The invention relates to a treatment element for treating material in a multi-shaft worm machine, in particular in a two-shaft worm machine, according to the preamble of claim 1. Furthermore, the invention relates to a multi-shaft worm machine, in particular a two-shaft worm machine, according to the preamble of claim 15.
A two-shaft worm machine with single-threaded treatment or worm elements is known from DE 1 180 718 A. The outer contour of the worm elements is composed of circular arcs in cross-section. The active flank located in the rotational direction has an outer contour, which is composed of three circular arcs, the centre points of which are either located on the outer radius or on the longitudinal axis of the worm elements. The drawback is that the worm elements only allow a small flexibility in the adjustment of the shear and/or extensional flows acting on the material to be processed.
The invention is based on the object of developing a treatment element of the generic type in such a way that a high flexibility is provided in the adjustment of the shear and/or extensional flows acting on the material to be processed.
This object is achieved by a treatment element having the features of claim 1. It was recognized according to the invention that the treatment elements known from the prior art, with the same ratio of the outer radius to the core radius, have the same angle of intersection of the active flank curve with the crest curve. The inner radius of the housing bores is greater by the radial play than the outer radius of the treatment elements. A geometrically similar form of the wedge between the inner contour of the housing and the active flank curve is therefore always produced with a constant ratio of the radial play to the outer radius. As the shear and/or extensional flows prevailing in the wedge substantially depend on the geometrical form thereof, they can only be adjusted by the angle of intersection of the active flank curve with the crest curve. As the angle of intersection only depends on the ratio of the outer radius to the inner radius, the adjustment of the shear and/or extensional flows is only possible to an extremely limited extent by means of the geometry of the wedge.
In comparison, the treatment element according to the invention—viewed in cross section or in a cross sectional projection—has at least one outer contour portion A(Δφj), the associated evolute Ej of which is a quantity of n points P(i) wherein i=1 to n and n≧3, in particular n≧4 and, in particular n≧5, wherein each of the points P(i) lies outside the longitudinal axis M of the treatment element and within the outer radius Ra thereof. Two adjacent respective points P(i) and P(i+1) have a spacing Δr(i) from one another, which is smaller than Ri/2, in particular smaller than Ri/4, in particular smaller than Ri/6, and in particular smaller than Ri/8. Adjacent points P(i) and P(i+1) belong to adjacent involute curves E′(i) and E′(i+1). The involute curves E′(i), wherein i=1 to n together form the outer contour portion A(Δφj) belonging to the evolute Ej.
The index j characterizes the number of evolutes. The at least one outer contour portion A(Δφj) forms at least one part of a flank of the treatment element, the associated wedge being flexibly adjustable by means of the type and arrangement of the evolute Ej. Correspondingly, the shear and/or extensional flows that can be produced by the treatment element can be flexibly adapted to the material to be treated by the means of the type and arrangement of the evolute Ej.
The evolute EE of the associated outer contour portion A(Δφj) running in a plane is the location or the curve of the centre points of curvature or the centre points of the circle of curvature. The outer contour portion A(Δφj) belonging to the evolute Ej is also called the involute. A notional rod with the length of the axial spacing a is unwound on the evolute Ej to construct the outer contour, the first rod end defining the outer contour portion Δi(Δφji) of one treatment element and the second rod end defining an associated outer contour portion Ai+1(Δφji+1) of the further treatment element, which tightly mesh with one another when installed in a multi-shaft worm machine.
A high measure of degrees of freedom for the construction of the treatment element according to the invention is provided by the type, arrangement and number of evolutes so the outer contour portions (Δφj) can be varied with respect to their curvature, length and their angles of intersection over broad ranges. The wedges between the flanks and the inner contour of the housing can therefore be extremely flexible in design. As the shear and/or extensional flows prevailing in these wedges substantially influence the quality of the material to be processed, the quality can be optimized by the treatment element according to the invention and adapted to predetermined requirements. The at least one outer contour portion A(Δφj), in this case, in particular forms a part of the active flanks lying in the rotational direction.
The treatment element may be configured as a kneading element or kneading disc and have a constant outer contour in the direction of the longitudinal axis M. A plurality of kneading elements may be assembled with different offset angles αbout the longitudinal axis M with respect to kneading blocks. The kneading blocks may be produced in one part or be assembled from individual kneading elements.
