Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to refrigeration system, and more particularly, to transport refrigeration systems operating in low temperature ambient conditions.
Refrigerated trucks; trailers, and containers are commonly used to transport perishable cargo, such as, for example, produce, meat, poultry, fish, dairy products, cut flowers, pharmaceuticals, and other fresh or frozen perishable products. Conventionally, transport refrigeration systems include a refrigeration unit having a refrigerant compressor, a condenser with one or more associated condenser fans, an expansion device, and an evaporator with one or more associated evaporator fans, which are connected via appropriate refrigerant lines in a closed loop refrigerant circuit. Air or an air/gas mixture is drawn from the interior volume of the cargo box by means of the evaporator fan(s) associated with the evaporator, passed through the airside of the evaporator in heat exchange relationship with refrigerant whereby the refrigerant absorbs heat from the air, thereby cooling the air. The cooled air is then supplied back to the cargo box.
The transport refrigeration system typically uses power from sources like diesel engine. When the exhaust gas from such a diesel engine is discharged into the air in cold or low ambient temperature conditions, the gas appears as a plume due to the small water droplets entrained therein. Although the use of a fuel cell in place of a diesel engine will eliminate the emission of greenhouse gases, the exhaust of a hydrogen fuel cell is similarly saturated with water. When this exhaust is released into an environment on a warm day, the exhaust is not visible. However, in cold environments; the mixture of the saturated exhaust with the air generates a plume. Such a plume may impact the visibility of the driver, or may incorrectly suggest that something is wrong with the transport refrigeration system, the fuel cell, or the hydrogen storage system.
According to an embodiment, a transport refrigeration system includes a refrigeration unit including a plurality of components fluidly coupled to form a closed loop refrigeration circuit. A power source is operable to provide electrical power to the refrigeration unit. An exhaust gas generated by the power source is provided at an outlet of the power source. The exhaust gas at the outlet of the power source is supersaturated and the outlet of the power source is fluidly coupled to an outlet of the transport refrigeration system. A source of at least one of heat and fluid is coupled with the exhaust gas at a location upstream from the outlet of the transport refrigeration system. The exhaust gas at a location downstream from the source is not supersaturated.
In addition to one or more of the features described herein, or as an alternative, in further embodiments the source of at least one of heat and fluid is waste heat from the refrigeration unit.
In addition to one or more of the features described herein, or as an alternative, in further embodiments the plurality of components fluidly coupled to form the closed loop refrigeration circuit includes a condenser, and the waste heat is ambient air output from the condenser.
In addition to one or more of the features described herein, or as an alternative, in further embodiments an outlet conduit extends from the outlet of the power source, and a flow of the ambient air is arranged in fluid communication with the outlet conduit such that the ambient air is mixed with the exhaust gas at a mixing point, the mixing point being located upstream from the transport refrigeration system outlet.
In addition to one or more of the features described herein, or as an alternative, in further embodiments the source of at least one of heat and fluid is waste heat from the power source.
In addition to one or more of the features described herein, or as an alternative, in further embodiments the refrigeration unit further comprises a coolant circuit including a radiator, the radiator being fluidly coupled to the power source, wherein the waste heat is ambient air output from the radiator.
In addition to one or more of the features described herein, or as an alternative, in further embodiments the plurality of components fluidly coupled to form the closed loop refrigeration circuit includes a condenser, and the radiator is arranged downstream from the condenser relative to a flow of the ambient air.
In addition to one or more of the features described herein, or as an alternative, in further embodiments an outlet conduit extends from the outlet of the power source, and a flow of the ambient air is arranged in fluid communication with the outlet conduit such that the ambient air is mixed with the exhaust gas at a mixing point, the mixing point being located upstream from the transport refrigeration system outlet.
In addition to one or more of the features described herein, or as an alternative, in further embodiments the source of at least one of heat and fluid includes an electric heating device.
In addition to one or more of the features described herein, or as an alternative, in further embodiments an outlet conduit extends from the outlet of the power source, and the source of at least one of heat and fluid includes a flow of air about an exterior of the outlet conduit, wherein a temperature of the air is less than a temperature of the exhaust gas.
In addition to one or more of the features described herein, or as an alternative, in further embodiments comprising at least one coalescing feature arranged in fluid communication with the outlet of the power source.
In addition to one or more of the features described herein, or as an alternative, in further embodiments the power source includes at least one fuel cell.
According to an embodiment, a method of operating a transport refrigeration system includes operating a power source to provide electrical power to at least one component within a closed loop refrigeration circuit. The method additionally including outputting an exhaust gas from an outlet of the power source, at least one of heating the exhaust gas and reducing a saturation of the exhaust gas, and expelling the exhaust gas from the transport refrigeration system into an ambient atmosphere.
