussian noise with 0 mean and variance σ2. From the relationship between transmission symbols and reception symbols that is induced at the reception device, the probability for the received vector may be provided as a multi-dimensional Gaussian distribution, as in Equation 2.
Here, a reception device that performs iterative decoding composed of an outer soft-in/soft-out decoder and a MIMO detector, as in
<Iterative Detection Method>
The following describes iterative detection of MIMO signals in the Nt×Nr spatial multiplexing MIMO system.
The log-likelihood ratio of umn is defined as in Equation 6.
From Bayes' theorem, Equation 6 can be expressed as Equation 7.
Let Umn,±1={u|umn=±1}. When approximating ln Σaj˜max ln aj, an approximation of Equation 7 can be sought as Equation 8. Note that the above symbol “˜” indicates approximation.
P(u|umn) and ln P(u|umn) in Equation 8 are represented as follows.
Incidentally, the logarithmic probability of the equation defined in Equation 2 is represented in Equation 12.
Accordingly, from Equations 7 and 13, in MAP or A Posteriori Probability (APP), the a posteriori L-value is represented as follows.
Hereinafter, this is referred to as iterative APP decoding. From Equations 8 and 12, in the log-likelihood ratio utilizing Max-Log approximation (Max-Log APP), the a posteriori L-value is represented as follows.
Hereinafter, this is referred to as iterative Max-log APP decoding. The extrinsic information required in an iterative decoding system can be sought by subtracting prior inputs from Equations 13 and 14.
<System Model>
The reception device performs iterative detection on the above MIMO signals (iterative APP (or iterative Max-log APP) decoding). Decoding of LDPC codes is performed by, for example, sum-product decoding.
Math 16
(ia,ja)=πa(Ωia,jaa) Equation 16
Math 17
(ib,jb)=πb(Ωib,jba) Equation 17
In this case, ia, ib indicate the order of symbols after interleaving, ja, jb indicate the bit positions (ja, jb=1, . . . , h) in the modulation scheme, πa, πb indicate the interleavers for the streams A and B, and Ωaia,ja, Ωbib,jb indicate the order of data in streams A and B before interleaving. Note that
<Iterative Decoding>
The following is a detailed description of the algorithms for sum-product decoding used in decoding of LDPC codes and for iterative detection of MIMO signals in the reception device.
Sum-Product Decoding
Let a two-dimensional M×N matrix H={Hmn} be the check matrix for LDPC codes that are targeted for decoding. Subsets A(m), B(n) of the set [1, N]={1, 2, . . . , N} are defined by the following Equations.
Math 18
A(m)={n:Hmn=1} Equation 18
Math 19
B(n)={m:Hmn=1} Equation 19
In these Equations, A(m) represents the set of column indices of 1's in the mth column of the check matrix H, and B(n) represents the set of row indices of 1's in the nth row of the check matrix H. The algorithm for sum-product decoding is as follows.
In these Equations, f represents a Gallager function. Furthermore, the method of seeking λn is described in detail later.
The operations in one sum-product decoding have been described. Subsequently, iterative MIMO signal detection is performed. In the variables m, n, αmn, βmn, λn, and Ln, used in the above description of the operations of sum-product decoding, the variables in stream A are ma, na, αamana, βamana, λna, and Lna, and the variables in stream B are mb, nb, βbmbnb, βbmbnb, λnb, and Lnb.
<Iterative MIMO Signal Detection>
The following describes the method of seeking Xn in iterative MIMO signal detection in detail.
The following Equation holds from Equation 1.
The following Equations are defined from the frame structures of
Math 26
na=Ωia,jaa Equation 26
Math 27
nb=Ωbib,jb Equation 27
In this case, na,nb∈[1, N]. Hereinafter, λna, Lna, λnb, and Lnb, where the number of iterations of iterative MIMO signal detection is k, are represented as λk, na, Lk, na, λk, nb, and Lk, nb.
In iterative APP decoding:
In iterative Max-log APP decoding:
Here, let X=a, b. Then, assume that the number of iterations of iterative MIMO signal detection is lmimo=0 and the maximum number of iterations is set to lmimo, max.
In iterative APP decoding:
In iterative Max-log APP decoding:
An interleaver 304A receives the encoded data 303A and the frame structure signal 313 as inputs and performs interleaving, i.e. changing the order of the data, to output interleaved data 305A. (The method of interleaving may be switched based on the frame structure signal 313.)
A mapper 306A receives the interleaved data 305A and the frame structure signal 313 as inputs, performs modulation such as Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK), 16 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (16QAM), 64 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (64QAM), or the like, and outputs a resulting baseband signal 307A. (The method of modulation may be switched based on the frame structure signal 313.)
An encoder 302B receives information (data) 301B and the frame structure signal 313 as inputs and, in accordance with the frame structure signal 313, performs error correction coding such as convolutional coding, LDPC coding, turbo coding, or the like, outputting encoded data 303B. (The frame structure signal 313 includes information such as the error correction method used, the coding rate, the block length, and the like. The error correction method indicated by the frame structure signal 313 is used. Furthermore, the error correction method may be switched.)
An interleaver 304B receives the encoded data 303B and the frame structure signal 313 as inputs and performs interleaving, i.e. changing the order of the data, to output interleaved data 305B. (The method of interleaving may be switched based on the frame structure signal 313.)
A mapper 306B receives the interleaved data 305B and the frame structure signal 313 as inputs, performs modulation such as Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK), 16 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (16QAM), 64 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (64QAM), or the like, and outputs a resulting baseband signal 307B. (The method of modulation may be switched based on the frame structure signal 313.)
A weighting information generating unit 314 receives the frame structure signal 313 as an input and outputs information 315 regarding a weighting method based on the frame structure signal 313. The weighting method is characterized by regular hopping between weights.
A weighting unit 308A receives the baseband signal 307A, the baseband signal 307B, and the information 315 regarding the weighting method, and based on the information 315 regarding the weighting method, performs weighting on the baseband signal 307A and the baseband signal 307B and outputs a signal 309A resulting from the weighting. Details on the weighting method are provided later.
A wireless unit 310A receives the signal 309A resulting from the weighting as an input and performs processing such as quadrature modulation, band limiting, frequency conversion, amplification, and the like, outputting a transmission signal 311A. A transmission signal 311A is output as a radio wave from an antenna 312A.
A weighting unit 308B receives the baseband signal 307A, the baseband signal 307B, and the information 315 regarding the weighting method, and based on the information 315 regarding the weighting method, performs weighting on the baseband signal 307A and the baseband signal 307B and outputs a signal 309B resulting from the weighting.
Details on the weighting method are provided later.
A wireless unit 310B receives the signal 309B resulting from the weighting as an input and performs processing such as quadrature modulation, band limiting, frequency conversion, amplification, and the like, outputting a transmission signal 311B. A transmission signal 311B is output as a radio wave from an antenna 312B.
An encoder 402 receives information (data) 401 and the frame structure signal 313 as inputs and, in accordance with the frame structure signal 313, performs error correction coding and outputs encoded data 403.
A distribution unit 404 receives the encoded data 403 as an input, distributes the data 403, and outputs data 405A and data 405B. Note that in
The symbol 501_1 is for estimating channel fluctuation for the modulated signal z1(t) (where t is time) transmitted by the transmission device. The symbol 502_1 is the data symbol transmitted as symbol number u (in the time domain) by the modulated signal z1(t), and the symbol 503_1 is the data symbol transmitted as symbol number u+1 by the modulated signal z1(t).
The symbol 501_2 is for estimating channel fluctuation for the modulated signal z2(t) (where t is time) transmitted by the transmission device. The symbol 502_2 is the data symbol transmitted as symbol number u by the modulated signal z2(t), and the symbol 503_2 is the data symbol transmitted as symbol number u+1 by the modulated signal z2(t).
The following describes the relationships between the modulated signals z1(t) and z2(t) transmitted by the transmission device and the received signals r1(t) and r2(t) received by the reception device.
In
For symbol number 4i (where i is an integer greater than or equal to zero):
Here, j is an imaginary unit.
For symbol number 4i+1:
For symbol number 4i+2:
For symbol number 4i+3:
In this way, the weighting unit in
Incidentally, Non-Patent Literature 4 describes switching the precoding weights for each slot. This switching of precoding weights is characterized by being random. On the other hand, in the present embodiment, a certain period (cycle) is provided, and the precoding weights are hopped between regularly. Furthermore, in each 2×2 precoding weight matrix composed of four precoding weights, the absolute value of each of the four precoding weights is equivalent to (1/sqrt(2)), and hopping is regularly performed between precoding weight matrices having this characteristic.
In an LOS environment, if a special precoding matrix is used, reception quality may greatly improve, yet the special precoding matrix differs depending on the conditions of direct waves. In an LOS environment, however, a certain tendency exists, and if precoding matrices are hopped between regularly in accordance with this tendency, the reception quality of data greatly improves. On the other hand, when precoding matrices are hopped between at random, a precoding matrix other than the above-described special precoding matrix may exist, and the possibility of performing precoding only with biased precoding matrices that are not suitable for the LOS environment also exists. Therefore, in an LOS environment, excellent reception quality may not always be obtained. Accordingly, there is a need for a precoding hopping method suitable for an LOS environment. The present invention proposes such a precoding method.
A channel fluctuation estimating unit 705_1 for the modulated signal z1 transmitted by the transmission device receives the baseband signal 704_X as an input, extracts a reference symbol 501_1 for channel estimation as in
A channel fluctuation estimating unit 705_2 for the modulated signal z2 transmitted by the transmission device receives the baseband signal 704_X as an input, extracts a reference symbol 501_2 for channel estimation as in
A wireless unit 703Y receives, as input, a received signal 702_Y received by an antenna 701_Y, performs processing such as frequency conversion, quadrature demodulation, and the like, and outputs a baseband signal 704_Y.
A channel fluctuation estimating unit 707_1 for the modulated signal z1 transmitted by the transmission device receives the baseband signal 704_Y as an input, extracts a reference symbol 501_1 for channel estimation as in
A channel fluctuation estimating unit 707_2 for the modulated signal z2 transmitted by the transmission device receives the baseband signal 704_Y as an input, extracts a reference symbol 501_2 for channel estimation as in
A control information decoding unit 709 receives the baseband signal 704_X and the baseband signal 704_Y as inputs, detects the symbol 500_1 that indicates the transmission method as in
A signal processing unit 711 receives, as inputs, the baseband signals 704_X and 704_Y, the channel estimation signals 706_1, 706_2, 708_1, and 708_2, and the signal 710 regarding information on the transmission method indicated by the transmission device, performs detection and decoding, and outputs received data 712_1 and 712_2.
Next, operations by the signal processing unit 711 in
Math 41
R(t)=H(t)W(t)S(t) Equation 41
In this case, the reception device can apply the decoding method in Non-Patent Literature 2 and Non-Patent Literature 3 to the received vector R(t) by considering H(t)W(t) as the channel matrix.
Therefore, a weighting coefficient generating unit 819 in
An INNER MIMO detector 803 receives the signal 820 regarding information on weighting coefficients as input and, using the signal 820, performs the calculation in Equation 41. Iterative detection and decoding is thus performed. The following describes operations thereof.
In the signal processing unit in
In
Subsequent operations are described separately for initial detection and for iterative decoding (iterative detection).
<Initial Detection>
The INNER MIMO detector 803 receives, as inputs, the baseband signal 801X, the channel estimation signal group 802X, the baseband signal 801Y, and the channel estimation signal group 802Y. Here, the modulation method for the modulated signal (stream) s1 and the modulated signal (stream) s2 is described as 16QAM.
The INNER MIMO detector 803 first calculates H(t)W(t) from the channel estimation signal group 802X and the channel estimation signal group 802Y to seek candidate signal points corresponding to the baseband signal 801X.
Similarly, H(t)W(t) is calculated from the channel estimation signal group 802X and the channel estimation signal group 802Y, candidate signal points corresponding to the baseband signal 801Y are sought, the squared Euclidian distance for the received signal point (corresponding to the baseband signal 801Y) is sought, and the squared Euclidian distance is divided by the noise variance σ2. Accordingly, EY(b0, b1, b2, b3, b4, b5, b6, b7), i.e. the value of the squared Euclidian distance between a candidate signal point corresponding to (b0, b1, b2, b3, b4, b5, b6, b7) and a received signal point, divided by the noise variance, is sought.
Then Ex(b0, b1, b2, b3, b4, b5, b6, b7)+EY(b0, b1, b2, b3, b4, b5, b6, b7)=E(b0, b1, b2, b3, b4, b5, b6, b7) is sought.
The INNER MIMO detector 803 outputs E(b0, b1, b2, b3, b4, b5, b6, b7) as a signal 804.
A log-likelihood calculating unit 805A receives the signal 804 as input, calculates the log likelihood for bits b0, b1, b2, and b3, and outputs a log-likelihood signal 806A. Note that during calculation of the log likelihood, the log likelihood for “1” and the log likelihood for “0” are calculated. The calculation method is as shown in Equations 28, 29, and 30. Details can be found in Non-Patent Literature 2 and Non-Patent Literature 3.
Similarly, a log-likelihood calculating unit 805B receives the signal 804 as input, calculates the log likelihood for bits b4, b5, b6, and b7, and outputs a log-likelihood signal 806B.
A deinterleaver (807A) receives the log-likelihood signal 806A as an input, performs deinterleaving corresponding to the interleaver (the interleaver (304A) in
Similarly, a deinterleaver (807B) receives the log-likelihood signal 806B as an input, performs deinterleaving corresponding to the interleaver (the interleaver (304B) in
A log-likelihood ratio calculating unit 809A receives the interleaved log-likelihood signal 808A as an input, calculates the log-likelihood ratio (LLR) of the bits encoded by the encoder 302A in
Similarly, a log-likelihood ratio calculating unit 809B receives the interleaved log-likelihood signal 808B as an input, calculates the log-likelihood ratio (LLR) of the bits encoded by the encoder 302B in
A soft-in/soft-out decoder 811A receives the log-likelihood ratio signal 810A as an input, performs decoding, and outputs a decoded log-likelihood ratio 812A.
Similarly, a soft-in/soft-out decoder 811B receives the log-likelihood ratio signal 810B as an input, performs decoding, and outputs a decoded log-likelihood ratio 812B.
<Iterative Decoding (Iterative Detection), Number of Iterations k>
An interleaver (813A) receives the log-likelihood ratio 812A decoded by the soft-in/soft-out decoder in the (k−1)th iteration as an input, performs interleaving, and outputs an interleaved log-likelihood ratio 814A. The interleaving pattern in the interleaver (813A) is similar to the interleaving pattern in the interleaver (304A) in
An interleaver (813B) receives the log-likelihood ratio 812B decoded by the soft-in/soft-out decoder in the (k−1)th iteration as an input, performs interleaving, and outputs an interleaved log-likelihood ratio 814B. The interleaving pattern in the interleaver (813B) is similar to the interleaving pattern in the interleaver (304B) in
The INNER MIMO detector 803 receives, as inputs, the baseband signal 816X, the transformed channel estimation signal group 817X, the baseband signal 816Y, the transformed channel estimation signal group 817Y, the interleaved log-likelihood ratio 814A, and the interleaved log-likelihood ratio 814B. The reason for using the baseband signal 816X, the transformed channel estimation signal group 817X, the baseband signal 816Y, and the transformed channel estimation signal group 817Y instead of the baseband signal 801X, the channel estimation signal group 802X, the baseband signal 801Y, and the channel estimation signal group 802Y is because a delay occurs due to iterative decoding.
The difference between operations by the INNER MIMO detector 803 for iterative decoding and for initial detection is the use of the interleaved log-likelihood ratio 814A and the interleaved log-likelihood ratio 814B during signal processing. The INNER MIMO detector 803 first seeks E(b0, b1, b2, b3, b4, b5, b6, b7), as during initial detection. Additionally, coefficients corresponding to Equations 11 and 32 are sought from the interleaved log-likelihood ratio 814A and the interleaved log-likelihood ratio 914B. The value E(b0, b1, b2, b3, b4, b5, b6, b7) is adjusted using the sought coefficients, and the resulting value E′(b0, b1, b2, b3, b4, b5, b6, b7) is output as the signal 804.
The log-likelihood calculating unit 805A receives the signal 804 as input, calculates the log likelihood for bits b0, b1, b2, and b3, and outputs the log-likelihood signal 806A. Note that during calculation of the log likelihood, the log likelihood for “1” and the log likelihood for “0” are calculated. The calculation method is as shown in Equations 31, 32, 33, 34, and 35. Details can be found in Non-Patent Literature 2 and Non-Patent Literature 3.
Similarly, the log-likelihood calculating unit 805B receives the signal 804 as input, calculates the log likelihood for bits b4, b5, b6, and b7, and outputs the log-likelihood signal 806B. Operations by the deinterleaver onwards are similar to initial detection.
Note that while
The main part of the present embodiment is calculation of H(t)W(t). Note that as shown in Non-Patent Literature 5 and the like, QR decomposition may be used to perform initial detection and iterative detection.
Furthermore, as shown in Non-Patent Literature 11, based on H(t)W(t), linear operation of the Minimum Mean Squared Error (MMSE) and Zero Forcing (ZF) may be performed in order to perform initial detection.
As described above, when a transmission device transmits a plurality of modulated signals from a plurality of antennas in a MIMO system, the advantageous effect of improved transmission quality, as compared to conventional spatial multiplexing IMO, is achieved in an LOS environment in which direct waves dominate by hopping between precoding weights regularly over time, as in the present embodiment.
In the present embodiment, and in particular with regards to the structure of the reception device, operations have been described for a limited number of antennas, but the present invention may be embodied in the same way even if the number of antennas increases. In other words, the number of antennas in the reception device does not affect the operations or advantageous effects of the present embodiment. Furthermore, in the present embodiment, the example of LDPC coding has particularly been explained, but the present invention is not limited to LDPC coding. Furthermore, with regards to the decoding method, the soft-in/soft-out decoders are not limited to the example of sum-product decoding. Another soft-in/soft-out decoding method may be used, such as a BCJR algorithm, a SOVA algorithm, a Max-log-MAP algorithm, and the like. Details are provided in Non-Patent Literature 6.
Additionally, in the present embodiment, the example of a single carrier method has been described, but the present invention is not limited in this way and may be similarly embodied for multi-carrier transmission. Accordingly, when using a method such as spread spectrum communication, Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM), Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA), Single Carrier Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (SC-OFDM), or wavelet OFDM as described in Non-Patent Literature 7 and the like, for example, the present invention may be similarly embodied. Furthermore, in the present embodiment, symbols other than data symbols, such as pilot symbols (preamble, unique word, and the like), symbols for transmission of control information, and the like, may be arranged in the frame in any way.
The following describes an example of using OFDM as an example of a multi-carrier method.
An OFDM related processor 1301A receives, as input, the weighted signal 309A, performs processing related to OFDM, and outputs a transmission signal 1302A. Similarly, an OFDM related processor 1301B receives, as input, the weighted signal 309B, performs processing related to OFDM, and outputs a transmission signal 1302B.
A serial/parallel converter 1402A performs serial/parallel conversion on a weighted signal 1401A (corresponding to the weighted signal 309A in
A reordering unit 1404A receives a parallel signal 1403A as input, performs reordering, and outputs a reordered signal 1405A. Reordering is described in detail later.
An inverse fast Fourier transformer 1406A receives the reordered signal 1405A as an input, performs a fast Fourier transform, and outputs a fast Fourier transformed signal 1407A.
A wireless unit 1408A receives the fast Fourier transformed signal 1407A as an input, performs processing such as frequency conversion, amplification, and the like, and outputs a modulated signal 1409A. The modulated signal 1409A is output as a radio wave from an antenna 1410A.
A serial/parallel converter 1402B performs serial/parallel conversion on a weighted signal 1401B (corresponding to the weighted signal 309B in
A reordering unit 1404B receives a parallel signal 1403B as input, performs reordering, and outputs a reordered signal 1405B. Reordering is described in detail later.
An inverse fast Fourier transformer 1406B receives the reordered signal 1405B as an input, performs a fast Fourier transform, and outputs a fast Fourier transformed signal 1407B.
