Transvascular nerve stimulation apparatus and methods

Abstract

The invention, in one aspect, relates to an intravascular electrode system. The system comprises one or more electrodes supported on an elongated resiliently flexible support member, and the support member may be used to introduce the electrodes into a blood vessel. As the support member is introduced into the blood vessel the support member bends to follow the path of the blood vessel.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

The invention relates to neurophysiology and in particular to apparatus and methods for stimulating nerves through the walls of blood vessels. Non-limiting embodiments include nerve stimulation apparatus, electrode structures, electrodes and related methods.

BACKGROUND

Nerve stimulation can be applied in the treatment of a range of conditions. Nerve stimulation may be applied to control muscle activity or to generate sensory signals. Nerves may be stimulated by surgically implanting electrodes in or near the nerves and driving the electrodes from an implanted or external source of electricity.

The phrenic nerves normally carry signals that cause the contractions of the diaphragm that are necessary for breathing. Various conditions can prevent appropriate signals from being delivered to the phrenic nerves. These include:

• • chronic or acute injury to the spinal cord or brain stem;
  • Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS);
  • disease affecting the spinal cord or brain stem; and,
  • decreased day or night ventilatory drive (e.g. central sleep apnea, Ondine's curse).These conditions affect a significant number of people.

Mechanical ventilation (MV) may be used to help patients breathe. Some patients require chronic mechanical ventilation and many more patients require temporary mechanical ventilation. Mechanical ventilation can be lifesaving but has a range of significant problems and/or side effects. Mechanical ventilation:

• • tends to provide insufficient venting of the lungs. This can lead to accumulation of fluid in the lungs and susceptibility to infection and pneumonia.
  • requires apparatus that is not readily portable.
  • can adversely affect venous return because the lungs are positively pressurized.
  • interferes with eating and speaking.
  • requires costly maintenance and disposables.
  • tends to cause positive pressure ventilator induced lung injury (VILI) and ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP).

A patient on mechanical ventilation is tied to a ventilator, and does not breathe independently. This can lead to atrophy of the diaphragm muscle (ventilator induced diaphragmatic dysfunction; VIDD) and an overall decline in well being. Muscle atrophy can occur surprisingly rapidly and can be a serious problem. In patients on mechanical ventilation, the central respiratory drive of the diaphragm is suppressed. The inactivity of the diaphragm muscle causes rapid disuse atrophy. According to a published study (Levine et al., New England Journal of Medicine, 358: 1327-1335, 2008), the diaphragm muscle could shrink by 52-57% after just 18-69 hours of mechanical ventilation and sedation. Ventilator-induced diaphragm atrophy could cause a patient to become ventilator-dependent. Patients in intensive care units (ICU) who become dependent on mechanical ventilation (MV) are at high risk of complications such as ventilator-acquired pneumonia (VAP) and nosocomial infections and are seven times more likely to die in the ICU. It has been reported that in 2008, 1.58 million ICU patients in the United States require MV every year, of which 20-30% (about 400,000 mechanically ventilated patients) have difficulty weaning from MV and are at risk of becoming ventilator-dependent.

Three methods have been used to reverse or slow down atrophy in disused diaphragm muscles by stimulating the phrenic nerves and are discussed below.

Method 1. Phrenic nerve pacing uses electrodes implanted in the chest to directly stimulate the phrenic nerves. The Mark IV Breathing Pacemaker System available from Avery Biomedical Devices, Inc. of Commack, N.Y., USA, is a diaphragmatic or phrenic nerve stimulator that has surgically implanted receivers and electrodes mated to an external transmitter by antennas worn over the implanted receivers. Implanting electrodes and other implantable components for phrenic nerve pacing requires significant surgery. The surgery is risky and complicated by the fact that phrenic nerves are thin (approximately 2 mm in diameter) and delicate. The surgery involves significant cost.

Method 2. Laproscopic diaphragm pacing developed by biomedical engineers and physician researchers at Case Western Reserve University is another technique for controlling breathing. Laproscopic diaphragm pacing involves placing electrodes at motor points of the diaphragm.

Method 3. A method using intravascularly implanted electrodes to stimulate a nerve has been developed by Joaquin Andres Hoffer and is described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/524,571 (published on Feb. 11, 2010 as US2010/00336451) entitled “Transvascular Nerve Stimulation Apparatus And Methods”, which is hereby incorporated by reference.

Method 3 has advantages over Methods 1 and 2, because it does not require invasive surgery that would typically be performed under full anaesthesia. Furthermore, ICU patients are not typically eligible for Methods 1 and 2.

There remains a need for cost-effective, practical, surgically simple and minimally invasive apparatus and methods for nerve stimulation. There is also a need for apparatus and methods for facilitating patients on MV to breathe more naturally and to be weaned from MV. There is also a need for cost effective, practical apparatus and methods for installing and/or removing nerve stimulation apparatus.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This invention has a number of aspects. Aspects of the invention include: designs for intravascular electrodes; electrode structures; nerve stimulation apparatus; intravascular apparatus including electrodes and structures for introducing and supporting the electrodes; catheters equipped with electrodes; methods for nerve stimulation; and methods for measuring the location of an electrode structure within a blood vessel relative to a target nerve. While these and other aspects may be applied together, individual aspects may be applied separately as well as in other combinations and contexts. For example, electrode structures as described herein may be applied in combination with various deployment systems known in the art for various diagnostic and/or therapeutic applications.

Aspects of the invention may be applied for restoring breathing, treating conditions such as muscle atrophy, chronic pain, and other uses involving nerve stimulation. Aspects of the invention may be applied in the treatment of acute or chronic conditions. Aspects of the invention may be applied to conveniently deploy and remove electrode structures in a patient.

One aspect of the invention relates to transvascular stimulation of nerves. In transvascular stimulation, suitable arrangements of one or more electrodes are positioned in a blood vessel that passes close to a nerve to be stimulated. Electrical currents pass from the electrodes through a wall of the blood vessel to stimulate the target nerve.

One aspect of the invention relates to transvascular stimulation of nerves in the neck and chest of a human or other mammals (e.g., a pig). FIG. 1A illustrates the anatomy of selected nerves and blood vessels in the neck and chest of a human and, in particular, the relative locations of the left and right phrenic nerves (PhN), vagus nerves (VN), internal jugular veins (UV), brachiocephalic veins (BCV), superior vena cava (SVC) and left subclavian vein (LSV).

Further aspects of the invention and features of example embodiments are illustrated in the appended drawings and/or described in the text of this specification and/or described in the accompanying claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings illustrate non-limiting example embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 1A illustrates the anatomy of selected nerves and blood vessels in a person's neck and upper torso.

FIGS. 2A-2D are schematic views of a nerve stimulation apparatus according to an example embodiment of the invention.

FIGS. 3A-3C illustrate the operation of nerve stimulation apparatus.

FIG. 4A illustrates a shaft portion comprising a pair of attached tubes.

FIG. 4B illustrates a shaft portion comprising telescoping tubes.

FIGS. 5A and 5B are schematic views of a nerve stimulation apparatus according to an example embodiment of the invention.

FIGS. 6A and 6B are schematic views of a nerve stimulation apparatus according to another example embodiment of the invention.

FIGS. 7A and 7B are schematic views of a nerve stimulation apparatus according to another example embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 8 schematically shows a nerve stimulation apparatus according to another example embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 9 schematically shows a nerve stimulation apparatus according to another example embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 10A is a side view of a nerve stimulation apparatus according to another example embodiment of the invention. FIG. 10B is an isometric view of the apparatus of FIG. 10A in combination with an introducer and a hub. FIGS. 10C and 10D are examples of alternative cross-sectional views of the apparatus of FIG. 10A.

FIGS. 11A and 11B show a nerve stimulation apparatus in combination with an introducer and a hub according to an example embodiment of the invention. FIGS. 11C and 11D are cross sectional views of nerve stimulation apparatus along lines B-B and A-A respectively shown in FIG. 11B.

FIG. 12 shows a nerve stimulation apparatus according to an example embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 13A shows a nerve stimulation apparatus according to an example embodiment of the invention that provides a five-lumen catheter. FIGS. 13B-13E show some possible cross sections of the apparatus of FIG. 13A taken at line A-A in FIG. 13A.

FIG. 14A shows another embodiment of a nerve stimulation apparatus. FIGS. 14B and 14C show some possible cross sections of a tubular member of the apparatus of FIG. 14A.

FIG. 15 shows a nerve stimulation apparatus.

FIG. 16 shows a nerve stimulation apparatus.

FIG. 17 shows a nerve stimulation apparatus.

FIGS. 18A, 18B show an electrode structure according to an example embodiment of the invention. FIG. 18A is a top plan view of the electrode structure. FIG. 18B is a bottom perspective view of the electrode structure.