In addition to one or more of the features described herein, or as an alternative, in further embodiments heating the exhaust gas further comprises operating an electric heating device operably coupled to the outlet of the power source.
In addition to one or more of the features described herein, or as an alternative, in further embodiments heating the exhaust gas further comprises mixing an ambient air provided from a condenser of the closed loop refrigeration circuit with the exhaust gas.
In addition to one or more of the features described herein, or as an alternative, in further embodiments heating the exhaust gas further comprises transferring waste heat from a coolant circuit to the exhaust gas.
In addition to one or more of the features described herein, or as an alternative, in further embodiments the transferring waste heat from the coolant circuit to the exhaust gas further comprises mixing an ambient air provided from a radiator of the coolant circuit with the exhaust gas, the radiator being fluidly coupled to the power source.
In addition to one or more of the features described herein, or as an alternative, in further embodiments reducing a saturation of the exhaust gas further comprises draining a fluid from the exhaust gas before expelling the exhaust gas from the transport refrigeration system into the ambient atmosphere.
In addition to one or more of the features described herein, or as an alternative, in further embodiments draining the fluid from the exhaust gas further comprises passing the exhaust gas over one or more coalescing features.
In addition to one or more of the features described herein, or as an alternative, in further embodiments reducing a saturation of the exhaust gas further comprises passing a flow of air about an outlet conduit of the power source, a temperature of the flow of air being less than a temperature of the exhaust gas within the outlet conduit.
The following descriptions should not be considered limiting in any way. With reference to the accompanying drawings, like elements are numbered alike:
A detailed description of one or more embodiments of the disclosed apparatus and method are presented herein by way of exemplification and not limitation with reference to the Figures.
With reference now to
With reference now to
In a refrigeration unit 30 having a basic vapor compression cycle, the flow output from the condenser 34 is provided directly to a thermostatic expansion valve 36 and evaporator 38. As the liquid refrigerant R passes through the orifice of the expansion valve 36, some of it vaporizes into a gas. Return air from the refrigerated space flows over the heat transfer surface of an evaporator 38. As refrigerant flows through tubes 48 in the evaporator 38, the remaining liquid refrigerant R absorbs heat from the return air, and in so doing, is vaporized. The air flow across the evaporator 38 may be energized by an evaporator fan assembly 50 including at least one fan 52 and a corresponding fan motor 54. From the evaporator 38, the vapor then flows through a suction modulation valve 56 back to an inlet of the compressor 32. In an embodiment, a thermostatic expansion valve bulb or sensor (not shown) is located at an evaporator outlet tube. The bulb is intended to control the thermostatic expansion valve 36, thereby controlling refrigerant super-heating at the evaporator outlet tubing.
In the illustrated, non-limiting embodiment, the refrigeration unit 30 includes a plurality of components arranged between the condenser 34 and the expansion valve 36. As shown, a receiver 60 is arranged directly downstream from the outlet of the condenser 34. The receiver 60 is configured to provide storage for excess liquid refrigerant during low temperature operation. From the receiver 60, the liquid refrigerant R may pass through a subcooler heat exchanger 62. The subcooler 62 may be arranged in-line with and downstream from the condenser 34 such that the air flow from the fan assembly 42 moves across the condenser 34 and the subcooler 62 in series. In an embodiment, at the outlet of the subcooler 62, the refrigerant R is provided to a filter dryer 64 that keeps the refrigerant cool and dry, and in some embodiments to a heat exchanger 66 that increases the refrigerant subcooling. In such embodiments, the refrigerant provided at the outlet of this heat exchanger 66 is delivered to the thermostatic expansion valve 36.
In an embodiment, the refrigeration unit 30 includes a power source 70 that is capable of powering all of the electric components of the refrigeration unit 30. Such components include, but are not limited to the electric motor associated with the compressor 32, and the fan motors 46, 54 associated with both the condenser 34 and the evaporator 38 fan assemblies 42, 50. The power source 70 may include at least one fuel cell, such as a single fuel cell, or alternatively a plurality of fuel cells, suitable to provide enough power for all of the dynamic components of the refrigeration unit 30. In an embodiment, the fuel cell system with power electronics provides AC power as needed. The power source 70 may be located remotely from the remainder of the refrigeration unit 30, or alternatively, may be arranged within the housing 31 (
A controller 72, such as a microprocessor, may be programmed to control power usage and the operation of various electrically powered components within the transport refrigeration system 20. For example, the controller 72 may be operable to regulate the power supplied to the condenser fan motors 46 and the evaporator fan motors 54. Programming such controllers may be within the skill in the art.