A wireless unit 1408B receives the fast Fourier transformed signal 1407B as an input, performs processing such as frequency conversion, amplification, and the like, and outputs a modulated signal 1409B. The modulated signal 1409B is output as a radio wave from an antenna 1410B.
In the transmission device of
Similarly, numbers #1, #2 , #3 , #4, . . . are assigned in order to the symbols of the weighted signal 1401B which is input into the serial/parallel converter 1402B. At this point, symbols are assigned regularly, as shown in
The symbol group 1501 and the symbol group 1502 shown in
In this way, when using a multi-carrier transmission method such as OFDM, unlike during single carrier transmission, symbols can be arranged in the frequency domain. Furthermore, the ordering of symbols is not limited to the ordering shown in
In
Note that in
In this case, symbol #0 is precoded using the precoding matrix in Equation 37, symbol #1 is precoded using the precoding matrix in Equation 38, symbol #2 is precoded using the precoding matrix in Equation 39, and symbol #3 is precoded using the precoding matrix in Equation 40.
Similarly, for the symbol group 2720 in the frequency domain, symbol #4 is precoded using the precoding matrix in Equation 37, symbol #5 is precoded using the precoding matrix in Equation 38, symbol #6 is precoded using the precoding matrix in Equation 39, and symbol #7 is precoded using the precoding matrix in Equation 40.
For the symbols at time $1, precoding hops between the above precoding matrices, but in the time domain, symbols are cyclically shifted. Therefore, precoding hops between precoding matrices for the symbol groups 2701, 2702, 2703, and 2704 as follows.
In the symbol group 2701 in the time domain, symbol #0 is precoded using the precoding matrix in Equation 37, symbol #9 is precoded using the precoding matrix in Equation 38, symbol #18 is precoded using the precoding matrix in Equation 39, and symbol #27 is precoded using the precoding matrix in Equation 40.
In the symbol group 2702 in the time domain, symbol #28 is precoded using the precoding matrix in Equation 37, symbol #1 is precoded using the precoding matrix in Equation 38, symbol #10 is precoded using the precoding matrix in Equation 39, and symbol #19 is precoded using the precoding matrix in Equation 40.
In the symbol group 2703 in the time domain, symbol #20 is precoded using the precoding matrix in Equation 37, symbol #29 is precoded using the precoding matrix in Equation 38, symbol #2 is precoded using the precoding matrix in Equation 39, and symbol #11 is precoded using the precoding matrix in Equation 40.
In the symbol group 2704 in the time domain, symbol #12 is precoded using the precoding matrix in Equation 37, symbol #21 is precoded using the precoding matrix in Equation 38, symbol #30 is precoded using the precoding matrix in Equation 39, and symbol #3 is precoded using the precoding matrix in Equation 40.
The characteristic of
In
In Embodiment 1, regular hopping of the precoding weights as shown in
In
For symbol number 4i (where i is an integer greater than or equal to zero):
Here, j is an imaginary unit.
For symbol number 4i+1:
For symbol number 4i+2:
For symbol number 4i+3:
From Equations 36 and 41, the received vector R(t)=(r1(t), r2(t))T can be represented as follows.
For symbol number 4i:
For symbol number 4i+1:
For symbol number 4i+2:
For symbol number 4i+3:
In this case, it is assumed that only components of direct waves exist in the channel elements h11(t), h12(t), h21(t), and h22(t), that the amplitude components of the direct waves are all equal, and that fluctuations do not occur over time. With these assumptions, Equations 46-49 can be represented as follows.
For symbol number 4i:
For symbol number 4i+1:
For symbol number 4i+2:
For symbol number 4i+3:
In Equations 50-53, let A be a positive real number and q be a complex number. The values of A and q are determined in accordance with the positional relationship between the transmission device and the reception device. Equations 50-53 can be represented as follows.
For symbol number 4i:
For symbol number 4i+1:
For symbol number 4i+2:
For symbol number 4i+3:
As a result, when q is represented as follows, a signal component based on one of s1 and s2 is no longer included in r1 and r2, and therefore one of the signals s1 and s2 can no longer be obtained.
For symbol number 4i:
Math 58
q=−Aej(θ
For symbol number 4i+1:
Math 59
q=−Aej(θ
For symbol number 4i+2:
Math 60
q=−Aej(θ
For symbol number 4i+3:
Math 61
q=−Aej(θ
In this case, if q has the same solution in symbol numbers 4i, 4i+1, 4i+2, and 4i+3, then the channel elements of the direct waves do not greatly fluctuate. Therefore, a reception device having channel elements in which the value of q is equivalent to the same solution can no longer obtain excellent reception quality for any of the symbol numbers. Therefore, it is difficult to achieve the ability to correct errors, even if error correction codes are introduced. Accordingly, for q not to have the same solution, the following condition is necessary from Equations 58-61 when focusing on one of two solutions of q which does not include S.
Math 62
ej(θ
In an example fulfilling Condition #1, values are set as follows:
While four examples have been shown, the method of satisfying Condition #1 is not limited to these examples.
Next, design requirements for not only θ11 and θ12, but also for λ and δ are described. It suffices to set λ to a certain value; it is then necessary to establish requirements for δ. The following describes the design method for δ when λ is set to zero radians.
In this case, by defining δ so that π/2 radians≤|δ|≤π radians, excellent reception quality is achieved, particularly in an LOS environment.
Incidentally, for each of the symbol numbers 4i, 4i+1, 4i+2, and 4i+3, two points q exist where reception quality becomes poor. Therefore, a total of 2×4=8 such points exist. In an LOS environment, in order to prevent reception quality from degrading in a specific reception terminal, these eight points should each have a different solution. In this case, in addition to Condition #1, Condition #2 is necessary.
Math 63
ej(θ
and
ej(θ
Additionally, the phase of these eight points should be evenly distributed (since the phase of a direct wave is considered to have a high probability of even distribution). The following describes the design method for S to satisfy this requirement.
In the case of example #1 and example #2, the phase becomes even at the points at which reception quality is poor by setting δ to ±3π/4 radians. For example, letting δ be 3π/4 radians in example #1 (and letting A be a positive real number), then each of the four slots, points at which reception quality becomes poor exist once, as shown in
With the above structure, excellent reception quality is achieved in an LOS environment. Above, an example of changing precoding weights in a four-slot period (cycle) is described, but below, changing precoding weights in an N-slot period (cycle) is described. Making the same considerations as in Embodiment 1 and in the above description, processing represented as below is performed on each symbol number.
For symbol number Ni (where i is an integer greater than or equal to zero):
Here, j is an imaginary unit.
For symbol number Ni+1:
When generalized, this equation is as follows.
For symbol number Ni+k (k=0, 1, . . . , N−1):
Furthermore, for symbol number Ni+N−1:
Accordingly, r1 and r2 are represented as follows.
For symbol number Ni (where i is an integer greater than or equal to zero):
Here, j is an imaginary unit.
For symbol number Ni+1:
When generalized, this equation is as follows.
For symbol number Ni+k (k=0, 1, . . . , N−1):
Furthermore, for symbol number Ni+N−1:
In this case, it is assumed that only components of direct waves exist in the channel elements h11(t), h12(t), h21(t), and h22(t), that the amplitude components of the direct waves are all equal, and that fluctuations do not occur over time. With these assumptions, Equations 66-69 can be represented as follows.
For symbol number Ni (where i is an integer greater than or equal to zero):
Here, j is an imaginary unit.
For symbol number Ni+1:
When generalized, this equation is as follows.
For symbol number Ni+k (k=0, 1, . . . , N−1):
Furthermore, for symbol number Ni+N−1:
In Equations 70-73, let A be a real number and q be a complex number. The values of A and q are determined in accordance with the positional relationship between the transmission device and the reception device. Equations 70-73 can be represented as follows.
For symbol number Ni (where i is an integer greater than or equal to zero):
Here, j is an imaginary unit.
For symbol number Ni+1:
When generalized, this equation is as follows.
For symbol number Ni+k (k=0, 1, . . . , N−1):
Furthermore, for symbol number Ni+N−1:
As a result, when q is represented as follows, a signal component based on one of s1 and s2 is no longer included in r1 and r2, and therefore one of the signals s1 and s2 can no longer be obtained.
For symbol number Ni (where i is an integer greater than or equal to zero):
Math 80
q=−Aej(θ
For symbol number Ni+1:
Math 81
q=−Aej(θ
When generalized, this equation is as follows.
For symbol number Ni+k (k=0, 1, . . . , N−1):
Math 82
q=−Aej(θ
Furthermore, for symbol number Ni+N−1:
Math 83
q−−Aej(θ
In this case, if q has the same solution in symbol numbers Ni through Ni+N−1, then since the channel elements of the direct waves do not greatly fluctuate, a reception device having channel elements in which the value of q is equivalent to this same solution can no longer obtain excellent reception quality for any of the symbol numbers. Therefore, it is difficult to achieve the ability to correct errors, even if error correction codes are introduced. Accordingly, for q not to have the same solution, the following condition is necessary from Equations 78-81 when focusing on one of two solutions of q which does not include δ.
Math 84
ej(θ
Next, design requirements for not only θ11 and θ12, but also for λ and δ are described. It suffices to set λ to a certain value; it is then necessary to establish requirements for δ. The following describes the design method for δ when λ is set to zero radians.
In this case, similar to the method of changing the precoding weights in a four-slot period (cycle), by defining δ so that π/2 radians≤|δ|≤π radians, excellent reception quality is achieved, particularly in an LOS environment.
In each symbol number Ni through Ni+N−1, two points labeled q exist where reception quality becomes poor, and therefore 2N such points exist. In an LOS environment, in order to achieve excellent characteristics, these 2N points should each have a different solution. In this case, in addition to Condition #3, Condition #4 is necessary.
Math 85
ej(θ
and
ej(θ
Additionally, the phase of these 2N points should be evenly distributed (since the phase of a direct wave at each reception device is considered to have a high probability of even distribution).
As described above, when a transmission device transmits a plurality of modulated signals from a plurality of antennas in a MIMO system, the advantageous effect of improved transmission quality, as compared to conventional spatial multiplexing IMO, is achieved in an LOS environment in which direct waves dominate by hopping between precoding weights regularly over time.
In the present embodiment, the structure of the reception device is as described in Embodiment 1, and in particular with regards to the structure of the reception device, operations have been described for a limited number of antennas, but the present invention may be embodied in the same way even if the number of antennas increases. In other words, the number of antennas in the reception device does not affect the operations or advantageous effects of the present embodiment. Furthermore, in the present embodiment, similar to Embodiment 1, the error correction codes are not limited.
In the present embodiment, in contrast with Embodiment 1, the method of changing the precoding weights in the time domain has been described. As described in Embodiment 1, however, the present invention may be similarly embodied by changing the precoding weights by using a multi-carrier transmission method and arranging symbols in the frequency domain and the frequency-time domain. Furthermore, in the present embodiment, symbols other than data symbols, such as pilot symbols (preamble, unique word, and the like), symbols for control information, and the like, may be arranged in the frame in any way.
In Embodiment 1 and Embodiment 2, the method of regularly hopping between precoding weights has been described for the case where the amplitude of each element in the precoding weight matrix is equivalent. In the present embodiment, however, an example that does not satisfy this condition is described.
For the sake of contrast with Embodiment 2, the case of changing precoding weights over an N-slot period (cycle) is described. Making the same considerations as in Embodiment 1 and Embodiment 2, processing represented as below is performed on each symbol number. Let β be a positive real number, and β≠1. For symbol number Ni (where i is an integer greater than or equal to zero):
Here, j is an imaginary unit.
For symbol number Ni+1:
When generalized, this equation is as follows.
For symbol number Ni+k (k=0, 1, . . . , N−1):
Furthermore, for symbol number Ni+N−1:
Accordingly, r1 and r2 are represented as follows.
For symbol number Ni (where i is an integer greater than or equal to zero):
Here, j is an imaginary unit.
For symbol number Ni+1:
When generalized, this equation is as follows.
For symbol number Ni+k (k=0, 1, . . . , N−1):
When generalized, this equation is as follows.
For symbol number Ni+N−1:
In this case, it is assumed that only components of direct waves exist in the channel elements h11(t), h12(t), h21(t), and h22(t), that the amplitude components of the direct waves are all equal, and that fluctuations do not occur over time. With these assumptions, Equations 86-89 can be represented as follows.
For symbol number Ni (where i is an integer greater than or equal to zero):
Here, j is an imaginary unit.
For symbol number Ni+1:
When generalized, this equation is as follows.
For symbol number Ni+k (k=0, 1, . . . , N−1):
Furthermore, for symbol number Ni+N−1:
In Equations 90-93, let A be a real number and q be a complex number. Equations 90-93 can be represented as follows.
For symbol number Ni (where i is an integer greater than or equal to zero):
Here, j is an imaginary unit.
For symbol number Ni+1:
When generalized, this equation is as follows.
For symbol number Ni+k (k=0, 1, . . . , N−1):
Furthermore, for symbol number Ni+N−1:
As a result, when q is represented as follows, one of the signals s1 and s2 can no longer be obtained.
For symbol number Ni (where i is an integer greater than or equal to zero):
For symbol number Ni+1:
When generalized, this equation is as follows.
For symbol number Ni+k (k=0, 1, . . . , N−1):
Furthermore, for symbol number Ni+N−1:
In this case, if q has the same solution in symbol numbers Ni through Ni+N−1, then since the channel elements of the direct waves do not greatly fluctuate, excellent reception quality can no longer be obtained for any of the symbol numbers. Therefore, it is difficult to achieve the ability to correct errors, even if error correction codes are introduced. Accordingly, for q not to have the same solution, the following condition is necessary from Equations 98-101 when focusing on one of two solutions of q which does not include S.
Math 106
ej(θ
Next, design requirements for not only θ11 and θ12, but also for λ and δ are described. It suffices to set λ to a certain value; it is then necessary to establish requirements for δ. The following describes the design method for δ when λ is set to zero radians.
In this case, similar to the method of changing the precoding weights in a four-slot period (cycle), by defining δ so that π/2 radians≤|δ|≤π radians, excellent reception quality is achieved, particularly in an LOS environment.
In each of symbol numbers Ni through Ni+N−1, two points q exist where reception quality becomes poor, and therefore 2N such points exist. In an LOS environment, in order to achieve excellent characteristics, these 2N points should each have a different solution. In this case, in addition to Condition #5, considering that β is a positive real number, and β≠1, Condition #6 is necessary.
Math 107
ej(θ
As described above, when a transmission device transmits a plurality of modulated signals from a plurality of antennas in a MIMO system, the advantageous effect of improved transmission quality, as compared to conventional spatial multiplexing MIMO, is achieved in an LOS environment in which direct waves dominate by hopping between precoding weights regularly over time.
In the present embodiment, the structure of the reception device is as described in Embodiment 1, and in particular with regards to the structure of the reception device, operations have been described for a limited number of antennas, but the present invention may be embodied in the same way even if the number of antennas increases. In other words, the number of antennas in the reception device does not affect the operations or advantageous effects of the present embodiment. Furthermore, in the present embodiment, similar to Embodiment 1, the error correction codes are not limited.
In the present embodiment, in contrast with Embodiment 1, the method of changing the precoding weights in the time domain has been described. As described in Embodiment 1, however, the present invention may be similarly embodied by changing the precoding weights by using a multi-carrier transmission method and arranging symbols in the frequency domain and the frequency-time domain. Furthermore, in the present embodiment, symbols other than data symbols, such as pilot symbols (preamble, unique word, and the like), symbols for control information, and the like, may be arranged in the frame in any way.
In Embodiment 3, the method of regularly hopping between precoding weights has been described for the example of two types of amplitudes for each element in the precoding weight matrix, 1 and β.
In this case,
Next, the example of changing the value of 3 by slot is described. For the sake of contrast with Embodiment 3, the case of changing precoding weights over a 2×N-slot period (cycle) is described.
Making the same considerations as in Embodiment 1, Embodiment 2, and Embodiment 3, processing represented as below is performed on symbol numbers. Let β be a positive real number, and β≠1. Furthermore, let α be a positive real number, and α≠β.
For symbol number 2Ni (where i is an integer greater than or equal to zero):
Here, j is an imaginary unit.
For symbol number 2Ni+1:
When generalized, this equation is as follows.
For symbol number 2Ni+k (k=0, 1, . . . , N−1):
Furthermore, for symbol number 2Ni+N−1:
For symbol number 2Ni+N (where i is an integer greater than or equal to zero):
Here, j is an imaginary unit.
For symbol number 2Ni+N+1:
When generalized, this equation is as follows.
For symbol number 2Ni+N+k (k=0, 1, . . . , N−1):
Furthermore, for symbol number 2Ni+2N−1:
Accordingly, r1 and r2 are represented as follows.
For symbol number 2Ni (where i is an integer greater than or equal to zero):
Here, j is an imaginary unit.
For symbol number 2Ni+1:
When generalized, this equation is as follows.
For symbol number 2Ni+k (k=0, 1, . . . , N−1):
Furthermore, for symbol number 2Ni+N−1:
For symbol number 2Ni+N (where i is an integer greater than or equal to zero):
Here, j is an imaginary unit.
For symbol number 2Ni+N+1:
When generalized, this equation is as follows.
For symbol number 2Ni+N+k (k=0, 1, . . . , N−1):
When generalized, this equation is as follows.
For symbol number 2Ni+2N−1:
In this case, it is assumed that only components of direct waves exist in the channel elements h11(t), h12(t), h21(t), and h22(t), that the amplitude components of the direct waves are all equal, and that fluctuations do not occur over time. With these assumptions, Equations 110-117 can be represented as follows.
For symbol number 2Ni (where i is an integer greater than or equal to zero):
Here, j is an imaginary unit.
For symbol number 2Ni+1:
When generalized, this equation is as follows.
For symbol number 2Ni+k (k=0, 1, . . . , N−1):
Furthermore, for symbol number 2Ni+N−1:
For symbol number 2Ni+N (where i is an integer greater than or equal to zero):
Here, j is an imaginary unit.
For symbol number 2Ni+N+1:
When generalized, this equation is as follows.
For symbol number 2Ni+N+k (k=0, 1, . . . , N−1):
Furthermore, for symbol number 2Ni+2N−1:
In Equations 118-125, let A be a real number and q be a complex number. Equations 118-125 can be represented as follows.
For symbol number 2Ni (where i is an integer greater than or equal to zero):
Here, j is an imaginary unit.
For symbol number 2Ni+1:
When generalized, this equation is as follows.
For symbol number 2Ni+k (k=0, 1, . . . , N−1):
Furthermore, for symbol number 2Ni+N−1:
For symbol number 2Ni+N (where i is an integer greater than or equal to zero):
Here, j is an imaginary unit.
For symbol number 2Ni+N+1:
When generalized, this equation is as follows.
For symbol number 2Ni+N+k (k=0, 1, . . . , N−1):
Furthermore, for symbol number 2Ni+2N−1:
As a result, when q is represented as follows, one of the signals s1 and s2 can no longer be obtained.
For symbol number 2Ni (where i is an integer greater than or equal to zero):
For symbol number 2Ni+1:
When generalized, this equation is as follows.
For symbol number 2Ni+k (k=0, 1, . . . , N−1):
Furthermore, for symbol number 2Ni+N−1:
For symbol number 2Ni+N (where i is an integer greater than or equal to zero):
For symbol number 2Ni+N+1:
When generalized, this equation is as follows.
For symbol number 2Ni+N+k (k=0, 1, . . . , N−1):
Furthermore, for symbol number 2Ni+2N−1:
In this case, if q has the same solution in symbol numbers 2Ni through 2Ni+N−1, then since the channel elements of the direct waves do not greatly fluctuate, excellent reception quality can no longer be obtained for any of the symbol numbers. Therefore, it is difficult to achieve the ability to correct errors, even if error correction codes are introduced. Accordingly, for q not to have the same solution, Condition #7 or Condition #8 becomes necessary from Equations 134-141 and from the fact that α≠β when focusing on one of two solutions of q which does not include δ.
Math 149
ej(θ
In this case, Condition #8 is similar to the conditions described in Embodiment 1 through Embodiment 3. However, with regards to Condition #7, since α≠β, the solution not including δ among the two solutions of q is a different solution.