FIG. 19A shows a schematic of a cross section of an electrode structure according to one example embodiment of the invention. FIG. 19B shows details electrodes of the electrode structure of FIG. 19A.

FIGS. 20A and 20B are perspective and side views of an electrode retaining wire according to one example embodiment.

FIGS. 21A, 21B are top and bottom perspective views of an electrode structure.

FIG. 22 shows an electrode structure according to one example embodiment.

FIGS. 23A-23E show how an example electrode structure may be rolled up and retracted into a tubular member.

FIGS. 24A-24E show how an example electrode structure may be rolled up, deployed, and retracted into a tubular member.

FIGS. 25 and 26 show two example electrode structures.

FIGS. 27A-27E schematically illustrate a nerve stimulation apparatus according to another embodiment.

FIGS. 28A, 28B show an example method for locating an electrode structure in a blood vessel V to stimulate a target nerve.

FIGS. 29A to 30H shows various sensors which may be used with the nerve stimulation apparatus described herein as well as in other contexts.

FIGS. 31A to 31E shows an example shroud design which may be used with the nerve stimulation apparatus described herein as well as in other contexts.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Throughout the following description, specific details are set forth in order to provide a more thorough understanding of the invention. However, the invention may be practiced without these particulars. In other instances, well-known elements have not been shown or described in detail to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the invention. Accordingly, the specification and drawings are to be regarded in an illustrative, rather than restrictive.

Apparatus according to some embodiments provides intravascular electrode systems which include one or more electrodes supported on an elongated resiliently flexible support member. The support member may be used to introduce the electrodes into a blood vessel. As the support member is introduced into the blood vessel the support member bends to follow the path of the blood vessel. Restoring forces resulting from the resilience of the support member hold the one or more electrodes in place against the wall of the blood vessel. The electrode structure may comprise flexible electrically insulating pads that insulate electrodes from being in direct contact with blood in the main passage of the blood vessel.

In some embodiments the apparatus includes two or more electrodes at spaced-apart locations along the support member. Spacing between the electrodes may be selected to allow the electrodes to be located proximate to anatomical structures, for example nerves passing nearby the blood vessel. In an example embodiment, electrodes are spaced apart on a support structure and oriented so that an intravascular electrode system may be placed with electrodes located to stimulate a patient's left and right phrenic nerves. The electrodes may optionally have different circumferential orientations with respect to a longitudinal centerline of the support structure.

In some embodiments the support member is more flexible in one direction than in another. This can help to preserve a desired orientation of electrodes while the electrode system is being introduced into a blood vessel.

In some embodiments the electrode system comprises a catheter having one or more lumens. The catheter may provide the functionality of a central catheter of the type commonly used in intensive care units, for example. Such embodiments provide the advantage of electrodes that may be applied, for example, for stimulating nerves (e.g. for diaphragm pacing) and/or for monitoring electrical activity in the body of a patient in the same package as a central catheter that may be required in any event. In some embodiments, the catheter also serves as a support structure as described above.

Some embodiments comprise electrode structures comprising electrodes and asymmetrical electrically-insulating backing sheets. The backing sheets can electrically isolate the electrodes from blood in the lumen of a blood vessel, thereby allowing more efficient stimulation of extravascular structures such as nearby nerves. The asymmetrical arrangement of the backing sheet allows the backing sheet to be rolled into a compact configuration for insertion of the electrode structure into a blood vessel while providing a backing sheet that can provide electrical insulation for two or more electrodes. In some embodiments the backing sheet has a generally trapezoidal configuration. The backing sheet may be formed so that it tends to unroll from the rolled configuration. The backing sheet may be formed with a natural curvature similar to that of a wall of a blood vessel against which the backing sheet will be deployed. The backing sheet may be but need not be completely electrically insulating. Such a backing sheet can be advantageous as long as it provides a resistance to the flow of electricity substantially greater than the resistance that would be provided by blood in the blood vessel in the absence of the backing sheet. Such electrode structures may be applied in a wide range of intravascular applications.

Some embodiments provide electrode structures that include a retainer that holds a backing sheet in place. The retainer may comprise, for example, a formed piece of wire that extends through apertures in the backing sheet. In some embodiments the retainer comprises a pair of wire sections, which may be generally parallel, that are each woven through apertures in the backing sheet. Distal ends of the wire sections may be joined. The wire sections may be parts of a continuous wire. Distal ends of the wire sections may be bent back over the backing sheet. In some embodiments the retainer is electrically conductive and may be applied as one electrode, for example a reference electrode for electrical measurements and/or one of two or more electrodes for delivery of stimulation. The backing sheet may be rolled around the retainer for introduction into a blood vessel. Such electrode structures may be applied in a wide range of applications.

Some embodiments provide electrode structures in which a backing sheet for one or more electrodes is provided by a wall of an inflatable structure. The structure may be inflated to hold the electrodes against a wall of a blood vessel. The structure may, for example, be located on a side of a catheter or other support member. In some embodiments, inflation of the inflatable structure actuates a backing member carrying one or more electrodes to move toward engagement with a wall of a blood vessel.

Some embodiments provide intravascular electrode structures on which one or more electrodes is supported on a support member which include integrated position-measurement transducers for measuring a displacement of an electrode along a blood vessel into which the electrode is being inserted. The apparatus, including the position-measurement transducers may be intended to be disposable after a single use. Various embodiments of example position measurement transducers that can provide accurate position measurement in a suitable form factor and/or may be fabricated inexpensively are described below.

The following description describes examples of nerve stimulation apparatus and components suitable for application in nerve stimulation. In some cases the examples given are adapted for stimulation of phrenic nerves in a human or other mammals. The nerve stimulation apparatus described herein has a number of features which are particularly advantageous in combination with one another but can also be used individually, in other combinations, or in combination with the features described in US2010/00336451.

FIGS. 2A-2C are schematics of a nerve stimulation apparatus 10 according to an example embodiment of the invention. Nerve stimulation apparatus 10 comprises electrode structures 12A, 12B (collectively 12). Nerve stimulation apparatus 10 also comprises a tubular member 24. Tubular member 24 may be a catheter or cannula-type tubular member. For example, tubular member 24 may be a central venous catheter. Tubular member 24 is capable of being inserted into a lumen of a blood vessel.

Tubular member 24 has a distal end 26, a proximal end 28, an outer wall or sheath 30 that extends from distal end 26 to proximal end 28. Tubular member 24 may comprise one or more internal lumens (not specifically indicated in FIGS. 2A-2C—examples of such lumens are shown in other Figs.) For example, tubular member 24 may be a multi-lumen catheter.

In the example embodiment, at least one lumen extends longitudinally from proximal end 28 to distal end 26. The lumens may have exit openings on wall 30 of tubular member 24. These openings may be spaced apart along the length of tubular member 24. The lumens may be used for removing blood samples, inserting medication, delivering fluids or nutrients, measuring chemical or physical parameters in blood, such as pH or temperature, and the like. For example, agents may be applied through one or more of the openings to prevent clot formation on electrode structures 12. In FIG. 2A, an example opening 34 is shown, which provides an exit port for electrode structure 12B. Opening 34 may be upstream from electrode structure 12B relative to a direction of blood flow in a blood vessel in which nerve stimulation apparatus 10 is deployed.

Tubular member 24 may be flexible. A range of materials may be used for construction of tubular member 24, including silicone, polyurethane, or other suitable polymers, stainless steel, and the like. Tubular member 24 may have markings for length determination. In some embodiments, tubular member 24 is more flexible in one bending direction than in another bending direction. In some embodiments, different sections of tubular member 24 have different levels of flexibility. For example, the distal part of tubular member 24 may be more flexible than the proximal part of tubular member 24.

Electrode structure 12A is positioned at or near distal end 26 of tubular member 24. Electrode structure 12B is positioned at a mid-portion of tubular member 24. Electrode structures 12A, 12B are movable between a retracted position (i.e., received in tubular member 24) and a deployed position (i.e., extending out of tubular member 24). When electrode structures 12A, 12B are in a retracted position, electrode structures 12A, 12B are located inside or mostly inside tubular member 24 (FIG. 2A). When electrode structure 12A, 12B are in a deployed position, electrode structure 12A extends out of a distal opening of tubular member 24, and electrode structure 12B extends out of tubular member 24 from an opening 34 on wall 30 (FIGS. 2B and 2C). Typically, electrode structure 12 is dimensioned so that, when in a deployed position inside a blood vessel, it will extend approximately 45° to 60° of the way around a wall of the blood vessel, although this is not mandatory.

In FIGS. 2A-2C, a representative electrode 20 is shown for each electrode structure 12. However, it should be noted that each electrode structure 12 may comprise a plurality of electrodes. For example, one or more electrodes may be used for stimulating a target nerve; and one or more additional electrodes may be used for ECG monitoring. In some embodiments, one electrode may function as a cathode and another electrode may function as an anode. Electrode structure 20 also comprises an insulating pad 42.

