Patent Grant
10097521
The subject matter of this application is related to the subject matter in the following applications:
Field
This disclosure is generally related to distribution of digital content. More specifically, this disclosure is related to a system for efficient and transparent encryption of content in a content centric network.
Related Art
The proliferation of the Internet and e-commerce continues to create a vast amount of digital content. Content centric network (CCN) architectures have been designed to facilitate accessing and processing such digital content. A CCN includes entities, or nodes, such as network clients, forwarders (e.g., routers), and content producers, which communicate with each other by sending interest packets for various content items and receiving content object packets in return. CCN interests and content objects are identified by their unique names, which are typically hierarchically structured variable length identifiers (HSVLI). An HSVLI can include contiguous name components ordered from a most general level to a most specific level.
A CCN data packet (such as an interest or content object) is routed based on its name. Part of the CCN name can be used for routing purposes, and part of the name can contain sensitive data. For example, some name components may be used by an intermediate node to perform forwarding and caching, while other name components may contain private user information or application-specific data. In the latter case, the meaningfulness of the name components may reveal information regarding the requested content and may result in a breach of user privacy or security. In addition, CCN communication may require more than one round trip time (“RTT”) to exchange content and authentication or key exchange information. These issues can affect the security and efficiency of content distribution in a CCN.
One embodiment provides a system that facilitates efficient and transparent encryption of packets between a client computing device and a content producing device. During operation, the system receives, by a content producing device, an interest packet that includes a masked name which corresponds to an original name, wherein the original name is a hierarchically structured variable length identifier that includes contiguous name components ordered from a most general level to a most specific level. The system obtains the original name based on the masked name. The system computes a symmetric key based on the original name and a generated nonce. The system generates a content object packet that corresponds to the original name and includes the masked name, the nonce, and a payload encrypted based on the symmetric key, wherein the content object packet is received by a client computing device.
In some embodiments, the system forwards the content object packet to an entity that sent the interest packet.
In some embodiments, the interest packet indicates the original name encrypted based on a public key of the content producing device. The system decrypts the encrypted original name based on a private key of the content producing device.
In some embodiments, the system looks up the masked name in a data structure to obtain the original name.
In some embodiments, the system generates the nonce, which is a random number that has a length of a predetermined size, wherein the symmetric key has a length of a same size as the predetermined size for the generated nonce.
In some embodiments, the method is performed by an application associated with the content producing device or by a component of a stack of communication modules associated with the content producing device.
In another embodiment, the system computes, by a client computing device, a masked name based on an original name, wherein the original name is a hierarchically structured variable length identifier that includes contiguous name components ordered from a most general level to a most specific level. In response to transmitting an interest packet with the masked name, the system receives a content object packet that includes the masked name, a nonce, and a payload encrypted based on a symmetric key, wherein the content object is generated by a content producing device. The system looks up the masked name in a data structure to obtain the original name. The system computes the symmetric key based on the obtained original name and the nonce, and decrypts the encrypted payload based on the symmetric key, thereby facilitating efficient and transparent content encryption between the client computing device and the content producing device.
In some embodiments, computing the masked name is further based on a hash function performed on one or more name components of the original name.
In some embodiments, the system sets the name for the interest packet to the masked name, and stores in a data structure a relation between the masked name and the original name.
In some embodiments, the system encrypts the original name based on a public key of a content producing device. The system includes the encrypted original name in a payload for the interest packet.
In some embodiments, computing the symmetric key is further based on a key derivation function indicated in the content object packet.
In some embodiments, the system replaces the masked name in the content object packet with the obtained original name, and replaces the encrypted payload in the content object packet with the decrypted payload. The system also removes from a pending interest table an entry corresponding to the obtained original name.
In the figures, like reference numerals refer to the same figure elements.
The following description is presented to enable any person skilled in the art to make and use the embodiments, and is provided in the context of a particular application and its requirements. Various modifications to the disclosed embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments and applications without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. Thus, the present invention is not limited to the embodiments shown, but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and features disclosed herein.
Overview
Embodiments of the present invention provide a system for efficient and transparent encryption of content which solves the problem of malicious access to the content by using a transparent encryption protocol that masks both the name and the content. In CCN, packets are routed based on a unique name for the packet. The CCN name may include application-sensitive data, which can be intercepted by a malicious network entity and result in a breach of user security or privacy. In addition, communication in a CCN between a consumer and a producer may require more than one RTT. For example, in response to an interest, a consumer may receive from a producer an encrypted content object. The consumer may then need to query the producer for key exchange information in order to decrypt the received content, which results in two RTTs.
