As network operators and service providers strive to provide new or improved services and/or assets to users, network requirements may correspondingly increase. As a result, network operators and service providers must confront a host of challenges to ensure that quality of service (QoS) and other performance metrics are maintained. For example, one challenge confronted by network operators and service providers is to ensure that service is not degraded or minimally degraded due to failures in the network.
The following detailed description refers to the accompanying drawings. The same reference numbers in different drawings may identify the same or similar elements. Also, the following detailed description does not limit the invention.
Link and node failures may occur unexpectedly in a network and there are numerous techniques to manage these issues. One approach to attain fast restoration is to provision network connections over rings. This protection architecture can provide two physical link-disjoint paths that may protect the delivery of service when any single node failure or single link failure occurs. However, for some customers, this level of protection may not be sufficient.
Another approach is to protect an end-to-end path with one or more link-disjoint protection paths. With K link-disjoint paths in total, an end-to-end path can survive any combination of K−1 or fewer link failures. For ultra-high availability service, a network may be provisioned, for example, with K=3, K=4, or K=5. However, existing approaches for selecting link-disjoint paths can fail due to traps. A trap problem occurs when the nodes and links associated with a shortest path form a cut (i.e., a source to termination cut) within the network that precludes the finding of other shortest link-disjoint paths from the source node to the termination node (i.e., destination node).
A trap-free shortest link-disjoint algorithm for determining K shortest link-disjoint paths from a source node s to a termination node t without encountering a trap problem has been previously described in parent U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/029,337 entitled “Trap-Free Shortest Link-Disjoint Paths.” According to the trap-free shortest link-disjoint algorithm, the value of K must be less than or equal to the maximum flow from source node s to a termination node t. The maximum flow may be determined using conventional algorithms (e.g., Ford-Fulkerson algorithm, etc.). By way of example, when selecting a first shortest link-disjoint path from node s to node t, the first shortest link-disjoint path must allow for a remaining flow of at least K−1 units in the complementary part of the network. Similarly, when selecting a second shortest link-disjoint path from node s to node t, the second shortest link-disjoint path must allow for a remaining flow of at least K−2 units in the complementary part of the network. According to an exemplary implementation, a generalized Bellman dynamic programming equation may be used to determine whether the complementary part of the network has an appropriate flow for any given candidate shortest link-disjoint path.
According to an exemplary embodiment, a trap-free K-shortest link-disjoint path algorithm is described to a more general case in which a network includes Shared Risk Link Groups (SRLGs). According to an exemplary embodiment of the trap-free K-shortest link-and-SRLG-disjoint path algorithm, shared risks, such as, for example, optical fibers that run in the same conduit, are taken into account when determining an optimal set of K-successive shortest paths that are disjoint in both their links and their risks.
A generalization of the trap-free K-shortest link-and-SRLG-disjoint path algorithm can be based on a sub-problem of determining whether at least a given number of link-and-SRLG-disjoint paths exist in a particular network or sub-network. In the case of K=2 that corresponds to 1+1 protection, the sub-problem may be reduced to determining the connectivity between a pair of nodes. An optimal K=2-successive shortest link-and-SRLG-disjoint paths may then be found by extending the trap-free shortest-link disjoint algorithm.
The term “network,” as used herein, is intended to be broadly interpreted to include a wireless network and/or a wired network. The network may have, for example, a mesh topology, a star topology, a fully-connected topology, or some other type of topology. The term “node,” as used herein, is intended to be broadly interpreted to include a network device having routing or switching capability. For example, the node may correspond to a router, a switch, a bridge, a gateway, etc.
The term “path,” as used herein, is intended to be broadly interpreted to include a physical path and/or a logical path. For example, a link-disjoint path may correspond to an Internet Protocol (IP) path, a Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) path, a light (i.e., optical) path, a virtual circuit path, or any combination thereof. The path may correspond to an end-to-end path (e.g., from a source node to a termination node).
The number of devices and configuration in environment 100 is exemplary and provided for simplicity. According to other embodiments, environment 100 may include additional devices, fewer devices, different devices, and/or differently arranged devices than those illustrated in
Network 105 may include one or multiple networks of one or multiple types. Nodes 110 may include a network device having routing capability. User device 120 may include a computational device. For example, user device 120 may correspond to a computer or a server, which may reside inside or outside of network 105.