Each electrode structure 12 may be coupled to an elongated flexible shaft portion 14 which extends inside tubular member 24. Shaft portion 14 is not directly visible in FIGS. 2A-2C, but FIG. 2D schematically shows a shaft portion 14 coupled to electrode 12A, without tubular member 24. In FIG. 2D, elongated flexible shaft portion 14 has a distal end 16 and a proximal end 18. Electrode structure 12A is coupled to distal end 16 of shaft portion 14. Shaft portion 14 may comprise, for example, a single wire or tube or a plurality of wires or tubes. Shaft portion 14 may comprise one or more suitable leads (not specifically indicated in FIG. 2D, as leads may be hidden inside shaft portion 14) which may electrically couple one or more electrodes 20 to an apparatus for monitoring electrical activity and/or delivering electrical stimulation by way of electrodes 20. The leads and the electrodes 20 may be electrically coupled in a one-to-one relationship such that each electrode 20 is individually addressable. In some embodiments, some groups of two or more electrodes 20 are connected to a common lead. The leads may be carried in or along shaft portion 14.

At equilibrium, shaft portion 14 may have a configuration that is straight or curved. Shaft portion 14 may have an initial radius of curvature greater than a radius of curvature of the left brachiocephalic vein (BCV) and superior vena cava (SVC) into which nerve stimulation apparatus 10 may be introduced. Shaft portion 14 may be resilient and tending to return to its original configuration; thus, distal end 16 of shaft portion 14 tends to spring toward the far wall of the superior vena cava (SVC) when nerve stimulation apparatus 10 is inserted in a patient from the left side of the body (e.g., from LSV into BCV and SVC). This is convenient because the right phrenic nerve typically runs alongside the far wall of the superior vena cava (SVC) at this point.

In some embodiments, shaft portion 14 is more flexible in one direction than in another direction. For example, shaft portion 14 may be oriented such that it is easier to bend downwardly than sideways. This facilitates insertion and positioning of shaft portion 14 in SVC which extends downwardly from the BCV.

In some embodiments, different parts of shaft portion 14 have different levels of flexibility. For example, the distal part of shaft portion 14 may be more flexible than the proximal part of shaft portion 14. In some embodiments, flexibility of the shaft portion may vary along the length of the shaft portion. Shaft portion 14 may be made of stainless steel or other suitable material (e.g., Nitinol, high-density plastics, elastomers etc.). In some embodiments shaft portion 14 comprises a pair of flexible stainless steel tubes that are attached together by, for example, welding.

The operation of nerve stimulation apparatus 10 is schematically shown in FIGS. 3A-3C. Nerve stimulation apparatus 10 may be inserted into a person's subclavian vein and SVC as follows. The electrode structures 12A, 12B are initially located within tubular member 24. A percutaneous puncture is made into the patient's LSV. Tubular member 24 is then inserted through the puncture into the LSV. Such insertion could be done under local anaesthesia. General anaesthesia is typically not required. Tubular member 24 of nerve stimulation apparatus 10 is then advanced into the patient's left BCV and eventually into SVC. Care should be taken not to advance tubular member 24 into the right atrium of the heart. When the distal portion of tubular member 24 reaches the SVC, the distal portion of tubular member 24 bends downwardly. Electrode structures 12A, 12B are moved from a retracted position (FIG. 3B) to a deployed position (FIG. 3C). Electrode structures 12A, 12B are positioned adjacent the left and right phrenic nerves. As described below, monitoring may be performed during insertion to locate the electrode positions which allow for most effective stimulation of the phrenic nerve.

In the deployed position, electrode structures 12A, 12B extend out of tubular member 24. Electrodes 20 are pressed against a wall of the blood vessel, whereas the insulating pads 42 of the electrode structures 12A, 12B prevent the electrodes 20 from being in close electrical contact with the bulk of the blood flowing through the blood vessel. The curvature of nerve stimulation apparatus 10 may conform to the curvature of the patient's left BCV and SVC. The two electrode structures 12A, 12B may be arranged roughly at 90° to one another about the longitudinal axis of nerve stimulation apparatus 10, with electrode structure 12A oriented toward the right phrenic nerve and electrode structure 12B oriented toward the left phrenic nerve.

Testing may be done to locate electrode structures 12A, 12B at desired positions relative to the left and right phrenic nerve. Methods for locating an electrode structure relative to a target nerve are described below herein (see FIGS. 28A, 28B). Measurements can also be made to determine which electrode or electrodes of an electrode structure comprising multiple electrodes most effectively stimulate the target nerve.

Once nerve stimulation apparatus 10 has been properly inserted into a patient as described above, electrodes 20 are electrically coupled to a stimulation device (e.g., a pulse generator which may be optionally located outside the body) to apply electric current to the phrenic nerves, causing the diaphragm muscle to contract. The contraction of the diaphragm muscle causes inhalation of air into the lungs. When the electric stimulation of the phrenic nerves is stopped, the diaphragm muscle relaxes and exhalation occurs. This allows the patient to breathe more naturally. Nerve stimulation apparatus 10 may be used in combination with a control unit (e.g., a bedside control unit).

Nerve stimulation apparatus 10 may be removed from the patient's body. During removal, electrode structures 12A, 12B may be first moved from a deployed configuration (FIG. 3C) to a retracted configuration (FIG. 3B). Once the electrode structures 12A, 12B are retrieved into tubular member 24, the entire nerve stimulation apparatus 10 may be withdrawn from the patient's body. Alternatively, removing may not require retraction of electrode structure into the tubular member. Preferred methods for retrieving nerve stimulation apparatus 10 from the patient's body have a number of advantages which include one or more of: (1) nerve stimulation apparatus 10 can be repositioned easily for replacement or if the electrode moves with respect to target nerves, for example while the patient is being moved or transferred; (2) periodic removal of nerve stimulation apparatus prevents the build-up of plaques, or inflammation, or other undesirable physiological or pathological consequences as a result of implanting nerve stimulation apparatus in a blood vessel; (3) nerve stimulation apparatus 10 can be conveniently removed from the patient when nerve stimulation treatment is no longer needed.

Shaft portion 14 may take a number of different configurations. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 4A, a shaft portion 14A comprises a pair of tubes 14A1, 14A2 that are joined together in parallel. Tubes 14A1, 14A2 may be welded or affixed in another suitable manner together at certain spaced apart points or continuously along their length. Tubes 14A1, 14A2 may be made of stainless steel or other suitable material. The two-tube configuration in FIG. 4A allows shaft portion 14A to bend more easily in a plane extending between the two tubes than in a plane of the two tubes.

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 4B, a shaft portion 14B comprises a pair of tubes 14B1, 14B2 that are coupled together in a concentric fashion. Tube 14B1 has a smaller diameter than tube 14B2 and is insertable and movable in tube 14B2. Tube 14B1 is distal to tube 14B2. Tube 14B1 may be more flexible than tube 14B2.

FIGS. 5A and 5B are schematic views of a nerve stimulation apparatus 10C according to an example embodiment of the invention (in a deployed configuration and a retracted configuration respectively). In the FIGS. 5A and 5B embodiment, electrode structure 12AC is coupled to a distal end of shaft portion 14C, and electrode structure 12BC is coupled to a mid-portion of shaft portion 14C. The coupling between electrode structure 12B and shaft portion 14C may comprise a spring mechanism 35C. Electrode structure 12AC is retractable and extendable through a distal opening of tubular member 24C. Electrode structure 12BC is retractable and extendable through a side opening 34C of tubular member 24C.

FIGS. 6A and 6B are schematic views of a nerve stimulation apparatus 10D according to another example embodiment of the invention. In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 6A and 6B, nerve stimulation apparatus 10D comprises a first tubular member 24D and a second tubular member 36D. Electrode structure 12AD is coupled to a distal end of shaft portion 14D. However, electrode structure 12BD is disposed on first tubular member 24D. Also, first tubular member 24D passes through second tubular member 36D and electrode structure 12BD is retractable into second tubular member 36D. First and second tubular members 24D, 36D may be assembled in a telescoping fashion. Second tubular member 36D has a diameter greater than the diameter of first tubular member 24D. Second tubular member 36D is typically shorter than first tubular member 24D. The position of electrode structures 12AD, 12BD may be controlled independently from one another via shaft portion 14D and tubular member 24D respectively.