Embodiments of the present invention provide a system based on a transparent encryption protocol which is both efficient and secure. The system reduces packet travel time to one RTT by masking the name and encrypting the responsive content. At a high level, a consumer creates an interest with an original name (“N”) and subsequently masks the name by, e.g., performing a hash function on one or more name components of the name (“H(N)”). The consumer stores the relation between N and H(N). The consumer can optionally encrypt N based on the public key of the producer and include the encrypted original name in the interest. Upon receiving the masked and optionally encrypted interest, the producer determines the original name based on the masked name by either looking up the masked name in a local database or, if the consumer included the encrypted original name in the interest, decrypting the original name based on a private key of the producer.
Subsequently, the producer generates a random nonce (“r”), and then generates a symmetric key (“SK”) based on a key derivation function (“KDF”) performed on the original name N concatenated with the nonce r: SK←KDF(N∥r). The producer then returns a content object with the masked name H(N), the nonce r, and a payload encrypted based on the symmetric key (“ESK(PAYLOAD)”).
Upon receiving the masked and encrypted responsive content object, the consumer looks up the masked name in its local database (as previously stored) to obtain the original name N, and, in possession of both the original name N and the nonce r, generates the symmetric key in the same manner as the producer: SK←KDF(N∥r). The KDF function name and parameters may be included in the content object. The consumer then uses the symmetric key to decrypt the encrypted payload: PAYLOAD←DSK(ESK(PAYLOAD)).
Thus, only an entity in possession of the original name, the mapping between the original name and the masked name, and the random nonce can generate the symmetric key to decrypt the encrypted payload of the responsive content object. The transparent encryption protocol of the present system thus enables lightweight end-to-end security by masking the name and encrypting the content. The consumer and the producer share a secret which is based on knowledge of the original name and the mapping of the original name to the masked name. In some embodiments, the encryption protocol is based on the functionality of components within and associated with a CCN transport framework, such as a masker component in a CCN transport stack. CCN transport stacks and CCN stack name and identity management are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/746,490. A detailed description of the transparent encryption protocol is described below in relation to
In CCN, each piece of content is individually named, and each piece of data is bound to a unique name that distinguishes the data from any other piece of data, such as other versions of the same data or data from other sources. This unique name allows a network device to request the data by disseminating a request or an interest that indicates the unique name, and can obtain the data independent from the data's storage location, network location, application, and means of transportation. The following terms are used to describe the CCN architecture:
Content Object (or “content object”): A single piece of named data, which is bound to a unique name. Content Objects are “persistent,” which means that a Content Object can move around within a computing device, or across different computing devices, but does not change. If any component of the Content Object changes, the entity that made the change creates a new Content Object that includes the updated content, and binds the new Content Object to a new unique name.
Unique Names: A name in a CCN is typically location independent and uniquely identifies a Content Object. A data-forwarding device can use the name or name prefix to forward a packet toward a network node that generates or stores the Content Object, regardless of a network address or physical location for the Content Object. In some embodiments, the name may be a hierarchically structured variable-length identifier (HSVLI). The HSVLI can be divided into several hierarchical components, which can be structured in various ways. For example, the individual name components parc, home, ccn, and test.txt can be structured in a left-oriented prefix-major fashion to form the name “/parc/home/ccn/test.txt.” Thus, the name “/parc/home/ccn” can be a “parent” or “prefix” of “/parc/home/ccn/test.txt.” Additional components can be used to distinguish between different versions of the content item, such as a collaborative document.
In some embodiments, the name can include an identifier, such as a hash value that is derived from the Content Object's data (e.g., a checksum value) and/or from elements of the Content Object's name. A description of a hash-based name is described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/847,814, which is herein incorporated by reference. A name can also be a flat label. Hereinafter, “name” is used to refer to any name for a piece of data in a name-data network, such as a hierarchical name or name prefix, a flat name, a fixed-length name, an arbitrary-length name, or a label (e.g., a Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) label).
Interest (or “interest”): A packet that indicates a request for a piece of data, and includes a name (or a name prefix) for the piece of data. A data consumer can disseminate a request or Interest across an information-centric network, which CCN/NDN routers can propagate toward a storage device (e.g., a cache server) or a data producer that can provide the requested data to satisfy the request or Interest.
The methods disclosed herein are not limited to CCN networks and are applicable to other architectures as well. A description of a CCN architecture is described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/338,175, which is herein incorporated by reference.