With reference to
Processor 205 may include one or multiple processors, microprocessors, data processors, co-processors, application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), controllers, programmable logic devices, chipsets, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), application specific instruction-set processors (ASIPs), system-on-chips (SoCs), microcontrollers, central processing units (CPUs) (e.g., one or multiple cores), microcontrollers, or some other hardware component that may interpret and/or execute instructions and/or data. Depending on the type of processor 205, processor 205 may be implemented as hardware (e.g., a microprocessor, etc.), a combination of hardware and software (e.g., a SoC, etc.), may include one or multiple memories (e.g., memory/storage 210), etc.
Processor 205 may control the overall operation, or a portion of operation(s) performed by device 200. Processor 205 may perform one or multiple operations based on an operating system and/or various applications (e.g., applications 215). Processor 205 may access instructions from memory/storage 210, from other components of device 200, and/or from a source external to device 200 (e.g., another device, a network, etc.).
Memory/storage 210 may include one or multiple memories and/or one or multiple other types of tangible storage mediums. For example, memory/storage 210 may include one or multiple types of memories, such as, random access memory (RAM), dynamic random access memory (DRAM), cache, read only memory (ROM), a programmable read only memory (PROM), a static random access memory (SRAM), a single in-line memory module (SIMM), a phase-change memory (PCM), a dual in-line memory module (DIMM), a flash memory, and/or some other type of memory. Memory/storage 210 may include a hard disk (e.g., a magnetic disk, an optical disk, a magneto-optic disk, a solid state disk, etc.), a floppy disk (e.g., a zip disk, etc.), a tape, a Micro-Electromechanical System (MEMS)-based storage medium, and/or a nanotechnology-based storage medium.
Memory/storage 210 may be external to and/or removable from device 200, such as, for example, a Universal Serial Bus (USB) memory stick, a dongle, a hard disk, mass storage, off-line storage, or some other type of storing medium (e.g., a computer-readable medium, a compact disk (CD), a digital versatile disk (DVD), a Blu-Ray® disk (BD), etc.). Memory/storage 210 may store data, application(s), and/or instructions related to the operation of device 200.
Applications 215 may include software or a program that provides various services or functions. For example, with reference to node 110, applications 215 may include one or multiple applications pertaining to routing packets or other forms of network traffic. With reference to user device 120, applications 215 may include an application that, when executed, determines trap-free K shortest link-and-SRLG-disjoint paths in a network (e.g., network 105), as described herein.
Communication interface 220 may permit device 200 to communicate with other devices, networks, systems and/or the like. Communication interface 220 may include one or multiple wireless interface(s) and/or wired interface(s). Communication interface 220 may include one or multiple transmitter(s) and receiver(s), or transceiver(s). Communication interface 220 may operate according to one or multiple protocols, standards, and/or the like.
Device 200 may perform operation(s) and/or process(es) in response to processor 205 executing software instructions stored by memory/storage 210. For example, the instructions may be read into memory/storage 210 from another memory/storage 210 or from another device via communication interface 220. The instructions stored in memory/storage 210 may cause processor 205 to perform one or more processes described herein. Alternatively, for example, according to another implementation, device 200 may perform one or more processes described herein based on the execution of hardware (e.g., processor 205, etc.), the execution of hardware and firmware, or the execution of hardware, software (e.g., applications 215), and firmware.
A description of the trap-free K shortest link-disjoint path algorithm is described below before explaining the trap-free K-shortest link-and-SRLG-disjoint path algorithm. Some of the variables described are applicable to both algorithms.