Furthermore, the treatment element can be configured as a worm element, the outer contour of which is screwed in the direction of the longitudinal axis M by a constant and/or continuous function. The screwing can basically take place in the two rotational directions about the longitudinal axis M, so the worm element selectively has a conveying or retaining effect. Depending on the geometry of the worm element, the outer contour can optionally be understood as a cross sectional projection.
Furthermore, the treatment element may be configured as a transition element, which, in the direction of the longitudinal axis M, has a starting outer contour and an end outer contour, which are different, and change in the direction of the longitudinal axis M according to a continuous function in such a way that the starting outer contour continuously passes into the end outer contour.
The treatment element according to the invention can therefore be used with associated further treatment elements in any tightly meshing multi-shaft worm machines, in particular in two-shaft worm machines which can be rotatably driven in the same or opposite directions. The adjacent, tightly meshing treatment elements in this case form a treatment element group, the treatment elements of which were constructed by unwinding the notional rod of the length a on a common evolute Ej or a plurality of common evolutes Ej.
Further advantageous configurations of the treatment element according to the invention emerge from claims 2 to 14.
The invention is furthermore based on the object of developing a multi-shaft worm machine of the generic type in such a way that a high flexibility is produced in the adjustment of the shear and/or extensional flows acting on the material to be processed.
This object is achieved by a multi-shaft worm machine having the features of claim 15. By means of the at least two treatment elements according to at least any one of claims 1 to 14, the wedges between the flanks and the inner contour of the housing may be flexibly varied, whereby the shear and/or extensional flows exerted can be optimally adapted to the material to be processed. The at least two treatment elements are configured and arranged in such a way that they tightly mesh and form a corresponding treatment element group. This is achieved in that the sum of the outer radius Ra and the core radius Ri substantially corresponds to the axial spacing a. Substantially this means that the axial retraction b, which is conventional in practice, is disregarded. If the axial retraction b is taken into account, the sum of the outer radius Ra and the core radius Ri corresponds to the difference of the axial spacing a and the axial retraction b.
The at least two treatment elements of the treatment element group were constructed on at least one common evolute Ej by unwinding a notional rod with the length of the axial spacing a or the axial spacing a less the axial retraction b.
Depending on the type, arrangement and evolute Ej, the treatment elements of the treatment element group may be symmetrical, for example axially and/or rotationally symmetrical, or non-symmetrical and/or congruent or non-congruent. Moreover, the at least two treatment elements may be developed in accordance with the configurations with respect to claim 1. Further advantageous configurations of the multi-shaft worm machine according to the invention emerge from claims 16 to 18.
Further features, details and advantages of the invention emerge from the following description of a plurality of embodiments with the aid of the drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 shows a schematic view of a two-shaft worm machine configured as a two-shaft extruder according to first embodiment,
FIG. 2 shows a horizontal part longitudinal section through the two-shaft worm machine in FIG. 1,
FIG. 3 shows a vertical cross section through the two-shaft worm machine according to the section line III-III in FIG. 1 with two tightly meshing treatment elements configured as kneading elements in a first rotational position,
FIG. 4 shows a vertical cross section through the two-shaft worm machine in accordance with the section line III-III in FIG. 1 with two tightly meshing treatment elements configured as kneading elements in a second rotational position,
FIG. 5 shows a perspective view of a plurality of treatment elements according to FIG. 3,
FIG. 6 shows a construction diagram to illustrate a first construction step of treatment elements in FIG. 3,
FIG. 7 shows a construction diagram to illustrate a second construction step of the treatment elements in FIG. 3,
FIG. 8 shows a construction diagram to illustrate a third construction step of the treatment elements in FIG. 3,
FIG. 9 shows a perspective view of a plurality of tightly meshing treatment elements configured as worm elements according to a second embodiment,
FIG. 10 shows a vertical cross section according to FIG. 3 with treatment elements according to a third embodiment,
FIG. 11 shows a construction diagram for illustrating the construction steps of the treatment elements in FIG. 10,
FIG. 12 shows a vertical cross section according to FIG. 3 with treatment elements according to a fourth embodiment,
FIG. 13 shows a construction diagram for illustrating a first construction step of the treatment elements in FIG. 12,
