Patent Application
20090269068
This invention relates to a transmission system for transmitting data in digital format, and particularly, but not exclusively to a transmission system for transmitting signals over a long distance, for example, long haul dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) systems such as those used in submarine systems. The invention also relates to long haul over land systems such as cross continental terrestrial systems.
A wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) system comprises a plurality of transmitters and receivers for transmitting data at different wavelengths or channels through the system, and generally a plurality of in-line amplifiers positioned at spaced apart intervals along the system for boosting the power of light being transmitted through the system. The amplifiers are typically rare earth doped amplifiers, and a part of the system between a transmitter and receiver is known as a link.
Generally, such WDM systems are installed by equipment vendors, and operators offering telecommunications services to customers who buy the systems from the equipment vendors.
To allow for ageing in the in line amplifiers and other components and to compensate for losses incurred in cable repairs, the operators build in significant levels of overall optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR) margin into the system at the outset. This in effect reduces the capacity of the link by as much as four times.
In addition, it is well know that when data is transmitted via a transmission system, errors may be introduced into the data due to noise in the system.
The longer the distance over which the data is transmitted, the more errors are likely to be introduced to the data.
Operators generally carry a mixture of classes of traffic through WDM line systems. These different classes of traffic are related to different service level agreements (SLAs). The highest revenue earning traffic will be referred to herein as A class traffic and comprises for example data from banks and other institutions which must be able to guarantee complete security and integrity of the data transmitted through the system. Such traffic is often provided on a fully protected basis in order to minimise outages that may occur when the system needs repairing.
The lowest class will be referred to herein as B class traffic and may comprise for example data from private individuals requiring access to the Internet. The B class traffic earns the least revenue and is often provided on a best efforts basis. In general, the volume of A class traffic will be significantly lower than lower tariff (B class) traffic.
It is known that rare earth doped amplifiers have different power capacities at different wavelengths. However, in recent years with the emergence of filtering techniques, such as Bragg Gratings, it is possible flatten the power capacity curve of rare earth doped amplifiers so that the gain for each separate wavelength is more or less equal. Despite this flattening, long systems still exhibit a notable lack of gain flatness and it is therefore necessary to pre-emphasise certain channels to ensure that each channel is nominally equivalent to each other channel. Pre-emphasis is achieved by putting more power into the poorer channels than the better channels. This means that at the receiver all channels appear equal.
In older transmission systems, where the level of gain flattening sophistication is lower, more attention to pre-emphasis is required to overcome significant levels of non-flatness.
When setting up a WDM link, it is necessary to calculate a power budget for the link. This is generally a co-operative process taking place between the equipment vendor and the operator. When working out the power budget, an ageing margin of several dBs will be set aside to compensate for cable repairs and system/component ageing. Damage to the system can be either permanent and caused by repairs or permanent deterioration in either the transmission medium or the in-line optical elements such as the transmitter receivers and amplifiers. Alternatively, damage may be transient. Polarisation Mode Dispersion (PMD) is a significant transient phenomena, being particularly deleterious at high transmission rates such as 10 Gbit/s and 40 Gbit/s.
The ageing margin is designed into the system at the outset. This exercise normally entails the generation of a power budget for a particular link, making an estimate of how the various elements will deteriorate over the lifetime of the system and building this into the link power budget. Due to the fact that transmission technologies are continually evolving it is difficult to make an estimate of these ageing elements. It is therefore common to take a very conservative position and it is not uncommon to build in an ageing margin of typically >5 dB on the most important links in the system such as long haul submarine links. This ageing margin can therefore be considered as 5 dB or more worth of lost power capacity throughout the lifetime of the system.
According to a first aspect of the present invention there is provided a wavelength division multiplexing transmission system, the system comprising; a plurality of channels at different wavelengths, each channel comprising a transmitter, a receiver, and one or more amplifiers.
the system further comprising an encoder for encoding data with a coding, and;
a decoder for decoding transmitted data;
prioritizing means for prioritizing the data on each channel;
monitoring means for monitoring directly, or indirectly, raw (uncorrected) bit errors on each channel;
power adjusting means for varying the power on a channel in response to the bit error rate.
According to a second aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of managing data traffic transmitted via a wavelength division multiplexing transmission system, the method comprising the steps of:
allocating a priority to data to be transmitted;
directing data to a predetermined channel in the transmission system;
encoding the data prior to transmission using an encoder, and decoding the data after transmission using a decoder;
monitoring directly or indirectly raw (uncorrected) bit errors on each channel;
adjusting the power to each channel in response to the monitored bit error rate.
Preferably, the system comprises an FEC encoder and decoder.
Advantageously the monitoring means comprises a FEC error detection circuit.
Alternatively, the monitoring means comprises a multi-level soft decision circuit.
The monitoring means may comprise either a FEC error detection circuit, or a multi-level soft decision circuit, or both.