A network graph may be defined as G(N,L), where N={1, . . . , N} and is the set of node labels, and L={1, . . . , L} and is the set of link labels. N=|N| is the number of nodes, and L=|L| is the number of links. Each link is assumed to be bidirectional. The length of the link from node i to node j is denoted by d(i,j). Since the links are bidirectional, it may be assumed that d(i,j)=d(j,i). If there is no link between i and j, then d(i,j)=∞. It may also be assumed that there is an imaginary self-looping link of zero length at each node i, i.e., d(i,i)=0. The label of the link from node i to node j is denoted by e(i,j). If there is no link between nodes i and j, then e(i,j) is equal to the empty set φ. Ps,th(i,f) may be defined as the set of links in the shortest h-hop path from node s to node i such that the flow from node s to node t is at least f units in the complementary part of the network G(N,L−Ps,th(i,f)). Ds,th(i,∫) may be defined as the total length of the set of h links in Ps,th(i,f). The maximum flow from node s to node t in the network G(N,L) can be denoted by Fs,tMAX(N,L). For ∫≦Fs,tMAX(N,L)−1, the following Bellman equation provides a recursion over the number of hops h for computing Ds,th(i,f):
In other words, As,th(i,f) is the set of nodes j for which the network G(N,L−Ps,th(j,f)−e(j,i)) supports a flow capacity of at least f units from nodes s to t assuming unit link capacities. Node j* may be defined as node j in equation (1) that minimizes Ds,th(j,∫)+d(j,i) over j ∈ As,th(i,∫). The link from node j* to node i, that is, link e(j*,i), is on the shortest (h+1)-hop path Ps,th+1(i,∫) from node s to node i such that the flow capacity from node s to node t is at least f units in the part of the network G(N,L−Ps,th(j*,f)−e(j*,i)) assuming unit link capacities. The set of links in this shortest (h+1)-hop path is given by
P
s,t
h+1(i,f)=e(j*,i)∪Ps,th(j*,f). (2)
The optimal choice of node j* and link d(j*,i) is represented in
For h sufficiently large: (a) the value of Ds,th(t,f) converges to the length of the shortest path from node s to node t such that the complementary part of the network supports a flow capacity of at least f units from node s to node t assuming link capacities; and (b) the set Ps,th(i,f) includes the corresponding set of links in this shortest path.
The trap-free K shortest link-disjoint path algorithm is based on equations (1) and (2). The algorithm is summarized in pseudo-code form below. The main outer loop in the algorithm is over the K link-disjoint paths that are to be found. It is assumed a priori that K≦Fs,tMax(N,L). This ensures that at least K link-disjoint paths actually exist between nodes s and t. If this is not the case, then a smaller value of K must, necessarily, be chosen for the node pair (s,t). The value of Fs,tMax(N,L) is a function of (s,t). The (integer) value of Fs,tMax(N,L) can be found by applying the Ford-Fulkerson maximum flow algorithm to G(N,L) with the link capacities all set to unity. The main iteration is over the number of hops h until convergence is established in the set of values {Ds,th+1(i,f)|1≦i≦N}. Convergence is recognized when Ds,th+1(i,f)=Ds,th(i,f) for 1≦i≦N. The iteration is represented in
In the optimization part of the iteration, a search is performed for an unmarked node jmin that minimizes d(j,i)+Ds,th−1(j,f). Once found, the unmarked node is marked as node jmin and the Ford-Fulkerson maximum flow algorithm is used to find
β=Fs,tMax(N,L−Ps,th−1(jmin,∫)−e(jmin,i)).
The variable β denotes the maximum flow capacity from node s to node t in the network G(N,L−Ps,th−1(jmin,f)−e(jmin,i)), in which Ps,th−1(jmin,f) is the set of links in the shortest h−1 hop path from node s to node jmin, and e(jmin,i) is the link from node jmin to node i, such that the flow capacity from node s to node t is at least f units in the complimentary part of the network, assuming unit link capacities. If β≧f, then jmin is the optimal node j*. If not, the search process for j* continues.
Once the set of distances is seen to have converged, the main iteration is terminated since any further increase in the number of hops would not reduce or increase any of the subsequent distant values.
According to the exemplary expressions below, trap-free K shortest link-disjoint paths may be determined. In the following expressions, φ denotes the empty set and δ(.) is the indicator function used to mark nodes.
The computation of β can be skipped when f=0 since β is always greater or equal to zero.
As previously described, according to exemplary embodiment, a trap-free K-shortest link-and-SRLG-disjoint path algorithm takes into account shared risks when determining an optimal set of K-successive shortest paths that are disjoint in both their links and their risks. The trap-free K-shortest link-and-SRLG-disjoint paths may subsequently be provisioned in a network. A further description of an exemplary process is described further below.
A total number of SRLGs in a network is denoted by R. The set of links in an SRLG r is denoted by R(r). A particular link may belong to one or more SRLGs. A link may also not belong to any SRLG. When an SRLG is in a failed state, all of the links in the SRLG are in a failed state.
A relationship between a link l and an SRLG r is denoted by the function ρ(l,r). It may be assumed that ρ(l,r)=1, if link l belongs to SRLG r, and 0 otherwise. Also, the set of all the links in the SRLG to which link l belongs can be denoted by SRLG(l), in which SRLG(l) may be expressed as:
SRLG(l)=∪r=1, . . . , R|ρ(l,r)=1R(r),
in which if link l does not belong to any SRLG, then SRLG(l)=φ, in which φ is equal to the empty set.