Next, design requirements for not only θ11 and θ12, but also for λ and δ are described. It suffices to set λ to a certain value; it is then necessary to establish requirements for δ. The following describes the design method for δ when λ is set to zero radians.
In this case, similar to the method of changing the precoding weights in a four-slot period (cycle), by defining δ so that π/2 radians≤|δ|≤π radians, excellent reception quality is achieved, particularly in an LOS environment.
In symbol numbers 2Ni through 2Ni+2N−1, two points q exist where reception quality becomes poor, and therefore 4N such points exist. In an LOS environment, in order to achieve excellent characteristics, these 4N points should each have a different solution. In this case, focusing on amplitude, the following condition is necessary for Condition #7 or Condition #8, since α≠β.
As described above, when a transmission device transmits a plurality of modulated signals from a plurality of antennas in a MIMO system, the advantageous effect of improved transmission quality, as compared to conventional spatial multiplexing MIMO system, is achieved in an LOS environment in which direct waves dominate by hopping between precoding weights regularly over time.
In the present embodiment, the structure of the reception device is as described in Embodiment 1, and in particular with regards to the structure of the reception device, operations have been described for a limited number of antennas, but the present invention may be embodied in the same way even if the number of antennas increases. In other words, the number of antennas in the reception device does not affect the operations or advantageous effects of the present embodiment. Furthermore, in the present embodiment, similar to Embodiment 1, the error correction codes are not limited.
In the present embodiment, in contrast with Embodiment 1, the method of changing the precoding weights in the time domain has been described. As described in Embodiment 1, however, the present invention may be similarly embodied by changing the precoding weights by using a multi-carrier transmission method and arranging symbols in the frequency domain and the frequency-time domain. Furthermore, in the present embodiment, symbols other than data symbols, such as pilot symbols (preamble, unique word, and the like), symbols for control information, and the like, may be arranged in the frame in any way.
In Embodiment 1 through Embodiment 4, the method of regularly hopping between precoding weights has been described. In the present embodiment, a modification of this method is described.
In Embodiment 1 through Embodiment 4, the method of regularly hopping between precoding weights as in
As in
The parts unique to
In order to implement this method, a precoding weight generating unit 2200 receives, as an input, a signal regarding a weighting method and outputs information 2210 regarding precoding weights in order for each period (cycle). The weighting unit 600 receives, as inputs, this information, s1(t), and s2(t), performs weighting, and outputs z1(t) and z2(t).
In
A reordering unit 2300 receives, as inputs, the precoded signals 2300A and 2300B, reorders the precoded signals 2300A and 2300B in the order of the first period (cycle) 2201, the second period (cycle) 2202, and the third period (cycle) 2203 in
Note that in the above description, the period (cycle) for hopping between precoding weights has been described as having four slots for the sake of comparison with
Furthermore, in Embodiment 1 through Embodiment 4, and in the above precoding method, within the period (cycle), the value of δ and β has been described as being the same for each slot, but the value of δ and β may change in each slot.
As described above, when a transmission device transmits a plurality of modulated signals from a plurality of antennas in a MIMO system, the advantageous effect of improved transmission quality, as compared to conventional spatial multiplexing IMO, is achieved in an LOS environment in which direct waves dominate by hopping between precoding weights regularly over time.
In the present embodiment, the structure of the reception device is as described in Embodiment 1, and in particular with regards to the structure of the reception device, operations have been described for a limited number of antennas, but the present invention may be embodied in the same way even if the number of antennas increases. In other words, the number of antennas in the reception device does not affect the operations or advantageous effects of the present embodiment. Furthermore, in the present embodiment, similar to Embodiment 1, the error correction codes are not limited.
In the present embodiment, in contrast with Embodiment 1, the method of changing the precoding weights in the time domain has been described. As described in Embodiment 1, however, the present invention may be similarly embodied by changing the precoding weights by using a multi-carrier transmission method and arranging symbols in the frequency domain and the frequency-time domain. Furthermore, in the present embodiment, symbols other than data symbols, such as pilot symbols (preamble, unique word, and the like), symbols for control information, and the like, may be arranged in the frame in any way.
In Embodiments 1-4, a method for regularly hopping between precoding weights has been described. In the present embodiment, a method for regularly hopping between precoding weights is again described, including the content that has been described in Embodiments 1-4.
First, out of consideration of an LOS environment, a method of designing a precoding matrix is described for a 2×2 spatial multiplexing MIMO system that adopts precoding in which feedback from a communication partner is not available.
Accordingly, letting a received vector be y(p)=(y1(p), y2(p))T, the received vector y(p) is represented by the following equation.
In this Equation, H(p) is the channel matrix, n(p)=(n1(p), n2(p))T is the noise vector, and ni(p) is the i.i.d. complex white Gaussian noise with 0 mean and variance σ2. Letting the Rician factor be K, the above equation can be represented as follows.
In this equation, Hd(p) is the channel matrix for the direct wave components, and Hs(p) is the channel matrix for the scattered wave components. Accordingly, the channel matrix H(p) is represented as follows.
In Equation 145, it is assumed that the direct wave environment is uniquely determined by the positional relationship between transmitters, and that the channel matrix Hd(p) for the direct wave components does not fluctuate with time. Furthermore, in the channel matrix Hd(p) for the direct wave components, it is assumed that as compared to the interval between transmit antennas, the probability of an environment with a sufficiently long distance between transmission and reception devices is high, and therefore that the channel matrix for the direct wave components can be treated as a regular matrix. Accordingly, the channel matrix Hd(p) is represented as follows.
In this equation, let A be a positive real number and q be a complex number. Subsequently, out of consideration of an LOS environment, a method of designing a precoding matrix is described for a 2×2 spatial multiplexing MIMO system that adopts precoding in which feedback from a communication partner is not available.
From Equations 144 and 145, it is difficult to seek a precoding matrix without appropriate feedback in conditions including scattered waves, since it is difficult to perform analysis under conditions including scattered waves. Additionally, in a NLOS environment, little degradation in reception quality of data occurs as compared to an LOS environment. Therefore, the following describes a method of designing precoding matrices without appropriate feedback in an LOS environment (precoding matrices for a precoding method that hops between precoding matrices over time).
As described above, since it is difficult to perform analysis under conditions including scattered waves, an appropriate precoding matrix for a channel matrix including components of only direct waves is sought from Equations 144 and 145. Therefore, in Equation 144, the case when the channel matrix includes components of only direct waves is considered. It follows that from Equation 146, Equation 144 can be represented as follows.
In this equation, a unitary matrix is used as the precoding matrix. Accordingly, the precoding matrix is represented as follows.
In this equation, λ is a fixed value. Therefore, Equation 147 can be represented as follows.
As is clear from Equation 149, when the reception device performs linear operation of Zero Forcing (ZF) or the Minimum Mean Squared Error (MMSE), the transmitted bit cannot be determined by s1(p), s2(p). Therefore, the iterative APP (or iterative Max-log APP) or APP (or Max-log APP) described in Embodiment 1 is performed (hereafter referred to as Maximum Likelihood (ML) calculation), the log-likelihood ratio of each bit transmitted in s1(p), s2(p) is sought, and decoding with error correction codes is performed. Accordingly, the following describes a method of designing a precoding matrix without appropriate feedback in an LOS environment for a reception device that performs ML calculation.
The precoding in Equation 149 is considered. The right-hand side and left-hand side of the first line are multiplied by e−jΨ, and similarly the right-hand side and left-hand side of the second line are multiplied by e−jΨ. The following equation represents the result.
e−jΨy1(p), e−jΨy2(p), and e−jΨq are respectively redefined as y1(p), y2(p), and q. Furthermore, since e−jΨn(p)=(e−jΨn1(p), e−jΨn2(p))T, and e−jΨn1(p), e−jΨn2(p) are the independent identically distributed (i.i.d.) complex Gaussian random noise with an average value 0 and variance σ2, e−jΨn(p) is redefined as n(p). As a result, generality is not lost by restating Equation 150 as Equation 151.
Next, Equation 151 is transformed into Equation 152 for the sake of clarity.
In this case, letting the minimum Euclidian distance between a received signal point and a received candidate signal point be dmin2, then a poor point has a minimum value of zero for dmin2, and two values of q exist at which conditions are poor in that all of the bits transmitted by s1(p) and all of the bits transmitted by s2(p) being eliminated.
In Equation 152, when s1(p) does not exist.
In Equation 152, when s2(p) does not exist.
Math 164
q=−Aαej(θ
When Equation 153 is satisfied, since all of the bits transmitted by s1(p) are eliminated, the received log-likelihood ratio cannot be sought for any of the bits transmitted by s1(p). When Equation 154 is satisfied, since all of the bits transmitted by s2(p) are eliminated, the received log-likelihood ratio cannot be sought for any of the bits transmitted by s2(p).
A broadcast/multicast transmission system that does not change the precoding matrix is now considered. In this case, a system model is considered in which a base station transmits modulated signals using a precoding method that does not hop between precoding matrices, and a plurality of terminals (Γ terminals) receive the modulated signals transmitted by the base station.
It is considered that the conditions of direct waves between the base station and the terminals change little over time. Therefore, from Equations 153 and 154, for a terminal that is in a position fitting the conditions of Equation 155 or Equation 156 and that is in an LOS environment where the Rician factor is large, the possibility of degradation in the reception quality of data exists. Accordingly, to resolve this problem, it is necessary to change the precoding matrix over time.
Math 166
q≈−Aαej(θ
A method of regularly hopping between precoding matrices over a time period (cycle) with N slots (hereinafter referred to as a precoding hopping method) is considered.
Since there are N slots in the time period (cycle), N varieties of precoding matrices F[i] based on Equation 148 are prepared (i=0, 1, . . . , N−1). In this case, the precoding matrices F[i] are represented as follows.
In this equation, let α not change over time, and let λ also not change over time (though change over time may be allowed).
As in Embodiment 1, F[i] is the precoding matrix used to obtain a precoded signal x (p=N×k+i) in Equation 142 for time N×k+i (where k is an integer equal to or greater than 0, and i=0, 1, . . . , N−1). The same is true below as well.
At this point, based on Equations 153 and 154, design conditions such as the following are important for the precoding matrices for precoding hopping.
Math 168
Condition #10
ej(θ
Math 169
Condition #11
ej(θ
for ∀x,∀y (x≠y; x,y=0,1, . . . ,N−1) Equation 159
From Condition #10, in all of the Γ terminals, there is one slot or less having poor reception points for s1 among the N slots in a time period (cycle). Accordingly, the log-likelihood ratio for bits transmitted by s1(p) can be obtained for at least N−1 slots. Similarly, from Condition #11, in all of the Γ terminals, there is one slot or less having poor reception points for s2 among the N slots in a time period (cycle). Accordingly, the log-likelihood ratio for bits transmitted by s2(p) can be obtained for at least N−1 slots.
In this way, by providing the precoding matrix design model of Condition #10 and Condition #11, the number of bits for which the log-likelihood ratio is obtained among the bits transmitted by s1(p), and the number of bits for which the log-likelihood ratio is obtained among the bits transmitted by s2(p) is guaranteed to be equal to or greater than a fixed number in all of the Γ terminals. Therefore, in all of the Γ terminals, it is considered that degradation of data reception quality is moderated in an LOS environment where the Rician factor is large.
The following shows an example of a precoding matrix in the precoding hopping method.
The probability density distribution of the phase of a direct wave can be considered to be evenly distributed over [0 2π]. Therefore, the probability density distribution of the phase of q in Equations 151 and 152 can also be considered to be evenly distributed over [0 2π]. Accordingly, the following is established as a condition for providing fair data reception quality insofar as possible for Γ terminals in the same LOS environment in which only the phase of q differs.
Condition #12
When using a precoding hopping method with an N-slot time period (cycle), among the N slots in the time period (cycle), the poor reception points for s1 are arranged to have an even distribution in terms of phase, and the poor reception points for s2 are arranged to have an even distribution in terms of phase.
The following describes an example of a precoding matrix in the precoding hopping method based on Condition #10 through Condition #12. Let α=1.0 in the precoding matrix in Equation 157.
Let the number of slots N in the time period (cycle) be 8. In order to satisfy Condition #10 through Condition #12, precoding matrices for a precoding hopping method with an N=8 time period (cycle) are provided as in the following equation.
Here, j is an imaginary unit, and i=0, 1, . . . , 7. Instead of Equation 160, Equation 161 may be provided (where λ and θ11[i] do not change over time (though change may be allowed)).
Accordingly, the poor reception points for s1 and s2 become as in
Next, the following is established as a condition, different from Condition #12, for providing fair data reception quality insofar as possible for Γ terminals in the same LOS environment in which only the phase of q differs.
Condition #13
When using a precoding hopping method with an N-slot time period (cycle), in addition to the condition
Math 174
ej(θ
The following describes an example of a precoding matrix in the precoding hopping method based on Condition #10, Condition #11, and Condition #13. Let α=1.0 in the precoding matrix in Equation 157.
Let the number of slots N in the time period (cycle) be 4. Precoding matrices for a precoding hopping method with an N=4 time period (cycle) are provided as in the following equation.
Here, j is an imaginary unit, and i=0, 1, 2, 3. Instead of Equation 165, Equation 166 may be provided (where λ and θ11[i] do not change over time (though change may be allowed)).
Accordingly, the poor reception points for s1 and s2 become as in
Next, a precoding hopping method using a non-unitary matrix is described.
Based on Equation 148, the precoding matrices presently under consideration are represented as follows.
Equations corresponding to Equations 151 and 152 are represented as follows.
In this case, there are two q at which the minimum value dmin2 of the Euclidian distance between a received signal point and a received candidate signal point is zero.
In Equation 171, when s1(p) does not exist:
In Equation 171, when s2(p) does not exist:
In the precoding hopping method for an N-slot time period (cycle), by referring to Equation 169, N varieties of the precoding matrix F[i] are represented as follows.
In this equation, let α and δ not change over time. At this point, based on Equations 34 and 35, design conditions such as the following are provided for the precoding matrices for precoding hopping.
Math 185
Condition #14
ej(θ
Math 186
Condition #15
ej(θ
Let α=1.0 in the precoding matrix in Equation 174. Let the number of slots N in the time period (cycle) be 16. In order to satisfy Condition #12, Condition #14, and Condition #15, precoding matrices for a precoding hopping method with an N=16 time period (cycle) are provided as in the following equations.
Furthermore, a precoding matrix that differs from Equations 177 and 178 can be provided as follows.
Accordingly, the poor reception points for s1 and s2 become as in
Next, the following is established as a condition, different from Condition #12, for providing fair data reception quality insofar as possible for Γ terminals in the same LOS environment in which only the phase of q differs.
Condition #16
When using a precoding hopping method with an N-slot time period (cycle), the following condition is set:
Math 195
ej(θ
The following describes an example of a precoding matrix in the precoding hopping method based on Condition #14, Condition #15, and Condition #16. Let α=1.0 in the precoding matrix in Equation 174.
Let the number of slots N in the time period (cycle) be 8. Precoding matrices for a precoding hopping method with an N=8 time period (cycle) are provided as in the following equation.
Furthermore, a precoding matrix that differs from Equation 186 can be provided as follows (where i=0, 1, . . . , 7, and where λ and θ11[i] do not change over time (though change may be allowed)).
Accordingly, the poor reception points for s1 and s2 become as in
Next, in the precoding matrix of Equation 174, a precoding hopping method that differs from Example #7 and Example #8 by letting α≠1, and by taking into consideration the distance in the complex plane between poor reception points, is examined.
In this case, the precoding hopping method for an N-slot time period (cycle) of Equation 174 is used, and from Condition #14, in all of the Γ terminals, there is one slot or less having poor reception points for s1 among the N slots in a time period (cycle). Accordingly, the log-likelihood ratio for bits transmitted by s1(p) can be obtained for at least N−1 slots. Similarly, from Condition #15, in all of the F terminals, there is one slot or less having poor reception points for s2 among the N slots in a time period (cycle). Accordingly, the log-likelihood ratio for bits transmitted by s2(p) can be obtained for at least N−1 slots.
Therefore, it is clear that a larger value for N in the N-slot time period (cycle) increases the number of slots in which the log-likelihood ratio can be obtained.
Incidentally, since the influence of scattered wave components is also present in an actual channel model, it is considered that when the number of slots N in the time period (cycle) is fixed, there is a possibility of improved data reception quality if the minimum distance in the complex plane between poor reception points is as large as possible. Accordingly, in the context of Example #7 and Example #8, precoding hopping methods in which α≠1 and which improve on Example #7 and Example #8 are considered. The precoding method that improves on Example #8 is easier to understand and is therefore described first.
From Equation 186, the precoding matrices in an N=8 time period (cycle) precoding hopping method that improves on Example #8 are provided in the following equation.
Here, i=0, 1, . . . , 7. Furthermore, precoding matrices that differ from Equation 190 can be provided as follows (where i=0, 1, . . . , 7, and where λ and θ11[i] do not change over time (though change may be allowed)).
Therefore, the poor reception points for s1 and s2 are represented as in
When α<1.0, the minimum distance in the complex plane between poor reception points is represented as min{d#1,#2, d#1,#3} when focusing on the distance (d#1,#2) between poor reception points #1 and #2 and the distance (d#1,#3) between poor reception points #1 and #3. In this case, the relationship between α and d#1,#2 and between α and d#1,#3 is shown in
The min{d#1,#2, d#1,#3} in this case is as follows.
Therefore, the precoding method using the value of α in Equation 198 for Equations 190-197 is effective. Setting the value of α as in Equation 198 is one appropriate method for obtaining excellent data reception quality. Setting α to be a value near Equation 198, however, may similarly allow for excellent data reception quality. Accordingly, the value to which a is set is not limited to Equation 198.
When α>1.0, the minimum distance in the complex plane between poor reception points is represented as min{d#4,#5, d#4,#6} when focusing on the distance (d#4,#5) between poor reception points #4 and #5 and the distance (d#4,#6) between poor reception points #4 and #6. In this case, the relationship between α and d#4,#5 and between α and d#4,#6 is shown in
The min{d#4,#5, d#4,#6} in this case is as follows.
Therefore, the precoding method using the value of α in Equation 200 for Equations 190-197 is effective. Setting the value of α as in Equation 200 is one appropriate method for obtaining excellent data reception quality. Setting α to be a value near Equation 200, however, may similarly allow for excellent data reception quality. Accordingly, the value to which a is set is not limited to Equation 200.
Based on consideration of Example #9, the precoding matrices in an N=16 time period (cycle) precoding hopping method that improves on Example #7 are provided in the following equations (where λ and θ11[i] do not change over time (though change may be allowed)).
The value of α in Equation 198 and in Equation 200 is appropriate for obtaining excellent data reception quality. The poor reception points for s1 are represented as in
In the present embodiment, the method of structuring N different precoding matrices for a precoding hopping method with an N-slot time period (cycle) has been described. In this case, as the N different precoding matrices, F[0], F[1], F[2], . . . , F[N−2], F[N−1] are prepared. In the present embodiment, an example of a single carrier transmission method has been described, and therefore the case of arranging symbols in the order F[0], F[1], F[2], . . . , F[N−2], F[N−1] in the time domain (or the frequency domain) has been described. The present invention is not, however, limited in this way, and the N different precoding matrices F[0], F[1], F[2], . . . , F[N−2], F[N−1] generated in the present embodiment may be adapted to a multi-carrier transmission method such as an OFDM transmission method or the like. As in Embodiment 1, as a method of adaption in this case, precoding weights may be changed by arranging symbols in the frequency domain and in the frequency-time domain. Note that a precoding hopping method with an N-slot time period (cycle) has been described, but the same advantageous effects may be obtained by randomly using N different precoding matrices. In other words, the N different precoding matrices do not necessarily need to be used in a regular period (cycle).