FIG. 14 shows a construction diagram to illustrate a second construction step of the treatment elements in FIG. 12,
FIG. 15 shows a construction diagram to illustrate a third construction step of the treatment elements in FIG. 12,
FIG. 16 shows a vertical cross section according to FIG. 3 with treatment elements according to a fifth embodiment,
FIG. 17 shows a vertical cross section in accordance with FIG. 3 with treatment elements according to a sixth embodiment,
FIG. 18 shows a vertical cross section according to FIG. 3 with treatment elements according to a seventh embodiment,
FIG. 19 shows a vertical cross section according to FIG. 3 with treatment elements according to an eighth embodiment,
FIG. 20 shows a vertical cross section according to FIG. 3 with treatment elements according to a ninth embodiment,
FIG. 21 shows a vertical cross section according to FIG. 3 with treatment elements according to a tenth embodiment,
FIG. 22 shows a vertical cross section according to FIG. 3 with treatment elements according to an eleventh embodiment,
FIG. 23 shows a vertical cross section according to FIG. 3 with treatment elements according to a twelfth embodiment,
FIG. 24 shows a vertical cross section according to FIG. 3 with treatment elements according to a thirteenth embodiment,
FIG. 25 shows a vertical cross section according to FIG. 3 with treatment elements according to a fourteenth embodiment,
FIG. 26 shows a vertical cross section according to FIG. 3 with two-threaded treatment elements according to a fifteenth embodiment,
FIG. 27 shows a construction diagram to illustrate the construction steps of the treatment elements in FIG. 26,
FIG. 28 shows a vertical cross section according to FIG. 3, with two-threaded treatment elements according to a sixteenth embodiment,
FIG. 29 shows a vertical cross section according to FIG. 3, with two-threaded treatment elements according to a seventeenth embodiment,
FIG. 30 shows a vertical cross section according to FIG. 3, with three-threaded treatment elements according to an eighteenth embodiment,
FIG. 31 shows a vertical cross section according to FIG. 3, with single-threaded treatment elements according to a nineteenth embodiment,
FIG. 32 shows a construction diagram to illustrate the construction steps of the treatment elements of FIG. 31,
FIG. 33 shows a vertical cross section according to FIG. 3, with single-threaded treatment elements according to a twentieth embodiment,
FIG. 34 shows a construction diagram to illustrate the construction steps of the treatment elements in FIG. 33, and
FIG. 35 shows a vertical cross section according to FIG. 28, with eccentrically arranged treatment elements according to a twenty first embodiment.
A first embodiment of the invention will be described below with reference to FIGS. 1 to 8. A two-shaft worm machine 1 configured as a two-shaft extruder has a housing 2 consisting of a plurality of housing portions 3, 4, 5, 6 arranged one behind the other and designated housing sections. Configured in the housing 2 are a first housing bore 7 and a second housing bore 8 penetrating the latter, the associated axes 9, 10 of which run parallel to one another. In the penetration region of the housing bores 7, 8, the housing portions 3 to 6 have an upper first interstice 11 and a correspondingly configured lower second interstice 12.
Shafts 13, 14, which can be rotatably driven by a drive motor 15, are arranged in the housing bores 7, 8 concentrically with respect to the respectively associated axis 9, 10. A branch gearing 16 is arranged between the shafts 13, 14 and the drive motor 15, a clutch 17 being in turn arranged between the drive motor 15 and the branch gearing 16. The shafts 13, 14 are driven in the same direction, in other words in the same rotational directions 18, 19 about the axes 9, 10. The axes 9, 10 are accordingly also designated rotational axes.
Arranged on the first housing portion 3 adjacent to the branch gearing 16 is a material feed 20 in the form of a funnel, through which plastics material to be prepared or processed can be fed into the housing bores 7, 8. The material is conveyed in a conveying direction 21 from the first housing portion 3 to the last housing portion 6 through the housing 2 and leaves the worm machine 1, for example, through a nozzle plate 22 closing off the housing 2.
The worm machine 1, one behind the other in the conveying direction 21, has a feed zone 23, a melting zone 24, a mixing zone 25 and a pressure build-up zone 26. Arranged on the shafts 13, 14 configured as toothed shafts are—one behind the other in the conveying direction 21—respectively associated with one another pair-wise, first worm elements 27, 28, first kneading elements 29, 30, second kneading elements 31, 32 and second worm elements 33, 34, in each case as treatment elements. Both the worm elements 27, 28, 33, 34 and the kneading elements 29, 30, 31, 32 mesh with one another, in other words are configured to be tightly meshing. The worm elements 27, 28 arranged next to one another pair-wise in each case form a first treatment element group 35. Accordingly, the kneading elements 29, 30 or 31, 32 and the worm elements 33, 34, in each case pair-wise, form further treatment element groups 36, 37 and 38.