It is known to use error detection or correction code, particularly Forward Error Correction (FEC) coding in order to reduce or eliminate errors in the data. The use of such codes uses up available bandwidth in the channel that could otherwise be used for transmitting data.
In the present invention, adaptive techniques are used to avoid degradation of service in the event of a deteriorating signal quality. In the event of a deteriorating signal quality, it is important to have a significant leeway between the point where the deterioration is detectable and the point where adaptation is essential to avoid unacceptable degradation of service. There are several known techniques for detecting deterioration while the delivered bit error rate is still very low.
In systems using FEC, detection of raw errors is generally automatic within the system, so that, whenever the system corrects one or more errors, these are identified and can be counted. This means that, for a gradual deterioration, raw errors can be detected well before the onset of delivered errors (after error correction). Typically, this provides a leeway of several orders of magnitude between first detection and the point of unacceptable increase of delivered bit error rate. It should, however, be remembered that an order of magnitude in raw error rate can correspond to a fraction of a dB in signal to noise ratio; this means that it is necessary to ensure that the magnitude of the leeway is as large as possible.
Given one or more information sequences (in digital form) it is known to apply FEC in the following way: the source information, which may be thought of as a series of digital information words, is encoded into a code word, this being longer than the corresponding information word by the addition of coding overheads. This is transmitted over a communication channel with the possible injection of errors at the raw bit error rate (ber). After decoding, an estimate of the original code word is recovered, with the potential that the information source word and the recovered estimate are identical (error free), or else exhibit a significantly lower error rate than the raw ber. This is achieved at the expense of requiring a larger bandwidth because of the coding overhead, and this in turn increases the bandwidth carrying system penalties. The coding overhead can be separated and transmitted on a second channel, or it is possible to partition the code word in other ways and again carry the two parts of the code word on separate channels. In either case, the received sequences are re-combined before decoding.
In systems where FEC is not being used, it is possible to apply error-detection coding at much lower overhead than required for error correction. In such situations, however, a simpler solution is to add a parity bit to each block, because the block can be long to minimise the overhead, and error detection can be effected quite simply. Even though isolated errors can be detected, it is difficult to achieve adequate leeway between first error detection and the onset of unacceptable error rates. Without FEC, a bit error rate of 10.sup.-12 may be required, and therefore detection at a level of 10.sup.-15 or less is desirable. However, at a bit error rate of 10 Gb/s, this would correspond to a rate of one per day. The timescale for system changes could be much shorter than this. Therefore, even with perfect error detection, the measurement of very low error rates may be slow.
An alternative non-FEC solution that considerably speeds up the measurement of low error rates is to use multilevel (or soft) detection. In a multilevel soft decision circuit, a clock is provided to mark out regular decision instances, and at each instant a decision is made between a “1”, corresponding, typically, to the signal voltage being greater than the pre-determined threshold and a “0” which corresponds to a voltage less than the threshold. A multilevel decision circuit can provide additional information to distinguish between clear decisions (e.g. “1” corresponds to 1 volt for instance above threshold) and marginal decisions (e.g. “1?” corresponds to a signal above threshold but less than 1 volt). The onset of occasional “1?” or “0?” results will give an indication of reducing margins before a significant increase in actual errors. An example of this principle is shown in
When FEC is employed, multilevel detection is again applicable and advantageous. The leeway between first detection and unacceptable delivered error rates is widened through a two-stage effect. If the signal gradually deteriorates, the first indication is through the appearance of occasional “1?” or “0?” decisions while the raw bit error rate is still extremely low. Then, with further signal deterioration, the onset of a significant raw bit error rate can be tolerated still without significant delivered bit error rate—i.e. degradation of service. An additional advantage of employing multilevel detection in the presence of FEC is that the coding system can take advantage of the additional information in distinguishing between “1” and “1?” to increase the coding gain.
While four-level detection has been described by way of illustration, any number can be used.
It is advantageous to apply a multi-level technique (such as the one just illustrated) in tandem with a direct measure of raw ber via error-detection. With a gradual onset of channel impairment, a detectable proportion of “1?” or “0?” signals would be received while the raw ber itself is still so low as to be undetectable within a useful timeframe. In this regime, it is possible to make an estimate of the underlying raw ber from a knowledge probability distributions of the received signals. With impairment a large proportion of the received signals is likely to be in the “1?” or “0?” bands and in this regime raw ber is more accurately estimated from error-detection. There is further scope for channel impairment before the raw ber reaches a level where effective error-correction breaks down and unacceptable delivered ber is reached. These two regimes together offer an effective margin between initial onset of a raw ber and the onset of delivered bit errors.