Examples #5 through #10 have been shown based on Conditions #10 through #16. However, in order to achieve a precoding matrix hopping method with a longer period (cycle), the period (cycle) for hopping between precoding matrices may be lengthened by, for example, selecting a plurality of examples from Examples #5 through #10 and using the precoding matrices indicated in the selected examples. For example, a precoding matrix hopping method with a longer period (cycle) may be achieved by using the precoding matrices indicated in Example #7 and the precoding matrices indicated in Example #10. In this case, Conditions #10 through #16 are not necessarily observed. (In Equation 158 of Condition #10, Equation 159 of Condition #11, Equation 164 of Condition #13, Equation 175 of Condition #14, and Equation 176 of Condition #15, it becomes important for providing excellent reception quality for the conditions “all x and all y” to be “existing x and existing y”.) When viewed from a different perspective, in the precoding matrix hopping method over an N-slot period (cycle) (where N is a large natural number), the probability of providing excellent reception quality increases when the precoding matrices of one of Examples #5 through #10 are included.
The present embodiment describes the structure of a reception device for receiving modulated signals transmitted by a transmission method that regularly hops between precoding matrices as described in Embodiments 1-6.
In Embodiment 1, the following method has been described. A transmission device that transmits modulated signals, using a transmission method that regularly hops between precoding matrices, transmits information regarding the precoding matrices. Based on this information, a reception device obtains information on the regular precoding matrix hopping used in the transmitted frames, decodes the precoding, performs detection, obtains the log-likelihood ratio for the transmitted bits, and subsequently performs error correction decoding.
The present embodiment describes the structure of a reception device, and a method of hopping between precoding matrices, that differ from the above structure and method.
When one encoder operates, the transmission bits (4001) are encoded to yield encoded transmission bits. The encoded transmission bits are allocated into two parts, and the encoder group (4002) outputs allocated bits (4003A) and allocated bits (4003B).
When two encoders operate, the transmission bits (4001) are divided in two (referred to as divided bits A and B). The first encoder receives the divided bits A as input, encodes the divided bits A, and outputs the encoded bits as allocated bits (4003A). The second encoder receives the divided bits B as input, encodes the divided bits B, and outputs the encoded bits as allocated bits (4003B).
When four encoders operate, the transmission bits (4001) are divided in four (referred to as divided bits A, B, C, and D). The first encoder receives the divided bits A as input, encodes the divided bits A, and outputs the encoded bits A. The second encoder receives the divided bits B as input, encodes the divided bits B, and outputs the encoded bits B. The third encoder receives the divided bits C as input, encodes the divided bits C, and outputs the encoded bits C. The fourth encoder receives the divided bits D as input, encodes the divided bits D, and outputs the encoded bits D. The encoded bits A, B, C, and D are divided into allocated bits (4003A) and allocated bits (4003B).
The transmission device supports a transmission method such as, for example, the following Table 1 (Table 1A and Table 1B).
As shown in Table 1, transmission of a one-stream signal and transmission of a two-stream signal are supported as the number of transmission signals (number of transmit antennas). Furthermore, QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM, 256QAM, and 1024QAM are supported as the modulation method. In particular, when the number of transmission signals is two, it is possible to set separate modulation methods for stream #1 and stream #2. For example, “#1: 256QAM, #2: 1024QAM” in Table 1 indicates that “the modulation method of stream #1 is 256QAM, and the modulation method of stream #2 is 1024QAM” (other entries in the table are similarly expressed). Three types of error correction coding methods, A, B, and C, are supported. In this case, A, B, and C may all be different coding methods. A, B, and C may also be different coding rates, and A, B, and C may be coding methods with different block sizes.
The pieces of transmission information in Table 1 are allocated to modes that define a “number of transmission signals”, “modulation method”, “number of encoders”, and “error correction coding method”. Accordingly, in the case of “number of transmission signals: 2”, “modulation method: #1: 1024QAM, #2: 1024QAM”, “number of encoders: 4”, and “error correction coding method: C”, for example, the transmission information is set to 01001101. In the frame, the transmission device transmits the transmission information and the transmission data. When transmitting the transmission data, in particular when the “number of transmission signals” is two, a “precoding matrix hopping method” is used in accordance with Table 1. In Table 1, five types of the “precoding matrix hopping method”, D, E, F, G, and H, are prepared. The precoding matrix hopping method is set to one of these five types in accordance with Table 1. The following, for example, are ways of implementing the five different types.
In
Furthermore, in
Accordingly, the transmission device in
The structure of the reception device may be represented similarly to
Note that in the above description, “transmission information” is set with respect to the “number of transmission signals”, “modulation method”, “number of encoders”, and “error correction coding method” as in Table 1, and the precoding matrix hopping method is set with respect to the “transmission information”. However, it is not necessary to set the “transmission information” with respect to the “number of transmission signals”, “modulation method”, “number of encoders”, and “error correction coding method”. For example, as in Table 2, the “transmission information” may be set with respect to the “number of transmission signals” and “modulation method”, and the precoding matrix hopping method may be set with respect to the “transmission information”.
In this context, the “transmission information” and the method of setting the precoding matrix hopping method is not limited to Tables 1 and 2. As long as a rule is determined in advance for switching the precoding matrix hopping method based on transmission parameters, such as the “number of transmission signals”, “modulation method”, “number of encoders”, “error correction coding method”, or the like (as long as the transmission device and the reception device share a predetermined rule, or in other words, if the precoding matrix hopping method is switched based on any of the transmission parameters (or on any plurality of transmission parameters)), the transmission device does not need to transmit information regarding the precoding matrix hopping method. The reception device can identify the precoding matrix hopping method used by the transmission device by identifying the information on the transmission parameters and can therefore accurately perform decoding and detection. Note that in Tables 1 and 2, a transmission method that regularly hops between precoding matrices is used when the number of modulated transmission signals is two, but a transmission method that regularly hops between precoding matrices may be used when the number of modulated transmission signals is two or greater.
Accordingly, if the transmission device and reception device share a table regarding transmission patterns that includes information on precoding hopping methods, the transmission device need not transmit information regarding the precoding hopping method, transmitting instead control information that does not include information regarding the precoding hopping method, and the reception device can infer the precoding hopping method by acquiring this control information.
As described above, in the present embodiment, the transmission device does not transmit information directly related to the method of regularly hopping between precoding matrices. Rather, a method has been described wherein the reception device infers information regarding precoding for the “method of regularly hopping between precoding matrices” used by the transmission device. This method yields the advantageous effect of improved transmission efficiency of data as a result of the transmission device not transmitting information directly related to the method of regularly hopping between precoding matrices.
Note that the present embodiment has been described as changing precoding weights in the time domain, but as described in Embodiment 1, the present invention may be similarly embodied when using a multi-carrier transmission method such as OFDM or the like.
In particular, when the precoding hopping method only changes depending on the number of transmission signals, the reception device can learn the precoding hopping method by acquiring information, transmitted by the transmission device, on the number of transmission signals.
In the present description, it is considered that a communications/broadcasting device such as a broadcast station, a base station, an access point, a terminal, a mobile phone, or the like is provided with the transmission device, and that a communications device such as a television, radio, terminal, personal computer, mobile phone, access point, base station, or the like is provided with the reception device. Additionally, it is considered that the transmission device and the reception device in the present description have a communications function and are capable of being connected via some sort of interface to a device for executing applications for a television, radio, personal computer, mobile phone, or the like.
Furthermore, in the present embodiment, symbols other than data symbols, such as pilot symbols (preamble, unique word, postamble, reference symbol, and the like), symbols for control information, and the like may be arranged in the frame in any way. While the terms “pilot symbol” and “symbols for control information” have been used here, any term may be used, since the function itself is what is important.
It suffices for a pilot symbol, for example, to be a known symbol modulated with PSK modulation in the transmission and reception devices (or for the reception device to be able to synchronize in order to know the symbol transmitted by the transmission device). The reception device uses this symbol for synchronization of frequency, synchronization of time, channel estimation (estimation of Channel State Information (CSI) for each modulated signal), detection of signals, and the like.
A symbol for control information is for transmitting information other than data (of applications or the like) that needs to be transmitted to the communication partner for achieving communication (for example, the modulation method, error correction coding method, coding rate of the error correction coding method, setting information in the upper layer, and the like).
Note that the present invention is not limited to the above Embodiments 1-5 and may be embodied with a variety of modifications. For example, the above embodiments describe communications devices, but the present invention is not limited to these devices and may be implemented as software for the corresponding communications method.
Furthermore, a precoding hopping method used in a method of transmitting two modulated signals from two antennas has been described, but the present invention is not limited in this way. The present invention may be also embodied as a precoding hopping method for similarly changing precoding weights (matrices) in the context of a method whereby four mapped signals are precoded to generate four modulated signals that are transmitted from four antennas, or more generally, whereby N mapped signals are precoded to generate N modulated signals that are transmitted from N antennas.
In the description, terms such as “precoding” and “precoding weight” are used, but any other terms may be used. What matters in the present invention is the actual signal processing.
Different data may be transmitted in streams s1(t) and s2(t), or the same data may be transmitted.
Each of the transmit antennas of the transmission device and the receive antennas of the reception device shown in the figures may be formed by a plurality of antennas.
Programs for executing the above transmission method may, for example, be stored in advance in Read Only Memory (ROM) and be caused to operate by a Central Processing Unit (CPU).
Furthermore, the programs for executing the above transmission method may be stored in a computer-readable recording medium, the programs stored in the recording medium may be loaded in the Random Access Memory (RAM) of the computer, and the computer may be caused to operate in accordance with the programs.
The components in the above embodiments may be typically assembled as a Large Scale Integration (LSI), a type of integrated circuit. Individual components may respectively be made into discrete chips, or part or all of the components in each embodiment may be made into one chip. While an LSI has been referred to, the terms Integrated Circuit (IC), system LSI, super LSI, or ultra LSI may be used depending on the degree of integration. Furthermore, the method for assembling integrated circuits is not limited to LSI, and a dedicated circuit or a general-purpose processor may be used. A Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), which is programmable after the LSI is manufactured, or a reconfigurable processor, which allows reconfiguration of the connections and settings of circuit cells inside the LSI, may be used.
Furthermore, if technology for forming integrated circuits that replaces LSIs emerges, owing to advances in semiconductor technology or to another derivative technology, the integration of functional blocks may naturally be accomplished using such technology. The application of biotechnology or the like is possible.
The present embodiment describes an application of the method described in Embodiments 1-4 and Embodiment 6 for regularly hopping between precoding weights.
At this point, when for example a precoding matrix hopping method with an N=8 period (cycle) as in Example #8 in Embodiment 6 is used, z1(t) and z2(t) are represented as follows.
For symbol number 8i (where i is an integer greater than or equal to zero):
Here, j is an imaginary unit, and k=0.
For symbol number 8i+1:
For symbol number 8i+3:
For symbol number 8i+4:
For symbol number 8i+5:
For symbol number 8i+6:
For symbol number 8i+7:
The symbol numbers shown here can be considered to indicate time. As described in other embodiments, in Equation 225, for example, z1(8i+7) and z2(8i+7) at time 8i+7 are signals at the same time, and the transmission device transmits z1(8i+7) and z2(8i+7) over the same (shared/common) frequency. In other words, letting the signals at time T be s1(T), s2(T), z1(T), and z2(T), then z1(T) and z2(T) are sought from some sort of precoding matrices and from s1(T) and s2(T), and the transmission device transmits z1(T) and z2(T) over the same (shared/common) frequency (at the same time). Furthermore, in the case of using a multi-carrier transmission method such as OFDM or the like, and letting signals corresponding to s1, s2, z1, and z2 for (sub)carrier L and time T be s1(T, L), s2(T, L), z1(T, L), and z2(T, L), then z1(T, L) and z2(T, L) are sought from some sort of precoding matrices and from s1(T, L) and s2(T, L), and the transmission device transmits z1(T, L) and z2(T, L) over the same (shared/common) frequency (at the same time).
In this case, the appropriate value of a is given by Equation 198 or Equation 200.
The present embodiment describes a precoding hopping method that increases period (cycle) size, based on the above-described precoding matrices of Equation 190.
Letting the period (cycle) of the precoding hopping method be 8M, 8M different precoding matrices are represented as follows.
In this case, i=0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and k=0, 1, . . . , M−2, M−1.
For example, letting M=2 and α<1, the poor reception points for s1 (∘) and for s2 (□) at k=0 are represented as in
In this case, when M=2, precoding matrices F[0]-F[15] are generated (the precoding matrices F[0]-F[15] may be in any order, and the matrices F[0]-F[15] may each be different). Symbol number 16i may be precoded using F[0], symbol number 16i+1 may be precoded using F[1], . . . , and symbol number 16i+h may be precoded using F[h], for example (h=0, 1, 2, . . . , 14, 15). (In this case, as described in previous embodiments, precoding matrices need not be hopped between regularly.)
Summarizing the above considerations, with reference to Equations 82-85, N-period (cycle) precoding matrices are represented by the following equation.
Here, since the period (cycle) has N slots, i=0, 1, 2, . . . , N−2, N−1. Furthermore, the N×M period (cycle) precoding matrices based on Equation 228 are represented by the following equation.
In this case, i=0, 1, 2, . . . , N−2, N−1, and k=0, 1, . . . , M−2, M−1.
Precoding matrices F[0]-F[N×M−1] are thus generated (the precoding matrices F[0]-F[N×M−1] may be in any order for the N×M slots in the period (cycle)). Symbol number N×M×i may be precoded using F[0], symbol number N×M×i+1 may be precoded using F[1], . . . , and symbol number N×M×i+h may be precoded using F[h], for example (h=0, 1, 2, . . . , N×M−2, N×M−1). (In this case, as described in previous embodiments, precoding matrices need not be hopped between regularly.)
Generating the precoding matrices in this way achieves a precoding matrix hopping method with a large period (cycle), allowing for the position of poor reception points to be easily changed, which may lead to improved data reception quality. Note that while the N×M period (cycle) precoding matrices have been set to Equation 229, the N×M period (cycle) precoding matrices may be set to the following equation, as described above.
In this case, i=0, 1, 2, . . . , N−2, N−1, and k=0, 1, . . . , M−2, M−1.
In Equations 229 and 230, when 0 radians≤δ<2π radians, the matrices are a unitary matrix when δ=π radians and are a non-unitary matrix when δ≠π radians. In the present method, use of a non-unitary matrix for π/2 radians≤|δ|<π radians is one characteristic structure (the conditions for δ being similar to other embodiments), and excellent data reception quality is obtained. Use of a unitary matrix is another structure, and as described in detail in Embodiment 10 and Embodiment 16, if N is an odd number in Equations 229 and 230, the probability of obtaining excellent data reception quality increases.
The present embodiment describes a method for regularly hopping between precoding matrices using a unitary matrix.
As described in Embodiment 8, in the method of regularly hopping between precoding matrices over a period (cycle) with N slots, the precoding matrices prepared for the N slots with reference to Equations 82-85 are represented as follows.
In this case, i=0, 1, 2, . . . , N−2, N−1. (Let α>0.) Since a unitary matrix is used in the present embodiment, the precoding matrices in Equation 231 may be represented as follows.
In this case, i=0, 1, 2, . . . , N−2, N−1. (Let α>0.) From Condition #5 (Math 106) and Condition #6 (Math 107) in Embodiment 3, the following condition is important for achieving excellent data reception quality.
Math 243
ej(θ
Embodiment 6 describes the distance between poor reception points. In order to increase the distance between poor reception points, it is important for the number of slots N to be an odd number three or greater. The following explains this point.
In order to distribute the poor reception points evenly with regards to phase in the complex plane, as described in Embodiment 6, Condition #19 and Condition #20 are provided.
In other words, Condition #19 means that the difference in phase is 2π/N radians. On the other hand, Condition #20 means that the difference in phase is −2π/N radians.
Letting θ11(0)−θ21(0)=0 radians, and letting α<1, the distribution of poor reception points for s1 and for s2 in the complex plane for an N=3 period (cycle) is shown in
In this case, when considering the phase between a line segment from the origin to a poor reception point and a half line along the real axis defined by real ≥0 (see
Based on the above, considering how the case always occurs wherein the phase for the poor reception points for s1 and the phase for the poor reception points for s2 are the same value when the number of slots N in the period (cycle) is an even number, setting the number of slots N in the period (cycle) to an odd number increases the probability of a greater distance between poor reception points in the complex plane as compared to when the number of slots N in the period (cycle) is an even number. However, when the number of slots N in the period (cycle) is small, for example when N≤16, the minimum distance between poor reception points in the complex plane can be guaranteed to be a certain length, since the number of poor reception points is small. Accordingly, when N≤16, even if N is an even number, cases do exist where data reception quality can be guaranteed.
Therefore, in the method for regularly hopping between precoding matrices based on Equation 232, when the number of slots N in the period (cycle) is set to an odd number, the probability of improving data reception quality is high. Precoding matrices F[0]-F[N−1] are generated based on Equation 232 (the precoding matrices F[0]-F[N−1] may be in any order for the N slots in the period (cycle)). Symbol number Ni may be precoded using F[0], symbol number Ni+1 may be precoded using F[1], . . . , and symbol number N×i+h may be precoded using F[h], for example (h=0, 1, 2, . . . , N−2, N−1). (In this case, as described in previous embodiments, precoding matrices need not be hopped between regularly.) Furthermore, when the modulation method for both s1 and s2 is 16QAM, if a is set as follows,
the advantageous effect of increasing the minimum distance between 16×16=256 signal points in the IQ plane for a specific LOS environment may be achieved.
In the present embodiment, the method of structuring N different precoding matrices for a precoding hopping method with an N-slot time period (cycle) has been described. In this case, as the N different precoding matrices, F[0], F[1], F[2], . . . , F[N−2], F[N−1] are prepared. In the present embodiment, an example of a single carrier transmission method has been described, and therefore the case of arranging symbols in the order F[0], F[1], F[2], . . . , F[N−2], F[N−1] in the time domain (or the frequency domain) has been described. The present invention is not, however, limited in this way, and the N different precoding matrices F[0], F[1], F[2], . . . , F[N−2], F[N−1] generated in the present embodiment may be adapted to a multi-carrier transmission method such as an OFDM transmission method or the like. As in Embodiment 1, as a method of adaption in this case, precoding weights may be changed by arranging symbols in the frequency domain and in the frequency-time domain. Note that a precoding hopping method with an N-slot time period (cycle) has been described, but the same advantageous effects may be obtained by randomly using N different precoding matrices. In other words, the N different precoding matrices do not necessarily need to be used in a regular period (cycle).
Furthermore, in the precoding matrix hopping method over an H-slot period (cycle) (H being a natural number larger than the number of slots N in the period (cycle) of the above method of regularly hopping between precoding matrices), when the N different precoding matrices of the present embodiment are included, the probability of excellent reception quality increases. In this case, Condition #17 and Condition #18 can be replaced by the following conditions. (The number of slots in the period (cycle) is considered to be N.)
Math 248
ej(θ
The present embodiment describes a method for regularly hopping between precoding matrices using a unitary matrix that differs from the example in Embodiment 9.
In the method of regularly hopping between precoding matrices over a period (cycle) with 2N slots, the precoding matrices prepared for the 2N slots are represented as follows.
Let α be a fixed value (not depending on i), where α>0.
Let α be a fixed value (not depending on i), where α>0. (Let the α in Equation 234 and the α in Equation 235 be the same value.)
From Condition #5 (Math 106) and Condition #6 (Math 107) in Embodiment 3, the following conditions are important in Equation 234 for achieving excellent data reception quality.
Math 252
ej(θ
Addition of the following condition is considered.
Math 254
θ11(x)=θ11(x+N) for ∀x (x=0,1,2, . . . ,N−2,N−1)
and
θ21(y)=θ21(y+N) for ∀y (y=0,1,2, . . . ,N−2,N−1) Condition #23
Next, in order to distribute the poor reception points evenly with regards to phase in the complex plane, as described in Embodiment 6, Condition #24 and Condition #25 are provided.
In other words, Condition #24 means that the difference in phase is 2π/N radians. On the other hand, Condition #25 means that the difference in phase is −2π/N radians.