A treatment element group 37 consisting of the kneading elements 31, 32 will be described in detail below with the aid of FIGS. 3 to 8. Only one treatment element group is shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 for reasons of clarity. The kneading elements 31, 32 of the following treatment element groups 37, for example, have an offset angle about the respective longitudinal axis M of 30°. The kneading elements 31, 32 are configured to be single-threaded and congruent with respect to one another. This means that the kneading elements 31, 32 can be made congruent by displacement and/or rotation about their respective longitudinal axis M1 or M2. The longitudinal axes M1 and M2 are concentric with respect to the associated rotational axes 9, 10 of the shafts 13, 14. In a cross sectional plane running perpendicular to the longitudinal axes M1, M2, the kneading elements 31, 32 in each case have an outer contour A1(φ), A2(φ) running about the associated longitudinal axis M1, M2, wherein φ is the angle about the respective longitudinal axis M1, M2 and is between 0≦φ≦360°. As the kneading elements 31, 32 are congruent with one another, their outer contours A1(φ) and A2(φ) are identical. Inasmuch as it is unimportant to distinguish the outer contours A1(φ) and A2(φ) below and the longitudinal axes M1 and M2, these are designated together by A(φ) or M.
The outer contours A(φ) have, relative to their respective longitudinal axis M, which serve as centre points, a minimum core radius Ri and a maximum outer radius Ra. The outer radius Ra is smaller by a radial play <Sr> than the inner radius Rb of the housing bores 7, 8. As the kneading elements 31, 32 are configured to be tightly meshing, the sum of the core radius Ri and the outer radius Ra substantially equals the axial spacing a of the rotational axes 9, 10. This substantially means that a slight axial retraction b is disregarded. If this is taken into account, the sum of the core radius Ri and the outer radius Ra is equal to the difference of the axial spacing a and axial retraction b. The axial retraction b is disregarded below.
The construction of the outer contours A(φ) and their course will be described in detail below. The outer contours A(φ) have a spacing DA(φ) from their longitudinal axis M, in each case, for which there applies in each case: Ri≦DA(φ)≦Ra. The outer contours A(φ) have a crest A(ΔφK), a base A(ΔG) and two flanks A(ΔφF1) and A(ΔφF2). The angle portions ΔφK, ΔφG and ΔφF are designated the crest angle, base angle and flank angle. This is illustrated in FIG. 8.
The first flank A(ΔφF1) is composed of a first outer contour portion A(Δφ1) with an angle portion Δφ1 and a transition portion A(ΔφT) with a transition angle ΔφT and forms an active flank of the kneading element 31, 32 in the respective rotational direction 18, 19. The second flank A(ΔφF2) corresponds to a second outer contour portion A(Δφ2) with an angle portion Δφ2 and forms a passive flank of the kneading element 31, 32 lying counter to the respective rotational direction 18, 19. The outer contour portions A(Δφ1) and A(Δφ2) have a continuously changing distance DA(Δφ1) and DA(Δφ2) from the respective longitudinal axis M, for which in each case Ri<DA(Δφ)> Ra. This is illustrated in FIG. 7.
The outer contour portions A(Δφ1) and A(Δφ2) have an associated evolute E, which is a quantity of three points P(i), wherein i=1 to 3. The points P(i) lie outside the respective longitudinal axis M and inside the outer radius Ra.
The construction of the outer contour portions A(Δφ1) and A(Δφ2) is illustrated in FIG. 6. To speak figuratively with respect to the construction thereof, a notional rod with the length of the axial spacing a is unwound on the evolute E, the first rod end defining the first outer contour portion A(Δφ1) of one kneading element 31 and the second rod end defining the second outer contour portion A(Δφ92) of the other kneading element 32 and vice versa. In other words, the notional rod is unrolled on a polygon course formed by the point P (1) to P(3), wherein the rod ends lie on the core radius Ri or the outer radius Ra at the beginning. The unrolling is ended when the rod end originally lying on the core radius Ri impinges on the outer radius Ra. Unrolling is taken to mean that the notional rod is rotated about the point P(1) until the rod impinges on the next point of the polygon course, in other words on P(2). The notional rod is then rotated about the point P(2), until the rod impinges on the next point, in other words P(3). The notional rod is then rotated about the point P(3) until the rod end impinges on the outer radius Ra. This unrolling is illustrated in FIG. 6, the notional rod being shown in individual positions while the unwinding is shown by dashed lines.