In an embodiment, the power source includes one or more hydrogen fuel cells. As is known in the art, a hydrogen fuel cell includes an anode configured to receive a fuel in the form of hydrogen and a cathode configured to receive an oxidant, such as oxygen or air. Oxygen that is not consumed by the fuel cell is expelled therefrom as a cathode exhaust gas C saturated with water which is generated as a by-product during operation of the fuel cell.
The exhaust gas C output from the power source 70 may be heated and/or diluted prior to being expelled into the ambient atmosphere surrounding the transport refrigeration system 20 to reduce the formation of a visible plume. In an embodiment, waste heat from one or more sources of the refrigeration unit are used as a heat source to heat the exhaust gas. For example, in an embodiment best shown in
Alternatively, or in addition, the waste heat used to warm the ambient air A may be rejected from the power source 70. As best shown in
The heated air A1 is typically expelled from the housing 31 of the refrigeration unit 30 via one or more outlets, such as via one or more openings formed at the bottom or top or the sides thereof. In an embodiment, the location of the mixing point 75 where the heated air A1 and the exhaust gas C are mixed is within the housing 31 of the refrigeration unit 30, at a location upstream from the outlet of the transport refrigeration system 20.
As can be seen in the psychrometric chart shown in
Alternatively, or in addition, the transport refrigeration system 20 may be designed to promote heat transfer at the interior surface 82 of the outlet conduit 84 from which the exhaust gas C is expelled. For example, with reference now to
In such embodiments, the conduit 84 may be formed from a material having a high thermal conductivity to promote heat transfer and thereby increase the formation of condensation inside the conduit 84. Materials of the conduit 84 metal, composite, a polymer, or another other suitable material. The term polymer as used herein may be used to describe one or more of a rigid thermoplastic polymer, an elastomeric polymer, or any other suitable polymer or copolymer. Examples of a rigid thermoplastic polymer include, but are not limited to, polypropylene, polyamides such as nylon 6, nylon 6/6, nylon 6/12, nylon 11, nylon 12, and polyphthalamide, polyphenylene sulfide, liquid crystal polymers, polyethylene, polyaryl ether ketones such as polyether ether ether ketone, polyether ether ketone, and polyether ketone ketone, or any other suitable rigid thermoplastic polymer. Examples of an elastomeric polymer include, but are not limited to, elastomeric polymer such as fluoroelastomers, polyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoro ethylene, silicones, fluorosilicones, ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubber, polyurethane, or any other suitable elastomeric polymer.
As shown, the ambient air A output from the condenser 34 and/or the radiator 80 as previously described, and having a temperature represented by A1, may be configured to pass over the exterior surface of the outlet conduit 84 prior to mixing with the exhaust gas. In such embodiments, the air has a temperature A2 after passing over the outlet conduit 84 and the exhaust gas has a temperature represented by C1 when mixed at mixing point 76. The mixture of heated air and exhaust gas A2+C1 is represented by M3. Similar to the embodiments of
Further, when the mixture M3 is exhausted overboard, the mixture M3 is further mixed with the ambient atmosphere represented by A0. This combination of mixture M3 and the ambient atmosphere A0 is represented by mixture M4 in
With reference now to
As previously noted, it may be desirable to enhance the condensation formed within the conduit 84 by the exhaust gas C, separately from or prior to heating the exhaust gas C. In an embodiment, best shown in
In an embodiment, the exhaust gas may C be configured to pass through a muffler upstream from the outlet of the transportation refrigeration system 20. The muffler may be part of the outlet conduit 84 or may be arranged at another suitable location. The muffler may be operable to reduce the noise generated via the fuel cell power source 70.
A transport refrigeration system 20 including a refrigeration unit 30 as described herein will not generate a visible plume when the power source 70 of the refrigeration unit 30 is vented to the ambient atmosphere. Rather, the addition of heat to the exhaust gas C output from the fuel cell 70 and dilution with ambient air reduces the supersaturation of the exhaust gas C to prevent the formation of fog when exhausted overboard. It should be understood that the methods of reducing the formation of fog via the exhaust of the transport refrigeration system 20 may be performed when the transport refrigeration system 20 is stationary and while the transport refrigeration system 20 is moving or driving.
The term “about” is intended to include the degree of error associated with measurement of the particular quantity based upon the equipment available at the time of filing the application.
The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the present disclosure. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, element components, and/or groups thereof.
While the present disclosure has been described with reference to an exemplary embodiment or embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the present disclosure without departing from the essential scope thereof. Therefore, it is intended that the present disclosure not be limited to the particular embodiment disclosed as the best mode contemplated for carrying out this present disclosure, but that the present disclosure will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the claims.
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Application No. 63/315,317, filed Mar. 1, 2022, the contents of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.
Number | Date | Country | |
---|---|---|---|
63315317 | Mar 2022 | US |