Letting θ11(0)−θ21(0)=0 radians, and letting α>1, the distribution of poor reception points for s1 and for s2 in the complex plane when N=4 is shown in FIGS. 45A and 45B. As is clear from
Therefore, in the method for regularly hopping between precoding matrices based on Equations 234 and 235, when N is set to an odd number, the probability of improving data reception quality is high. Precoding matrices F[0]-F[2N−1] are generated based on Equations 234 and 235 (the precoding matrices F[0]-F[2N−1] may be arranged in any order for the 2N slots in the period (cycle)). Symbol number 2Ni may be precoded using F[0], symbol number 2Ni+1 may be precoded using F[1], . . . , and symbol number 2N×i+h may be precoded using F[h], for example (h=0, 1, 2, . . . , 2N−2, 2N−1). (In this case, as described in previous embodiments, precoding matrices need not be hopped between regularly.) Furthermore, when the modulation method for both s1 and s2 is 16QAM, if a is set as in Equation 233, the advantageous effect of increasing the minimum distance between 16×16=256 signal points in the IQ plane for a specific LOS environment may be achieved.
The following conditions are possible as conditions differing from Condition #23:
Math 257
ej(θ
In this case, by satisfying Condition #21, Condition #22, Condition #26, and Condition #27, the distance in the complex plane between poor reception points for s1 is increased, as is the distance between poor reception points for s2, thereby achieving excellent data reception quality.
In the present embodiment, the method of structuring 2N different precoding matrices for a precoding hopping method with a 2N-slot time period (cycle) has been described. In this case, as the 2N different precoding matrices, F[0], F[1], F[2], . . . , F[2N−2], F[2N−1] are prepared. In the present embodiment, an example of a single carrier transmission method has been described, and therefore the case of arranging symbols in the order F[0], F[1], F[2], . . . , F[2N−2], F[2N−1] in the time domain (or the frequency domain) has been described. The present invention is not, however, limited in this way, and the 2N different precoding matrices F[0], F[1], F[2], . . . , F[2N−2], F[2N−1] generated in the present embodiment may be adapted to a multi-carrier transmission method such as an OFDM transmission method or the like. As in Embodiment 1, as a method of adaption in this case, precoding weights may be changed by arranging symbols in the frequency domain and in the frequency-time domain. Note that a precoding hopping method with a 2N-slot time period (cycle) has been described, but the same advantageous effects may be obtained by randomly using 2N different precoding matrices. In other words, the 2N different precoding matrices do not necessarily need to be used in a regular period (cycle).
Furthermore, in the precoding matrix hopping method over an H-slot period (cycle) (H being a natural number larger than the number of slots 2N in the period (cycle) of the above method of regularly hopping between precoding matrices), when the 2N different precoding matrices of the present embodiment are included, the probability of excellent reception quality increases.
The present embodiment describes a method for regularly hopping between precoding matrices using a non-unitary matrix.
In the method of regularly hopping between precoding matrices over a period (cycle) with 2N slots, the precoding matrices prepared for the 2N slots are represented as follows.
Let α be a fixed value (not depending on i), where α>0. Furthermore, let δ≠π radians.
Let α be a fixed value (not depending on i), where α>0. (Let the α in Equation 236 and the a in Equation 237 be the same value.)
From Condition #5 (Math 106) and Condition #6 (Math 107) in Embodiment 3, the following conditions are important in Equation 236 for achieving excellent data reception quality.
Math 261
ej(θ
Addition of the following condition is considered.
Math 263
θ11(x)=θ11(x+N) for ∀x (x=0,1,2, . . . ,N−2,N−1)
and
θ21(y)=θ21(y+N) for ∀y (y=0,1,2, . . . ,N−2,N−1) Condition #30
Note that instead of Equation 237, the precoding matrices in the following Equation may be provided.
Let α be a fixed value (not depending on i), where α>0. (Let the α in Equation 236 and the a in Equation 238 be the same value.)
As an example, in order to distribute the poor reception points evenly with regards to phase in the complex plane, as described in Embodiment 6, Condition #31 and Condition #32 are provided.
In other words, Condition #31 means that the difference in phase is 2π/N radians. On the other hand, Condition #32 means that the difference in phase is −2π/N radians.
Letting θ11(0)−θ21(0)=0 radians, letting α>1, and letting δ=(3π)/4 radians, the distribution of poor reception points for s1 and for s2 in the complex plane when N=4 is shown in
The following conditions are possible as conditions differing from Condition #30:
Math 267
ej(θ
In this case, by satisfying Condition #28, Condition #29, Condition #33, and Condition #34, the distance in the complex plane between poor reception points for s1 is increased, as is the distance between poor reception points for s2, thereby achieving excellent data reception quality.
In the present embodiment, the method of structuring 2N different precoding matrices for a precoding hopping method with a 2N-slot time period (cycle) has been described. In this case, as the 2N different precoding matrices, F[0], F[1], F[2], . . . , F[2N−2], F[2N−1] are prepared. In the present embodiment, an example of a single carrier transmission method has been described, and therefore the case of arranging symbols in the order F[0], F[1], F[2], . . . , F[2N−2], F[2N−1] in the time domain (or the frequency domain) has been described. The present invention is not, however, limited in this way, and the 2N different precoding matrices F[0], F[1], F[2], . . . , F[2N−2], F[2N−1] generated in the present embodiment may be adapted to a multi-carrier transmission method such as an OFDM transmission method or the like. As in Embodiment 1, as a method of adaption in this case, precoding weights may be changed by arranging symbols in the frequency domain and in the frequency-time domain. Note that a precoding hopping method with a 2N-slot time period (cycle) has been described, but the same advantageous effects may be obtained by randomly using 2N different precoding matrices. In other words, the 2N different precoding matrices do not necessarily need to be used in a regular period (cycle).
Furthermore, in the precoding matrix hopping method over an H-slot period (cycle) (H being a natural number larger than the number of slots 2N in the period (cycle) of the above method of regularly hopping between precoding matrices), when the 2N different precoding matrices of the present embodiment are included, the probability of excellent reception quality increases.
The present embodiment describes a method for regularly hopping between precoding matrices using a non-unitary matrix.
In the method of regularly hopping between precoding matrices over a period (cycle) with N slots, the precoding matrices prepared for the N slots are represented as follows.
Let α be a fixed value (not depending on i), where α>0. Furthermore, let δ≠π radians (a fixed value not depending on i), and i=0, 1, 2, . . . , N−2, N−1.
From Condition #5 (Math 106) and Condition #6 (Math 107) in Embodiment 3, the following conditions are important in Equation 239 for achieving excellent data reception quality.
Math 270
ej(θ
As an example, in order to distribute the poor reception points evenly with regards to phase in the complex plane, as described in Embodiment 6, Condition #37 and Condition #38 are provided.
In other words, Condition #37 means that the difference in phase is 2π/N radians. On the other hand, Condition #38 means that the difference in phase is −2π/N radians.
In this case, if π/2 radians≤|δ|≤π radians, α>0, and α≠1, the distance in the complex plane between poor reception points for s1 is increased, as is the distance between poor reception points for s2, thereby achieving excellent data reception quality. Note that Condition #37 and Condition #38 are not always necessary.
In the present embodiment, the method of structuring N different precoding matrices for a precoding hopping method with an N-slot time period (cycle) has been described. In this case, as the N different precoding matrices, F[0], F[1], F[2], . . . , F[N−2], F[N−1] are prepared. In the present embodiment, an example of a single carrier transmission method has been described, and therefore the case of arranging symbols in the order F[0], F[1], F[2], . . . , F[N−2], F[N−1] in the time domain (or the frequency domain) has been described. The present invention is not, however, limited in this way, and the N different precoding matrices F[0], F[1], F[2], . . . , F[N−2], F[N−1] generated in the present embodiment may be adapted to a multi-carrier transmission method such as an OFDM transmission method or the like. As in Embodiment 1, as a method of adaption in this case, precoding weights may be changed by arranging symbols in the frequency domain and in the frequency-time domain. Note that a precoding hopping method with an N-slot time period (cycle) has been described, but the same advantageous effects may be obtained by randomly using N different precoding matrices. In other words, the N different precoding matrices do not necessarily need to be used in a regular period (cycle).
Furthermore, in the precoding matrix hopping method over an H-slot period (cycle) (H being a natural number larger than the number of slots N in the period (cycle) of the above method of regularly hopping between precoding matrices), when the N different precoding matrices of the present embodiment are included, the probability of excellent reception quality increases. In this case, Condition #35 and Condition #36 can be replaced by the following conditions. (The number of slots in the period (cycle) is considered to be N.)
Math 274
ej(θ
The present embodiment describes a different example than Embodiment 8.
In the method of regularly hopping between precoding matrices over a period (cycle) with 2N slots, the precoding matrices prepared for the 2N slots are represented as follows.
Let α be a fixed value (not depending on i), where α>0. Furthermore, let δ≠π radians.
Let α be a fixed value (not depending on i), where α>0. (Let the α in Equation 240 and the α in Equation 241 be the same value.)
Furthermore, the 2×N×M period (cycle) precoding matrices based on Equations 240 and 241 are represented by the following equations.
In this case, k=0, 1, . . . , M−2, M−1.
In this case, k=0, 1, . . . , M−2, M−1. Furthermore, Xk=Yk may be true, or Xk≠Yk may be true.
Precoding matrices F[0]-F[2×N×M−1] are thus generated (the precoding matrices F[0]-F[2×N×M−1] may be in any order for the 2×N×M slots in the period (cycle)). Symbol number 2×N×M×i may be precoded using F[0], symbol number 2×N×M×i+1 may be precoded using F[1], . . . , and symbol number 2×N×M×i+h may be precoded using F[h], for example (h=0, 1, 2, . . . , 2×N×M−2, 2×N×M−1). (In this case, as described in previous embodiments, precoding matrices need not be hopped between regularly.)
Generating the precoding matrices in this way achieves a precoding matrix hopping method with a large period (cycle), allowing for the position of poor reception points to be easily changed, which may lead to improved data reception quality.
The 2×N×M period (cycle) precoding matrices in Equation 242 may be changed to the following equation.
In this case, k=0, 1, . . . , M−2, M−1.
The 2×N×M period (cycle) precoding matrices in Equation 243 may also be changed to any of Equations 245-247.
In this case, k=0, 1, . . . , M−2, M−1.
In this case, k=0, 1, . . . , M−2, M−1.
In this case, k=0, 1, . . . , M−2, M−1.
Focusing on poor reception points, if Equations 242 through 247 satisfy the following conditions,
Math 284
ej(θ
Focusing on Xk and Yk, if Equations 242 through 247 satisfy the following conditions,
Math 287
Xa≠Xb+2×s×π for ∀a,∀b (a≠b; a,b=0,1,2, . . . ,M−2,M−1) Condition #42
then excellent data reception quality is achieved. Note that in Embodiment 8, Condition #42 should be satisfied.
In Equations 242 and 247, when 0 radians≤δ<2π radians, the matrices are a unitary matrix when δ=π radians and are a non-unitary matrix when δ≠n radians. In the present method, use of a non-unitary matrix for π/2 radians≤|δ|≤π radians is one characteristic structure, and excellent data reception quality is obtained. Use of a unitary matrix is another structure, and as described in detail in Embodiment 10 and Embodiment 16, if N is an odd number in Equations 242 through 247, the probability of obtaining excellent data reception quality increases.
The present embodiment describes an example of differentiating between usage of a unitary matrix and a non-unitary matrix as the precoding matrix in the method for regularly hopping between precoding matrices.
The following describes an example that uses a two-by-two precoding matrix (letting each element be a complex number), i.e. the case when two modulated signals (s1(t) and s2(t)) that are based on a modulation method are precoded, and the two precoded signals are transmitted by two antennas.
When transmitting data using a method of regularly hopping between precoding matrices, the mappers 306A and 306B in the transmission device in
The advantage of the method of regularly hopping between precoding matrices is that, as described in Embodiment 6, excellent data reception quality is achieved in an LOS environment. In particular, when the reception device performs ML calculation or applies APP (or Max-log APP) based on ML calculation, the advantageous effect is considerable. Incidentally, ML calculation greatly impacts circuit scale (calculation scale) in accordance with the modulation level of the modulation method. For example, when two precoded signals are transmitted from two antennas, and the same modulation method is used for two modulated signals (signals based on the modulation method before precoding), the number of candidate signal points in the IQ plane (received signal points 1101 in
When such a reception device is assumed, consideration of the Signal-to-Noise power Ratio (SNR) after separation of multiple signals indicates that a unitary matrix is appropriate as the precoding matrix when the reception device performs linear operation such as MMSE or ZF, whereas either a unitary matrix or a non-unitary matrix may be used when the reception device performs ML calculation. Taking any of the above embodiments into consideration, when two precoded signals are transmitted from two antennas, the same modulation method is used for two modulated signals (signals based on the modulation method before precoding), a non-unitary matrix is used as the precoding matrix in the method for regularly hopping between precoding matrices, the modulation level of the modulation method is equal to or less than 64 (or equal to or less than 256), and a unitary matrix is used when the modulation level is greater than 64 (or greater than 256), then for all of the modulation methods supported by the transmission system, there is an increased probability of achieving the advantageous effect whereby excellent data reception quality is achieved for any of the modulation methods while reducing the circuit scale of the reception device.
When the modulation level of the modulation method is equal to or less than 64 (or equal to or less than 256) as well, in some cases use of a unitary matrix may be preferable. Based on this consideration, when a plurality of modulation methods are supported in which the modulation level is equal to or less than 64 (or equal to or less than 256), it is important that in some cases, in some of the plurality of supported modulation methods where the modulation level is equal to or less than 64, a non-unitary matrix is used as the precoding matrix in the method for regularly hopping between precoding matrices.
The case of transmitting two precoded signals from two antennas has been described above as an example, but the present invention is not limited in this way. In the case when N precoded signals are transmitted from N antennas, and the same modulation method is used for N modulated signals (signals based on the modulation method before precoding), a threshold βN may be established for the modulation level of the modulation method. When a plurality of modulation methods for which the modulation level is equal to or less than βN are supported, in some of the plurality of supported modulation methods where the modulation level is equal to or less than βN, a non-unitary matrix is used as the precoding matrices in the method for regularly hopping between precoding matrices, whereas for modulation methods for which the modulation level is greater than βN, a unitary matrix is used. In this way, for all of the modulation methods supported by the transmission system, there is an increased probability of achieving the advantageous effect whereby excellent data reception quality is achieved for any of the modulation methods while reducing the circuit scale of the reception device. (When the modulation level of the modulation method is equal to or less than βN, a non-unitary matrix may always be used as the precoding matrix in the method for regularly hopping between precoding matrices.)
In the above description, the same modulation method has been described as being used in the modulation method for simultaneously transmitting N modulated signals. The following, however, describes the case in which two or more modulation methods are used for simultaneously transmitting N modulated signals.
As an example, the case in which two precoded signals are transmitted by two antennas is described. The two modulated signals (signals based on the modulation method before precoding) are either modulated with the same modulation method, or when modulated with different modulation methods, are modulated with a modulation method having a modulation level of 2a1 or a modulation level of 2a2. In this case, when the reception device uses ML calculation ((Max-log) APP based on ML calculation), the number of candidate signal points in the IQ plane (received signal points 1101 in
Furthermore, when 2a1+a2≤2β, in some cases use of a unitary matrix may be preferable. Based on this consideration, when a plurality of combinations of modulation methods are supported for which 2a1+a2≤2β, it is important that in some of the supported combinations of modulation methods for which 2a1+a2≤2β, a non-unitary matrix is used as the precoding matrix in the method for regularly hopping between precoding matrices.
As an example, the case in which two precoded signals are transmitted by two antennas has been described, but the present invention is not limited in this way. For example, N modulated signals (signals based on the modulation method before precoding) may be either modulated with the same modulation method or, when modulated with different modulation methods, the modulation level of the modulation method for the ith modulated signal may be 2ai (where i=1, 2, . . . , N−1, N).
In this case, when the reception device uses ML calculation ((Max-log) APP based on ML calculation), the number of candidate signal points in the IQ plane (received signal points 1101 in
When a plurality of combinations of a modulation methods satisfying Condition #44 are supported, in some of the supported combinations of modulation methods satisfying Condition #44, a non-unitary matrix are used as the precoding matrix in the method for regularly hopping between precoding matrices.
By using a unitary matrix in all of the combinations of modulation methods satisfying Condition #45, then for all of the modulation methods supported by the transmission system, there is an increased probability of achieving the advantageous effect whereby excellent data reception quality is achieved while reducing the circuit scale of the reception device for any of the combinations of modulation methods. (A non-unitary matrix may be used as the precoding matrix in the method for regularly hopping between precoding matrices in all of the supported combinations of modulation methods satisfying Condition #44.)
The present embodiment describes an example of a system that adopts a method for regularly hopping between precoding matrices using a multi-carrier transmission method such as OFDM.
In
Next, the supported transmission methods are described.
A weighting unit 600, which is a baseband signal in accordance with a certain modulation method, receives as inputs a stream s1(t) (307A), a stream s2(t) (307B), and information 315 regarding the weighting method, and outputs a modulated signal z1(t) (309A) after weighting and a modulated signal z2(t) (309B) after weighting. Here, when the information 315 regarding the weighting method indicates a spatial multiplexing MIMO system, the signal processing in method #1 of
When a method for transmitting one modulated signal is supported, from the standpoint of transmission power, Equation 250 may be represented as Equation 251.
When the information 315 regarding the weighting method indicates a MIMO system in which precoding matrices are regularly hopped between, signal processing in method #2, for example, of
Here, θ11, θ12, λ, and δ are fixed values.
In
A modulated signal generating unit #1 (5201_1) receives, as input, information (5200_1) and the control signal (5206) and, based on the information on the transmission method in the control signal (5206), outputs a modulated signal z1 (5202_1) and a modulated signal z2 (5203_1) in the carrier group #A of
Similarly, a modulated signal generating unit #2 (5201_2) receives, as input, information (5200_2) and the control signal (5206) and, based on the information on the transmission method in the control signal (5206), outputs a modulated signal z1 (5202_2) and a modulated signal z2 (5203_2) in the carrier group #B of
Similarly, a modulated signal generating unit #3 (5201_3) receives, as input, information (5200_3) and the control signal (5206) and, based on the information on the transmission method in the control signal (5206), outputs a modulated signal z1 (5202_3) and a modulated signal z2 (5203_3) in the carrier group #C of
Similarly, a modulated signal generating unit #4 (5201_4) receives, as input, information (5200_4) and the control signal (5206) and, based on the information on the transmission method in the control signal (5206), outputs a modulated signal z1 (5202_4) and a modulated signal z2 (5203_4) in the carrier group #D of
While not shown in the figures, the same is true for modulated signal generating unit #5 through modulated signal generating unit #M−1.
Similarly, a modulated signal generating unit #M (5201_M) receives, as input, information (5200_M) and the control signal (5206) and, based on the information on the transmission method in the control signal (5206), outputs a modulated signal z1 (5202_M) and a modulated signal z2 (5203_M) in a certain carrier group.
An OFDM related processor (5207_1) receives, as inputs, the modulated signal z1 (5202_1) in carrier group #A, the modulated signal z1 (5202_2) in carrier group #B, the modulated signal z1 (5202_3) in carrier group #C, the modulated signal z1 (5202_4) in carrier group #D, . . . , the modulated signal z1 (5202_M) in a certain carrier group #M, and the control signal (5206), performs processing such as reordering, inverse Fourier transform, frequency conversion, amplification, and the like, and outputs a transmission signal (5208_1). The transmission signal (5208_1) is output as a radio wave from an antenna (5209_1).
Similarly, an OFDM related processor (5207_2) receives, as inputs, the modulated signal z2 (5203_1) in carrier group #A, the modulated signal z2 (5203_2) in carrier group #B, the modulated signal z2 (5203_3) in carrier group #C, the modulated signal z2 (5203_4) in carrier group #D, . . . , the modulated signal z2 (5203_M) in a certain carrier group #M, and the control signal (5206), performs processing such as reordering, inverse Fourier transform, frequency conversion, amplification, and the like, and outputs a transmission signal (5208_2). The transmission signal (5208_2) is output as a radio wave from an antenna (5209_2).
An interleaver (5304) receives, as input, error correction coded data (5303) and the control signal (5301) and, in accordance with information on the interleaving method included in the control signal (5301), reorders the error correction coded data (5303) and outputs interleaved data (5305).