FIGS. 7A and 7B are schematic views of a nerve stimulation apparatus 10E according to another example embodiment of the invention. In the FIGS. 7A and 7B embodiment, electrode structure 12AE is coupled to a shaft portion 14E1, and electrode structure 12BE is disposed on a shaft portion 14E2 which is separate from shaft portion 14E1. Shaft portion 14E2 may be structurally different from shaft portion 14E1. Shaft portions 14E1, 14E2 may be independently controlled to deploy or retract electrode structures 12AE, 12BE, respectively. Also, first tubular member 24E passes through a second tubular member 36E. Electrode structure 12AE is retractable into first tubular member 24E. Electrode structure 12BE is retractable into second tubular member 36E. Second tubular member 36E has a diameter greater than the diameter of first tubular member 24E. Second tubular member 36E is typically shorter than first tubular member 24E.

FIG. 8 schematically shows a nerve stimulation apparatus 10F according to another example embodiment of the invention. In the FIG. 8 embodiment, electrode structure 12AF is coupled to a shaft portion 14F1, and electrode structure 12BF is disposed on a shaft portion 14F2 which is separate from shaft portion 14F1. Shaft portion 14F2 may be structurally different from shaft portion 14F1. Shaft portions 14F1, 14F2 may be independently controlled to deploy or retract electrode structures 12AF, 12BF, respectively. Tubular member 24F comprises a single lumen 32F. Both shaft portions 14F1 and 14F2 extend inside lumen 32F. Electrode structure 12AF may extend out of a distal opening of lumen 32F. Electrode structure 12BF may extend out of a side opening 34F of tubular member 24F.

FIG. 9 schematically shows a nerve stimulation apparatus 10G according to another example embodiment of the invention. Apparatus 10G is similar to apparatus 10F except that tubular member 24G of apparatus 10G comprises two lumens 32G1 and 32G2. The two lumens 32G1 and 32G2 are separated by a partition 33G. Shaft portion 14G1 extends in lumen 32G1 and electrode structure 12AG extends out of a distal opening of lumen 32G1. Shaft portion 14G2 extends in lumen 32G2 and electrode structure 12BG extends out of a side opening 34G of lumen 32G2.

FIG. 10A is a side view of a nerve stimulation apparatus 10H according to an example embodiment of the invention. FIG. 10B is an isometric view of apparatus 10H in combination with an introducer 38H and a hub 40H. FIGS. 10C, 10D are possible cross-sectional views of apparatus 10H. Nerve stimulation apparatus 10H comprises electrode structures 12AH, 12BH, and a tubular member 24H.

Nerve stimulation apparatus 10H may be coupled to an introducer 38H and a hub 40H. This may be done during use to facilitate entry of the nerve stimulation apparatus into a patient's blood vessel. It should be noted that other types of introducers and/or hubs different from the ones shown in FIG. 10B may also be used in conjunction with nerve stimulation apparatus 10H. Electrode structure 12AH is connected to a shaft portion 14H which extends inside tubular member 24H. Electrode structure 12BH is disposed on first tubular member 24H. The distance between electrode structure 12AH and 12BH may be in the range of 5-10 cm for example. The distance between electrode structure 12BH and the distal end of introducer 38H may be in the range of 0-5 cm for example.

Tubular member 24H is partially received in tubular member 36H of introducer 38H. When nerve stimulation apparatus 10H is applied to a patient, hub 40H and the wing portion of introducer 38H stay outside of the patient. Introducer 38H and/or hub 40H may comprise holes for suture. In their deployed configuration, electrode structures 12AH and 12BH have a transverse dimension that is greater than the transverse dimension of tubular member 24H. Apparatus 10H comprises a thermistor 64H or other temperature sensor.

Tubular member 24H may comprise a multi-lumen catheter. FIGS. 10C, 10D show possible cross sections of tubular member 24H. Tubular member 24H may have 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or more lumens 32H. Shaft portion 14H and leads 45H may run inside one or more of the lumens 32H. Leads 45H may also run inside the bore of shaft portion 14H.

FIGS. 11A and 11B show a nerve stimulation apparatus 10I in combination with an introducer 38I and a hub 40I according to an example embodiment of the invention. FIGS. 11C and 11D are cross sectional views of nerve stimulation apparatus 10 along lines B-B and A-A respectively in FIG. 11B. Nerve stimulation apparatus 10I comprises a first tubular member 24I, a second tubular member 36I, an introducer 38I, a hub 40I, a first electrode structure 12AI, a second electrode structure 12BI, a first shaft portion 14I (not visible) and a second shaft portion 68I (not visible). Electrode structure 12AI is attached to a distal end of first shaft portion 14I. First shaft portion 14I is visible in FIGS. 11C and 11D (in cross section). Electrode structure 12AI is retractable into the distal end of tubular member 24I. Electrode structure 12BI is attached to second shaft portion 68I. Electrode structure 12BI is extendable out of the distal end of second tubular member 36I and is retractable into the distal end of tubular member 36I. Second shaft portion 68I is visible in FIG. 11C (in cross section). First tubular member 24I is longer than second tubular member 36I and passes through second tubular member 36I. First tubular member 24I comprises a plurality of lumens 32I, and second tubular member 36I surrounds the multi-lumen first tubular member 24I. Because electrode 12AI and 12BI are attached to two separate shaft portions 14I and 68I, respectively, electrode structures 12AI and 12BI can be independently controlled from outside the body.

FIG. 12 shows a nerve stimulation apparatus 10J according to an example embodiment of the invention. Apparatus 10J comprises a tubular member 24J. Electrode structure 12AJ extends out of the distal end of tubular member 24J whereas electrode 12BJ extends out of an opening 34J on tubular member 24J. Electrode structure 12AJ is attached to shaft portion 14J and electrode structure 12B is attached to shaft portion 68J. Shaft portions 14J and 68J are both inside tubular member 24J. Electrode structures 12AJ and 12BJ can be independently controlled from outside the body.

FIG. 13A shows a nerve stimulation apparatus 10K. In this embodiment, tubular member 24K has five lumens 32K. FIGS. 13B-13E show some possible cross sections of tubular member 24K taken at line A-A in FIG. 13A. Three lumens 32K may be used for drug infusion and are in fluid communication with openings 62AK, 62BK, 62CK located in a proximal, middle and distal portion of tubular member 24K. One lumen contains shaft portion 14K which is coupled to electrode structure 12AK. One lumen contains shaft portion 68K which is coupled to electrode structure 12BK. In FIG. 13B, each of the five lumens has the same size and has a circular cross section. In FIG. 13C, the lumens have different sizes, but all have circular cross sections. In FIG. 13D, the lumens have different sizes and non-circular cross sections. In FIG. 13E, the lumens have different sizes and are a mix of circular and non-circular cross sections.

FIG. 14A is another embodiment of a nerve stimulation apparatus 10L. FIGS. 14B and 14C show some possible cross sections of tubular member 24L in the FIG. 14A embodiment. In the FIG. 14A embodiment, tubular member 24L has three lumens 32L. One lumen 32L contains shaft portion 14L which is coupled to electrode structure 12AL. One lumen 32L contains shaft portion 68L which is coupled to electrode structure 12BL. One lumens may be used for drug infusion to opening 62L located in a middle portion of tubular member 24L. In FIG. 14B, each of the three lumens has the same size and has a circular cross section. In FIG. 14C, the lumens have non-circular cross sections.

FIG. 15 shows a nerve stimulation apparatus 10M. Apparatus 10M comprise a tubular member 24M. The proximal end of tubular member 24M is coupled to introducer 38M. Introducer 38M has a side port 39M. Both electrode structures 12AM, 12BM extend out of a distal opening of tubular member 24M. Electrode structure 12AM is coupled to shaft portion 14M. Electrode structure 12BM is coupled to shaft portion 68M. Electrode structures 12AM and 12BM can be independently controlled.

FIG. 16 shows a nerve stimulation apparatus 10N. Nerve stimulation apparatus 10N comprises a tubular member 36N, an electrode structure 12N and a shaft portion 14N (not visible). Electrode structure 12N extends out of a distal opening of tubular member 36N. Shaft portion 14N is inside tubular member 36N. Tubular member 36N may be a cannula or catheter-type tubular member. The length of tubular member 36N is sufficiently long to enter the vessel by about 1 cm such that nerve stimulation apparatus 10N is suitable for stimulating the left phrenic nerve when inserted into a patient's LSV and left BCV.

FIG. 17 shows a nerve stimulation apparatus 10O. Nerve stimulation apparatus 10O comprises a tubular member 24O, an electrode structure 12O and a shaft portion 14O (not visible). Electrode structure 12O is attached to a distal end of shaft portion 14O. Shaft portion 14O is not visible in FIG. 17 because shaft portion 14O is inside tubular member 24O. Tubular member 24O may be a catheter-type tubular member. The length of tubular member 24O may be 16-20 cm so that nerve stimulation apparatus 10O is suitable for stimulating the right phrenic nerve when inserted into a patient's LSV, left BCV and then enters SVC. It should be noted that apparatus 10N, 10O may be used in combination to stimulate both left and right phrenic nerves at the same time.

