Transmitting and receiving apparatus

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] 1. Field of the Invention

[0003] The present invention relates to a transmitting and receiving apparatus arranged in a mobile wireless installation or the like.

[0004] 2. Description of Related Art

[0005]
FIG. 1 is a constitutional diagram showing a conventional transmitting and receiving apparatus. In FIG. 1, 1 indicates an antenna, 2 indicates a duplexer (hereinafter, called DUP) for outputting a reception wave Rx received in the antenna 1 to a receiving unit 9 and outputting a transmission wave TX output from a transmitting unit 14, 3 indicates a carrier wave generating unit for generating a reception carrier wave L0 having the same frequency as a reception frequency fRX of the reception wave Rx and generating a transmission carrier wave L1 having the same frequency as a transmission frequency fTX of the transmission wave TX, 4 indicates a local oscillating unit, 5 indicates a phased-lock-loop (hereinafter, called PLL) for generating the reception carrier wave LO having a frequency fL0 (=fRX) , 6 indicates a distributing unit for distributing the reception carrier wave L0 generated in the PLL 5, 7 indicates a PLL for generating a signal of which a frequency is equivalent to a difference value between the frequency fRx and the frequency fTX, and 8 indicates a mixer (hereinafter, called MIX) for mixing the signal generated in the PLL 7 with the reception carrier wave L0 and outputting the transmission carrier wave L1 .

[0006] Also, 9 indicates the receiving unit for mixing the reception carrier wave L0 generated in the carrier wave generating unit 3 with the reception wave Rx and outputting a reception signal, 10 indicates an amplifying unit for amplifying the reception wave Rx, 11 indicates a band pass filter, 12 indicates a filter for removing higher harmonic waves from the reception carrier wave L0 generated in the carrier wave generating unit 3, and 13 indicates an MIX for mixing the reception carrier wave L0 with the reception wave Rx.

[0007] In addition, 14 indicates the transmitting unit for mixing the transmission carrier wave L1 generated in the carrier wave generating unit 3 with the transmission signal and outputting the transmission wave Tx, 15 indicates a filter for removing higher harmonic waves from the transmission carrier wave L1 generated in the carrier wave generating unit 3, 16 indicates an MIX for mixing the transmission carrier wave L1 with the transmission signal, 17 indicates a band pass filter, and 18 indicates an amplifier for amplifying the transmission wave Tx. Next, an operation is described.

[0008] In this transmitting and receiving apparatus, the transmission of the transmission wave Tx and the reception of the reception wave Rx are simultaneously performed. However, a direct converter method is adopted to reduce both a size of the receiving unit 9 and a size of the transmitting unit 14. In this direct converter method, the reception wave Rx is directly converted into the reception signal of a desired frequency, and the transmission signal is directly converted into the transmission wave Tx of a desired frequency.

[0009] More precisely, the reception carrier wave L0 having the same frequency as the reception frequency fRX of the reception wave Rx is generated in the carrier wave generating unit 3 to directly obtain the reception signal of the desired frequency from the reception wave Rx.

[0010] Thereafter, when the reception carrier wave L0 of the frequency fL0, which agrees with the reception frequency fRX, is generated in the carrier wave generating unit 3, the reception carrier wave L0 is mixed with the reception wave Rx in the receiving unit 9, and the reception signal is output from the receiving unit 9.

[0011] Therefore, the reception signal of the desired frequency can be taken in.

[0012] Also, because the transmission carrier wave L1 having the same frequency as the transmission frequency fTX of the transmission wave Tx is generated in the carrier wave generating unit 3 to directly obtain the transmission wave Tx of the transmission frequency fTX from the transmission signal.

[0013] Thereafter, when the transmission carrier wave L1, of which the frequency fL1 agrees with the transmission frequency fTX, is generated in the carrier wave generating unit 3, the transmission carrier wave L1 is mixed with the transmission signal in the receiving unit 14, and the transmission wave Tx is output from the transmitting unit 14.

[0014] Therefore, the transmission signal Tx of the transmission frequency fTX can be transmitted.

[0015] Because the conventional transmitting and receiving apparatus has the above-described configuration, the size of the receiving unit 9 and the size of the transmitting unit 14 can be made small. However, because the frequency fL0 of the reception carrier wave L0 agrees with the reception frequency fRx, the reception carrier wave L0 leaks out to a front end unit (the antenna 1 and the DUP 2) and functions as interference wave. Therefore, there is a problem that a DC offset occurs in the reception signal.

[0016] Also, because the frequency fL1 of the transmission carrier wave L1 agrees with the transmission frequency fTX, the transmission wave Tx leaks out to interfere with the carrier wave generating unit 3. As a result, there are following problems. That is, the transmission carrier wave L1 become unstable, a modulation precision of the transmitting unit 14 becomes worse, floor noise occurring in the modulating unit is increased, and electric power cannot be reduced in an electric power control operation which is performed in a CDMA or the like.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0017] An object of the present invention is to provide, with due consideration to the drawbacks of the conventional transmitting and receiving apparatus, a transmitting and receiving apparatus in which the occurrence of a DC offset and the degradation of a modulation precision are prevented without increasing an area occupied by constituent elements of the transmitting and receiving apparatus.

[0018] The object is achieved by the provision of a transmitting and receiving apparatus, comprising;

[0019] carrier wave generating means for generating a reception carrier wave of which a frequency agrees with a reception frequency, generating a first transmission carrier wave of which a frequency is equivalent to 2N (N is a natural number) times of a difference value between the reception frequency and a transmission frequency, and generating a second transmission carrier wave of which a frequency is equivalent to a difference value between the frequency of the first transmission carrier wave and the reception frequency; receiving means for mixing the reception carrier wave generated by the carrier wave generating means with a reception wave and outputting a reception signal;

[0020] modulating means for de-multiplying by 2N the frequency of the first transmission carrier wave generated by the carrier wave generating means, mixing the first transmission carrier wave, of which the frequency is de-multiplied by 2N, with a transmission signal, and outputting a modulated wave; and

[0021] transmitting means for mixing the second transmission carrier wave generated by the carrier wave generating means with the modulated wave output from the modulating means, and outputting a transmission wave.

[0022] Therefore, because the frequency of the transmission carrier wave does not agree with the transmission frequency, there is no probability that a transmission wave leaks out to interfere with a carrier wave generating means. As a result, the degradation of a modulation precision on a transmission side can be prevented, and a spuriously occurring wave can be easily attenuated in a filter.