The set of all links in the SRLG to which the links in a set of links P belong can be denoted by SRLG(P), in which SRLG(P) may be expressed as:
SRLG(P)=∪r=1, . . . , R|ρ(l,r)=1,l∈PR(r),
in which if the links in P do not belong to any SRLG, then SRLG(P)=φ.
Two paths with link sets P1 and P2, respectively, are said to be link-and SRLG-disjoint if P1 and P2 have no links in common and SRLG(P1) and SRLG(P2) have no links in common. The maximum number of link-and-SRLG-disjoint paths that can be supported between node s and node t in the network G(N,L) can be denoted by Hs,tMax(N,L). Note that Hs,tMax(N,L)=Fs,tMAX(N,L) in the case that there are no SRLGs in the network (i.e., when R=0).
Qs,th(i,f) can be defined as the set of links in the shortest h-hop path from node s to node i such that the number of link-and-SRLG-disjoint paths that can be supported between nodes s and t in the complementary part of the network G(N,L−Qs,th(i,f)−SRLG(Qs,th(i,f))) is at least equal to ∫. This complementary part is, by definition, link-disjoint from Qs,th(i,∫) and SRLG(Qs,th(i,f)). Es,th(i,f) denotes the total length of the set of h links in Qs,th(i,f). Then, for f≦Hs,tMax(N,L)−1, the following Bellman equation that provides a recursion over the number of hops h for computing Es,th(i,f) may be expressed as:
in which Bs,th(i,∫)={j|j ∈ N, Hs,tMax(N,L−Qs,th(j,∫)−e(j,i)−SRLG(Qs,th(j,∫))−SRLG(e(j,i)))≧∫}.
In other words, Bs,th(i,∫) is the set of nodes j for which the network G(N,L−Qs,th(j,f)−e(j,i)−SRLG(Qs,th(j,f))−SRLG(e(j,i))) supports at least f link-and SRLG-disjoint paths between node s and node t. The variable j* can be defined as the network node j in equation 3 above, which minimizes Es,th(j,f)+d(j,i) over j ∈ Bs,th(i,∫). The link from node j* to node i, as illustrated in
Q
s,t
h+1(i,f)=e(j*,i)∪Qs,th(j*,f). (4)
In some cases the optimal link e(j*,i) may sometimes be a self-looping link, in which case j*=i.
For h sufficiently large, (a) the value of Es,th(t,f) converges to the length of the shortest path from node s to node t such that the complementary part of the network G(N,L−Qs,th(t,f)−SRLG(Qs,th(t,f)) supports at least f link-and-SRLG-disjoint paths between node s to node t; and (b) the set Qs,th(t,f) includes the corresponding set of links in this shortest path.
The trap-free K-shortest link-and SRLG-disjoint path algorithm is based on equations (3) and (4). The trap-free K-shortest link-and SRLG-disjoint path algorithm is provided below in pseudo-code form. The main outer loop in the algorithm is over the K link-and-SRLG-disjoint paths that are to be found. It is assumed a priori that K≦Hs,tMax(N,L). This ensures that at least K-link-and-SRLG-disjoint paths actually exist between node s and node t. If this is not the case, then a smaller value of K must, necessarily, be chosen for the node pair (s,t). The value of Hs,tMax(N,L) is a function of (s,t). The main iteration is over the number of hops h until convergence is established in the set of values {Es,th+1(i,f)|1≦i≦N}. As illustrated in
β=Hs,tMax(N,L−Qs,th−1(jmin,f)−e(jmin,i)−SRLG(Qs,th−1(jmin,f))−SRLG(e(jmin,i))).
The variable β denotes the maximum number of link-and-SRLG-disjoint paths from node s to node t in the network, in which the network is denoted by G(N,L−Qs,th−1(jmin,f)−e(jmin,i))−SRLG(Qs,th−1(jmin,f))−SRLG(e(jmin,i))), in which Qs,th−1(jmin,f) is the set of links in the shortest h−1 hop path from node s to node jmin, and e(jmin,i) is the link from node jmin to node i, and SRLG(Qs,th−1(jmin,f)) and SRLG(e(jmin,i)) are the links of the SRLG(s) associated with the shortest h−1 hop path and the link from node jmin to node i, such that the flow capacity (i.e., such that the maximum number of link-and-SRLG-disjoint paths) from node s to node t is at least f in the complimentary part of the network, assuming unit link capacities. If β≧f, then jmin is the optimal node choice j*. If not, then the iteration continues to search for j*.
