Patent Grant
6868673
The present disclosure relates generally to the fields of thermoacoustics and combustion and, more particularly, to systems and methods for manipulating acoustic energy.
Thermoacoustic devices have been used as heat engines and heat pumps. As shown in
Pressure oscillations produced by the acoustic traveling wave induce the compressible fluid in the regenerator to move down towards the hot end of the temperature gradient, or up towards the cold end of the temperature gradient. Consequently, when the compressible fluid moves down, the hotter regenerator packing heats and expands the compressible fluid; when the compressible fluid moves up, the colder regenerator packing cools and contracts the compressible fluid. As the acoustic traveling wave passes through the compressible fluid, it imparts time-dependent pressure and velocity oscillations to a small volume of the fluid at the wave's location. Since traveling waves are intrinsically phased such that the peak velocity and the peak pressure occur at substantially the same time, the processes undergone by the small volume of the fluid in the regenerator mimic the thermodynamic cycle of a Stirling engine. The thermodynamic cycle, therefore, results in conversion of thermal energy into mechanical energy. In other words, the traveling wave causes the compression, expansion, and fluid movement, which adds pressure and momentum to the waves, thereby amplifying the acoustic traveling wave as it passes through the regenerator.
As is known in the art, if the direction of the acoustic traveling wave is reversed from the hot heat exchanger 130 to cold heat exchanger 140, then the conventional thermoacoustic driver 100 may be used as a heat pump for refrigeration, air conditioning, or other cooling or heating applications. Since the operation of the conventional thermoacoustic driver 100 is known in the art, further discussion of the conventional thermoacoustic driver 100 is omitted here.
Additionally, the torus 315 contains an inertance section 305 and a compliance section 310. These sections 305, 310, along with the regenerator 330, define the properties of the acoustic waves in the thermoacoustic driving section 300. Each of these components 305, 310 and 330, are much shorter than an acoustic wavelength, though their specific geometries create the traveling wave acoustic phasing within the regenerator 330. They are also geometrically configured to reduce the acoustic velocity within the regenerator 330, thereby reducing viscous losses that would normally accompany the passage of an acoustic traveling wave through a conventional thermoacoustic driver 100, as shown in FIG. 1.
The thermoacoustic driving section 300 of the TASHE 200 further comprises a secondary cold heat exchanger 345, which, in conjunction with the hot heat exchanger 335, defines a thermal buffer tube 340. The thermal buffer tube 340 provides thermal isolation between the hot heat exchanger 335 and the rest of the TASHE 200 beyond the cold heat exchangers 325, 345.
One drawback of the TASHE 200 is that acoustic streaming in the thermoacoustic driving section 300 results in a convection current that travels clockwise around the torus 315, carrying thermal energy away from the regenerator 330 and out the secondary cold heat exchanger 345. Since this degrades the performance of the engine, it is desirable to eliminate or minimize any clockwise mean flow around the torus 315 and through the regenerator 330. As a result, the thermoacoustic driving section 300 of the TASHE 200 comprises a hydrodynamic mass-flux suppressor (or jet pump) 320 that is adjustable to minimize or eliminate any net flow of the compressible fluid around the torus 315. The operation of the mass-flux suppressor 320 relies on turbulence and the viscous dissipation of kinetic energy, so its use in suppressing the clockwise convection current is also accompanied by some dissipation of acoustic energy.
Also, in the TASHE 200, conduction of heat through the walls of the torus 315 can result in significant energy losses. These energy losses are due to heat conduction radially through the walls into the insulation or atmosphere surrounding the torus 315, and also due to axial heat conduction along the walls of the torus 315 between the hot heat exchanger 335 and the cold heat exchangers 325, 345, essentially bypassing the regenerator 330. For higher internal gas pressures as are typically present in the TASHE 200, greater wall thickness is required, which results in greater axial conduction losses. Additionally, crossflow heat exchangers 325, 335, 345, which are typically used due to geometric constraints, result in sub-optimal heat extraction and potentially enormous thermal stresses, especially in the hot heat exchanger 335.
Given these inefficiencies, a need exists in the industry for more efficient traveling wave thermoacoustic devices.
The present disclosure provides systems and methods for manipulating acoustic energy.
Briefly described, some embodiments of a system comprise an inlet port, a combustion zone, a regenerator, a cold heat exchanger, and an exhaust port. The inlet port is adapted to admit a compressible combustible mixture. The combustion zone is configured to receive the compressible combustible mixture and burn the compressible combustible mixture to generate hot compressible combustion products. The regenerator has a cold side and a hot side, which generate a temperature gradient across the regenerator. The cold side of the regenerator is coupled to the cold heat exchanger. The hot compressible combustion products are directed to the hot side of the regenerator and through the regenerator to produce cold compressible combustion products. The cold compressible combustion products are expelled by the exhaust port. This configuration permits amplification of traveling acoustic waves that propagate through the regenerator from the cold side of the regenerator to the hot side of the regenerator.