[0023] In a transmitting and receiving apparatus according to the present invention, it is preferred that the second transmission carrier wave is generated by mixing the first transmission carrier wave and a reception carrier wave.

[0024] Therefore, in cases where a mixer, which can be easily arranged in an integrated circuit and can be made small, is used, it is not required to additionally arrange a PLL, and there is an effect that two transmission carrier waves, of which frequencies differ from each other, can be produced.

[0025] The object is also achieved by the provision of a transmitting and receiving apparatus, comprising;

[0026] carrier wave generating means for generating a reception carrier wave of which a frequency is equivalent to ½ of a reception frequency, generating a first transmission carrier wave of which a frequency is equivalent to 2N times (N is a natural number) of a difference value between the reception frequency and a transmission frequency, and generating a second transmission carrier wave of which a frequency is equivalent to 2N times of a difference value between ½N of the frequency of the first transmission carrier wave and ½ of the reception frequency;

[0027] receiving means for mixing the reception carrier wave generated by the carrier wave generating means with a reception wave and outputting a reception signal;

[0028] modulating means for de-multiplying by 2N the frequency of the first transmission carrier wave generated by the carrier wave generating means, mixing the first transmission carrier wave, of which the frequency is de-multiplied by 2N de-multiplying, with a transmission signal, and outputting a modulated wave; and

[0029] transmitting means for mixing the second transmission carrier wave generated by the carrier wave generating means with the modulated wave output from the modulating means, and outputting a transmission wave.

[0030] Therefore, because the frequency of the reception carrier wave does not agree with the reception frequency, there is no probability that the reception carrier wave leaks out to a front end portion (antenna or DUP) to generate interference in a base band portion. Therefore a problem that a DC offset occurs in a receiving signal can be solved.

[0031] Also, because the frequency of the transmission carrier wave does not agree with the transmission frequency, there is no probability that a transmission wave leaks out to interfere with a carrier wave generating means. As a result, the degradation of a modulation precision on a transmission side can be prevented, and a spuriously occurring wave can be easily attenuated in a filter.

[0032] In a transmitting and receiving apparatus according to the present invention, it is preferred that the second transmission carrier wave is generated by de-multiplying by 2N the frequency of the first transmission carrier wave, mixing the first transmission carrier wave, of which the frequency is de-multiplied by 2N, with the reception carrier wave to produce a mixed wave and multiplying a frequency of the mixed wave by 2.

[0033] Therefore, in cases where a mixer, which can be easily arranged in an integrated circuit and can be made small, is used, it is not required to additionally arrange a PLL, and there is an effect that two transmission carrier waves, of which frequencies differ from each other, can be produced.

[0034] The object is also achieved by the provision of a transmitting and receiving apparatus, comprising;

[0035] carrier wave generating means for generating a reception carrier wave of which a frequency is equivalent to half of a reception frequency, generating a first transmission carrier wave of which a frequency is equivalent to 4 times of a difference value between the reception frequency and a transmission frequency, and generating a second transmission carrier wave of which a frequency is equivalent to a difference value between twice of the reception frequency and the transmission frequency;

[0036] receiving means for mixing the reception carrier wave generated by the carrier wave generating means with a reception wave and outputting a reception signal;

[0037] modulating means for de-multiplying by 2 the frequency of the first transmission carrier wave generated by the carrier wave generating means, mixing the first transmission carrier wave, of which the frequency is de-multiplied by 2, with a transmission signal, and outputting a modulated wave; and

[0038] transmitting means for mixing the second transmission carrier wave generated by the carrier wave generating means with the modulated wave output from the modulating means, and outputting a transmission wave.

[0039] Therefore, there is no probability that an area occupied by elements of the transmitting and receiving apparatus is enlarged, the occurrence of a DC offset and the degradation of the modulation precision can be prevented, and there is an effect that a spuriously occurring wave can be easily attenuated in a filter.

[0040] In a transmitting and receiving apparatus according to the present invention, it is preferred that the second transmission carrier wave is generated by mixing a signal, of which a frequency is equivalent to ⅛ of the frequency of the first transmission carrier wave, with the reception carrier wave to produce a mixed wave and multiplying a frequency of the mixed wave by 2.

[0041] Therefore, in cases where a mixer, which can be easily arranged in an integrated circuit and can be made small, is used, it is not required to additionally arrange a PLL, and there is an effect that two transmission carrier waves, of which frequencies differ from each other, can be produced.

[0042] The object is also achieved by the provision of a transmitting and receiving apparatus, comprising;

[0043] carrier wave generating means for generating a reception carrier wave of which a frequency is equivalent to half of a reception frequency, generating a first transmission carrier wave of which a frequency is equivalent to 8N times (N is a natural number) of a difference value between the reception frequency and a transmission frequency, and generating a second transmission carrier wave of which a frequency is equivalent to a difference value between twice of the reception frequency and the transmission frequency;

[0044] receiving means for mixing the reception carrier wave generated by the carrier wave generating means with a reception wave and outputting a reception signal;

[0045] modulating means for de-multiplying by 2N the frequency of the first transmission carrier wave generated by the carrier wave generating means, mixing the first transmission carrier wave, of which the frequency is de-multiplied by 2N, with a transmission signal, and outputting a modulated wave; and

[0046] transmitting means for mixing the second transmission carrier wave generated by the carrier wave generating means with the modulated wave output from the modulating means, and outputting a transmission wave.

[0047] Therefore, there is no probability that an area occupied by elements of the transmitting and receiving apparatus is enlarged, the occurrence of a DC offset and the degradation of the modulation precision can be prevented, and there is an effect that a spuriously occurring wave can be easily attenuated in a filter.

[0048] In a transmitting and receiving apparatus according to the present invention, it is preferred that the reception carrier wave is generated by de-multiplying the frequency of the first transmission carrier wave by 16N, de-multiplying the frequency of the second transmission carrier wave by 2 and mixing the first transmission carrier wave, of which the frequency is de-multiplied by 16N, and the second transmission carrier wave of which the frequency is de-multiplied by 2.

[0049] Therefore, in cases where a mixer, which can be easily arranged in an integrated circuit and can be made small, is used, it is not required to additionally arrange a PLL, and there is an effect that two transmission carrier waves, of which frequencies differ from each other, can be produced.