Once the set of distances has converged, the main iteration is terminated since any further increase in the number of hops may not reduce (or increase) any of the subsequent distance values.
According to the exemplary expressions below, trap-free K shortest link-and-SRLG-disjoint paths may be determined:
The computation of β can be skipped when f=0 since β is always greater or equal to zero.
To compute β, or at least how to find if β is at least equal to f, has not been described. According to one example, to find if β is at least equal to f, a determination may be made to find if the number of link-and-SRLG-disjoint paths between node s and node t in the network
G(N,L−Qs,th−1(jmin,∫)−e(jmin,i)−SRLG(Qs,th−1(jmin,∫))−SRLG(e(jmin,i)))
is at least equal to ∫.
For a general value of f, the Ford-Fulkerson maximum flow algorithm cannot simply be applied to compute β since the network contains a SRLG. However, in the case of K=2 (i.e., 1+1 path protection using a pair of link-and-SRLG-disjoint paths), β may be computed when f=1. The problem of computing β when f=1 is described below.
In the case of two paths (K=2), which is a common protection scheme (e.g., primary path and backup path), it may be determined whether at least one path exists between node s and node t in the network. However, this is equivalent to determining if node s and node t are connected since if these nodes are, then at least one path must exist. When f=0, the computation of β can be skipped since β is always greater than or equal to zero.
Another approach is to use Dijkstra's algorithm to find the 2nd link-and-SRLG-disjoint path after the 1st path has been found. This can be done since when K=2 and f=0, there is no longer any flow constraint being imposed in the determination of the 2nd shortest path. Hence, any shortest path algorithm may be used to find the 2nd shortest path. An algorithm for finding two paths is described below in pseudo-form.
The computation of a maximum β of link-and-SRLG-disjoint paths in a network with SRLGs can be solved by a brute-force approach. For example, a brute-force approach can include generating all possible sets of link-disjoint paths, while ignoring the presence of SRLG, to find which one of the sets contains the highest number of link-and-SRLG-disjoint paths. Under such an approach, the highest number corresponds to β.
According to the exemplary expressions below, trap-free K shortest link-and-SRLG-disjoint paths may be determined for two paths (K=2):
Find the 1st link-and-SRLG-disjoint path from node s to node t:
Find the 2nd link-and-SRLG-disjoint path from node s to node t:
Use Dijkstra's algorithm to find the shortest path Qs,t(t,0) from node s to node t in the network G(N,L−Qs,th−1(t,1)−SRLG(Qs,th−1(t,1))).
Output the 2nd shortest link-and-SRLG-disjoint path Qs,t(t,0).
A brute force approach to solving the two path problem is to search s-t paths in order of increasing total path length until one is found that has a link-and-SRLG-disjoint counterpart. However, a brute force approach may be inefficient for large networks. Additionally, a brute force approach may be less efficient when extended to find more than two paths.
A number of algorithms have been developed for finding disjoint paths in network with SRLG. Most of these algorithms are either of a heuristic type, which may fail, or based on mathematical programming formulations, which always work in principle, but whose computational costs are impractical for large networks.
The trap-free K-shortest link-and-SRLG-disjoint path algorithm is a non-heuristic algorithm that finds the exact, optimal solution for the K-successively shortest link-and-SRLG-disjoint paths. The trap-free K-shortest link-and-SRLG-disjoint path algorithm also avoids the problem of traps.
According to the above-mentioned shared risk link groups, if the first shortest path is selected to be S-T, then it will not be possible to find two additional link-and-SRLG-disjoint paths.
Referring to
Referring to
Referring to
Process 600 may include receiving a representation of a network (block 605). For example, as previously described, user device 120 may receive information pertaining to a network that includes links and nodes. By way of example, the information may take the form of a network graph or some other type of information representative of the network (e.g., network G(N,L)). The network graph may include information pertaining to SRLGs.
A maximum link-and-SRLG-disjoint flow of the network may be determined (block 610). For example, as previously described, user device 120 may receive a value of the maximum link-and-SRLG-disjoint flow, expressed as Hs,tMAX(N,L), or may be ascertained by applying a brute force algorithm or some other appropriate algorithm to network G(N,L), in which the capacity of all links may be set to unity.