FIGS. 18A, 18B show an electrode structure 12P according to an example embodiment of the invention. FIG. 18A is a top plan view of electrode structure 12P. FIG. 18B is a bottom perspective view of electrode structure 12P. Electrode structure 12P comprises at least one electrode 20P and an insulating pad 42P. Pad 42P may be resiliently flexible. When electrode structure 12P is not confined inside a tubular member, pad 42P can automatically spring open to take a desired shape. When electrode structure 12P springs open, electrode structure 12P may have a dimension that is greater than the transverse dimension of the tubular member. To retrieve electrode structure 12P into a tubular member, electrode structure 12P can be collapsed and/or pulled back into the tubular member by pulling shaft portion 14P which is coupled to electrode structure 12P. Electrode 20P may be supported on pad 42P, but this is not mandatory. Pad 42P has a petal or leaf-like shape, although pad 42P may be of any other suitable shape. Pad 42P may be an insulating pad, thereby insulating electrode 20P from the blood in a blood vessel. Pad 42P may be made of an insulating material or materials. Suitable materials for making pad 42P include, without limitation, PTEF, silicone, PET, and nylon. Pad 42P may present a high-impedance to the flow of electrical current and therefore reduces the amount of current flowing through the blood when electrode structure 12P is deployed in a blood vessel.

It is not mandatory that pad 42P have an extremely high electrical resistance. It is sufficient if pad 42P has a resistance to the flow of electricity through pad 42P that is significantly greater than that presented by the blood in blood vessel V. Blood typically has a resistivity of about 120 to 190 Ωcm. In example embodiments, the blood in a blood vessel may provide an electrical resistance between closely-spaced electrical contacts that is inversely proportional to the dimensions of the lumen of the blood vessel. In large blood vessels the longitudinal electrical resistance between reasonable closely-spaced contacts can be a few tens of ohms for example. Pad 42P preferably provides an electrical resistance of at least a few hundred ohms, preferably a few kilo ohms or more to the flow of electrical current through the thickness of pad 42P. Pad 42P could have electrically conductive members such as leads and the like embedded within it or electrically-conductive electrode or other features on its inner surface and still be considered to be ‘insulating’.

For example, electrode 20P may be supported on pad 42P. Pad 42P can be rolled up and retracted into the tubular member to facilitate insertion or retrieval of electrode structure 12P within a blood vessel. When electrode structure 12P is deployed, pad 42P can spring open to take a shape that has a curvature that generally conforms to the wall of a blood vessel. This helps to bring electrode 20P which is on a side of pad 42P to be in close proximity of the blood vessel wall. Blood flow in the blood vessel may also assist in deploying electrode structure 12P and pressing pad 42P against the walls of a blood vessel. It should be noted that electrode structure 20P does not need to be fixed or fastened to the blood vessel wall, but rather can float inside the blood vessel against the wall.

In the embodiment of FIGS. 18A, 18B, electrode structure 12P also comprises a wire 44P which is connected to shaft portion 14P. Wire 44P passes through apertures 46P in pad 42P, thereby holding pad 42P in place. Wire 44P may provide structural support to pad 42P. Additionally, wire 44P may optionally serve as a ground electrode or a reference electrode. In FIG. 18B, a lead 45P extends from a bore in shaft portion 14P to a backside 56P of electrode 20P. Lead 45P may be coated with an insulating material (e.g., Teflon™ or other suitable insulating material). Sensors such as a thermistor, an oxygen sensor, and/or CO₂ sensor (not shown) may be supported on electrode structure 12P. In some embodiments, electrode structures 12P may be used for plethysmography.

In the illustrated embodiment, electrode 20P is exposed on one side (e.g., the convex side, i.e., the side facing the blood vessel wall) of pad 42P. Pad 42P may, for example, comprise a reinforced silicone material. In one embodiment, pad 42P is a pad of Dacron-mesh-reinforced silicone. This material can be rolled up, has shape memory so that it tends to open up, and is resiliently flexible so that it can conform to the wall of a blood vessel. Blood flow in the blood vessel may also assist in deploying electrode structure 12P and supporting electrode structure 12P against the walls of a blood vessel.

FIG. 19A shows a schematic of a cross section of an electrode structure 12Q according to one example embodiment of the invention. In FIG. 19A embodiment, electrode 20Q comprises one or more ribbons 48Q of a suitable biocompatible metal. Pad 42Q on which the ribbons 48Q are supported comprises two layers. A top layer 50Q which faces the wall of the blood vessel has apertures 52Q and the ribbons 48Q pass through aperture 52Q such that a portion of the ribbons 48Q is exposed and able to contact or be in close proximity of a wall 54Q of the blood vessel. This is schematically shown in FIG. 19B. The bottom layer 56Q which faces the center of the blood vessel may be made of a suitable insulating material. Ribbons 48Q are electrically coupled to lead 45Q which is directly or indirectly coupled to a source of electricity (e.g., a stimulation generator). The bottom insulating layer 56Q may comprise a thin material such as Teflon™, polyurethane, or silicone.

The material of electrode 20Q is preferably relatively thin so that it does not make the electrode structure too stiff. For example, the electrode material may comprise metal ribbons 48Q that are 0.5 to 1 mm wide, or less than 0.5 mm wide. In other embodiments the electrodes may comprise areas of conductive polymer printed on or contained in the insulating material of the electrode structure.

Generally, the delivery of electrical stimulation to a target nerve is enhanced by:

• • locating electrode 20 against the internal wall of the blood vessel at a location close to the target nerve;
  • providing electrode 20 having a relatively large contact surface that can achieve a large contact area with the internal wall of the blood vessel;
  • curving the contact surface of electrode 20 to roughly match the curvature of the inner face of blood vessel; and/or
  • providing insulating pad 42.

Experiments conducted by the inventors have shown that it is possible to achieve a similar level of stimulation of a target nerve using insulated electrodes by applying only one third of the electric current as compared to using uninsulated electrodes. The reduced electric current can result in less damage to tissues within a patient as well as a lower risk of unintended stimulation. Additionally, selectivity for a target nerve is improved. Low current and high selectivity for a target nerve is advantageous because it avoids activating non-target nerves which may be close by. For example, it is known that the vagus nerve is typically 2-3 cm medial with respect to the phrenic nerves in humans.

FIGS. 20A and 20B are perspective and side views of wire 44P according to one example embodiment. Wire 44P is connected to shaft portion 14P. Wire 44P may form a hair-pin configuration, extending from shaft portion 14P on one side of pad 42P (not shown in FIGS. 20A and 20B), passing through apertures 46P in pad 42P to the other side of pad 42P and then extending in the opposite direction.

Where shaft portion 14P comprises stainless steel tube(s), the wire 44P may, for example, be welded or otherwise attached to the stainless steel tube(s). Wire 44P may comprise a loop of 0.010 inch stainless steel (for example Elgiloy™). The wire of the loop may pass through apertures 46P in the insulating pad 42P on which electrode(s) 20P are supported as shown in FIGS. 18A, 18B. This positively retains pad 42P in place. Wire 44P may be passed through apertures 46P before being affixed to shaft portion 14P. In some embodiments, wire 44P provides one of a plurality of electrodes for monitoring bioelectrical activity and/or delivering electrical stimulation.

FIGS. 21A, 21B are top and bottom perspective views of an electrode structure 12R. Electrode structure 12R is similar to electrode structure 12P. In FIGS. 21A, 21B, pad 42R is flexible and partially rolled-up, and electrode 20R is located on the convex side of pad 42R.

FIG. 22 shows an electrode structure 12S according to one example embodiment. As shown in FIG. 22, pad 42S of electrode structure 12S is asymmetrical. This provides better coverage and provides the possibility of placing the electrodes 20S at more discrete locations around a blood vessel while still being able to compactly roll up the electrode structure 12S for insertion and retrieval. A plurality of electrodes 20S are provided on electrode structure 12S. Providing a plurality of electrodes 20S on each electrode structure allows selection of an electrode or a combination of electrodes to provide the most effective stimulation of a target nerve.

FIGS. 23A-23E show how an example electrode structure 12T may be rolled up and retracted into a tubular member 24T. In FIGS. 23A-E, pad 42T of electrode structure 12T is flexible enough that electrode structure 12T can be pulled into tubular member 24T by pulling shaft portion 14T (not visible) which is coupled to electrode structure 12T.

FIGS. 24A-24E show how an example electrode structure 12U may be rolled up, deployed, and retracted into a tubular member 24U. As shown in FIG. 24A, electrode structure 12U may initially be fully rolled up inside tubular member 24U (e.g., when nerve stimulation apparatus 10 is being inserted into a patient's blood vessel). The two halves of pad 42U of electrode structure 12U may be rolled up in the same direction.