A mapper (5306_1) receives, as input, the interleaved data (5305) and the control signal (5301) and, in accordance with the information on the modulation method included in the control signal (5301), performs mapping and outputs a baseband signal (5307_1).
Similarly, a mapper (5306_2) receives, as input, the interleaved data (5305) and the control signal (5301) and, in accordance with the information on the modulation method included in the control signal (5301), performs mapping and outputs a baseband signal (5307_2).
A signal processing unit (5308) receives, as input, the baseband signal (53071), the baseband signal (5307_2), and the control signal (5301) and, based on information on the transmission method (for example, in this embodiment, a spatial multiplexing MIMO system, a MIMO system using a fixed precoding matrix, a MIMO system for regularly hopping between precoding matrices, space-time block coding, or a transmission method for transmitting only stream s1) included in the control signal (5301), performs signal processing. The signal processing unit (5308) outputs a processed signal z1 (5309_1) and a processed signal z2 (5309_2). Note that when the transmission method for transmitting only stream s1 is selected, the signal processing unit (5308) does not output the processed signal z2 (5309_2). Furthermore, in
The control information symbols are for transmitting control information shared by the carrier group and are composed of symbols for the transmission and reception devices to perform frequency and synchronization of time, information regarding the allocation of (sub)carriers, and the like. The control information symbols are set to be transmitted from only stream s1 at time $1.
The individual control information symbols are for transmitting control information on individual subcarrier groups and are composed of information on the transmission method, modulation method, error correction coding method, coding rate for error correction coding, block size of error correction codes, and the like for the data symbols, information on the insertion method of pilot symbols, information on the transmission power of pilot symbols, and the like. The individual control information symbols are set to be transmitted from only stream s1 at time $1.
The data symbols are for transmitting data (information), and as described with reference to
The pilot symbols are for the reception device to perform channel estimation, i.e. to estimate fluctuation corresponding to h11(t), h12(t), h21(t), and h22(t) in Equation 36. (In this embodiment, since a multi-carrier transmission method such as an OFDM method is used, the pilot symbols are for estimating fluctuation corresponding to h11(t), h12(t), h21(t), and h22(t) in each subcarrier.) Accordingly, the PSK transmission method, for example, is used for the pilot symbols, which are structured to form a pattern known by the transmission and reception devices. Furthermore, the reception device may use the pilot symbols for estimation of frequency offset, estimation of phase distortion, and synchronization of time.
In
The control information decoding unit 709 in
The channel fluctuation estimating unit 705_1 for the modulated signal z1 receives, as inputs, the processed signal 704_X and the control signal 710, performs channel estimation in the carrier group required by the reception device (the desired carrier group), and outputs a channel estimation signal 706_1.
Similarly, the channel fluctuation estimating unit 705_2 for the modulated signal z2 receives, as inputs, the processed signal 704_X and the control signal 710, performs channel estimation in the carrier group required by the reception device (the desired carrier group), and outputs a channel estimation signal 706_2.
Similarly, the channel fluctuation estimating unit 705_1 for the modulated signal z1 receives, as inputs, the processed signal 704_Y and the control signal 710, performs channel estimation in the carrier group required by the reception device (the desired carrier group), and outputs a channel estimation signal 708_1.
Similarly, the channel fluctuation estimating unit 705_2 for the modulated signal z2 receives, as inputs, the processed signal 704_Y and the control signal 710, performs channel estimation in the carrier group required by the reception device (the desired carrier group), and outputs a channel estimation signal 708_2.
The signal processing unit 711 receives, as inputs, the signals 706_1, 706_2, 708_1, 708_2, 704_X, 704_Y, and the control signal 710. Based on the information included in the control signal 710 on the transmission method, modulation method, error correction coding method, coding rate for error correction coding, block size of error correction codes, and the like for the data symbols transmitted in the desired carrier group, the signal processing unit 711 demodulates and decodes the data symbols and outputs received data 712.
A Fourier transformer (5703) receives, as input, the frequency converted signal (5702), performs a Fourier transform, and outputs a Fourier transformed signal (5704).
As described above, when using a multi-carrier transmission method such as an OFDM method, carriers are divided into a plurality of carrier groups, and the transmission method is set for each carrier group, thereby allowing for the reception quality and transmission speed to be set for each carrier group, which yields the advantageous effect of construction of a flexible system. In this case, as described in other embodiments, allowing for choice of a method of regularly hopping between precoding matrices offers the advantages of obtaining high reception quality, as well as high transmission speed, in an LOS environment. While in the present embodiment, the transmission methods to which a carrier group can be set are “a spatial multiplexing MIMO system, a MIMO system using a fixed precoding matrix, a MIMO system for regularly hopping between precoding matrices, space-time block coding, or a transmission method for transmitting only stream s1”, but the transmission methods are not limited in this way. Furthermore, the space-time coding is not limited to the method described with reference to
In
Like Embodiment 10, the present embodiment describes a method for regularly hopping between precoding matrices using a unitary matrix when N is an odd number.
In the method of regularly hopping between precoding matrices over a period (cycle) with 2N slots, the precoding matrices prepared for the 2N slots are represented as follows.
Let α be a fixed value (not depending on i), where α>0.
Let α be a fixed value (not depending on i), where α>0. (Let the α in Equation 253 and the α in Equation 254 be the same value.)
From Condition #5 (Math 106) and Condition #6 (Math 107) in Embodiment 3, the following conditions are important in Equation 253 for achieving excellent data reception quality.
Math 296
ej(θ
Addition of the following condition is considered.
Math 298
θ11(x)=θ11(x+N) for ∀x (x=0,1,2, . . . ,N−2,N−1)
and
θ11(y)=θ11(y+N) for ∀y (y=0,1,2, . . . ,N−2,N−1) Condition #48
Next, in order to distribute the poor reception points evenly with regards to phase in the complex plane, as described in Embodiment 6, Condition #49 and Condition #50 are provided.
In other words, Condition #49 means that the difference in phase is 2π/N radians. On the other hand, Condition #50 means that the difference in phase is −2π/N radians.
Letting θ11(0)−θ21(0)=0 radians, and letting α>1, the distribution of poor reception points for s1 and for s2 in the complex plane for N=3 is shown in
Therefore, in the method for regularly hopping between precoding matrices based on Equations 253 and 254, when N is set to an odd number, the probability of improving data reception quality is high. Precoding matrices F[0]-F[2N−1] are generated based on Equations 253 and 254 (the precoding matrices F[0]-F[2N−1] may be in any order for the 2N slots in the period (cycle)). Symbol number 2Ni may be precoded using F[0], symbol number 2Ni+1 may be precoded using F[1], . . . , and symbol number 2N×i+h may be precoded using F[h], for example (h=0, 1, 2, . . . , 2N−2, 2N−1). (In this case, as described in previous embodiments, precoding matrices need not be hopped between regularly.) Furthermore, when the modulation method for both s1 and s2 is 16QAM, if a is set as in Equation 233, the advantageous effect of increasing the minimum distance between 16×16=256 signal points in the IQ plane for a specific LOS environment may be achieved.
The following conditions are possible as conditions differing from Condition #48:
Math 301
ej(θ
In this case, by satisfying Condition #46, Condition #47, Condition #51, and Condition #52, the distance in the complex plane between poor reception points for s1 is increased, as is the distance between poor reception points for s2, thereby achieving excellent data reception quality.
In the present embodiment, the method of structuring 2N different precoding matrices for a precoding hopping method with a 2N-slot time period (cycle) has been described. In this case, as the 2N different precoding matrices, F[0], F[1], F[2], . . . , F[2N−2], F[2N−1] are prepared. In the present embodiment, an example of a single carrier transmission method has been described, and therefore the case of arranging symbols in the order F[0], F[1], F[2], . . . , F[2N−2], F[2N−1] in the time domain (or the frequency domain) has been described. The present invention is not, however, limited in this way, and the 2N different precoding matrices F[0], F[1], F[2], . . . , F[2N−2], F[2N−1] generated in the present embodiment may be adapted to a multi-carrier transmission method such as an OFDM transmission method or the like. As in Embodiment 1, as a method of adaption in this case, precoding weights may be changed by arranging symbols in the frequency domain and in the frequency-time domain. Note that a precoding hopping method with a 2N-slot time period (cycle) has been described, but the same advantageous effects may be obtained by randomly using 2N different precoding matrices. In other words, the 2N different precoding matrices do not necessarily need to be used in a regular period (cycle).
Furthermore, in the precoding matrix hopping method over an H-slot period (cycle) (H being a natural number larger than the number of slots 2N in the period (cycle) of the above method of regularly hopping between precoding matrices), when the 2N different precoding matrices of the present embodiment are included, the probability of excellent reception quality increases.
Embodiment 17 describes an arrangement of precoded symbols that achieves high reception quality in a transmission method for a MIMO system for regularly hopping between precoding matrices.
In modulated symbol z1 and modulated symbol z2 of
The following focuses on symbol 610a in carrier f2 and at time t2 of
In carrier f2, an extremely high correlation exists between the channel conditions of the closest symbols in terms of time to time t2, i.e. symbol 613a at time t1 and symbol 611a at time t3 in carrier f2, and the channel conditions of symbol 610a at time t2 in carrier f2.
Similarly, at time t2, an extremely high correlation exists between the channel conditions of the symbols at the closest frequencies to carrier f2 in the frequency domain, i.e. symbol 612a at time t2 in carrier f1 and symbol 614a at time t2 in carrier f3, and the channel conditions of symbol 610a at time t2 in carrier f2.
As described above, an extremely high correlation exists between the channel conditions of symbols 611a, 612a, 613a, and 614a and the channel conditions of symbol 610a.
Note that the same correlations of course exist for symbols 610b-614b of modulated signal z2.
In the present description, N types of matrices (where N is an integer equal to or greater than five) are used as the precoding matrices in the transmission method that regularly hops between precoding matrices. The symbols shown in FIGS. 61A and 61B bear labels such as “#1”, for example, which indicates that the symbol has been precoded with precoding matrix #1. In other words, precoding matrices #1-#N are prepared. Accordingly, the symbol bearing the label “#N” has been precoded with precoding matrix #N.
The present embodiment discloses utilization of the high correlation between the channel conditions of symbols that are adjacent in the frequency domain and symbols that are adjacent in the time domain in an arrangement of precoded symbols that yields high reception quality at the reception device.
The condition (referred to as Condition #53) for obtaining high reception quality at the reception side is as follows.
Condition #53
In a transmission method that regularly hops between precoding matrices, when using a multi-carrier transmission method such as OFDM, the following five symbols for data transmission (hereinafter referred to as data symbols) are each precoded with a different precoding matrix: the data symbol at time X in carrier Y; the symbols that are adjacent in the time domain, namely the data symbols at time X−1 in carrier Y and at time X+1 in carrier Y; and the symbols that are adjacent in the frequency domain, namely the data symbols at time X in carrier Y−1 and at time X in carrier Y+1.
The reason behind Condition #53 is as follows. For a given symbol in the transmission signal (hereinafter referred to as symbol A), a high correlation exists between (i) the channel conditions of symbol A and (ii) the channel conditions of the symbols adjacent to symbol A in terms of time and the symbols adjacent to symbol A in terms of frequency, as described above.
By using different precoding matrices for these five symbols, in an LOS environment, even if the reception quality of symbol A is poor (although the reception quality is high in terms of SNR, the condition of the phase relationship of the direct waves is poor, causing poor reception quality), the probability of excellent reception quality in the remaining four symbols adjacent to symbol A is extremely high. Therefore, after error correction decoding, excellent reception quality is obtained.
On the other hand, if the same precoding matrix as symbol A is used for the symbols adjacent to symbol A in terms of time or adjacent in terms of frequency, the symbols precoded with the same precoding matrix have an extremely high probability of poor reception quality like symbol A. Therefore, after error correction decoding, the data reception quality degrades.
As is clear from
On the other hand, as is clear from
Therefore, in order for the reception device to achieve excellent data reception quality, it is important for symbols that satisfy Condition #53 to exist. In order to improve the data reception quality, it is therefore preferable that many data symbols satisfy Condition #53.
The following describes a method of allocating precoding matrices to symbols that satisfy Condition #53.
Based on the above considerations, the following shows a method of allocating symbols so that all of the data symbols satisfy the symbol allocation shown in
Condition #54
Five or more precoding matrices are necessary. As shown in
When this condition is satisfied, it is possible to arrange symbols satisfying Condition #53 by allocating precoding matrices based on the following method and then precoding symbols.
First, in the frequency bandwidth that is to be used, one of N precoding matrices is allocated to the smallest carrier number and the smallest time (the earliest time from the start of transmission). As an example, in
Next, using the smallest carrier number as a reference, the index of the precoding matrix allocated to the smallest carrier number (i.e. #X) is shifted in the time domain by a predetermined number (hereinafter, this predetermined number is indicated as Sc). Shifting is synonymous with increasing the index by Sc. At times other than the smallest time, the index of the precoding matrix used for precoding is changed (incremented) in the frequency domain according to the same rule as for the smallest time. In this context, when numbers from 1 to N are assigned to the prepared precoding matrices, shifting refers to allocating precoding matrices with numbers that are incremented with respect to the numbers of the precoding matrices allocated to the previous time slot in the time domain.
For example, focusing on time t2 in
In order to satisfy Condition #53, the value of Sc for shifting the precoding matrices in the time domain is given by Condition #55.
Condition #55
Sc is between two and N−2, inclusive.
In other words, when precoding matrix #1 is allocated to the symbol in carrier f1 at time t1, the precoding matrices allocated in the time domain are shifted by Sc. That is, the symbol in carrier f1 at time t2 has the precoding matrix indicated by the number 1+Sc allocated thereto, the symbol in carrier f1 at time t3 has the precoding matrix indicated by the number 1+Sc+Sc allocated thereto, . . . , the symbol in carrier f1 at time tn has allocated thereto the precoding matrix indicated by Sc+(the number of the precoding matrix allocated to the symbol at time tn−1), and so forth. Note that when the value obtained by addition exceeds the prepared number N of different precoding matrices, N is subtracted from the value obtained by addition to yield the precoding matrix that is used. Specifically, letting N be five, Sc be two, and precoding matrix #1 be allocated to the smallest carrier f1 at time t1, the precoding matrix in carrier f1 at time t2 is precoding matrix #3 (1+2(Sc)), the precoding matrix in carrier f1 at time t3 is precoding matrix #5 (3+2(Sc)), the precoding matrix in carrier f1 at time t4 is precoding matrix #2 (5+2(Sc)−5(N)), and so forth.
Once the precoding matrices allocated to each time tx for the smallest carrier number are determined, the precoding matrices allocated in the smallest carrier number at each time are incremented to allocate subsequent precoding matrices. For example, in
As is clear from
Furthermore, it is clear that the index of precoding matrices is increased by a value of three for Sc, since the difference between the index of the precoding matrix used for symbol 631a and the precoding matrix used for symbol 630a in
In the transmission device, as an example of the method for achieving this symbol arrangement, the precoding matrix with the smallest number (precoding matrix #1 in
After allocating precoding matrices to the smallest carrier for the necessary number of time slots, the precoding matrix allocated to each time slot should be incremented one at a time in the frequency domain until reaching the largest carrier that is used.
In other words, a structure should be adopted in which the number of the precoding matrices used in the frequency domain is incremented one at a time, whereas the number of the precoding matrices used in the time domain is shifted by Sc.
For the modulated signal z1 shown in
By transmitting signals generated in this way, at the reception device, even if the reception quality of a certain symbol is poor, it is assumed that the reception quality of symbols that are adjacent in the frequency and time domains will be higher. Therefore, after error correction decoding, excellent reception quality is guaranteed.
In the above-described allocation method of precoding matrices, the smallest carrier is determined, and precoding matrices are shifted by Sc in the time domain, but precoding matrices may be shifted by Sc in the frequency domain. In other words, after determining the precoding matrix allocated to the earliest time t1 in carrier f1, precoding matrices may be allocated by shifting the precoding matrix by Sc one carrier at a time in the frequency domain. In the same carrier, the index of each precoding matrix would then be incremented one at a time in the time domain. In this case, the symbol arrangements shown in
As shown in
For a method other than the methods shown in
Note that precoding matrices may be incremented in accordance with a method other than the methods of incrementing the index of precoding matrices shown in
Modulated signals generated in this way are transmitted from a plurality of antennas in the transmission device.
This concludes the example of arrangement of precoded symbols according to Embodiment 17 for reducing degradation of reception quality at the receiving end. Note that in Embodiment 17, methods have been shown in which many data symbols satisfy Condition #53 by using, in symbols adjacent to a certain symbol, precoding matrices whose number has been shifted by a predetermined number from the precoding matrix for the certain symbol. However, as long as data symbols satisfying Condition #53 exist, the advantageous effect of improved data reception quality can be achieved even without allocating precoding matrices regularly as shown in Embodiment 17.
Furthermore, in the method of the present embodiment, treating the symbol to which a precoding matrix is first allocated as a reference, precoding matrix #1 is allocated to the symbol in the smallest carrier, and the precoding matrices are shifted by one or by Sc in the frequency and time domains, but this method may be adapted to allocate precoding matrices starting from the largest carrier. Alternatively, a structure may be adopted whereby precoding matrix #N is allocated to the smallest carrier, and the precoding matrices are then shifted by subtraction. In other words, the index numbers of different precoding matrices in Embodiment 17 are only an example, and as long as many data symbols satisfy Condition #53, any index numbers may be assigned.
Information indicating the allocation method of precoding matrices shown in Embodiment 17 is generated by the weighting information generating unit 314 shown in Embodiment 1, and in accordance with the generated information, the weighting units 308A and 308B or the like perform precoding.
Additionally, while in the method of regularly hopping between precoding matrices, the number of precoding matrices used does not change (i.e., different precoding matrices F[0], F[1], . . . , F[N−1] are prepared, and the precoding matrices F[0], F[1], . . . , F[N−1] are hopped between and used), it is possible to switch between the method of allocating precoding matrices of the present embodiment and of other embodiments in units of frames, in units of symbol blocks composed of complex symbols, and the like. In this case, the transmission device transmits information regarding the method of allocating precoding matrices. By receiving this information, the reception device learns the method of allocating precoding matrices, and based on the method, decodes the precoded symbols. Predetermined methods of allocating the precoding matrices exist, such as allocation method A, allocation method B, allocation method C, and allocation method D. The transmission device selects an allocation method from among A-D and transmits information to the reception device to indicate which of the methods A-D is used. By acquiring this information, the reception device is able to decode the precoded symbols.
Note that in the present embodiment, the case of transmitting modulated signals s1, s2 and z1, z2 has been described, i.e. an example of two streams and two transmission signals. The number of streams and of transmission signals is not limited in this way, however, and precoding matrices may be similarly allocated when the number is larger than two. In other words, if streams of modulated signals s3, s4, . . . exist, and transmission signals for the modulated signals z3, z4, . . . exist, then in z3 and z4, the index of the precoding matrices for the symbols in frames in the frequency-time domains may be changed similarly to z1 and z2.
In Embodiment 17, conditions when allocating only data symbols have been described. In practice, however, pilot symbols and symbols for transmitting control information can also be thought to exist. (While the term “pilot symbol” is used here, an appropriate example is a known PSK modulation symbol that does not transmit data, and a name such as “reference symbol” may be used. Typically, this symbol is used for estimation of channel conditions, estimation of frequency offset amount, acquisition of synchronization of time, signal detection, estimation of phase distortion, and the like.) Therefore, Embodiment 18 describes a method of allocating precoding matrices for data symbols among which pilot symbols are inserted.
In Embodiment 17,
Furthermore, pilot symbols or symbols for transmitting control information, which are not data symbols, may be allocated to a specific carrier. As an example,
In other words, even if symbols that are not data symbols, such as pilot symbols or symbols for transmitting control information, are arranged in specific carriers, many data symbols satisfying Condition #53 may be provided. Furthermore, as described above, in
Additionally, even if only symbols other than data symbols are arranged at a specific time instead of data symbols, many data symbols satisfying Condition #53 may be provided.
Note that in
In the frames in the time-frequency domains described so far, a frame structure in which symbols other than data symbols only occur at specified times or in specified carriers has been described. As an example differing from these examples, the following describes the case in which the subcarrier including a pilot symbol P changes over time, as shown in
First, when the index of the precoding matrix that is used is simply incremented as described in Embodiment 17, one possibility is not to increment the index of the precoding matrix for symbols other than data symbols.