[0050] The object is also achieved by the provision of a transmitting and receiving apparatus, comprising;

[0051] carrier wave generating means for generating a reception carrier wave of which a frequency is equivalent to ½N (N is a natural number) of a reception frequency, generating a first transmission carrier wave of which a frequency is equivalent to a difference value between twice of a transmission frequency and the reception frequency, and generating a second transmission carrier wave of which a frequency is equivalent to ½N of the reception frequency;

[0052] receiving means for mixing the reception carrier wave generated by the carrier wave generating means with a reception wave and outputting a reception signal;

[0053] modulating means for de-multiplying by 2N the frequency of the first transmission carrier wave generated by the carrier wave generating means, mixing the first transmission carrier wave, of which the frequency is de-multiplied by 2N, with a transmission signal, and outputting a modulated wave; and

[0054] transmitting means for mixing the second transmission carrier wave generated by the carrier wave generating means with the modulated wave output from the modulating means, and outputting a transmission wave.

[0055] Therefore, there is no probability that an area occupied by elements of the transmitting and receiving apparatus is enlarged, the occurrence of a DC offset and the degradation of the modulation precision can be prevented, and there is an effect that a spuriously occurring wave can be easily attenuated in a filter.

[0056] In a transmitting and receiving apparatus according to the present invention, it is preferred that a signal, of which a frequency is equivalent to ½N of the reception frequency, is generated as the reception carrier wave and the second transmission carrier wave.

[0057] Therefore, in cases where a mixer, which can be easily arranged in an integrated circuit and can be made small, is used, it is not required to additionally arrange a PLL, and there is an effect that two transmission carrier waves, of which frequencies differ from each other, can be produced.

[0058] The object is also achieved by the provision of a transmitting and receiving apparatus, comprising;

[0059] carrier wave generating means for generating a reception carrier wave and a first transmission carrier wave of which each frequency is equivalent to half of a reception frequency, and generating a second transmission carrier wave of which a frequency is equivalent to a difference value between ¼ of the reception frequency and a transmission frequency;

[0060] receiving means for mixing the reception carrier wave generated by the carrier wave generating means with a reception wave and outputting a reception signal;

[0061] modulating means for de-multiplying by 2 the frequency of the first transmission carrier wave generated by the carrier wave generating means, mixing the first transmission carrier wave, of which the frequency is de-multiplied by 2, with a transmission signal, and outputting a modulated wave; and

[0062] transmitting means for mixing the second transmission carrier wave generated by the carrier wave generating means with the modulated wave output from the modulating means, and outputting a transmission wave.

[0063] Therefore, there is no probability that an area occupied by elements of the transmitting and receiving apparatus is enlarged, the occurrence of a DC offset and the degradation of the modulation precision can be prevented, and there is an effect that a spuriously occurring wave can be easily attenuated in a filter.

[0064] In a transmitting and receiving apparatus according to the present invention, it is preferred that a signal, of which a frequency is equivalent to half of the reception frequency, is generated as the reception carrier wave and the first transmission carrier wave.

[0065] Therefore, in cases where a mixer, which can be easily arranged in an integrated circuit and can be made small, is used, it is not required to additionally arrange a PLL, and there is an effect that two transmission carrier waves, of which frequencies differ from each other, can be produced.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0066]
FIG. 1 is a constitutional diagram showing a conventional transmitting and receiving apparatus;

[0067]
FIG. 2 is a constitutional diagram showing a transmitting and receiving apparatus according to a first embodiment of the present invention;

[0068]
FIG. 3 is a constitutional diagram showing a transmitting and receiving apparatus according to a second embodiment of the present invention;

[0069]
FIG. 4 is a constitutional diagram showing a transmitting and receiving apparatus according to a third embodiment of the present invention;

[0070]
FIG. 5 is a constitutional diagram showing a transmitting and receiving apparatus according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention;

[0071]
FIG. 6 is a constitutional diagram showing a transmitting and receiving apparatus according to a fifth embodiment of the present invention; and

[0072]
FIG. 7 is a constitutional diagram showing a transmitting and receiving apparatus according to a sixth embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0073] The invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings.

Embodiment 1

[0074]
FIG. 2 is a constitutional diagram showing a transmitting and receiving apparatus according to a first embodiment of the present invention. In FIG. 2, 31 indicates an antenna, 32 indicates a duplexer (hereinafter, called DUP) for outputting a reception wave Rx received in the antenna 31 to a receiving unit 40 and outputting a transmission wave Tx output from a transmitting unit 51,33 indicates a carrier wave generating unit (carrier wave generating means) for generating a reception carrier wave L0 having the same frequency as a reception frequency fRx of the reception wave Rx, generating a transmission carrier wave L1 (first transmission carrier wave) of which a frequency fL1 is equivalent to twice of a difference value between the reception frequency fRx and a transmission frequency fTX, and generating a transmission carrier wave L2 (second transmission carrier wave) of which a frequency fL2 is equivalent to a difference value between a frequency fL0 and the transmission frequency fL1, 34 indicates a local oscillating unit, 35 indicates a phased-lock-loop synthesizer (hereinafter, called PLL) for generating the reception carrier wave L0 of the frequency fL0 (=fRx), 36 indicates a distributing unit for distributing the reception carrier wave L0 generated in the PLL 35, 37 indicates a PLL for generating the transmission carrier wave L1 of the frequency fL1, 38 indicates a distributing unit for distributing the transmission carrier wave L1 generated in the PLL 37, 39 indicates a mixer (hereinafter, called MIX) for mixing the reception carrier wave L0 with the transmission carrier wave L1 and outputting the transmission carrier wave L2.

[0075] Also, 40 indicates the receiving unit (receiving means) for mixing the reception carrier wave L0 generated in the carrier wave generating unit 33 with the reception wave Rx and outputting a reception signal denoting a base band signal, 41 indicates an amplifying unit for amplifying the reception wave Rx, 42 indicates a band pass filter, 43 indicates a filter for removing higher harmonic waves from the reception carrier wave L0 generated in the carrier wave generating unit 33, and 44 indicates an MIX for mixing the reception carrier wave L0 with the reception wave Rx.