As shown in FIGS. 24B and 24C, when nerve stimulation apparatus 10 is located in a desired position in the patient's blood vessel, electrode structure 12U may be deployed by moving electrode structure 12U out of tubular member 24U and opening pad 42U. As shown in FIGS. 24D and 24E, electrode structure 12U may be retrieved by turning or rotating shaft portion 14U from outside the body to roll up pad 42U. Once pad 42U is rolled up, electrode structure 12U can be retrieved into tubular member 24U. The entire tubular member 24U which contains electrode structure 12U can then be withdrawn from the patient's body.

FIGS. 25 and 26 show two example electrode structures 12V, 12W. The FIG. 25 electrode structure 12V has a pad 42V that has a gentle curl (in cross section). Electrodes 20V are located on a convex side of pad 42V. Pad 42V comprises a low-stiffness spring wire loop 70V. In FIG. 25, wire loop 70V is in its relaxed, expanded configuration. Wire loop 70V may be made of nitinol or stainless steel, for example. Wire loop 70V may be located on the side of pad 42V that is facing the center of the blood vessel (e.g., the concave side of pad 42V) and opposite from the side where electrodes 20V are located. Alternatively, wire loop 70V may be sandwiched inside a pocket formed by two insulating pad layers of pad 42V. Electrodes 20V are exposed on the side of pad 42V that is facing the wall of the blood vessel (e.g., the convex side of pad 42V). Wire 44V is woven and adhered to pad 42V to provide structural support and stiffness to pad 42V. Electrode structure 12V may be withdrawn into tubular member 24V by pulling on shaft portion 14V from outside the body. On reaching the edge of tubular member 24V, the low stiffness deformable spring wire loop 70V collapses and pad 42V enters tubular member 24V. The tubular member 24V together with electrode structure 12V is then withdrawn from the body.

The FIG. 26 electrode structure 12W is similar to the FIG. 25 electrode structure 12V except that wire loop 70V is replaced with deformable low-stiffness springy ribs 72W. Electrode structure 12W may be retrieved into tubular member 24 in a similar fashion as electrode structure 12V.

FIGS. 27A-27E schematically illustrate a nerve stimulation apparatus 10X according to another embodiment. FIG. 27A shows apparatus 10X coupled to a hub 40X. FIG. 27B shows apparatus 10X in position inside left BCV and SVC. Apparatus 10X comprises electrode structures 12AX, 12BX (collectively 12X). Electrode structures 12AX, 12BX may be the same or can be of different sizes and/or shapes. As shown in FIG. 27C, pad 42X of each electrode structure 12X comprises an inflatable balloon 58X. The inflatable balloon 58X may be made of a suitable polymer material (e.g., PET, nylon, silicone). The balloon 58X may be compliant, semi-compliant, or non-compliant. The balloon 58X may be inflated with a fluid (e.g, saline solution) and, once inflated, will take the desired shape. Electrodes 20X are disposed on one side of pad 42X. Electrodes 20X may be printed or glued on balloon 58X. Apparatus 10X also comprises a conduit for infusing fluid into balloon 58X, and the infusion of fluid into balloon 58X can be controlled from outside the body. FIG. 27D shows electrode structure 12X with balloon 58X in a deflated state. FIG. 27E shows electrode structure 12X with balloon 58X in a inflated state. Out of the package, balloon 58X is pleated and folded to wrap around shaft portion 14X. Balloon 58X is parked inside one of the lumens of apparatus 10X. To deploy electrode structure 12X, shaft portion 14X is pushed from the proximal end of apparatus 10X; balloon 58X pops out of an opening of tubular member 24X and then is inflated. To retrieve balloon 58X, balloon 58X is first deflated and then pulled into one of the lumens of apparatus 10X from the proximal end of apparatus 10X via shaft portion 14X.

FIGS. 28A, 28B show an example method for locating electrode structure 12 in a blood vessel V to a target nerve N. In this method, electrode structure 12 is inserted into blood vessel V while electrode structure 12 is retracted within tubular member 24. Electrode structure 12 is then extended out of tubular member 24 and positioned at location A. At this point, the amount of electric current required to stimulate nerve N is measured using a suitable device. This may be done, for example, by detecting muscle activity as a result of nerve stimulation, for example, diaphragm muscle activity as result of phrenic nerve stimulation. Electrode structure 12 is then retracted into tubular member 24. Then tubular member 24 is advanced in blood vessel V for a small distance (e.g., 0.1 mm, 0.2 mm, 0.5 mm, 1 mm, 2 mm, 5 mm, etc.) and electrode structure 12 is then extended out of tubular member 24 and positioned at Location B. Again, the amount of electric current required to stimulate nerve N is measured using a suitable device. These steps are repeated (e.g. at Location C, Location D, Location E) for as many times as necessary.

By making a set of such measurements, one can obtain a function indicating how the amount of electric current required to stimulate nerve N varies in relation to the position of electrode structure 12 along blood vessel V. FIG. 28B shows a schematic graph of such a function. In this graph, the amount of electric current required to stimulate nerve N is the lowest at Location C. Therefore, in this illustration, Location C is a desirable or optimal location to place electrode structure 12 as compared to Locations A, B, D and E. This method can be practised either manually or in conjunction with a suitable machine, such as a graphing calculator or a computer.

One aspect of the invention relates to sensors for sensing and/or monitoring the position of an electrode structure 12 inserted into a blood vessel and associated methods. The sensor may be optionally disposable. The sensor may be placed outside of the patient's body. The sensor may be fixed to the reference frame of the patient's body. As an electrode structure 12 is advanced and/or rotated in a blood vessel by a therapist, the sensor acquires positional data and can also relay data to a control unit where electrode position is monitored simultaneously with stimulation parameters and results of stimulation. The control unit calculates the best placement of electrodes 20 and can store this information or provide feedback to the therapist in real time or at later times.

A nerve stimulation system according to an embodiment of the present invention may comprise the following: an intravascular nerve stimulation apparatus having flexible tubular member(s) that can be inserted, advanced, and/or rotated in a blood vessel; one or more sensors that track the position of the intravascular electrodes; and a control unit that acquires position data and relays it to the therapist and/or stores it for later use. Typically, the sensor is coupled to a proximal part of a shaft portion of the nerve stimulation apparatus. The sensor may be placed outside of the body.

FIG. 29A schematically shows an example embodiment of a sensor 80A that is independent from an introducer or tubular member of an intravascular nerve stimulation apparatus 10. FIG. 29B schematically shows an example embodiment of a sensor 80B that is integrated with an introducer or tubular member of an intravascular nerve stimulation apparatus 10.

In some embodiments, the sensor is a pressure-sensitive variable resistance potentiometer sensor. Such a sensor is suitable for monitoring the position (depth) of an intravascular electrode inside a blood vessel. The sensor supplies a voltage output signal that is approximately linearly proportional to the position of the electrode. FIGS. 29C and 29D show an example sensor 80C in cross-sectional and perspective views. Sensor 80C comprises a pressure-sensitive linear potentiometer 81. A low-friction bead 82C (e.g., a Teflon bead) is fixed onto an elongate shaft portion 14. Potentiometer 81, bead 82, and part of shaft portion 14 are assembled within a guide chamber 84C to form sensor 80C. Sensor 80C may be fixed either to the patient, or to the tubular member or the introducer of a nerve stimulation apparatus. As the shaft portion 14 advances, the bead 82 slides along and exerts pressure on potentiometer 81, therefore changing its resistance. The point of contact of the bead 82 against the potentiometer 81 provides a signal that, provided that the shaft portion 14 does not buckle, is generally linearly proportional to the intravascular position of the electrode 20.

The length of the active region of the potentiometer 81 limits the distance over which the depth of the electrode 20 can be tracked. In some embodiments, a commercially available flexible potentiometer may be used with a 6 cm long active region which is sufficient to monitor the movement of an electrode in the vicinity of its target phrenic nerve. However, potentiometers of any desired length may be manufactured for this purpose. If shaft portion 14 has a circular cross-section and bead 82 is spherical and coaxial the shaft portion 14, the shaft portion 14 can be rotated while maintaining contact with the potentiometer 81 to obtain the angular positions of the shaft portion 14 and electrode 20. FIGS. 29F-H show an additional example embodiments of sensor 80D, wherein the guide chamber 84D has a generally triangular cross-section.