In particular, when the following conditions are satisfied, many data symbols satisfying Condition #53 can be provided.
Condition <a> may also be expressed as follows.
Relaxing the conditions in conditions <a> and <a′> yields the following.
It is preferable to use a large period (cycle) in the method of regularly hopping between precoding matrices, and for the value of Sc to be “equal to or greater than X and less than or equal to N−X, where X is large”.
With these conditions, selecting any two of (i) the number of times the index of the precoding matrices is incremented at time i−1, (ii) the number of times the index of the precoding matrices is incremented at time i, and (iii) the number of times the index of the precoding matrices is incremented at time i+1, the difference therebetween is at most one. Therefore, the probability of maintaining the conditions described in Embodiment 17 is high.
Focusing on symbol 700a in
Another method is to increment the index number of precoding matrices even at locations where pilot symbols are inserted.
As shown in
This arrangement offers the advantageous effect that all of the data symbols in the time and frequency domains satisfy Condition #53. However, since pilot symbols are inserted, the period (cycle) in the method of regularly hopping between precoding matrices is no longer constant.
Information indicating the allocation method of precoding matrices shown in Embodiment 18 may be generated by the weighting information generating unit 314 shown in Embodiment 1, and in accordance with the generated information, the weighting units 308A and 308B or the like may perform precoding and transmit information corresponding to the above information to the communication partner. (This information need not be transmitted when a rule is predetermined, i.e. when the method of allocating precoding matrices is determined in advance at the transmission side and the reception side.) The communication partner learns of the allocation method of precoding matrices used by the transmission device and, based on this knowledge, decodes precoded symbols.
In the present embodiment, the case of transmitting modulated signals s1, s2 and modulated signals z1, z2 has been described, i.e. an example of two streams and two transmission signals. The number of streams and of transmission signals is not limited in this way, however, and may similarly be implemented by allocating precoding matrices when the number is larger than two. In other words, if streams of modulated signals s3, s4, . . . exist, and transmission signals z3, z4, . . . exist, then in z3 and z4, the index of the precoding matrices for the symbols in frames in the frequency-time domains may be allocated similarly to the modulated signals z1 and z2.
Embodiment 17 and Embodiment 18 describe an example focusing on five data symbols, namely a certain data symbol and the symbols that are closest to the certain data symbol in terms of time and frequency, wherein the precoding matrices assigned to the five data symbols are all different. Embodiment 19 describes a method for allocating precoding matrices that expands the range over which precoding matrices used for nearby data symbols differ from each other. Note that in the present embodiment, a range over which precoding matrices allocated to all of the symbols in the range differ is referred to as a “differing range” for the sake of convenience.
In Embodiments 17 and 18, precoding matrices are allocated so that, for five data symbols in the shape of a cross, the precoding matrices used for the data symbols differ from each other. In this embodiment, however, the range over which precoding matrices that differ from each other are allocated to data symbols is expanded, for example to three symbols in the direction of frequency and three symbols in the time domain, for a total of 3×3=9 data symbols. Precoding matrices that differ from each other are allocated to these nine data symbols. With this method, the data reception quality at the reception side may be higher than the symbol arrangement shown in Embodiment 17 in which only five symbols are multiplied by different precoding matrices. (As mentioned above, the present embodiment describes the case of expansion to M symbols in the time domain and N symbols in the frequency domain, i.e. N×M data symbols.)
The following describes a method of allocating precoding matrices by describing this expansion, and subsequently, conditions for achieving the expansion.
First, in the rectangular differing ranges shown in
Next, the following describes a specific example of a method of allocating precoding matrices in order to achieve an arrangement of symbols with the method of allocating precoding matrices shown in
First, the method of allocating precoding matrices in the frequency domain is to allocate precoding matrices by incrementing the index number one at a time, as described in Embodiment 17. When the index number exceeds the number of prepared precoding matrices, allocation returns to precoding matrix #1 and continues.
When allocating precoded symbols in the time domain as well, precoding matrices are allocated by adding Sc, as described in Embodiment 17, yet the conditions for Sc differ from those described in Embodiment 17.
The conditions for Sc described in Embodiment 17 are, in the present embodiment, that when the differing range is expanded to N×M data symbols, i.e. M symbols in the time domain and N symbols in the frequency domain, then letting L be the larger of the values N and M, Sc is equal to or greater than L symbols and equal to or less than Z−L symbols. (Let the hopping period (cycle) in the method of regularly hopping between precoding matrices have Z slots.) However, when N M, the above condition need not be satisfied in some cases.
Note that when Sc is set to a larger number than L, a larger number of different precoding matrices than N×M is necessary for the value of Z. In other words, it is preferable to set the hopping period (cycle) to be large.
In the case of the 3×3 differing range in
In other words, when the precoding matrix used for the symbol in carrier f1 at time t1 is precoding matrix #1 and the differing range is 3×3, the precoding matrix used for the symbol in carrier f1 at time t2 is 1+3, i.e. precoding matrix #4.
With reference to
As is clear from
From the examples in
Let the index number of precoding matrices in the frequency domain be incremented one at a time. When the index number exceeds the number of prepared precoding matrices, allocation returns to precoding matrix #1 and continues. When allocating precoded symbols in the time domain, precoding matrices are allocated by adding Sc, as described in Embodiment 17. In this case, Sc must be equal to or greater than N symbols and equal to or less than Z−N. (Let the hopping period (cycle) in the method of regularly hopping between precoding matrices have Z slots.)
However, even when Sc is set according to the above conditions, in some cases the precoding matrices allocated to the symbols in the differing range may not all be different. To achieve a structure in which all of the precoding matrices allocated to the symbols in the differing range are different, the size of the hopping period (cycle) should be set to a large number.
Let the index number of precoding matrices in the time domain be incremented one at a time. When the index number exceeds the number of prepared precoding matrices, allocation returns to precoding matrix #1 and continues. When allocating precoded symbols in the frequency domain, precoding matrices are allocated by adding Sc, as described in Embodiment 17. In this case, Sc must be equal to or greater than M symbols and equal to or less than Z−M.
However, even when Sc is set according to the above conditions, in some cases the precoding matrices allocated to the symbols in the differing range may not all be different. To achieve a structure in which all of the precoding matrices allocated to the symbols in the differing range are different, the size of the hopping period (cycle) should be increased.
It is obvious that
Furthermore, while a structure has been described in which precoding matrices are shifted by Sc in the time domain and are shifted one at a time in the frequency domain, precoding matrices may be allocated by shifting precoding matrices one at a time in the time domain and by Sc in the frequency domain, as described in Embodiment 17 with reference to
Additionally, the precoding matrices used for all of the symbols in any differing range may differ from each other in a diamond-like differing range as well, as shown in
In this case, however, in order to satisfy the above conditions, the necessary number of precoding matrices is the maximum number of symbols in the frequency domain multiplied by the maximum number of symbols in the time domain in the diamond-like differing range. In other words, in the diamond-like differing range shown in
In this way, even when the range in which all of the precoding matrices allocated to symbols differ from each other is expanded from five symbols as shown in Embodiment 17, a method can be implemented to allocate precoding matrices while incrementing by one, and shifting by Sc, the index of the precoding matrices in the frequency and the time domains.
While conditions have been described when allocating only data symbols, as in Embodiment 17, the following describes the arrangement of data symbols when pilot symbols are inserted, as described in Embodiment 18.
One example of symbol arrangement when pilot symbols are inserted shares the concept described in Embodiment 18. Namely, since the locations at which pilot symbols are inserted are predetermined, at each location where a pilot symbol is inserted, the number of the precoding matrix that would be allocated if a pilot symbol were not inserted is skipped before multiplying the precoding matrix with the next symbol. In other words, at locations where pilot symbols are inserted, the number of the precoding matrix allocated to the next symbol is increased more. Specifically, when incrementing the index one at a time, the index of the precoding matrix is incremented by two over the precoding matrix allocated to the previous symbol, and when shifting by Sc, the index of the precoding matrix is increased by 2×Sc.
With this structure, a differing range that expands the range over which different precoding matrices are allocated is also compatible with insertion of pilot symbols.
Information indicating the allocation method of precoding matrices shown in Embodiment 17 may be generated by the weighting information generating unit 314 shown in Embodiment 1, and in accordance with the generated information, the weighting units 308A and 308B or the like may perform precoding and transmit information corresponding to the above information to the communication partner. (This information need not be transmitted when a rule is predetermined, i.e. when the method of allocating precoding matrices is determined in advance at the transmission side and the reception side.) The communication partner learns of the allocation method of precoding matrices used by the transmission device and, based on this knowledge, decodes precoded symbols.
In the present embodiment, the case of transmitting modulated signals s1, s2 and modulated signals z1, z2 has been described, i.e. an example of two streams and two transmission signals. The number of streams and of transmission signals is not limited in this way, however, and may similarly be implemented by allocating precoding matrices when the number is larger than two. In other words, if streams of modulated signals s3, s4, . . . exist, and transmission signals z3, z4, . . . exist, then in z3 and z4, the index of the precoding matrices for the symbols in frames in the frequency-time domains may be allocated similarly to the modulated signals z1 and z2.
Embodiment 18 describes the case of incrementing the index of the precoding matrix that is used, i.e. of not incrementing the index of the precoding matrix for symbols other than data symbols. In the present embodiment,
As compared to
As another example,
The following describes a structural example of an application of the transmission methods and reception methods shown in the above embodiments and a system using the application.
An antenna (for example, antennas 8210 and 8240) internal to each reception device, or provided externally and connected to the reception device, receives the signal transmitted from the broadcasting station 8201. Each reception device obtains the multiplexed data by using the reception methods in the above embodiments to demodulate the signal received by the antenna. In this way, the digital broadcasting system 8200 obtains the advantageous effects of the present invention described in the above embodiments.
The video data included in the multiplexed data has been coded with a moving picture coding method compliant with a standard such as Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG)2, MPEG4-Advanced Video Coding (AVC), VC-1, or the like. The audio data included in the multiplexed data has been encoded with an audio coding method compliant with a standard such as Dolby Audio Coding (AC)-3, Dolby Digital Plus, Meridian Lossless Packing (MLP), Digital Theater Systems (DTS), DTS-HD, Pulse Coding Modulation (PCM), or the like.
The reception device 8300 includes a stream input/output unit 8303, a signal processing unit 8304, an audio output unit 8306, and a video display unit 8307. The stream input/output unit 8303 demultiplexes video and audio data from multiplexed data obtained by the demodulation unit 8302. The signal processing unit 8304 decodes the demultiplexed video data into a video signal using an appropriate moving picture decoding method and decodes the demultiplexed audio data into an audio signal using an appropriate audio decoding method. The audio output unit 8306, such as a speaker, produces audio output according to the decoded audio signal. The video display unit 8307, such as a display monitor, produces video output according to the decoded video signal.
For example, the user may operate the remote control 8350 to select a channel (of a TV program or audio broadcast), so that information indicative of the selected channel is transmitted to an operation input unit 8310. In response, the reception device 8300 demodulates, from among signals received with the antenna 8360, a signal carried on the selected channel and applies error correction decoding, so that reception data is extracted. At this time, the receiving device 8300 receives control symbols included in a signal corresponding to the selected channel and containing information indicating the transmission method (the transmission method, modulation method, error correction method, and the like in the above embodiments) of the signal (exactly as shown in
With the above structure, the user can view a broadcast program that the reception device 8300 receives by the reception methods described in the above embodiments.
The reception device 8300 according to this embodiment may additionally include a recording unit (drive) 8308 for recording various data onto a recording medium, such as a magnetic disk, optical disc, or a non-volatile semiconductor memory. Examples of data to be recorded by the recording unit 8308 include data contained in multiplexed data that is obtained as a result of demodulation and error correction by the demodulation unit 8302, data equivalent to such data (for example, data obtained by compressing the data), and data obtained by processing the moving pictures and/or audio. (Note here that there may be a case where no error correction decoding is applied to a signal obtained as a result of demodulation by the demodulation unit 8302 and where the reception device 8300 conducts further signal processing after error correction decoding. The same holds in the following description where similar wording appears.) Note that the term “optical disc” used herein refers to a recording medium, such as Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) or BD (Blu-ray Disc), that is readable and writable with the use of a laser beam. Further, the term “magnetic disk” used herein refers to a recording medium, such as a floppy disk (FD, registered trademark) or hard disk, that is writable by magnetizing a magnetic substance with magnetic flux. Still further, the term “non-volatile semiconductor memory” refers to a recording medium, such as flash memory or ferroelectric random access memory, composed of semiconductor element(s). Specific examples of non-volatile semiconductor memory include an SD card using flash memory and a flash Solid State Drive (SSD). It should be naturally appreciated that the specific types of recording media mentioned herein are merely examples, and any other types of recording mediums may be usable.
With the above structure, the user can record a broadcast program that the reception device 8300 receives with any of the reception methods described in the above embodiments, and time-shift viewing of the recorded broadcast program is possible anytime after the broadcast.
In the above description of the reception device 8300, the recording unit 8308 records multiplexed data obtained as a result of demodulation and error correction by the demodulation unit 8302. However, the recording unit 8308 may record part of data extracted from the data contained in the multiplexed data. For example, the multiplexed data obtained as a result of demodulation and error correction by the demodulation unit 8302 may contain contents of data broadcast service, in addition to video data and audio data. In this case, new multiplexed data may be generated by multiplexing the video data and audio data, without the contents of broadcast service, extracted from the multiplexed data demodulated by the demodulation unit 8302, and the recording unit 8308 may record the newly generated multiplexed data. Alternatively, new multiplexed data may be generated by multiplexing either of the video data and audio data contained in the multiplexed data obtained as a result of demodulation and error correction decoding by the demodulation unit 8302, and the recording unit 8308 may record the newly generated multiplexed data. The recording unit 8308 may also record the contents of data broadcast service included, as described above, in the multiplexed data.
The reception device 8300 described in this embodiment may be included in a television, a recorder (such as DVD recorder, Blu-ray recorder, HDD recorder, SD card recorder, or the like), or a mobile telephone. In such a case, the multiplexed data obtained as a result of demodulation and error correction decoding by the demodulation unit 8302 may contain data for correcting errors (bugs) in software used to operate the television or recorder or in software used to prevent disclosure of personal or confidential information. If such data is contained, the data is installed on the television or recorder to correct the software errors. Further, if data for correcting errors (bugs) in software installed in the reception device 8300 is contained, such data is used to correct errors that the reception device 8300 may have. This arrangement ensures more stable operation of the TV, recorder, or mobile phone in which the reception device 8300 is implemented.
Note that it may be the stream input/output unit 8303 that handles extraction of data from the whole data contained in multiplexed data obtained as a result of demodulation and error correction decoding by the demodulation unit 8302 and multiplexing of the extracted data. More specifically, under instructions given from a control unit not illustrated in the figures, such as a CPU, the stream input/output unit 8303 demultiplexes video data, audio data, contents of data broadcast service etc. from the multiplexed data demodulated by the demodulation unit 8302, extracts specific pieces of data from the demultiplexed data, and multiplexes the extracted data pieces to generate new multiplexed data. The data pieces to be extracted from demultiplexed data may be determined by the user or determined in advance for the respective types of recording mediums.
With the above structure, the reception device 8300 is enabled to extract and record only data necessary to view a recorded broadcast program, which is effective to reduce the size of data to be recorded.
In the above description, the recording unit 8308 records multiplexed data obtained as a result of demodulation and error correction decoding by the demodulation unit 8302. Alternatively, however, the recording unit 8308 may record new multiplexed data generated by multiplexing video data newly yielded by encoding the original video data contained in the multiplexed data obtained as a result of demodulation and error correction decoding by the demodulation unit 8302. Here, the moving picture coding method to be employed may be different from that used to encode the original video data, so that the data size or bit rate of the new video data is smaller than the original video data. Here, the moving picture coding method used to generate new video data may be of a different standard from that used to generate the original video data. Alternatively, the same moving picture coding method may be used but with different parameters. Similarly, the recording unit 8308 may record new multiplexed data generated by multiplexing audio data newly obtained by encoding the original audio data contained in the multiplexed data obtained as a result of demodulation and error correction decoding by the demodulation unit 8302. Here, the audio coding method to be employed may be different from that used to encode the original audio data, such that the data size or bit rate of the new audio data is smaller than the original audio data.
The process of converting the original video or audio data contained in the multiplexed data obtained as a result of demodulation and error correction decoding by the demodulation unit 8302 into the video or audio data of a different data size or bit rate is performed, for example, by the stream input/output unit 8303 and the signal processing unit 8304. More specifically, under instructions given from the control unit such as the CPU, the stream input/output unit 8303 demultiplexes video data, audio data, contents of data broadcast service etc. from the multiplexed data obtained as a result of demodulation and error correction decoding by the demodulation unit 8302. Under instructions given from the control unit, the signal processing unit 8304 converts the demultiplexed video data and audio data respectively using a motion picture coding method and an audio coding method each different from the method that was used in the conversion applied to obtain the video and audio data. Under instructions given from the control unit, the stream input/output unit 8303 multiplexes the newly converted video data and audio data to generate new multiplexed data. Note that the signal processing unit 8304 may conduct the conversion of either or both of the video or audio data according to instructions given from the control unit. In addition, the sizes of video data and audio data to be obtained by encoding may be specified by a user or determined in advance for the types of recording mediums.
With the above arrangement, the reception device 8300 is enabled to record video and audio data after converting the data to a size recordable on the recording medium or to a size or bit rate that matches the read or write rate of the recording unit 8308. This arrangement enables the recoding unit to duly record a program, even if the size recordable on the recording medium is smaller than the data size of the multiplexed data obtained as a result of demodulation and error correction decoding by the demodulation unit 8302, or if the rate at which the recording unit records or reads is lower than the bit rate of the multiplexed data. Consequently, time-shift viewing of the recorded program by the user is possible anytime after the broadcast.
Furthermore, the reception device 8300 additionally includes a stream output interface (IF) 8309 for transmitting multiplexed data demodulated by the demodulation unit 8302 to an external device via a transport medium 8330. In one example, the stream output IF 8309 may be a radio communication device that transmits multiplexed data via a wireless medium (equivalent to the transport medium 8330) to an external device by modulating the multiplexed data with in accordance with a wireless communication method compliant with a wireless communication standard such as Wi-Fi (registered trademark, a set of standards including IEEE 802.11a, IEEE 802.11b, IEEE 802.11g, and IEEE 802.11n), WiGiG, Wireless HD, Bluetooth, ZigBee, or the like. The stream output IF 8309 may also be a wired communication device that transmits multiplexed data via a transmission line (equivalent to the transport medium 8330) physically connected to the stream output IF 8309 to an external device, modulating the multiplexed data using a communication method compliant with wired communication standards, such as Ethernet (registered trademark), Universal Serial Bus (USB), Power Line Communication (PLC), or High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI).
With the above structure, the user can use, on an external device, multiplexed data received by the reception device 8300 using the reception method described according to the above embodiments. The usage of multiplexed data by the user mentioned herein includes use of the multiplexed data for real-time viewing on an external device, recording of the multiplexed data by a recording unit included in an external device, and transmission of the multiplexed data from an external device to a yet another external device.
In the above description of the reception device 8300, the stream output IF 8309 outputs multiplexed data obtained as a result of demodulation and error correction decoding by the demodulation unit 8302. However, the reception device 8300 may output data extracted from data contained in the multiplexed data, rather than the whole data contained in the multiplexed data. For example, the multiplexed data obtained as a result of demodulation and error correction decoding by the demodulation unit 8302 may contain contents of data broadcast service, in addition to video data and audio data. In this case, the stream output IF 8309 may output multiplexed data newly generated by multiplexing video and audio data extracted from the multiplexed data obtained as a result of demodulation and error correction decoding by the demodulation unit 8302. In another example, the stream output IF 8309 may output multiplexed data newly generated by multiplexing either of the video data and audio data contained in the multiplexed data obtained as a result of demodulation and error correction decoding by the demodulation unit 8302.