Exemplary Network and Communication
In a traditional IP architecture, a forwarder is an IP-based forwarder that looks at the header of a packet to determine the source and the destination for the packet, and forwards the packet to the destination. The stack performs TCP/UDP, and an application interacts with the stack via a socket. In contrast, device 104 of the present invention does not use a conventional “stack.” Rather, device 104 via an application 110 can request a portal API instance corresponding to a portal 120 which corresponds to transport framework 130. Similarly, device 108 via an application 150 can request a portal API instance corresponding to a portal 160 which corresponds to transport framework 170.
Device 104 can include any computing device coupled to network 102, such as a smartphone 104.1, a tablet computer 104.2, and/or a server or personal computer 104.m. Specifically, device 104 can include application 110 which communicates via portal 120 with transport framework 130. Transport framework 130 can include stack components 134.1-134.n. Device 104 can also include forwarder 140 (e.g., a network interface card, or a router in a local area network) which can transfer packets between a stack (and individual stack components) of transport framework 130 and network 102. Similarly, device 108 can include any computing device coupled to network 102, such as a server or an end host device. Device 108 can include application 150 which communicates via portal 160 with transport framework 170. Transport framework 170 can include stack components 174.1-174.p. Device 108 can also include a forwarder 180 which can transfer packets between a stack (and individual stack components) of transport framework 170 and network 102. Forwarders 140 and 180 can also facilitate the transfer of packets directly between individual stack components 134.1-134.n and 174.1-174.p, respectively.
Similarly, application 250 can use APIs 252, 254, and 256 to communicate over network 202, and APIs 252-256 can interact via a portal 260 with a transport framework 270. Transport framework 270 can include one or more transport stacks which each include multiple stack components or communication modules. In
Application 210 can be associated with a consumer or a client computing device, and application 250 can be associated with a producer or a content producing device. During operation, application 210 can create an interest 290 with an original name (“N”) and an optional payload (“<data>”). Application 210 can send interest 290, via portal API instance 220, through stack 231. Masker 235 can receive interest 290 and compute the masked name (e.g., “H(N)”) (function 235.1) Masker 235 can store a mapping in a local database between N and H(N). In some embodiments, masker 235 can encrypt the original name with the public key of the producer, and insert the encrypted name into the payload of interest 290/292 (function 235.1), which can travel over network 202 via forwarders 240 and 280 (as shown by an interest 292).
Application 250 can receive interest 292 via forwarder 280 and transport stack 271. If the payload includes the encrypted original name, application 250 can decrypt the encrypted original name based on the private key of the producer. Alternatively, if the payload does not include the encrypted original name, application 250 (or one of the stack components) can perform a lookup in a local database for the masked name H(N) to obtain the original name N. In
Subsequently, application 250 can generate a responsive content object 294 with the original name N and a payload of “Data.” Masker 275 then computes a symmetric key (“SK”) by performing a key derivation function (“KDF”) using as input the original name N concatenated with a random nonce (“r”). Masker 275 can generate the nonce r, which can be a random string with a length of a predetermined size. The symmetric key SK can also have a length of the same predetermined size: SKF←KDF(N∥r). Masker 275 can encrypt the payload using the symmetric key SK, replace the original name N with the masked name H(N), include the nonce r in a special field, and replace the cleartext payload with the encrypted payload (as shown in egress content object 296). The payload of content object 296 can include the specific function and other parameters needed to perform the key derivation function. The masked and encrypted content object 296 can travel over network 202 via forwarders 280 and 240.
Forwarder 240 can send content object 296 to transport stack 231. Masker 235 can look up H(N) in its local database with the previously stored mapping to obtain N (function 235.2). Because masker 235 possesses the KDF, the original name N, and the random nonce r, masker 235 can compute the symmetric key in similar fashion as masker 275: SKF←KDF(N∥r) (function 235.2). Masker 235 can then decrypt the encrypted payload to obtain “Data” and pass a decrypted, unmasked, and responsive content object 298 back up to application 210. In this way, only an entity that can derive the original name from the masked name can create the symmetric key to access the encrypted payload. Thus the present invention provides a lightweight end-to-end security for content distribution in a CCN.
Note that in
Client Computing Device Generates a Masked Interest
The masker component stores in a local data structure a mapping of the original name N to the masked name H(N) (operation 306). The masker component can optionally encrypt the original name based on a public key (“PK”) of a content producing device (e.g., EPK(N)), and include or indicate the encrypted original name in the payload (operation 308, depicted with dashed lines). The masker component replaces the original name N with the masked name H(N) in the interest (operation 310). A forwarder associated with the client computing device forwards the interest with the masked name to the content producing device (operation 312).