In addition to the above techniques that apply at the detection stage of a received signal, early warnings of the imminent onset of errors can come from a range of “health checks” at any part of the transmission system, such as monitoring the laser operating point and optical amplifier gain margins. These “health checks” could possibly be used to anticipate the risk of imminent impairment. The transmission system could then advantageously apply this information to prepare for the most effective form of response if and when the ber thresholds are reached, taking into account current traffic priorities.
It is known to design a transmission system so that the transmission channels will have some maximum acceptable raw ber (ber.sub.max) such that with the operation of FEC, the end to end performance will meet pre-set quality criteria. Complex systems such as transoceanic optical fibre systems will inevitably include many variable components, and in the course of designing the system to tolerate these with minimum risk of failing to meet targets, there will typically be a significant margin between actual performance and minimum performance. For example, the raw ber will typically be some orders of magnitude below the ber that can be corrected for by the FEC. Moreover, this tolerance will typically be variable due to many variables such as optical polarisation effects such as Polarisation Mode Dispersion (PMD), Polarisation Dependent Loss (PDL) and Polarisation Dispersion Gain (PDG), temperature variation, fading and ageing.
Because a transmission system according to the present invention is able to react to increasing raw ber it is able to reduce power in channels carrying lower priority traffic if the raw ber exceeds the maximum acceptable raw ber (ber.sub.max). Because of the ability to monitor and then react to increasing raw ber, a transmission system according to the present invention is able to operate within a margin that conventional systems have had to work below, since conventional systems are not able to cope with increasing raw ber. By means of the present invention therefore more traffic is able to be carried on the transmission system since lower priority traffic will be dropped if necessary in order to maintain the raw ber within acceptable limits.
Further, by means of the present invention it is possible to adapt to the changing quality of transmission on two or more channels so as to maximise the amount of traffic that can be carried. In the case of deterioration below design targets, it is possible to minimise the loss of service. Conversely it is possible to harness the otherwise unused tolerance margins by transmitting more traffic. It is to be understood that in maximising the amount of traffic care must be taken not to adversely effect the quality of the transmission.
If bit error rate on a particular channel increases, it is possible to reduce this ber by increasing the power on a channel. However, it will not be possible to continually increase the power on a system, as to do so would mean exceeding the power budget.
Because the nature of the data carried out on such systems can be generally divided between A class traffic and B class traffic, as described above, it is possible to prioritise data being transmitted on the system.
Because the nature of the data carried out on such systems can be generally divided between A class traffic and B class traffic, as described above, it is possible to prioritise data being transmitted on the system.
If necessary, it is therefore possible to withdraw traffic from a channel carrying low priority (B) traffic in order to reduce the bit error rate of the high priority traffic, since a lower level of traffic leads to a lower bit error rate. This improvement can be effected by closing down the channel, and transferring power that had been used by that channel to a channel carrying high priority (A) data without exceeding the power budget of the system. Alternatively the channel carrying (B) traffic can be kept open, and the capacity freed up by withdrawal of traffic can be applied to a re-optimised FEC configuration, for example, by letting it carry additional FEC overheads from one or more high priority channels, as described in our co-pending UK patent application No. 0208560.3, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference, and from which this application claims priority.
By means of the present invention therefore, it is possible to ensure that channels carrying the A class traffic are allocated sufficient power to ensure the acceptable bit error rate is not exceeded. As the amount of A traffic is almost always very much less than the amount of other traffic, it should always be possible to manage the power in this way. In addition, the channels carrying high priority data will be positively biased using pre-emphasis. This ensures that if a system deteriorates suddenly the channels will survive in a physical sense.
An important feature of the present invention is that the detection facility of the FEC function may be used to maintain the relationship between A class channels and the remaining traffic over a long period of time and to pro-actively switch off the lower class of channels in the event of a severe transience on the line or a permanent step change. Under such circumstances the channels may be switched off permanently.
Preferably, the power adjusting means reduces power to channels carrying low priority data such that, if appropriate a channel carrying low priority data is switched off.
This has the effect of reducing traffic and power to the system.
Alternatively, the power adjusting means may increase the power to the system. This can be particularly appropriate if the system is running at a power much less than the maximum power available to it. The maximum available power is determined by the power budget of the system.
Advantageously, the system further comprises a controller for controlling the power adjusting means.
Advantageously, the data carried by the transmission system is encoded with FEC coding.
Conveniently, the power adjusting means is further adapted to additionally switch off a channel.
Preferably, the system further comprises means for pre-emphasizing a channel prior to transmission of data.
The invention will now be further described by way of example only with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
a is an output power spectrum for an arbitrary four channel DWDM system;
b is an output power spectrum for an arbitrary four channel DWDM system after say 2,000 kilometres with no pre-emphasis;
c is an output power spectrum for the arbitrary four channel after say 2,000 kilometres with pre-emphasis;
d is an output power spectrum for the four channel DWDM system of
Referring to the figures, a transmission system according to the present invention is designated generally by the reference numeral 10 (
The transmission system comprises a plurality of transmitters 12, and plurality of receivers 14. In the illustrated embodiment of the invention there are four transmitters and four receivers to define four channels along which data can be transmitted. However, it is to be understood that the invention applies to transmission systems having any number of channels and therefore any number of transmitters and receivers. The system 10 further comprises inline amplifiers 16, a multiplexer 18 and a demultiplexer 20.