[0076] Also, 45 indicates an orthogonal modulation unit (modulating means) for halving (or de-multiplying by 2) the frequency of the transmission carrier wave L1 generated in the carrier wave generating unit 33, mixing the transmission carrier wave L1 of a halved frequency with a transmission signal denoting the base band signal and outputting a modulated wave, 46 indicates a 2-frequency demultiplier for halving (or de-multiplying by 2) the frequency of the transmission carrier wave L1 generated in the carrier wave generating unit 33, 47 indicates an MIX for mixing the transmission carrier wave L1 halved in the 2-frequency demultiplier 46 with an I signal denoting a base band signal, 48 indicates a phase shifter for shifting the phase of the transmission carrier wave L1 halved in the 2-frequency demultiplier 46 by /2, 49 indicates an MIX for mixing the transmission carrier wave L1 output from the phase shifter 48 with a Q signal denoting a base band signal, and 50 indicates a synthesizer for synthesizing the modulated wave from a mixed wave output from the MIX 47 and a mixed wave output from the MIX 49 and outputting the modulated wave.

[0077] In addition, 51 indicates the transmitting unit for mixing the transmission carrier wave L2 generated in the carrier wave generating unit 33 with the modulated wave and outputting the transmission wave Tx, 52 indicates a filter for removing higher harmonic waves from the modulated wave which is output from the orthogonal modulation unit 45, 53 indicates a filter for removing higher harmonic waves from the transmission carrier wave L2 generated in the carrier wave generating unit 33, 54 indicates an MIX for mixing the transmission carrier wave L2 with the modulated wave, 55 indicates a band pass filter, and 56 indicates an amplifier for amplifying the transmission wave Tx.

[0078] Next, an operation is described.

[0079] A reception carrier wave L0 having the same frequency as the reception frequency fRx of the reception wave Rx is initially generated in the carrier wave generating unit 33 to directly obtain a reception signal of a desired frequency (for example, 4.096 MHz) from the reception wave Rx.

[0080] Thereafter, when the reception carrier wave L0, of which a frequency fL0 agrees with the reception frequency fRx, is generated in the carrier wave generating unit 33, the reception carrier wave L0 is mixed with the reception wave Rx in the receiving unit 40, and the reception signal is output from the receiving unit 40.

[0081] Therefore, the reception signal of the desired frequency can be taken in.

[0082] Also, to obtain a transmission wave Tx of a desired frequency from a transmission signal, a transmission carrier wave L1 , of which a frequency fL1 is equivalent to twice of a difference value between the reception frequency fRx and the transmission frequency fTX (that is, the frequency fL1 is expressed by fRX-fTX 2), is generated in the carrier wave generating unit 33, and a transmission carrier wave L2, of which a frequency fL2 is equivalent to a difference value between the frequency fL0 and the frequency fL1 (that is, the frequency fL2 is expressed by fL0-fL1), is generated in the carrier wave generating unit 33.

[0083] Thereafter, when the transmission carrier wave L1 of the frequency fL1 is generated in the carrier wave generating unit 33, the frequency fL1 of the transmission carrier wave L1 is halved in the orthogonal modulation unit 45, the transmission carrier wave L1 of a halved frequency fL1/2 is mixed with the transmission signal denoting the base band signal in the orthogonal modulation unit 45, and a modulated wave is output from the orthogonal modulation unit 45.

[0084] Here a frequency of the modulated wave output from the orthogonal modulation unit 45 equals to fRx-fTX and differs from that of the transmission carrier wave L1 .

[0085] Thereafter, when the modulated wave is output from the orthogonal modulation unit 45, the transmission carrier wave L2 of the frequency fL2 generated in the carrier wave generating unit 33 is mixed with the modulated wave in the transmitting unit 51, and the transmission wave Tx is output from the transmitting unit 51.

[0086] Therefore, the transmission wave Tx of the transmission frequency fTX can be transmitted.

[0087] As is apparent in the above description, the transmission carrier wave L1 , of which the frequency fL1 is equivalent to twice of the difference value between the reception frequency fRx and the transmission frequency fTX, is generated, and the transmission carrier wave L2, of which the frequency fL2 is equivalent to the difference value between the frequency fL0 and the frequency fL1, is generated. Therefore, either the frequency fL1 of the transmission carrier wave L1 or the frequency fL2 of the transmission carrier wave L2 does not agree with each of the frequency fRx-fTX of the modulated wave and the transmission frequency fTx. As a result, there is no probability that the transmission wave Tx leaks out to interfere with the carrier wave generating unit 33, and there is no probability that the transmission carrier wave L1 and the modulated wave interfere with each other. Therefore, the degradation of the modulation precision on the transmission side can be prevented.

[0088] Also, the frequency fL1 of the transmission carrier wave L1 is halved in the orthogonal modulation unit 45. Therefore, there is no probability that the transmission carrier wave L1 directly leaks out to the orthogonal modulation unit 45, and the interference with the transmission signal band can be reduced.

[0089] Also, there is an effect that the transmission carrier wave L1 and the transmission carrier wave L2, of which the frequencies differ from each other, can be produced only by adding a small-sized element, which occupies a small area, to the transmitting and receiving apparatus (the distributing unit is added as compared with the conventional example shown in FIG. 1).

Embodiment 2

[0090]
FIG. 3 is a constitutional diagram showing a transmitting and receiving apparatus according to a second embodiment of the present invention. In FIG. 3, because the same reference numerals as those used in FIG. 2 indicate the same constituent elements as those or the equivalent constituent elements to those indicated by the reference numerals in FIG. 2, the description of the constituent elements shown in FIG. 3 is omitted.

[0091]

61
indicates a carrier wave generating unit (carrier wave generating means) for generating a reception carrier wave L0 of which a frequency fL0 is equivalent to half of the reception frequency fRx, generating a transmission carrier wave L1 of which a frequency fL1 is equivalent to twice of a difference value between the reception frequency fRx and the transmission frequency fTX, and generating a transmission carrier wave L2 of which a frequency fL2 is equivalent to twice of a difference value between the frequency fL0 and half of the frequency fL1, 62 indicates a local oscillating unit, 63 indicates a PLL for generating the reception carrier wave L0 of the frequency fL0, 64 indicates a distributing unit for distributing the reception carrier wave L0 generated in the PLL 63, 65 indicates a PLL for generating the transmission carrier wave L1 of the frequency fL1, 66 indicates a distributing unit for distributing the transmission carrier wave L1 generated in the PLL 65, 67 indicates a 2-frequency demultiplier for halving (or de-multiplying by 2) the frequency fL1 of the transmission carrier wave L1 , 68 indicates a filter for removing higher harmonic waves from the transmission carrier wave L1 of which the frequency fL1 is halved in the 2-frequency demultiplier 67, 69 indicates an MIX for mixing the reception carrier wave L0 with the transmission carrier wave L1 of which the frequency fL1 is halved in the 2-frequency demultiplier 67, and 70 indicates a 2-frequency multiplier for doubling (or multiplying by 2) a frequency of a mixed wave output from the MIX 69.