The outer contour portions A(Δφ1) and A(Δφ2) are therefore formed by three circular arcs, the associated centre points of which are the points P(1) to P(3). Adjacent points of the points P(1) to P(3) have a constant spacing Δr(i)=Δr from one another. This means that the radii of adjacent circular arcs, which are also called involute curves E′(1) to E′(3), differ by the spacing Δr(i)=Δr. The spacing Δr is less than Ri and less than Ri/2. In particular, the spacing Δr may also be smaller than Ri/4, in particular smaller than Ri/6, and, in particular, smaller than Ri/8. The circular arcs belonging to the points P(1) to P(3) have constant angles αt centre Δε(i)=Δε. The angles αt centre Δε(i)=Δε are less than 60°. In particular, the angle at centre Δε can also be smaller than 45° and in particular smaller than 30°.
Because of the constant spacings Δr and the constant angles αt centre Δε, the points P(1) to P(3) lie on a continuous and differentiable curve in the form of a circle, which has a direction of curvature remaining the same.
FIG. 7 illustrates the further construction of the first flank portion A(ΔφF1). The first flank portion A(ΔφF1) is composed of the first outer contour portion A(Δφ1) and the transition portion A(ΔφT) with the transition angle ΔφT. The transition portion A(ΔφT) is a circular arc about the centre point MT with the transition radius RT. The centre point MT is produced from the contact point of the outer radius Ra and the second outer contour portion A(Δφ2). The transition radius RT corresponds to the axial spacing a. To speak figuratively, the notional rod with the length of the axial spacing a—once the rod end impinges on the outer radius Ra—is pivoted about this contact point, in other words about the centre point MT, until the rod crosses the longitudinal axis M. The movable rod end then comes to rest on the core radius Ri.
FIG. 8 illustrates the construction of the crest A(ΔφK) and the base A(ΔφG). The crest A(ΔφK) is a circular arc with the longitudinal axis M as the centre point and a radius corresponding to the outer radius Ra. The base A(ΔφG) is also a circular arc with the longitudinal axis M as the centre point and a radius corresponding to the core radius Ri. To speak figuratively, the notional rod, once this has impinged on the longitudinal axis M, is rotated about the latter, until the rod ends again impinge on their starting points. The crest angle ΔφK therefore corresponds to the base angle ΔφG
As the rod ends in each case define one of the outer contours A1(φ) or A2(φ), the process described has to be repeated again in order to define the complete outer contour A1(φ) or A2(φ) for each of the kneading elements 31, 32. Because of the fact that the outer contour portions A(Δφ1) and A(Δφ2) are formed on a common evolute E or have a common evolute E, the outer contours A1(φ) and A2(φ) resulting from the construction process are congruent. This means that the construction process described above does not have to be repeated for this special case, as both kneading elements 31, 32 are already constructed thereby.
The outer contour portions A(Δφ1) and A(Δφ2) are curved over their respective angle portions Δφ1 and Δφ2 and have no straight part portions. Moreover, the outer contours A1(φ) or A2(φ) have a uniform direction of curvature.
As can be seen from FIGS. 3 and 4, the evolutes E which are the same and associated with the kneading elements 31, 32 can be moved into one another by a linear displacement by the axial spacing a in the direction thereof. The sum of the spacings of the evolutes E or the curves, on which the points P(i) of the evolutes E lie, from the contact point B in the direction of the axial spacing a in each rotational position is substantially equal to the axial spacing a, whereby the kneading elements 31, 32 are tightly meshing.
The wedge Ka between the inner contour of the housing bores 7, 8 and the active flank A(ΔφF1) and the corresponding wedge Kp between the inner contour of the passive flank A(ΔφF2) can be flexibly adjusted in the kneading elements 31, 32 according to the invention, whereby the shear and/or extensional flows can be optimally adapted to the plastic material to be processed. The active angle αa of intersection of the crest A(ΔφK) and the active flank A(ΔφF1) is 0°. The passive angle αp of intersection of the crest A(ΔφK) and the passive flank A(ΔφF2) is greater than 0°.
Since the spacing of the evolutes E of the kneading elements 31, 32 in every rotational position corresponds to the axial spacing a, the kneading elements 31, 32 are tightly meshing and have a common tangent in their respective contact point B.