Content Producing Device Returns a Masked and Encrypted Content Object
The application generates a responsive content object with the original name N and an original payload (“PAYLOAD”) (operation 406). The content object includes content that corresponds to the original name N. A masker component associated with the content producing device generates a random nonce r (operation 408). The masker component computes a symmetric key SK by performing a key derivation function KDF based on the original name N and the generated nonce r: SK←KDF(N∥r) (operation 410). The nonce can be of lambda bits in length, and the computed symmetric key can also be lambda bits in length. The masker component encrypts the payload of the responsive object based on the symmetric key: Y←ESK(PAYLOAD) (operation 412). The masker component replaces the original name N with the masked name H(N), and further replaces the original payload PAYLOAD with the encrypted payload Y (operation 414). The masker component also includes the generated random nonce r in the responsive content object (operation 414). The nonce can be included in the payload or in the packet header or in a special or reserved field. Finally, a forwarder associated with the content producing device forwards the masked and encrypted content object to the appropriate client computing device (operation 416). The masked and encrypted content object is received by the client computing device which sent the interest.
Client Computing Device Processes a Masked and Encrypted Content Object
Router Functionality
A CCN router can maintain a Forwarding Information Base (“FIB”), a Pending Interest Table (“PIT”), and a Content Store (“CS”), as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/847,814, which is herein incorporated by reference. The transparent encryption protocol of the present system does not impact the ability of a router to cache content in the CS, where the content is indexed by its name. Because a consumer can use a standard hash function to create the masked name H(N) from the original name N, other consumers requesting the same content can also create interests with the same masked name based on the standard hash function. Therefore, any consumer with knowledge of the original name N and the nonce r can decrypt the content for upper-layer applications. As described above, the symmetric encryption key SK is computed based on knowledge of the original name N. Because a router cannot reverse the one-way masking function (e.g., H(N)), only an entity with a priori knowledge of the original name N can decrypt the content. The entity with this knowledge is the consumer, which provides end-to-end security for content distributed in a CCN.
In addition, a producer may publish names and route prefixes in their masked form, either in a flat representation or as a sequence of hash digests based on the name structure. The PIT, CS, and FIB may be implemented using data structures like hash tables. Thus, the hash of a name is computed by the router, although the router may use more efficient hash functions such as CityHash or SipHash. In the present system, the consumer provides the hash a priori, which eases the computational burden of the routers (assuming that data structures like hash tables are used for implementing the PIT, CS, and FIB).
Exemplary Apparatuses and Computer Systems
In some embodiments, communication module 602 can send and/or receive data packets to/from other network nodes across a computer network, such as a content centric network. A data packet can include an interest packet or a content object packet with a masked name which correspond to an original name. Name-determining module 604 can obtain the original name based on the masked name. Key-creating module 608 can compute a symmetric key based on the original name and a generated nonce. Content-generating module 606 can generate a content object packet with content that corresponds to the original name and includes the masked name, the nonce, and a payload encrypted based on the symmetric key. Communication module 602 can forward the content object packet to an entity that sent the interest packet. Name-determining module 604 can decrypt the encrypted original name based on a private key of the content producing device. Name-determining module 604 can also look up the masked name in a data structure to obtain the original name. Key-creating module 608 can generate the nonce.
In some embodiments, communication module 652 can send and/or receive data packets to/from other network nodes across a computer network, such as a content centric network. A data packet can include an interest packet or a content object packet with a masked name which correspond to an original name. Name-masking module 656 can compute a masked name based on an original name. In response to transmitting an interest packet with the masked name, communication module 652 can receive a content object packet that includes the masked name, a nonce, and a payload encrypted based on a symmetric key. Name-determining module 654 can look up the masked name in a data structure to obtain the original name. Key-generating module 658 can compute the symmetric key based on the obtained original name and the nonce. Content-processing module 660 can decrypt the encrypted payload based on the symmetric key.
Content-processing module 660 can also set the name for the interest packet to the masked name and store in a data structure a relation between the masked name and the original name. Content-processing module 660 can further encrypt the original name based on a public key of a content producing device, and include the encrypted original name in a payload for the interest packet. Content-processing module 660 can replace the masked name in the content object packet with the obtained original name, replace the encrypted payload in the content object packet with the decrypted payload, and remove from a pending interest table an entry corresponding to the obtained original name.