Referring now to
In older systems, where the level of gain flattening sophistication is lower, more attention to pre-emphasis will be required to overcome significant levels of non-flatness.
Referring to
At the outset, a power budget is calculated for the system 10 and a maximum power P.sub.max is therefore calculated. Alternatively P.sub.max may be worked out empirically during system commissioning. At any time during transmission, the system will be operating at a particular power known as P.sub.used, where P.sub.max>/P.sub.used
Data entering the system for transmission is encoded using an FEC encoder, and then decoded after transmission using an FEC decoder.
When using FEC coding it is possible to detect errors in each of the channels.
For each channel an acceptable maximum bit error rate, ber.sub.max is calculated. A controller 22 incorporating a control algorithm 24 responds to the measured ber on each channel and sets the output power setting according to the measured bar. Initially, an operator inputs into the controller details of target bit error rates.
As data enters the transmission system 10, it is categorised according to its priority. For example the data maybe categorised as higher priority for A class traffic and lower priority for B class traffic. However, the data maybe further subdivided into any number of different priority levels as appropriate.
The system will be set up so that high priority data is directed onto particular known channels. The operator will input details of channel properties into the controller 22.
If the ber increases on a particular channel, the output power of the transmitter on that channel may be increased to thereby reduce the ber. However, the combined output of all the transmitters in the system, P.sub.used must be less than or equal to P.sub.max which is the maximum power available according to the power budget.
Each of the
Referring to
In conventional transmission systems, there is a conventional threshold 34 that a system is designed to operate below. This means that a system is designed so that under normal circumstances the channel impairment will not exceed this conventional threshold 34. However should circumstances dictate that the channel impairment increases above this level, for example because of ageing of the system, and the system will still function since a wide ageing margin has been built into the design of the known system.
Typically, the conventional threshold 34 is several dBs below the hard threshold 30. In practice, the conventional threshold 34 cannot be set in terms of some measured ber, but rather in terms of setting signal to noise ratio several dBs lower than the minimum for an acceptable ber.
By contrast, a transmission system according to the present invention is able to utilise this margin. An artificial threshold known as a soft threshold 32 is used when calculating the acceptable level of channel impairment that the transmission system can tolerate. The difference between the soft threshold 32 and the conventional threshold 34 is indicated by the line 38 and is known as the margin.
A third threshold is also identified, the hard threshold 30. In a transmission system according to the present invention, it is unacceptable for the channel impairment to rise above the hard threshold level.
If the level of channel impairment increases above the soft threshold 32 then it may not be possible for the system to carry all traffic being transmitted. Thus there is a period of time indicated by the line 44 when the transmission system according to the present invention has to react to the higher channel impairment level as will be explained in more detail herein below.
Turning now to
Once the channel impairment rises above the soft threshold for example to point 50, the power to a particular channel carrying low priority data may be reduced or even switched off completely. This results in the traffic that had been carried by that channel being reduced or even completely eliminated. The reduction in traffic carried by the transmission system results in a reduction in the channel impairment which brings the raw ber to below the soft threshold level. In addition the power that had been used on the particular channel can be allocated to other channels, thus increasing the power on those channels. This in turn results in a reduction in channel impairment.
In the situation illustrated in
In the situation illustrated in
Curve 64 shows the level of traffic being carried by the system at any given time.
Turning now to
As can be seen with reference to
Raw ber or channel impairment may also be controlled using a four level soft decision circuit of the type illustrated in
In the present situation such a four level soft decision circuit gives the algorithm forming part of the present invention added information compared to information obtained from hard decision circuits and allows the opportunity of correcting errors much earlier. The soft decision circuitry could be implemented by various methods. It is possible using such a circuit to accumulate the number of “definitely” and “probably” occurrences and calculate a Quality of Line performance figure. This could be used to indicate the amount of margin a particular system has before the transmission system would fail. An advantage of using such soft decision circuitry is that it is not reliant on the FEC circuitry. In addition it can operate at a much lower signal to noise ratios than the FEC circuitry.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0208560.3 | Apr 2002 | GB | national |
| 0229543.4 | Dec 2002 | GB | national |
This application is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 10/510,751, filed May 11, 2005, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,526,205, which is a national stage entry of PCT/GB03/01618 filed Apr. 14, 2003, which claims priority from GB 0208560.3 filed Apr. 12, 2002 and GB 0229543.4 filed Dec. 17, 2002.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 10510751 | May 2005 | US |
| Child | 12431310 | US |