In some embodiments, sensor 80 is integrated with the hub of a nerve stimulation apparatus. An example sensors 80G is shown in FIG. 29L. The depth and the angular position of an intravascular electrode can be monitored by combining the use of a linear potentiometer as described above, plus a circular potentiometer to monitor rotation of the shaft portion. Alternatively, the angular position can be controlled by a series of “click stops” placed at convenient angles (e.g., one stop every 15° or 30°) over a desired angular range (e.g., +/−90° from a central default angular position of an electrode) and a multi-pole electrical switch can be connected to indicate each click stop. To monitor rotation of the shaft portion, the shaft portion proximal to the linear transducer can be modified to be of non-circular cross-section, for example square cross-section, and a dial can be incorporated with a square hole through which the shaft portion travels. The therapist can manually rotate either the shaft portion itself or its associated dial, and the rotational movement of the dial is sensed by an integrated sensor housed inside the hub of the nerve stimulation apparatus or alternatively by a multi-pole electrical switch with pre-set click stops. FIG. 29L shows an embodiment wherein the shaft portions 14 can be rotated by dials.

FIG. 29M shows an embodiment of a sensor 80H in which the shaft portion 14 is coupled by way of a string or other flexible element to a spring-loaded shaft fitted with a rotational sensor 90. The rotational sensor's rotational axis 91 is fitted with a rotational encoder (not shown in FIG. 29M), which can be converted into a linear displacement measurement. The shaft portion 14 is attached to rotational sensor 90 using a collar 92 and a wire 94. As the shaft portion 14 is moved, the collar 92 slides through a guide 96 which prevents the shaft portion 14 from moving in any axis other than the one in which the rotational sensor 90 keeps track of position. To make the assembly smaller, rotational sensor 90 may be put at an angle by having the wire 94 redirected by a pulley or a block 98. To move the shaft portion 14, the collar 92 can be fitted with a slider or the assembly can allow the user to move the shaft portion 14 directly.

FIGS. 29N and 29O are side and front views of a sensor 80J where the shaft portion 14 is fitted between a roller 100 and a guide 102. As the shaft portion 14 passes the roller 100, it creates a rotational motion of the roller 100 in the same direction. The rotational movement of the roller 100 is then converted to a linear movement through an encoder 104. Both roller 102 and encoder 104 are located co-axially on a rotational axis 106.

FIG. 29P shows a sensor 80K wherein shaft portion 14 is fitted with a collar 108 made out of an insulating material. The collar 108 has at least one conductive ring 110. Ring 110 slides through a guide 112 fitted with electrical contacts 114. As the collar 108 slides through the guide 112 and the ring 110 touches the electrical contacts 114 on each side, a current passes through the ring 110. The current may be converted to positional data, either by correlating position to resistance or by identifying the shorted contacts and associating them with a calibrated position.

FIG. 29Q shows a sensor 80L in which a shaft portion 14 is fitted with two resistive traces 116 connected at one end. Both resistive traces 116 are exposed, but the bridge connecting them is not. As the shaft portion 14 slides into ring guide 118, both traces 116 contact two halves of a metallic ring. A current is sent through one half, and received via the other half. The current goes through the traces 116 on the shaft portion 14. The voltage drop measured across the ring halves is proportional to the length of the traces 116 the current goes through. By calibrating the resistance, a position measurement can be obtained.

One or more angle sensors may be used with the apparatus described herein. FIG. 30A shows an example angle sensor 200 (in side view) in which a lead with a non-circular profile slides through a disc which is free to rotate. Angle sensor 200 comprises wiper 202 (FIG. 30B) and potentiometer 204 (FIG. 30C). When the lead is rotated, the sleeve rotates with the wiper 202 that applies a pressure on cylindrical membrane potentiometer 204.

FIGS. 30D to 30F shows an example angle sensor 208 in which a lead with a non-circular profile slides through a sleeve 210 which is free to rotate. FIG. 30D is a cross-sectional view of sensor 208. FIG. 30E is a side view of sensor 208. FIG. 30F is an exploded view of sensor 208. When the lead is rotated, the sleeve 210 rotates with a wiper part 211 that applies a pressure on a potentiometer. Sensor 208 comprises sleeve 210 with wiper 211, conductive membrane 212, space layers 214, resistive trace 216 and support structure 218.

FIGS. 30G and 30H show an angle sensor 220 in which a lead with non-circular profile slides through a sleeve which is free to rotate. Sensor 220 comprises sleeve 222 having a conductive strip 224, a flexible PCB 226, and a support structure 228. The flexible PCB 226 comprises electrical contacts 234, measurement traces 232, and a perpendicular trace 230. When the lead is rotated, the sleeve 222 rotates and creates an electrical contact with a cylindrical board with multiple contacts. This part may be a flexible PCB 226 with a series of parallel exposed traces 232 and one perpendicular trace 230. The perpendicular trace is then energized and shorted with one of the other traces via a conductive strip on the rotating sleeve. A control unit then cycles through the contacts and looks for the traces that are energized to find the position. The conductive part shorting the traces can be shorting only the energized trace with another, or more than one. For example, the conductive part could short all traces but one, so that the control unit would look for the trace that is not energized.

FIGS. 31A-31D show a “cobra hood” expandable design which may be used in combination with the electrode structure of the nerve stimulating apparatus described herein as well as in other contexts. Such a design may be used, for example, to provide a backing member (e.g., petal) for one or more electrodes. For example, such a structure may be deployed to stimulate the left phrenic nerve. FIG. 31B is a schematic cross-sectional view of the cobra design wherein an expandable shroud 302 is in an unexpanded configuration. FIG. 31C is a schematic cross-sectional view of the cobra design wherein shroud 302 is in an expanded configuration. FIG. 31D is a schematic plan view of the cobra design wherein shroud 302 is in an unexpanded configuration. FIG. 31E is a schematic plan view of the cobra design wherein shroud 302 is in an expanded configuration. unexpanded configuration. One or more electrodes 304 may be located above or on top of shroud 302, oriented towards an inner surface of a blood vessel V.

Shroud 302 may be connected to and/or supported by a pair of flexible members such as rods or tubes 308 which run inside tubular member 306 when shroud 302 is not deployed. The flexible members may be resiliently flexible. Rods or tubes 308 may be made of stainless steel, Nitinol, or some other suitable material, for example. The distal ends of rods or tubes 308 may be anchored or fixed to tubular member 306 at anchor positions 310. In alternative embodiments, distal ends of rods or tubes 308 may move freely to some extent along the tubular member 306. Tubular member 306 comprises side openings 312.

Shroud 302 can be manipulated from outside the body to move between a collapsed configuration and an expanded configuration. When a user pushes the proximal ends of rods or tubes 308 towards the distal ends, portions of rods or tubes 308 along side openings 312 bulge out and extend out of side openings 312 of tubular member 306. This in turn stretches shroud 302 to open to an expanded configuration. When shroud 302 is expanded, it forms a petal-like backing member for electrodes 304. Shroud 304 may help to position electrodes 304 against the blood vessel wall. The electrically insulating shroud also functions as an electrically insulating backing sheet which helps to insulate electrodes 304 from the blood flowing in the lumen of the blood vessel.

To return shroud 302 into tubular member 306, the force applied to rods or tubes 308 is released. Rods or tubes 308 are returned to a straight configuration and retrieved into tubular member 306. This in turn brings shroud 302 into a collapsed configuration inside tubular member 306.

The “cobra” design shown in FIGS. 31A-31E may be altered to produce a “half cobra” design. In a “half cobra” design, one edge of shroud 302 is connected to and/or supported by a rod or tube 308; the other edge of shroud 302 is fixed inside tubular member 306 (e.g., fixed to an inside surface of tubular member 306). When rod or tube 308 is manipulated to bulge out, shroud 302 expands to one side to form a “half cobra” backing sheet in an expanded configuration. A device may comprise two “half cobra” shrouds side by side which together form a “full-cobra” backing sheet in operation.

Electrodes 304 could be located on tubular member 306. Instead of or in addition to electrodes 304 on tubular member 306, electrodes 304 could be on shroud 302. Where flexible members 308 are electrically conductive, portions of flexible member 308 may be exposed to provide electrodes.

The applications of the apparatus and methods described herein are not limited to phrenic nerves. The apparatus and methods described herein may be applied to provide surgically simple, low risk solutions for stimulating a wide range of peripheral or cranial nerves. For example, the methods and apparatus may be applied to stimulate the obturator nerve in the hip/groin area or the trigeminal nerve in the head.

The apparatus and methods may be applied to treatment of a wide variety of disorders such as pain of peripheral or craniofacial origin, sensory deficits, paralysis or paresis of central origin, autonomic disorders, and generally any medical condition that can be treated or alleviated using neuromodulation by electrical stimulation of a nerve that is in close proximity to a blood vessel into which a nerve stimulation apparatus can be deployed.

Various elements of the invention may be used alone, in combination, or in a variety of arrangements not specifically discussed in the embodiments described in the foregoing. For example, elements described in one embodiment may be combined with elements described in other embodiments to yield further example embodiments.

The scope of the invention should not be limited by the embodiments set forth in the examples, but should be given the broadest interpretation consistent with the description as a whole.