An embodiment of the method may be seen as comprising the steps of burning a combustible mixture within a combustion zone to generate hot compressible combustion products, cooling a cold side of a regenerator and heating a hot side of the regenerator to produce a temperature gradient across the regenerator, directing the hot compressible combustion products through the regenerator from the hot side of the regenerator to the cold side of the regenerator to produce cold compressible combustion products, expelling the cold compressible combustion products, and propagating an acoustic traveling wave through the regenerator from a cold side of the regenerator to a hot side of the regenerator to amplify the acoustic traveling wave. The hot side of the regenerator is heated by directing the hot compressible combustion products to the hot side of the regenerator.
Other systems, methods, features and/or advantages will be or may become apparent to one with skill in the art upon examination of the following drawings and detailed description. It is intended that all such additional systems, methods, features and/or advantages be included within this description.
Many aspects of the disclosure can be better understood with reference to the following drawings. The components in the drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon clearly illustrating the principles of the present disclosure. Moreover, in the drawings, like reference numerals designate corresponding parts throughout the several views.
Reference is now made in detail to the description of several embodiments as illustrated in the drawings. While the several embodiments are described in connection with these drawings, there is no intent to limit the invention to the embodiments disclosed herein. On the contrary, the intent is to cover all alternatives, modifications and/or equivalents.
The systems and methods, described with reference to
Thus, as a result of the mean flow, the hot heat exchanger 130 may be replaced by a mean flow of hot gas, where the heat in the hot gas is obtained from a combustion zone inside the device. The absence of the hot heat exchanger 130 can drastically reduce thermal stresses that are present in the TASHE 200 and other thermoacoustic engines, particularly if the heat exchanger being replaced is a cross-flow hot heat exchanger. Additionally, by concentrically disposing a thermoacoustic driver within an outer shell, the thickness of the walls of the thermoacoustic driver may be significantly reduced. Consequently, axial heat conduction losses through these walls may be reduced as a result of the reduced wall thickness. Furthermore, radial heat transfer from the thermoacoustic driver may be used to further increase the efficiency of the thermoacoustic device.
Referring back to the drawings,
In some embodiments, acoustic energy generated by the thermoacoustic driving section 500 is directed through the resonator 220 to a thermoacoustic refrigerator 420, where the acoustic energy is used for refrigeration. In some embodiments of this type, the thermoacoustic device 400 may be used to liquefy natural gas for ease of transport. A portion of the natural gas is burned to generate heat in the combustion zone of the thermoacoustic driving section 500, and the acoustic energy that is generated in the thermoacoustic driving section 500 is used in a staged thermoacoustic refrigeration process 420 to liquefy the remainder of the natural gas. In other embodiments of this type, the thermoacoustic refrigerator 420 can be used to provide air conditioning or residential refrigeration without the use of chloro-fluoro-carbons (CFCs) or other environmentally toxic refrigerants.
In other embodiments, the acoustic energy generated by the thermoacoustic driving section 500 is directed to a thermoacoustic heat pump 420. In embodiments of this type, the acoustic energy can be used to provide space heating or residential water heating. In still other embodiments, the acoustic energy generated by the thermoacoustic driving section 500 is directed to a linear alternator 420, which converts the acoustic energy into electrical energy. Since the thermoacoustic device 400 contains few, if any, moving parts, an embodiment of this type may be ideal for use as a remote or portable gas-powered electric generator, where low maintenance and high reliability are desirable features.
In addition to converting acoustic energy into other forms of energy, the thermoacoustic device 400 may be used simply to amplify or generate acoustic waves at a given frequency. One application of such an acoustic-wave amplifier would be in the lumber industry, where the acoustic vibrations may assist in drying lumber in a kiln. These and other applications should be understood by those of skill in the art.
As shown in
The shell 505 includes an inlet port 525 that introduces a compressible inlet fluid 630 to the interior of the shell 505. In an example embodiment, the compressible inlet fluid 630 includes an oxidizer, such as air, which later mixes with fuel to create a combustible mixture that burns to generate heat. In other embodiments, the compressible inlet fluid 630 admitted through the inlet port 525 may include a combustible mixture so that further fuel injection and mixing is unnecessary. Furthermore, the inlet port 525 may be configured to suppress the escape of acoustic energy from the thermoacoustic device. In one such embodiment, the length of the inlet port 525 may be adjusted so that acoustic energy is reflected back to the interior of the shell 505. In another such embodiment, the inlet port 525 can be highly pressurized, and the compressible inlet fluid 630 is admitted to the shell 505 through a choked nozzle, which will not allow acoustic waves to propagate upstream into the inlet port 525 and out of the device.