Note that it may be the stream input/output unit 8303 that handles extraction of data from the whole data contained in multiplexed data obtained as a result of demodulation and error correction decoding by the demodulation unit 8302 and multiplexing of the extracted data. More specifically, under instructions given from a control unit not illustrated in the figures, such as a Central Processing Unit (CPU), the stream input/output unit 8303 demultiplexes video data, audio data, contents of data broadcast service etc. from the multiplexed data demodulated by the demodulation unit 8302, extracts specific pieces of data from the demultiplexed data, and multiplexes the extracted data pieces to generate new multiplexed data. The data pieces to be extracted from demultiplexed data may be determined by the user or determined in advance for the respective types of the stream output IF 8309.
With the above structure, the reception device 8300 is enabled to extract and output only data necessary for an external device, which is effective to reduce the bandwidth used to output the multiplexed data.
In the above description, the stream output IF 8309 outputs multiplexed data obtained as a result of demodulation and error correction decoding by the demodulation unit 8302. Alternatively, however, the stream output IF 8309 may output new multiplexed data generated by multiplexing video data newly yielded by encoding the original video data contained in the multiplexed data obtained as a result of demodulation and error correction decoding by the demodulation unit 8302. The new video data is encoded with a moving picture coding method different from that used to encode the original video data, so that the data size or bit rate of the new video data is smaller than the original video data. Here, the moving picture coding method used to generate new video data may be of a different standard from that used to generate the original video data. Alternatively, the same moving picture coding method may be used but with different parameters. Similarly, the stream output IF 8309 may output new multiplexed data generated by multiplexing audio data newly obtained by encoding the original audio data contained in the multiplexed data obtained as a result of demodulation and error correction decoding by the demodulation unit 8302. The new audio data is encoded with an audio coding method different from that used to encode the original audio data, such that the data size or bit rate of the new audio data is smaller than the original audio data.
The process of converting the original video or audio data contained in the multiplexed data obtained as a result of demodulation and error correction decoding by the demodulation unit 8302 into the video or audio data of a different data size of bit rate is performed, for example, by the stream input/output unit 8303 and the signal processing unit 8304. More specifically, under instructions given from the control unit, the stream input/output unit 8303 demultiplexes video data, audio data, contents of data broadcast service etc. from the multiplexed data obtained as a result of demodulation and error correction decoding by the demodulation unit 8302. Under instructions given from the control unit, the signal processing unit 8304 converts the demultiplexed video data and audio data respectively using a motion picture coding method and an audio coding method each different from the method that was used in the conversion applied to obtain the video and audio data. Under instructions given from the control unit, the stream input/output unit 8303 multiplexes the newly converted video data and audio data to generate new multiplexed data. Note that the signal processing unit 8304 may perform the conversion of either or both of the video or audio data according to instructions given from the control unit. In addition, the sizes of video data and audio data to be obtained by conversion may be specified by the user or determined in advance for the types of the stream output IF 8309.
With the above structure, the reception device 8300 is enabled to output video and audio data after converting the data to a bit rate that matches the transfer rate between the reception device 8300 and an external device. This arrangement ensures that even if multiplexed data obtained as a result of demodulation and error correction decoding by the demodulation unit 8302 is higher in bit rate than the data transfer rate to an external device, the stream output IF duly outputs new multiplexed data at an appropriate bit rate to the external device. Consequently, the user can use the new multiplexed data on another communication device.
Furthermore, the reception device 8300 also includes an audio and visual output interface (hereinafter, AV output IF) 8311 that outputs video and audio signals decoded by the signal processing unit 8304 to an external device via an external transport medium. In one example, the AV output IF 8311 may be a wireless communication device that transmits modulated video and audio signals via a wireless medium to an external device, using a wireless communication method compliant with wireless communication standards, such as Wi-Fi (registered trademark), which is a set of standards including IEEE 802.11a, IEEE 802.11b, IEEE 802.11g, and IEEE 802.11n, WiGiG, Wireless HD, Bluetooth, ZigBee, or the like. In another example, the stream output IF 8309 may be a wired communication device that transmits modulated video and audio signals via a transmission line physically connected to the stream output IF 8309 to an external device, using a communication method compliant with wired communication standards, such as Ethernet (registered trademark), USB, PLC, HDMI, or the like. In yet another example, the stream output IF 8309 may be a terminal for connecting a cable to output the video and audio signals in analog form.
With the above structure, the user is allowed to use, on an external device, the video and audio signals decoded by the signal processing unit 8304.
Furthermore, the reception device 8300 additionally includes an operation input unit 8310 for receiving a user operation. According to control signals indicative of user operations input to the operation input unit 8310, the reception device 8300 performs various operations, such as switching the power ON or OFF, switching the reception channel, switching the display of subtitle text ON or OFF, switching the display of subtitle text to another language, changing the volume of audio output of the audio output unit 8306, and changing the settings of channels that can be received.
Additionally, the reception device 8300 may have a function of displaying the antenna level indicating the quality of the signal being received by the reception device 8300. Note that the antenna level is an indicator of the reception quality calculated based on, for example, the Received Signal Strength Indication, Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI), received field strength, Carrier-to-noise power ratio (C/N), Bit Error Rate (BER), packet error rate, frame error rate, and channel state information of the signal received on the reception device 8300. In other words, the antenna level is a signal indicating the level and quality of the received signal. In this case, the demodulation unit 8302 also includes a reception quality measuring unit for measuring the received signal characteristics, such as RSSI, received field strength, C/N, BER, packet error rate, frame error rate, and channel state information. In response to a user operation, the reception device 8300 displays the antenna level (i.e., signal indicating the level and quality of the received signal) on the video display unit 8307 in a manner identifiable by the user. The antenna level (i.e., signal indicating the level and quality of the received signal) may be numerically displayed using a number that represents RSSI, received field strength, C/N, BER, packet error rate, frame error rate, channel state information or the like. Alternatively, the antenna level may be displayed using an image representing RSSI, received field strength, C/N, BER, packet error rate, frame error rate, channel state information or the like. Furthermore, the reception device 8300 may display a plurality of antenna levels (signals indicating the level and quality of the received signal) calculated for each of the plurality of streams s1, s2, . . . received and separated using the reception methods shown in the above embodiments, or one antenna level (signal indicating the level and quality of the received signal) calculated from the plurality of streams s1, s2, . . . . When video data and audio data composing a program are transmitted hierarchically, the reception device 8300 may also display the signal level (signal indicating the level and quality of the received signal) for each hierarchical level.
With the above structure, users are able to grasp the antenna level (signal indicating the level and quality of the received signal) numerically or visually during reception with the reception methods shown in the above embodiments.
Although the reception device 8300 is described above as having the audio output unit 8306, video display unit 8307, recording unit 8308, stream output IF 8309, and AV output IF 8311, it is not necessary for the reception device 8300 to have all of these units. As long as the reception device 8300 is provided with at least one of the units described above, the user is enabled to use multiplexed data obtained as a result of demodulation and error correction decoding by the demodulation unit 8302. The reception device 8300 may therefore include any combination of the above-described units depending on its intended use.
Multiplexed Data
The following is a detailed description of an exemplary structure of multiplexed data. The data structure typically used in broadcasting is an MPEG2 transport stream (TS), so therefore the following description is given by way of an example related to MPEG2-TS. It should be naturally appreciated, however, that the data structure of multiplexed data transmitted by the transmission and reception methods described in the above embodiments is not limited to MPEG2-TS and the advantageous effects of the above embodiments are achieved even if any other data structure is employed.
Each stream contained in multiplexed data is identified by an identifier called PID uniquely assigned to the stream. For example, the video stream carrying main video images of a movie is assigned with “0x1011”, each audio stream is assigned with a different one of “0x1100” to “0x111F”, each PG stream is assigned with a different one of “0x1200” to “0x121F”, each IG stream is assigned with a different one of “0x1400” to “0x141F”, each video stream carrying sub video images of the movie is assigned with a different one of “0x1B00” to “0x1B1F”, each audio stream of sub-audio to be mixed with the main audio is assigned with a different one of “0x1A00” to “0x1A1F”.
In addition to the TS packets storing streams such as video, audio, and PG streams, multiplexed data also includes TS packets storing a Program Association Table (PAT), a Program Map Table (PMT), and a Program Clock Reference (PCR). The PAT in multiplexed data indicates the PID of a PMT used in the multiplexed data, and the PID of the PAT is “0”. The PMT includes PIDs identifying the respective streams, such as video, audio and subtitles, contained in multiplexed data and attribute information (frame rate, aspect ratio, and the like) of the streams identified by the respective PIDs. In addition, the PMT includes various types of descriptors relating to the multiplexed data. One of such descriptors may be copy control information indicating whether or not copying of the multiplexed data is permitted. The PCR includes information for synchronizing the Arrival Time Clock (ATC), which is the time axis of ATS, with the System Time Clock (STC), which is the time axis of PTS and DTS. More specifically, the PCR packet includes information indicating an STC time corresponding to the ATS at which the PCR packet is to be transferred.
When recorded onto a recoding medium, for example, the multiplexed data is recorded along with a multiplexed data information file.
As illustrated in
In the present embodiment, from among the pieces of information included in the multiplexed data, the stream type included in the PMT is used. In the case where the multiplexed data is recorded on a recording medium, the video stream attribute information included in the multiplexed data information file is used. More specifically, the moving picture coding method and device described in any of the above embodiments may be modified to additionally include a step or unit of setting a specific piece of information in the stream type included in the PMT or in the video stream attribute information. The specific piece of information is for indicating that the video data is generated by the moving picture coding method and device described in the embodiment. With the above structure, video data generated by the moving picture coding method and device described in any of the above embodiments is distinguishable from video data compliant with other standards.
In addition, the video and audio output device 9100 may be operated via the Internet. For example, a terminal connected to the Internet may be used to make settings on the video and audio output device 9100 for pre-programmed recording (storing). (The video and audio output device 9100 therefore would have the recording unit 8308 as illustrated in
In the present description, it is considered that a communications/broadcasting device such as a broadcast station, a base station, an access point, a terminal, a mobile phone, or the like is provided with the transmission device, and that a communications device such as a television, radio, terminal, personal computer, mobile phone, access point, base station, or the like is provided with the reception device. Additionally, it is considered that the transmission device and the reception device in the present description have a communications function and are capable of being connected via some sort of interface (such as a USB) to a device for executing applications for a television, radio, personal computer, mobile phone, or the like.
Furthermore, in the present embodiment, symbols other than data symbols, such as pilot symbols (preamble, unique word, postamble, reference symbol, and the like), symbols for control information, and the like may be arranged in the frame in any way. While the terms “pilot symbol” and “symbols for control information” have been used here, any term may be used, since the function itself is what is important.
It suffices for a pilot symbol, for example, to be a known symbol modulated with PSK modulation in the transmission and reception devices (or for the reception device to be able to synchronize in order to know the symbol transmitted by the transmission device). The reception device uses this symbol for synchronization of frequency, synchronization of time, channel estimation (estimation of Channel State Information (CSI) for each modulated signal), detection of signals, and the like.
A symbol for control information is for transmitting information other than data (of applications or the like) that needs to be transmitted to the communication partner for achieving communication (for example, the modulation method, error correction coding method, coding rate of the error correction coding method, setting information in the upper layer, and the like).
Note that the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments and may be embodied with a variety of modifications. For example, the above embodiments describe communications devices, but the present invention is not limited to these devices and may be implemented as software for the corresponding communications method.
Furthermore, a precoding hopping method used in a method of transmitting two modulated signals from two antennas has been described, but the present invention is not limited in this way. The present invention may be also embodied as a precoding hopping method for similarly changing precoding weights (matrices) in the context of a method whereby four mapped signals are precoded to generate four modulated signals that are transmitted from four antennas, or more generally, whereby N mapped signals are precoded to generate N modulated signals that are transmitted from N antennas.
In the present description, the terms “precoding”, “precoding matrix”, “precoding weight matrix” and the like are used, but any term may be used (such as “codebook”, for example) since the signal processing itself is what is important in the present invention.
Furthermore, in the present description, the reception device has been described as using ML calculation, APP, Max-log APP, ZF, MMSE, or the like, which yields soft decision results (log-likelihood, log-likelihood ratio) or hard decision results (“0” or “1”) for each bit of data transmitted by the transmission device. This process may be referred to as detection, demodulation, estimation, or separation.
Different data may be transmitted in streams s1(t) and s2(t), or the same data may be transmitted.
Assume that precoded baseband signals z1(i), z2(i) (where i represents the order in terms of time or frequency (carrier)) are generated by precoding baseband signals s1(i) and s2(i) for two streams while regularly hopping between precoding matrices. Let the in-phase component I and the quadrature-phase component Q of the precoded baseband signal z1(i) be I1(i) and Q1(i) respectively, and let the in-phase component I and the quadrature-phase component Q of the precoded baseband signal z2(i) be I2(i) and Q2(i) respectively. In this case, the baseband components may be switched, and modulated signals corresponding to the switched baseband signal r1(i) and the switched baseband signal r2(i) may be transmitted from different antennas at the same time and over the same frequency by transmitting a modulated signal corresponding to the switched baseband signal r1(i) from transmit antenna 1 and a modulated signal corresponding to the switched baseband signal r2(i) from transmit antenna 2 at the same time and over the same frequency. Baseband components may be switched as follows.
In the above description, signals in two streams are precoded, and in-phase components and quadrature-phase components of the precoded signals are switched, but the present invention is not limited in this way. Signals in more than two streams may be precoded, and the in-phase components and quadrature-phase components of the precoded signals may be switched.
Each of the transmit antennas of the transmission device and the receive antennas of the reception device shown in the figures may be formed by a plurality of antennas.
In this description, the symbol “∀” represents the universal quantifier, and the symbol “∃” represents the existential quantifier.
Furthermore, in this description, the units of phase, such as argument, in the complex plane are radians.
When using the complex plane, complex numbers may be shown in polar form by polar coordinates. If a complex number z=a+jb (where a and b are real numbers and j is an imaginary unit) corresponds to a point (a, b) on the complex plane, and this point is represented in polar coordinates as [r, θ], then the following equations hold.
a=r×cos θ
b=r×sin θ
r=√{square root over (a2+b2)} Math 303
r is the absolute value of z(r=|z|), and θ is the argument. Furthermore, z=a+jb is represented as rejθ.
In the description of the present invention, the baseband signal, modulated signal s1, modulated signal s2, modulated signal z1, and modulated signal z2 are complex signals. Complex signals are represented as I+jQ (where j is an imaginary unit), I being the in-phase signal, and Q being the quadrature-phase signal. In this case, I may be zero, or Q may be zero.
The method of allocating different precoding matrices to frames (in the time domain and/or the frequency domain) described in this description (for example, Embodiment 1 and Embodiments 17 through 20) may be implemented using other precoding matrices than the different precoding matrices in this description. The method of regularly hopping between precoding matrices may also coexist with or be switched with other transmission methods. In this case as well, the method of regularly hopping between different precoding matrices described in this description may be implemented using different precoding matrices.
A transmission unit 5907 receives, as input, the data 5902 of the encoded video, the data 5904 of the encoded audio, and the data 5906 of the encoded data, sets some or all of these pieces of data as transmission data, and outputs transmission signals 5908_1 through 5908_N after performing processing such as error correction encoding, modulation, and precoding (for example, the signal processing of the transmission device in
A reception unit 5912 receives, as input, received signals 5911_1 through 5911_M received by antennas 5910_1 through 5910_M, performs processing such as frequency conversion, decoding of precoding, log-likelihood ratio calculation, and error correction decoding (processing by the reception device in
In the above embodiments describing the present invention, the number of encoders in the transmission device when using a multi-carrier transmission method such as OFDM may be any number, as described above. Therefore, as in
While this description refers to a “method of hopping between different precoding matrices”, the specific “method of hopping between different precoding matrices” illustrated in this description is only an example. All of the embodiments in this description may be similarly implemented by replacing the “method of hopping between different precoding matrices” with a “method of regularly hopping between precoding matrices using a plurality of different precoding matrices”.
Programs for executing the above transmission method may, for example, be stored in advance in Read Only Memory (ROM) and be caused to operate by a Central Processing Unit (CPU).
Furthermore, the programs for executing the above transmission method may be stored in a computer-readable recording medium, the programs stored in the recording medium may be loaded in the Random Access Memory (RAM) of the computer, and the computer may be caused to operate in accordance with the programs.
The components in the above embodiments may be typically assembled as a Large Scale Integration (LSI), a type of integrated circuit. Individual components may respectively be made into discrete chips, or part or all of the components in each embodiment may be made into one chip. While an LSI has been referred to, the terms Integrated Circuit (IC), system LSI, super LSI, or ultra LSI may be used depending on the degree of integration. Furthermore, the method for assembling integrated circuits is not limited to LSI, and a dedicated circuit or a general-purpose processor may be used. A Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), which is programmable after the LSI is manufactured, or a reconfigurable processor, which allows reconfiguration of the connections and settings of circuit cells inside the LSI, may be used.
Furthermore, if technology for forming integrated circuits that replaces LSIs emerges, owing to advances in semiconductor technology or to another derivative technology, the integration of functional blocks may naturally be accomplished using such technology. The application of biotechnology or the like is possible.
A precoding method according to an embodiment of the present invention is for generating a first and a second transmission signal by using one of a plurality of precoding matrices to precode a first and a second modulated signal, the first and the second modulated signal being modulated in accordance with a modulation method and composed of an in-phase component and a quadrature-phase component, the precoding method comprising the steps of: regularly switching the precoding matrix used to generate the first and the second transmission signal to another one of the precoding matrices; and generating the first and the second transmission signal, wherein for a first symbol that is a data symbol used to transmit data of the first modulated signal and a second symbol that is a data symbol used to transmit data of the second modulated signal, a first time and a first frequency at which the first symbol is to be precoded and transmitted match a second time and a second frequency at which the second symbol is to be precoded and transmitted, two third symbols adjacent to the first symbol in the frequency domain are both data symbols, two fourth symbols adjacent to the first symbol in the time domain are both data symbols, five symbols are precoded with different precoding matrices in order to generate the first transmission signal, the five symbols being the first symbol, the two third symbols, and the two fourth symbols, and the second symbol, two fifth symbols adjacent to the second symbol in the frequency domain, and two sixth symbols adjacent to the second symbol in the time domain are precoded with the same precoding matrix used to precode a symbol at a matching time and frequency among the first symbol, the two third symbols, and the two fourth symbols in order to generate the second transmission signal.
A signal processing device implementing a precoding method according to an embodiment of the present invention is for generating a first and a second transmission signal by using one of a plurality of precoding matrices to precode a first and a second modulated signal, the first and the second modulated signal being modulated in accordance with a modulation method and composed of an in-phase component and a quadrature-phase component, wherein the signal processing device regularly switches the precoding matrix used to generate the first and the second transmission signal to another one of the precoding matrices, and generates the first and the second transmission signal, wherein for a first symbol that is a data symbol used to transmit data of the first modulated signal and a second symbol that is a data symbol used to transmit data of the second modulated signal, a first time and a first frequency at which the first symbol is to be precoded and transmitted match a second time and a second frequency at which the second symbol is to be precoded and transmitted, two third symbols adjacent to the first symbol in the frequency domain are both data symbols, two fourth symbols adjacent to the first symbol in the time domain are both data symbols, five symbols are precoded with different precoding matrices in order to generate the first transmission signal, the five symbols being the first symbol, the two third symbols, and the two fourth symbols, and the second symbol, two fifth symbols adjacent to the second symbol in the frequency domain, and two sixth symbols adjacent to the second symbol in the time domain are precoded with the same precoding matrix used to precode a symbol at a matching time and frequency among the first symbol, the two third symbols, and the two fourth symbols in order to generate the second transmission signal.
The present invention is widely applicable to wireless systems that transmit different modulated signals from a plurality of antennas, such as an OFDM-MIMO system. Furthermore, in a wired communication system with a plurality of transmission locations (such as a Power Line Communication (PLC) system, optical communication system, or Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) system), the present invention may be adapted to MIMO, in which case a plurality of transmission locations are used to transmit a plurality of modulated signals as described by the present invention. A modulated signal may also be transmitted from a plurality of transmission locations.
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