[0092] Here, as is described in the first embodiment,44 indicates the MIX for mixing the reception carrier wave L0 with the reception wave Rx. However, in the second embodiment and embodiments following the second embodiment, because the frequency fL0 of the reception carrier wave L0 is set to be half of the reception frequency fRx, an even-higher harmonic wave mixer is used as the MIX 44.

[0093] Next, an operation is described.

[0094] A reception carrier wave L0, of which a frequency fL0 is equivalent to half of the reception frequency fRx, is initially generated in the carrier wave generating unit 61 to directly obtain a reception signal of a desired frequency from the reception wave Rx.

[0095] Thereafter, when the reception carrier wave L0, of which the frequency fL0 is equivalent to half of the reception frequency fRx, is generated in the carrier wave generating unit 61, the reception carrier wave L0 is mixed with the reception wave Rx in the receiving unit 40, and the reception signal is output from the receiving unit 40.

[0096] Therefore, the reception signal of the desired frequency can be taken in. However, the MIX 44 of the receiving unit 40 according to the second embodiment is formed of an even-higher harmonic wave mixer, and the frequency fL0 of the reception carrier wave L0 differs from the reception frequency fRx.

[0097] Also, to obtain a transmission wave Tx of a desired frequency from a transmission signal, a transmission carrier wave L1, of which a frequency fL1 is equivalent to twice of a difference value between the reception frequency fRx and the transmission frequency fTX (that is, the frequency fL1 is expressed by fRx-fTX 2), is generated in the carrier wave generating unit 61, and a transmission carrier wave L2, of which a frequency fL2 is equivalent to twice of a difference value between the frequency fL0 and half of the frequency fL1 (that is, the frequency fL2 is expressed by fL0-fL1/2 2), is generated in the carrier wave generating unit 61.

[0098] Thereafter, when the transmission carrier wave L1 of the frequency fL1 is generated in the carrier wave generating unit 61, the frequency fL1 of the transmission carrier wave L1 is halved in the orthogonal modulation unit 45, the transmission carrier wave L1 of a frequency fL1/2 is mixed with the transmission signal denoting the base band signal in the orthogonal modulation unit 45, and a modulated wave is output from the orthogonal modulation unit 45.

[0099] Here a frequency of the modulated wave output from the orthogonal modulation unit 45 equals to fRx-fTX and differs from that of the transmission carrier wave L1.

[0100] Thereafter, when the modulated wave is output from the orthogonal modulation unit 45, the transmission carrier wave L2 of the frequency fL2 generated in the carrier wave generating unit 61 is mixed with the modulated wave in the transmitting unit 51, and the transmission wave Tx is output from the transmitting unit 51.

[0101] Therefore, the transmission wave Tx of the transmission frequency fTX can be transmitted.

[0102] As is apparent in the above description, in the second embodiment, the reception carrier wave L0, of which the frequency fL0 is equivalent to half of the reception frequency fRx, is generated, the transmission carrier wave L1, of which the frequency fL1 is equivalent to twice of the difference value between the reception frequency fRx and the transmission frequency fTX, is generated, and the transmission carrier wave L2, of which the frequency fL2 is equivalent to twice of the difference value between the frequency fL0 and half of the frequency fL1, is generated. Therefore, because the frequency fL0 of the reception carrier wave L0 does not agree with the reception frequency fRx, there is no probability that the reception carrier wave L0 leaks out to a front end portion (the antenna 31 and the DUP 32) to generate interference in a base band portion. Therefore the problem that a DC offset occurs in the receiving signal can be solved.

[0103] Also, in the same manner as in the first embodiment, either the frequency fL1 of the transmission carrier wave L1 or the frequency fL2 of the transmission carrier wave L2 does not agree with each of the frequency fRx-fTX of the modulated wave and the transmission frequency fTx. Therefore, the degradation of the modulation precision on the transmission side can be prevented.

[0104] Also, the frequency fL1 of the transmission carrier wave L1 is halved in the orthogonal modulation unit 45. Therefore, there is no probability that the transmission carrier wave L1 directly leaks out to the orthogonal modulation unit 45, and the interference with the transmission signal band can be reduced.

[0105] Also, in cases where a mixer, which can be easily arranged in an integrated circuit and can be made small, is used, no PLL is additionally required (one distributing unit, one 2-frequency demultiplier and one 2-frequency multiplier are additionally arranged as compared with the configuration of the conventional example shown in FIG. 1) , and there is an effect that the transmission carrier wave L1 and the transmission carrier wave L2, of which the frequencies differ from each other, can be produced.

Embodiment 3

[0106]
FIG. 4 is a constitutional diagram showing a transmitting and receiving apparatus according to a third embodiment of the present invention. In FIG. 4, because the same reference numerals as those used in FIG. 2 indicate the same constituent elements as those or the equivalent constituent elements to those indicated by the reference numerals in FIG. 2, the description of the constituent elements shown in FIG. 4 is omitted.

[0107]

71
indicates a carrier wave generating unit (carrier wave generating means) for generating a reception carrier wave L0, of which a frequency fL0 is equivalent to half of the reception frequency fRx, generating a transmission carrier wave L1 of which a frequency fL1 is equivalent to four times of a difference value between the reception frequency fRX and the transmission frequency fTX, and generating a transmission carrier wave L2 of which a frequency fL2 is equivalent to a difference value between twice of the reception frequency fRX and the transmission frequency fTX, 72 indicates a local oscillating unit, 73 indicates a PLL for generating the reception carrier wave L0 of the frequency fL0, 74 indicates a distributing unit for distributing the reception carrier wave L0 generated in the PLL 73, 75 indicates a PLL for generating a carrier wave of which a frequency is equivalent to half of a difference value between the reception frequency fRx and the transmission frequency fTX, 76 indicates a filter, 77 indicates a distributing unit for distributing the carrier wave generated in the PLL 75, 78 indicates an 8-frequency multiplier for octupling (or multiplying by 8) the frequency of the carrier wave distributed in the distributing unit 77 and generating the frequency fL1 of the transmission carrier wave L1, 79 indicates an MIX for mixing the carrier wave distributed in the distributing unit 77 with the reception carrier wave L0, 80 indicates a 2-frequency multiplier for doubling (or multiplying by 2) a frequency of a mixed wave output from the MIX 79, and 81 indicates a filter for removing higher harmonic waves from the transmission carrier wave L1 which is output from the 8-frequency multiplier 78.