Claims

1. An intravascular electrode system comprising: a resiliently-flexible support member; a plurality of electrodes supported at spaced-apart locations on the resiliently-flexible support member, wherein the support member has a plurality of lumens and is bendable to follow a path of a curved blood vessel, and wherein restoring forces resulting from the resilience of the support member are adapted to hold one or more of the plurality of electrodes in place against a wall of the blood vessel;wherein the support member has an initial radius of curvature to which it tends to return, wherein the initial radius of curvature is adapted to be greater than that of a radius of curvature of the blood vessel, the blood vessel comprising a human left brachiocephalic vein and superior vena cava.

2. A system according to claim 1 wherein the plurality of electrodes comprise a first plurality of electrodes and a second plurality of electrodes spaced apart along the support member by a distance selected to allow the first and second pluralities of electrodes to be adapted to be respectively located proximate to first and second nerves passing nearby the blood vessel.

3. A system according to claim 2 comprising a stimulation device connected to selectively apply electric current to electrodes of the first plurality of electrodes, the second pluralities of electrodes, or both the first and second pluralities of electrodes, the electric current adapted to be selected to stimulate the first nerve, the second nerve, or both the first and second nerves, respectively, to cause a diaphragm muscle of a patient to contract to cause inhalation of air into the patient's lungs.

4. A system according to claim 2 comprising a control unit adapted to select which electrodes of the first plurality of electrodes most effectively stimulate the first nerve and which electrodes of the second plurality of electrodes most effectively stimulate the second nerve.

5. A system according to claim 4 wherein the control unit is connected to acquire position data from a position measurement device, to one or both: relay the position data to a user and store the position data, and monitor stimulation parameters and results of stimulation simultaneously with the position data.

6. A system for treating a patient, the system comprising: the intravascular electrode system of claim 2, wherein:the support member comprises a tubular catheter configured for insertion into the blood vessel, the catheter defining the plurality of lumens extending from a proximal end of the catheter towards a distal end of the catheter;the first nerve comprising a right phrenic nerve and the second nerve comprising a left phrenic nerve;the first plurality of electrodes are proximate the distal end of the catheter and oriented for selectively stimulating the right phrenic nerve; andthe second plurality of electrodes are coupled to the catheter proximal to the first set of electrodes and oriented for stimulating the left phrenic nerve; wherein each of the first and second pluralities of electrodes comprises multiple pairs of electrodes, wherein at least one pair of electrodes of each of the first and second pluralities of electrodes have different circumferential orientations with respect to a longitudinal centerline of the catheter; andone or more leads comprising:a first plurality of electrical leads extending through at least one lumen of the plurality of lumens from the proximal end of the catheter to the first plurality of electrodes; anda second plurality of electrical leads extending through at least one lumen of the plurality of lumens from the proximal end to the second plurality of electrodes.

7. A system according to claim 6 wherein at least one of the plurality of lumens is in fluid communication with a proximal opening and a corresponding distal opening in the catheter.

8. A system according to claim 6 wherein at least one of the plurality of lumens is configured for at least one of removing blood samples, inserting medication into the blood vessel, delivering nutrients or other fluid into the blood vessel, or measuring a parameter of blood.

9. A system according to claim 2 wherein the first and second pluralities of electrodes are separated by a distance in the range of 5 cm to 10 cm, the first and second plurality of electrodes are oriented at a 90 degree angle to one another, or both.

10. A system according to claim 2 wherein the plurality of electrodes are supported on a convex surface of an insulating backing member, the backing member being movable between an expanded configuration and a folded configuration wherein: when the backing member is in the folded configuration, the electrodes can be retrieved inside a delivery tube; andwhen the electrode structure is outside of the delivery tube, the backing member is movable to the expanded configuration.

11. A system according to claim 10 wherein the first plurality of electrodes are supported on one backing member and the second plurality of electrodes are supported on another backing member.

12. A system according to claim 10 wherein the backing member comprises one of a sheet capable of unrolling, a pad or hood capable of expanding and collapsing, a wire loop, or an inflatable balloon.

13. A system according to claim 1 wherein the plurality of electrodes are electrically coupled to one or more leads in a one-to-one relationship, and each of the two or more electrodes is individually addressable.

14. A system according to claim 1 wherein the support member is more flexible in one direction than in another.

15. A system according to claim 1 wherein a distal portion of the support member is more flexible than a proximal portion of the support member.

16. A system according to claim 1 comprising a sensor for monitoring at least one of temperature, oxygen levels, CO2 levels, bioelectrical activity, or electrode position.

17. A system according to claim 1 comprising a position measurement device configured to one or both: measure a longitudinal displacement of the support member along the blood vessel and monitor an angle of rotation of the support member.

18. A system according to claim 1 comprising one or more electrodes for ECG monitoring.

19. The intravascular electrode system of claim 1, wherein at least one of the plurality of electrodes is printed on the support member.

20. An intravascular electrode system comprising: a resiliently-flexible support member; a plurality of electrodes supported at spaced-apart locations on the resiliently-flexible support member, wherein resilience of the support member is adapted to permit a radius of curvature along a length of an outer surface of the support member to decrease as the support member follows a path of a curved blood vessel, and wherein restoring forces resulting from the resilience of the support member are adapted to hold one or more of the plurality of electrodes in place against a wall of the blood vessel;a position measurement device configured to one or both: measure a longitudinal displacement of the support member along the blood vessel and monitor an angle of rotation of the support member; andone or more leads within the support member.

21. The intravascular electrode system of claim 20, wherein the support member has a plurality of lumens.

22. The intravascular electrode system of claim 21, wherein at least one of the plurality of lumens is configured for at least one of removing blood, inserting medication into the blood vessel, delivering nutrients or other fluid into the blood vessel, or measuring a parameter of blood.

23. The intravascular electrode system of claim 21, wherein the outer surface of the support member has one or more openings, and at least one of the plurality of lumens is in fluid communication with an opening of the support member.

24. The intravascular electrode system of claim 20, wherein at least one of the plurality of electrodes is movable between a retracted position and a deployed position.

25. The intravascular electrode system of claim 20, wherein the support member is a catheter.

26. The intravascular electrode system of claim 20, further comprising a resilient shaft inside the support member.

27. The intravascular electrode system of claim 20, wherein at least one of the plurality of electrodes comprises a ribbon coupled to at least one of the one or more leads.

28. The intravascular electrode system of claim 20, wherein at least one of the plurality of electrodes is printed on the support member.

29. The intravascular electrode system of claim 20, wherein the plurality of electrodes comprise a first plurality of electrodes and a second plurality of electrodes spaced apart along the support member by a distance selected to allow the first and second pluralities of electrodes to be adapted to be respectively located proximate to first and second nerves passing nearby the blood vessel.

30. The intravascular electrode system of claim 29, wherein the first and second pluralities of electrodes are oriented at a 90 degree angle to one another.

31. The intravascular electrode system of claim 20, wherein the plurality of electrodes are electrically coupled to the one or more leads in a one-to-one relationship and each of the two or more electrodes is individually addressable.

32. The intravascular electrode system of claim 20, further comprising a stimulation device connected to selectively apply electric current to one or more of the plurality electrodes, the electric current adapted to be selected to one or more of the plurality electrodes to cause a diaphragm muscle of a patient to contract to cause inhalation of air into the patient's lungs.

33. The intravascular electrode system of claim 20, further comprising a control unit adapted to select which electrodes of the plurality of electrodes most effectively stimulate a nerve.

34. The intravascular electrode system of claim 20, wherein the plurality of electrodes comprise a first and a second pluralities of electrodes separated by a distance in the range of 5 cm to 10 cm.

35. The intravascular electrode system of claim 20, further comprising a sensor for monitoring at least one of temperature, oxygen levels, CO2 levels, bioelectrical activity, or electrode position.

36. The intravascular electrode system of claim 20, further comprising a control unit, and the control unit is connected to acquire position data from a position measurement device, to one or both: relay the position data to a user and store the position data, and monitor stimulation parameters and results of stimulation simultaneously with the position data.

37. The intravascular electrode system of claim 20, further comprising one or more electrodes for ECG monitoring.

38. An intravascular electrode system comprising: a resiliently-flexible support member; a plurality of electrodes supported at spaced-apart locations on the resiliently-flexible support member, wherein resilience of the support member is adapted to permit a radius of curvature along a length of an outer surface of the support member to decrease as the support member follows a path of a curved blood vessel, and wherein restoring forces resulting from the resilience of the support member are adapted to hold one or more of the plurality of electrodes in place against a wall of the blood vessel; andone or more leads within the support member;wherein the plurality of electrodes are supported on a convex surface of an insulating backing member, the backing member being movable between an expanded configuration and a folded configuration wherein:when the backing member is in the folded configuration, the electrodes can be retrieved inside a delivery tube; andwhen the electrode structure is outside of the delivery tube, the backing member is movable to the expanded configuration.