A value for the number of trap-free shortest link-and-SRLG-disjoint paths to find between node s and node t, which is based on the maximum link-and-SRLG-disjoint flow value, may be received or calculated (block 615). For example, as previously described, it may be assumed that K≦Hs,tMAX(N,L) and K may represent the number of trap-free shortest link-and-SRLG-disjoint paths to find. This value may be selected by a user (e.g., a network administrator) or may be automatically selected based on the maximum link-and-SRLG-disjoint flow calculated.
A value for a minimum remaining link-and-SRLG-disjoint flow for a complementary part of the network may be calculated (block 620). For example, as previously described, f=K−k. So, for example, for the first trap-free shortest link-and-SRLG-disjoint path, f=K−1 units in the complementary network may be needed; for the second trap-free shortest link-and-SRLG-disjoint path, f=K−2 units in the complementary network may be needed; for the third trap-free shortest link-and-SRLG-disjoint path, ∫=K−3 units in the complementary network may be needed; etc.
A trap-free shortest link-and-SRLG-disjoint path in which the minimum remaining link-and-SRLG-disjoint flow of the complementary part of the network exists may be selected (block 625). For example, as previously described, until a convergence occurs (i.e., with respect to {Es,th(i,f)|1≦i≦N}) the number of hops h may be incremented to find jmin and determine a trap-free shortest link-and-SRLG-disjoint path from node s to node t.
It may be determined whether there are more link-and-SRLG-disjoint paths to find (block 630). For example, as previously described, K may represent the number of trap-free shortest link-and-SRLG-disjoint paths to find, which may decremented during each iteration of process 600.
If it is determined that there are no more link-and-SRLG-disjoint paths to find (block 630—NO), the selected trap-free shortest link-and-SRLG-disjoint path(s) may be output (block 635), as illustrated in
The nodes in the network may be provisioned based on the output (block 640). For example, as previously described, user device 120 or some other network management system may provision nodes 110 according to the determined trap-free K shortest link-and-SRLG-disjoint paths. In this case, the provisioned nodes may carry traffic according to the trap-free K shortest link-and-SRLG-disjoint paths.
Referring back to
Although
The foregoing description of implementations provides illustration, but is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the implementations to the precise form disclosed. Accordingly, modifications to the implementations described herein may be possible.
The terms “a,” “an,” and “the” are intended to be interpreted to include one or more items. Further, the phrase “based on” is intended to be interpreted as “based, at least in part, on,” unless explicitly stated otherwise. The term “and/or” is intended to be interpreted to include any and all combinations of one or more of the associated items.
In addition, while a series of blocks is described with regard to the process illustrated in
The embodiments described herein may be implemented in many different forms of software and/or firmware executed by hardware. For example, a process or a function may be implemented as “logic” or as a “component.” The logic or the component may include, for example, hardware (e.g., processor 205, etc.), a combination of hardware and software (e.g., applications 215), a combination of hardware and firmware, or a combination of hardware, software, and firmware. The implementation of software or firmware has been described without reference to the specific software code since software can be designed to implement the embodiments based on the description herein. Additionally, a non-transitory storage medium may store instructions, which when executed, may perform processes and/or functions pertaining to the exemplary embodiments described herein.
In the preceding specification, various embodiments have been described with reference to the accompanying drawings. It will, however, be evident that various modifications and changes may be made thereto, and additional embodiments may be implemented, without departing from the broader scope of the invention as set forth in the claims that follow. The specification and drawings are accordingly to be regarded as illustrative rather than restrictive.
In the specification and illustrated by the drawings, reference is made to “an exemplary embodiment,” “an embodiment,” “embodiments,” etc., which may include a particular feature, structure or characteristic in connection with an embodiment(s). However, the use of the phrase or term “an embodiment,” “embodiments,” etc., in various places in the specification does not necessarily refer to all embodiments described, nor does it necessarily refer to the same embodiment, nor are separate or alternative embodiments necessarily mutually exclusive of other embodiment(s). The same applies to the term “implementation,” “implementations,” etc.
No element, act, operation, or instruction described in the present application should be construed as critical or essential to the embodiments described herein unless explicitly described as such.
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/029,337 filed on Feb. 17, 2011, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
Number | Date | Country | |
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Parent | 13029337 | Feb 2011 | US |
Child | 13223474 | US |