[0108] Next, an operation is described.

[0109] A reception carrier wave L0, of which a frequency fL0 is equivalent to half of the reception frequency fRx, is initially generated in the carrier wave generating unit 71 to directly obtain a reception signal of a desired frequency from the reception wave Rx.

[0110] Thereafter, when the reception carrier wave L0, of which the frequency fL0 is equivalent to half of the reception frequency fRx, is generated in the carrier wave generating unit 71, the reception carrier wave L0 is mixed with the reception wave Rx in the receiving unit 40, and the reception signal is output from the receiving unit 40.

[0111] Therefore, the reception signal of the desired frequency can be taken in.

[0112] Also, to obtain a transmission wave Tx of a desired frequency from a transmission signal, a transmission carrier wave L1, of which a frequency fL1 is equivalent to four times of a difference value between the reception frequency fRx and the transmission frequency fTX (that is, the frequency fL1 is expressed by fRx-fTx 4), is generated in the carrier wave generating unit 71, and a transmission carrier wave L2, of which a frequency fL2 is equivalent to a difference value between twice of the reception frequency fRx and the transmission frequency fTX (that is, the frequency fL2 is expressed by 2fRX-fTX), is generated in the carrier wave generating unit 71.

[0113] Thereafter, when the transmission carrier wave L1 of the frequency fL1 is generated in the carrier wave generating unit 71, the frequency fL1 of the transmission carrier wave L1 is halved in the orthogonal modulation unit 45, the transmission carrier wave L1 of a frequency fL1/2 is mixed with the transmission signal denoting the base band signal in the orthogonal modulation unit 45, and a modulated wave is output from the orthogonal modulation unit 45.

[0114] Thereafter, when the modulated wave is output from the orthogonal modulation unit 45, the transmission carrier wave L2 of the frequency fL2 generated in the carrier wave generating unit 71 is mixed with the modulated wave in the transmitting unit 51, and the transmission wave Tx is output from the transmitting unit 51.

[0115] Therefore, the transmission wave Tx of the transmission frequency fTX can be transmitted.

[0116] As is apparent in the above description, in the third embodiment, the reception carrier wave L0, of which the frequency fL0 is equivalent to half of the reception frequency fRx, is generated, the transmission carrier wave L1 , of which the frequency fL1 is equivalent to four times of the difference value between the reception frequency fRx and the transmission frequency fTX, is generated, and the transmission carrier wave L2, of which the frequency fL2 is equivalent to the difference value between twice of the reception frequency fRx and the transmission frequency fTX, is generated. Therefore, in the same manner as in the second embodiment, there is no probability that an area occupied by the elements of the transmitting and receiving apparatus is enlarged, and there is an effect that the occurrence of a DC offset and the degradation of the modulation precision can be prevented.

[0117] Also, the frequency fL1 of the transmission carrier wave L1 is halved in the orthogonal modulation unit 45. Therefore, there is no probability that the transmission carrier wave L1 directly leaks out to the orthogonal modulation unit 45, and the interference with the transmission signal band can be reduced.

[0118] Also, there is an effect that the transmission carrier wave L1 and the transmission carrier wave L2, of which the frequencies differ from each other, can be produced only by adding a small-sized constituent element, which occupies only a small area, to the transmitting and receiving apparatus.

Embodiment 4

[0119]
FIG. 5 is a constitutional diagram showing a transmitting and receiving apparatus according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention. In FIG. 5, because the same reference numerals as those used in FIG. 2 indicate the same constituent elements as those or the equivalent constituent elements to those indicated by the reference numerals in FIG. 2, the description of the constituent elements shown in FIG. 5 is omitted.

[0120]

91
indicates a carrier wave generating unit (carrier wave generating means) for generating a reception carrier wave L0 of which a frequency fL0 is equivalent to half of the reception frequency fRx, generating a transmission carrier wave L1 of which a frequency fL1 is equivalent to eight times of a difference value between the reception frequency fRx and the transmission frequency fTX, and generating a transmission carrier wave L2 of which a frequency fL2 is equivalent to a difference value between twice of the reception frequency fRx and the transmission frequency fTX, 92 indicates a local oscillating unit, 93 indicates a PLL for generating the reception carrier wave L2 of the frequency fL2, 94 indicates a distributing unit for distributing the transmission carrier wave L2 generated in the PLL 93, 95 indicates a 2-frequency demultiplier for halving (or de-multiplying by 2) the frequency fL2 of the reception carrier wave L2 distributed in the distributing unit 94, 96 indicates a filter for removing higher harmonic waves from a carrier wave output from the 2-frequency demultiplier 95, 97 indicates a PLL for generating the transmission carrier wave L1 of the frequency fL1, 98 indicates a distributing unit for distributing the transmission carrier wave L1 generated in the PLL 97, 99 indicates a 16-frequency demultiplier for de-multiplying by 16 the frequency fL1 of the transmission carrier wave L1 distributed in the distributing unit 98 to produce a carrier wave of a frequency fL1/16, 100 indicates a filter for removing higher harmonic waves from the carrier wave output from the 16-frequency demultiplier 99, and 101 indicates an MIX for mixing the carrier wave output from the filter 96 with the carrier wave output from the filter 100 and outputting the reception carrier wave L0.

[0121] Next, an operation is described.

[0122] A reception carrier wave L0, of which a frequency fL0 is equivalent to half of the reception frequency fRX, is initially generated in the carrier wave generating unit 91 to directly obtain a reception signal of a desired frequency from the reception wave Rx.

[0123] Thereafter, when the reception carrier wave L0, of which the frequency fL0 is equivalent to half of the reception frequency fRx, is generated in the carrier wave generating unit 91, the reception carrier wave L0 is mixed with the reception wave Rx in the receiving unit 40, and the reception signal is output from the receiving unit 40.