The shell 505 further comprises a compliance section 565 and an inertance section 570, which permit the feedback of acoustic energy from the hot end of the thermoacoustic driver to the cold end, and which define properties related to the acoustic traveling wave as it propagates through the device. The thermoacoustic driving section 500 has a movable end-cap 520, which is positioned at one end of the shell 505. The movable end-cap 520 permits tuning of the volume of the compliance section 565 of the shell 505, thereby permitting adjustment of the resonant properties related to the acoustic traveling wave. In addition to providing a tunable compliance, the end-cap 520 permits easy access to the thermoacoustic driver 510 in the event that maintenance is required on the thermoacoustic driver 510. The compliance section 565, the inertance section 570, and the regenerator 550 are geometrically configured to set up a traveling wave acoustic phasing at the regenerator 550, thereby constructively providing the feedback acoustic energy for amplification at the regenerator 550. Additionally, the compliance section 565, the inertance section 570, and the regenerator 550 are geometrically configured to establish a region of relatively low acoustic velocity across the regenerator 550, thereby decreasing viscous losses within the regenerator 550.
The thermoacoustic driver 510 includes a cold heat exchanger 540 having a coolant inlet 535 and a coolant outlet 545. The coolant inlet 535 introduces incoming coolant 650 to the cold heat exchanger 540, while the coolant outlet 545 expels the outgoing coolant 655 from the cold heat exchanger 540. In some embodiments, the coolant 650, 655 may be cold water used to cool the cold heat exchanger 540.
The thermoacoustic driver 510 also includes a regenerator 550 and a combustion zone 585. In one such embodiment, the regenerator 550 has a cold side, which is coupled to the cold heat exchanger 540, and a hot side, which is coupled to the combustion zone 585. The coupling of the cold heat exchanger 540 and the combustion zone 585 to the regenerator 550 establishes a temperature gradient across the regenerator 550. The regenerator 550 comprises packing material that is fine enough so that combustion products 620 in the regenerator 550 are essentially in thermal equilibrium with the packing around it, but not so fine as to prevent the passage of acoustic waves through the regenerator 550. The temperature gradient across the regenerator 550 amplifies acoustic traveling waves as the combustion products 620 expand and contract within the regenerator 550 due to the pressure oscillations of the acoustic traveling wave. The combustion zone 585 is configured to burn a combustible mixture 665, which generates heat and the combustion products 620 that are conveyed to the hot side of the regenerator 550 by the mean flow. Due to the close thermal contact between the gas and the solid within the regenerator 550, the mean flow of combustion products 620 from the hot side of the regenerator 550 to the cold side of the regenerator 550 causes the combustion products 620 to be cooled and to exit the cold side of the regenerator 550 at approximately the same temperature as the cold side of the regenerator 550. In some embodiments, radiative heat transfer from the combustion zone 585 to the regenerator 550 may be used to augment the transfer of heat by convective means.
In some embodiments, the combustion zone 585 may be a combustion chamber adapted to contain the burning of the combustible mixture 665. In this regard, the device may include a fuel injector 560 that delivers fuel 580 to a mixing section 660, in which the fuel 580 mixes with the oxidizer in the compressible inlet fluid 630 to create a combustible mixture 665. The combustible mixture 665 is directed to the combustion zone 585 from the mixing section 660 by the mean flow.
The combustion zone 585 may also comprise an igniter 590 that initially ignites the combustible mixture 665 within the combustion zone 585, and a flame holder 555 that is adapted to hold a flame for subsequent burning of the combustible mixture 665 after the first ignition. In some embodiments, the flame holder 555 is comprised of a wire, a wire mesh screen, or any other stationary object that can be used to anchor a flame. The flame holder 555 may also be coated with a catalyst that acts as an ignition source. In other embodiments, the igniter 590 itself may act as the flame holder 555. In other embodiments, the fuel injector 560 may be used as the flame holder 555, in which case the mixing section 660 is contained within the combustion zone 585.
In other embodiments, the combustion zone 585 may include a catalyst to aid in the combustion of the combustible mixture 665. In this regard, the combustion zone 585 may be a matrix having its surface coated with a combustion catalyst. In an example embodiment, the matrix is configured to have sufficient surface area to permit interaction of the combustible mixture 665 with the catalyst, thereby facilitating combustion of the combustible mixture 665. Since processes related to catalytic combustion are known to those of skill in the art, further discussion of catalytic combustion is omitted here. It should, however, be appreciated that such a process may further simplify the thermoacoustic driver 510, as the use of a catalyst in the combustion zone 585 would eliminate the need for the igniter 590 and the flame holder 555.