Content-processing system 718 can include instructions, which when executed by computer system 702, can cause computer system 702 to perform methods and/or processes described in this disclosure. Specifically, content-processing system 718 may include instructions for sending and/or receiving data packets to/from other network nodes across a computer network, such as a content centric network (communication module 720). A data packet can include an interest packet or a content object packet with a masked name which correspond to an original name. Further, content-processing system 718 can include instructions for obtaining the original name based on the masked name (name-determining module 722). Content-processing system 718 can include instructions for computing a symmetric key based on the original name and a generated nonce (key-creating module 726). Content-processing system 718 can also include instructions for generating a content object packet with content that corresponds to the original name and includes the masked name, the nonce, and a payload encrypted based on the symmetric key (content-generating module 724). Content-processing system 718 can include instructions for forwarding the content object packet to an entity that sent the interest packet (communication module 720).
Content-processing system 718 can additionally include instructions for decrypting the encrypted original name based on a private key of the content producing device (name-determining module 722). Content-processing system 718 can include instructions for looking up the masked name in a data structure to obtain the original name (name-determining module 722). Content-processing system 718 can also include instructions for generating the nonce (key-creating module 726).
Content-processing system 768 can include instructions, which when executed by computer system 752, can cause computer system 752 to perform methods and/or processes described in this disclosure. Specifically, content-processing system 768 may include instructions for sending and/or receiving data packets to/from other network nodes across a computer network, such as a content centric network (communication module 770). A data packet can include an interest packet or a content object packet with a masked name which correspond to an original name. Content-processing system 768 can include instructions for computing a masked name based on an original name (name-masking module 774). Content-processing system 768 can also include instructions for, in response to transmitting an interest packet with the masked name, receiving a content object packet that includes the masked name, a nonce, and a payload encrypted based on a symmetric key (communication module 770). Content-processing system 768 can include instructions for looking up the masked name in a data structure to obtain the original name (name-determining module 772). Content-processing system 768 can additionally include instructions for computing the symmetric key based on the obtained original name and the nonce (key-generating module 776). Content-processing system 768 can include instructions for decrypting the encrypted payload based on the symmetric key (content-processing module 778).
Furthermore, content-processing system 768 can include instructions for setting the name for the interest packet to the masked name and store in a data structure a relation between the masked name and the original name (content-processing module 778). Content-processing system 768 can also include instructions for encrypting the original name based on a public key of a content producing device, and including the encrypted original name in a payload for the interest packet (content-processing module 778). Content-processing system 768 can include instructions for replacing the masked name in the content object packet with the obtained original name, replacing the encrypted payload in the content object packet with the decrypted payload, and removing from a pending interest table an entry corresponding to the obtained original name (content-processing module 778).
Data 728 and data 780 can include any data that is required as input or that is generated as output by the methods and/or processes described in this disclosure. Specifically, data 728 and data 780 can store at least: a name; an original name that corresponds to a masked name; a name that is an HSVLI; a packet that corresponds to an interest, where the interest includes a masked name; a masked name that is computed based on a hash function performed on one or more name components; a transport framework; a protocol or transport stack; one or more components of a transport or protocol stack; a portal instance associated with a transport or protocol stack; a symmetric key; a nonce; a length or a size for the nonce; a key derivation function; a public key and/or a private key of a content producing device; a data structure that stores a relationship between an original name and a masked name; a packet that corresponds to a content object, where the content object includes a masked name and an encrypted payload; and a pending interest table.
The data structures and code described in this detailed description are typically stored on a computer-readable storage medium, which may be any device or medium that can store code and/or data for use by a computer system. The computer-readable storage medium includes, but is not limited to, volatile memory, non-volatile memory, magnetic and optical storage devices such as disk drives, magnetic tape, CDs (compact discs), DVDs (digital versatile discs or digital video discs), or other media capable of storing computer-readable media now known or later developed.
The methods and processes described in the detailed description section can be embodied as code and/or data, which can be stored in a computer-readable storage medium as described above. When a computer system reads and executes the code and/or data stored on the computer-readable storage medium, the computer system performs the methods and processes embodied as data structures and code and stored within the computer-readable storage medium.
Furthermore, the methods and processes described above can be included in hardware modules. For example, the hardware modules can include, but are not limited to, application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) chips, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), and other programmable-logic devices now known or later developed. When the hardware modules are activated, the hardware modules perform the methods and processes included within the hardware modules.
The foregoing descriptions of embodiments of the present invention have been presented for purposes of illustration and description only. They are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the present invention to the forms disclosed. Accordingly, many modifications and variations will be apparent to practitioners skilled in the art. Additionally, the above disclosure is not intended to limit the present invention. The scope of the present invention is defined by the appended claims.
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20170149747 A1 | May 2017 | US |