[0124] Therefore, the reception signal of the desired frequency can be taken in.

[0125] Also, to obtain a transmission wave Tx of a desired frequency from a transmission signal, a transmission carrier wave L1, of which a frequency fL1 is equivalent to eight times of a difference value between the reception frequency fRx and the transmission frequency fTX (that is, the frequency fL1 is expressed by fRx-fTx 8), is generated in the carrier wave generating unit 91, and a transmission carrier wave L2, of which a frequency fL2 is equivalent to a difference value between twice of the reception frequency fRx and the transmission frequency fTX (that is, the frequency fL2 is expressed by 2fRx-fTX), is generated in the carrier wave generating unit 91.

[0126] Thereafter, when the transmission carrier wave L1 of the frequency fL1 is generated in the carrier wave generating unit 91, the frequency fL1 of the transmission carrier wave L1 is halved in the orthogonal modulation unit 45, the transmission carrier wave L1 of a frequency fL1/2 is mixed with the transmission signal denoting the base band signal in the orthogonal modulation unit 45, and a modulated wave is output from the orthogonal modulation unit 45.

[0127] Thereafter, when the modulated wave is output from the orthogonal modulation unit 45, the transmission carrier wave L2 of the frequency fL2 generated in the carrier wave generating unit 91 is mixed with the modulated wave in the transmitting unit 51, and the transmission wave Tx is output from the transmitting unit 51.

[0128] Therefore, the transmission wave Tx of the transmission frequency fTX can be transmitted.

[0129] As is apparent in the above description, in the fourth embodiment, the reception carrier wave L0, of which the frequency fL0 is equivalent to half of the reception frequency fRx, is generated, the transmission carrier wave L1 , of which the frequency fL1 is equivalent to eight times of the difference value between the reception frequency fRx and the transmission frequency fTX, is generated, and the transmission carrier wave L2, of which the frequency fL2 is equivalent to the difference value between twice of the reception frequency fRx and the transmission frequency fTX, is generated. Therefore, in the same manner as in the second embodiment, there is no probability that an area occupied by the constituent elements of the transmitting and receiving apparatus is enlarged, and there is an effect that the occurrence of a DC offset and the degradation of the modulation precision can be prevented.

[0130] Also, the frequency fL1 of the transmission carrier wave L1 is halved in the orthogonal modulation unit 45. Therefore, there is no probability that the transmission carrier wave L1 directly leaks out to the orthogonal modulation unit 45, and the interference with the transmission signal band can be reduced.

[0131] Also, there is an effect that the transmission carrier wave L1 and the transmission carrier wave L2, of which the frequencies differ from each other, can be produced only by adding a small-sized constituent element, which occupies only a small area, to the transmitting and receiving apparatus.

[0132] In the fourth embodiment, the reception carrier wave L0, of which the frequency fL0 is equivalent to half of the reception frequency fRx, is generated, the transmission carrier wave L1 , of which the frequency fL1 is equivalent to eight times of the difference value between the reception frequency fRx and the transmission frequency fTX, is generated, and the frequency fL1 of the transmission carrier wave L1 is divided by four in the divide-by-4 frequency demultiplier 130. However, in cases where a transmission carrier wave L1, of which a frequency fL1 is equivalent to 8N times (N is a natural number, and 8N times denotes sixteenth times in case of N=2) of the difference value between the reception frequency fRx and the transmission frequency fTX, is generated, a 4N-frequency demultiplier is arranged in place of the divide-by-4 frequency demultiplier 130. Therefore, the same effect as that obtained by arranging the divide-by-4 frequency demultiplier 130 can be obtained.

[0133] However, as the number N is increased, the size of the 4N-frequency demultiplier is generally enlarged, and the modulation precision generally becomes worse. Therefore, the selection of N=1 is preferred.

Embodiment 5

[0134]
FIG. 6 is a constitutional diagram showing a transmitting and receiving apparatus according to a fifth embodiment of the present invention. In FIG. 6, because the same reference numerals as those used in FIG. 2 indicate the same constituent elements as those or the equivalent constituent elements to those indicated by the reference numerals in FIG. 2, the description of the constituent elements shown in FIG. 6 is omitted.

[0135]

111
indicates a carrier wave generating unit (carrier wave generating means) for generating a reception carrier wave L0 of which a frequency fL0 is equivalent to half of the reception frequency fRx, generating a transmission carrier wave L1 of which a frequency fL1 is equivalent to a difference value between twice of the transmission frequency fTX and the reception frequency fRx, and generating a transmission carrier wave L2 of which a frequency fL2 is equivalent to half of the reception frequency fRx, 112 indicates a local oscillating unit, 113 indicates a PLL for generating a carrier wave of the frequency fL0 (=fL2=fRx/2), 114 indicates a distributing unit for distributing the carrier wave generated in the PLL 113 and outputting the reception carrier wave L0 and the transmission carrier wave L2, and 115 indicates a PLL for generating the transmission carrier wave L1.

[0136] Next, an operation is described.

[0137] A reception carrier wave L0, of which a frequency fL0 is equivalent to half of the reception frequency fRx, is initially generated in the carrier wave generating unit 111 to directly obtain a reception signal of a desired frequency from the reception wave Rx.

[0138] Thereafter, when the reception carrier wave L0, of which the frequency fL0 is equivalent to half of the reception frequency fRx, is generated in the carrier wave generating unit 111, the reception carrier wave L0 is mixed with the reception wave Rx in the receiving unit 40, and the reception signal is output from the receiving unit 40.

[0139] Therefore, the reception signal of the desired frequency can be taken in.

[0140] Also, to obtain a transmission wave Tx of a desired frequency from a transmission signal, a transmission carrier wave L1, of which a frequency fL1 is equivalent to a difference value between twice of the transmission frequency fTX and the reception frequency fRx (that is, the frequency fL1 is expressed by 2fTX-fRx), is generated in the carrier wave generating unit 111, and a transmission carrier wave L2, of which a frequency fL2 is equivalent to half of the reception frequency fRx, is generated in the carrier wave generating unit 111.

[0141] Thereafter, when the transmission carrier wave L1 of the frequency fL1 is generated in the carrier wave generating unit 111, the frequency fL1 of the transmission carrier wave L1 is halved in the orthogonal modulation unit 45, the transmission carrier wave L1 of a frequency fL1/2 is mixed with the transmission signal denoting the base band signal in the orthogonal modulation unit 45, and a modulated wave is output from the orthogonal modulation unit 45.