In other embodiments, the burning of the combustible mixture 665 is synchronized with the pressure oscillations of the acoustic traveling wave. The synchronized combustion amplifies the pressure oscillations, thereby adding to the acoustic power output of the thermoacoustic driving section 500. For embodiments that synchronize the combustion to the pressure oscillations, the combustion zone 585 may include a sensor 575, which is configured to detect the pressure oscillations and convey this information to a controller (not shown) that controls the synchronized combustion. The synchronized combustion may be controlled by providing the fuel 580 at predefined time intervals that are substantially synchronous to the pressure oscillations detected by the sensor 575. The timing of the fuel delivery may be altered to provide optimum phasing between the pulse combustion and the acoustic oscillations. In other embodiments, the controller provides timed ignition control of the igniter 590, such that the combustible mixture 665 periodically ignites and bums in phase with the pressure oscillations.
In other embodiments, the pressure oscillations may be synchronized to the pulse combustion using a passive approach. In one such approach, the fuel 580 may be delivered to the mixing section 660 through a pressurized pipe 560, capped with a nozzle. The rate at which the fuel 580 flows through the nozzle is approximately proportional to the square root of the pressure difference across the nozzle. Hence, during the peaks in the pressure oscillations, the pressure difference across the fuel nozzle is small and the fuel flow rate out of the nozzle is small. During troughs in the pressure oscillations, the pressure difference across the fuel nozzle is large, resulting in a higher fuel flow rate out of the nozzle. In this manner, fuel flow rate oscillations cause fluctuations in the ratio of fuel to oxidizer in the combustible mixture 665, which can lead to combustion oscillations in the combustion zone 585. The phase of the pulse combustion relative to the phase of the pressure oscillations may be adjusted by altering the distance between the flame holder 555 and the fuel injector 560.
The thermoacoustic driver 510 also comprises an acoustically transparent barrier 560 that is relatively impermeable to the mean flow in the device. Additionally, the thermoacoustic driver 510 has an exhaust port 530 that expels the mean flow of combustion products 620 after the combustion products 620 have been directed through the regenerator 550 and the cold heat exchanger 540. The acoustically transparent barrier 560 sustains a mean pressure difference across the acoustically transparent barrier 560, thereby directing the mean flow in the device from the inlet port 525, through the combustion zone 585 and the regenerator 550, and out the exhaust port 530. In the absence of the acoustically transparent barrier 560, the regenerator 550 presents a large resistance to the mean flow in the device. Thus, the path of least resistance for the mean flow of compressible inlet fluid 630 is directly from the inlet port 525 to the exhaust port 530, effectively bypassing the combustion zone 585 and the regenerator 550. The acoustically transparent barrier 560 also attempts to prevent the re-introduction of the mean flow from the thermoacoustic driver 510 into the shell 505, separating the combustion products 620 from the compressible inlet fluid 630 that is introduced at the inlet port 525. Furthermore, the acoustically transparent barrier 560 must allow the passage of the feedback acoustic energy from the inertance 570 and compliance 565 to the regenerator 550 with minimal attenuation of acoustic energy. Thus, in some embodiments, the acoustically transparent barrier 560 may be a vibrating membrane that is impermeable to the mean flow in the device. In other embodiments, the acoustically transparent barrier 560 may be a hydrodynamic jet pump that may be similar to that used in the TASHE 200, a piston, etc. Additionally, the exhaust port 530, in an example embodiment, is configured to suppress the escape of acoustic energy from the thermoacoustic device. In this regard, the length of the exhaust port 530 may be adjusted so that acoustic energy is reflected back to the interior of the thermoacoustic driver 510.
As seen from
Having described example embodiments of systems for manipulating acoustic energy, attention is turned to
As shown in
As shown in the embodiments of
Although exemplary embodiments have been shown and described, it will be clear to those of ordinary skill in the art that a number of changes, modifications, and/or alterations may be made. For example, while
All such changes, modifications, and alterations should therefore be considered as being within the scope of the disclosure.
This application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/364,207, filed Mar. 13, 2002, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Also, co-pending U.S. patent application having U.S. Express Mail Mailing Label Number EV269328374US is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
The U.S. government has a paid-up license in this invention and the right in limited circumstances to require the patent owner to license others on reasonable terms as provided for by the terms of contract number F49620-99-C-0054 awarded by the National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate Fellowship, a part of the United States Air Force Office of Scientific Research.
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| Number | Date | Country | |
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| 20030182939 A1 | Oct 2003 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60364207 | Mar 2002 | US |