[0142] Thereafter, when the modulated wave is output from the orthogonal modulation unit 45, the transmission carrier wave L2 of the frequency fL2 generated in the carrier wave generating unit 111 is mixed with the modulated wave in the transmitting unit 51, and the transmission wave Tx is output from the transmitting unit 51.

[0143] Therefore, the transmission wave Tx of the transmission frequency fTX can be transmitted.

[0144] As is apparent in the above description, in the fifth embodiment, the reception carrier wave L0, of which the frequency fL0 is equivalent to half of the reception frequency fRx, is generated, the transmission carrier wave L1, of which the frequency fL1 is equivalent to a difference value between twice of the transmission frequency fTX and the reception frequency fRx, is generated, and the transmission carrier wave L2, of which the frequency fL2 is equivalent to half of the reception frequency fRx, is generated. Therefore, in the same manner as in the second embodiment, there is no probability that an area occupied by the elements of the transmitting and receiving apparatus is enlarged, and there is an effect that the occurrence of a DC offset and the degradation of the modulation precision can be prevented.

[0145] Also, the frequency fL1 of the transmission carrier wave L1 is halved in the orthogonal modulation unit 45. Therefore, there is no probability that the transmission carrier wave L1 directly leaks out to the orthogonal modulation unit 45, and the interference with the transmission signal band can be reduced.

[0146] Also, there is an effect that the transmission carrier wave L1 and the transmission carrier wave L2, of which the frequencies differ from each other, can be produced only by adding a small-sized constituent element, which occupies only a small area, to the transmitting and receiving apparatus.

Embodiment 6

[0147]
FIG. 7 is a constitutional diagram showing a transmitting and receiving apparatus according to a sixth embodiment of the present invention. In FIG. 7, because the same reference numerals as those used in FIG. 2 indicate the same constituent elements as those or the equivalent constituent elements to those indicated by the reference numerals in FIG. 2, the description of the constituent elements shown in FIG. 7 is omitted.

[0148]

121
indicates a carrier wave generating unit (carrier wave generating means) for generating a reception carrier wave L0 and a transmission carrier wave L1 of which each frequency fL0 (=fL1) is equivalent to half of the reception frequency fRx, and generating a transmission carrier wave L2 of which a frequency fL2 is equivalent to a difference value between the transmission frequency fTX and ¼ of the reception frequency fRx, 122 indicates a local oscillating unit, 123 indicates a PLL for generating a carrier wave of the frequency fRX/2, 124 indicates a distributing unit for distributing the carrier wave generated in the PLL 123 and outputting the reception carrier wave L0 and the transmission carrier wave L1, and 125 indicates a PLL for generating the transmission carrier wave L2 of the frequency fL2.

[0149] Next, an operation is described.

[0150] A reception carrier wave L0, of which a frequency fL0 is equivalent to half of the reception frequency fRx, is initially generated in the carrier wave generating unit 121 to directly obtain a reception signal of a desired frequency from the reception wave Rx.

[0151] Thereafter, when the reception carrier wave L0, of which the frequency fL0 is equivalent to half of the reception frequency fRx, is generated in the carrier wave generating unit 121, the reception carrier wave L0 is mixed with the reception wave Rx in the receiving unit 40, and the reception signal is output from the receiving unit 40.

[0152] Therefore, the reception signal of the desired frequency can be taken in.

[0153] Also, to obtain a transmission wave Tx of a desired frequency from a transmission signal, a transmission carrier wave L1, of which a frequency fL1 is equivalent to half of the reception frequency fRX, is generated in the carrier wave generating unit 121, and a transmission carrier wave L2, of which a frequency fL2 is equivalent to a difference value between the transmission frequency fTX and ¼ of the reception frequency fRx (that is, the frequency fL2 is expressed by

[0154] fTX-fRx/4), is generated in the carrier wave generating unit 121.

[0155] Thereafter, when the transmission carrier wave L1 of the frequency fL1 is generated in the carrier wave generating unit 121, the frequency fL1 of the transmission carrier wave L1 is halved in the orthogonal modulation unit 45, the transmission carrier wave L1 of a frequency fL1/2 is mixed with the transmission signal denoting the base band signal in the orthogonal modulation unit 45, and a modulated wave is output from the orthogonal modulation unit 45.

[0156] Thereafter, when the modulated wave is output from the orthogonal modulation unit 45, the transmission carrier wave L2 of the frequency fL2 generated in the carrier wave generating unit 121 is mixed with the modulated wave in the transmitting unit 51, and the transmission wave Tx is output from the transmitting unit 51.

[0157] Therefore, the transmission wave Tx of the transmission frequency fTX can be transmitted.

[0158] As is apparent in the above description, in the sixth embodiment, the reception carrier wave L0 and the transmission carrier wave L1, of which each frequency fL0 (=fL1) is equivalent to half of the reception frequency fRx, are generated, and the transmission carrier wave L2, of which the frequency fL2 is equivalent to the difference value between the transmission frequency fTX and ¼ of the reception frequency fRx, is generated. Therefore, in the same manner as in the second embodiment, there is no probability that an area occupied by the elements of the transmitting and receiving apparatus is enlarged, and there is an effect that the occurrence of a DC offset and the degradation of the modulation precision can be prevented.

[0159] Also, the frequency fL1 of the transmission carrier wave L1 is halved in the orthogonal modulation unit 45. Therefore, there is no probability that the transmission carrier wave L1 directly leaks out to the orthogonal modulation unit 45, and the interference with the transmission signal band can be reduced.

[0160] Also, there is an effect that the transmission carrier wave L1 and the transmission carrier wave L2, of which the frequencies differ from each other, can be produced only by adding a small-sized constituent element, which occupies only a small area, to the transmitting and receiving apparatus.

[0161] As is described above, in cases where a small-sized lightweight mobile wireless installation is required, the transmitting and receiving apparatus according to the present invention is appropriate for the mobile wireless installation in which the transmitting and receiving apparatus is arranged as a transmitter-receiver.

	Number	Date	Country
Parent	09679449	Oct 2000	US
Child	09968773	Oct 2001	US
Parent	PCT/JP99/00985	Mar 1999	US
Child	09679449	Oct 2000	US

Transmitting and receiving apparatus

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CPC

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CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

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