A second embodiment of the invention will be described below with reference to FIG. 9. In contrast to the previous embodiment, the treatment elements 31a, 32a are configured as worm elements. The outer contours A1(φ) and A2(φ) correspond to the first embodiment, wherein the latter are screwed along the respective rotational axis 9, 10 with a constant and continuous function. With regard to the further mode of functioning, reference is made to the first embodiment.
A third embodiment of the invention will be described below with reference to FIGS. 10 and 11. The kneading elements 31b and 32b are neither congruent with respect to one another nor symmetrical. The kneading elements 31b, 32b in each case have two evolutes wherein j=1 and 2. Each of the evolutes Ej is a quantity of 3 points Pj(i) wherein I=1 to 3. The first evolute E1 is a polygon course formed from the points P1(1) to P1(3), adjacent points of the points P1(1) to P1(3) having different spacings Δr(i). The second evolute E2 corresponds to that of the first embodiment. The outer contour portions A1(Δφ11) and A2(Δφ12) are formed by unwinding the notional rod at the first evolute E1. In accordance with the first embodiment, the transition portion A1(ΔφT1) is then formed by pivoting the notional rod about the centre point MT1. By rotating the notional rod about the centre point M, the crest A2(ΔφK2) and the base A1(ΔφG1) are then formed in accordance with the first embodiment.
A further half rotation of the notional rod now follows. The notional rod is firstly unwound on the second evolute E2, so the outer contour portions A1(Δφ21) and A2(Δφ22) are formed. By pivoting the notional rod about the centre point MT2, the transition portion A2(ΔφT2) is then formed analogously to the first embodiment. By rotating the notional rod about the centre point M, the base A2(ΔφG2) and the crest A1(ΔφK1) are formed and the outer contours A1(φ) and A2(φ) are closed. The outer contour portions A1(Δφ11) and A2(Δφ12) are therefore produced on the evolute E1, whereas the outer contour portions A1(Δφ21) and A2(Δφ22) are produced on the evolute E2 that is different therefrom. Accordingly, the wedges Ka1 and Ka2 or the wedges Kp1 and Kp2 and the angles Δa1 and Δa2 of intersection or the angles Δp1 and Δp2 of intersection are also configured differently. With regard to the further mode of functioning and construction, reference is made to the previous examples.
A fourth embodiment of the invention will be described below with reference to FIGS. 12 to 15. In contrast to the previous examples, the evolute E is a continuous and differentiable curve in the form of a circular arc about the centre point ME. Viewed mathematically, this evolute E can be formed in that a limit transition toward zero is carried out for the angle at centre Δε in accordance with the first embodiment. The spacing Δr of the points P(i) then passes into the arc length ds and the angle at centre Δε passes into the change of the tangent direction dε. The evolute E therefore has the radius of curvature RE=ds/ds. The evolute E is therefore a circular arc with an infinite number of points P(i), wherein i=1 to ∞ in the limit transition. The construction of the flanks A(ΔφF1) and A(ΔφF2) according to FIGS. 13 and 14 takes place in accordance with the first embodiment, wherein the evolute E—as already stated—is a circular arc. As the outer contour portions A(Δφ1) and A(Δφ2) have the same evolute E, the kneading elements 31c and 32c are congruent with respect to one another. The kneading elements 31c and 32c are, however, non-symmetrical. The active angle of intersection αa=0°. Accordingly, the passive angle of intersection αp>0°. The wedges Ka and Kp can thus be flexibly adapted to the plastics material to be processed. With regard to the further mode of functioning and construction, reference is made to the previous embodiments.
A fifth embodiment of the invention will be described below with reference to FIG. 16. The kneading elements 31d and 32d are configured in accordance with the fourth embodiment and have an evolute E, which is a continuous and differentiable curve in the form of a circular arc. The ratio of the outer radius Ra to the core radius Ri equals 1.55. The crest angle ΔφK=20° and the active angle of intersection αa=0°. The passive angle of intersection αp>0°. The associated wedges Ka and Kp can thus be flexibly adapted to the plastics material to be processed. Reference is made to the preceding examples with regard to the further mode of functioning and construction.
A sixth embodiment of the invention will be described below with reference to FIG. 17. The kneading elements 31e and 32e are configured in accordance with the fourth embodiment and have an evolute E, which is a continuous and differentiable curve in the form of a circular arc. The ratio of the outer radius Ra to the core radius Ri equals 1.55. The crest angle ΔφK=80°. The active angle of intersection αa=0°. The passive angle of intersection αp>0°. The associated wedges Ka and Kp can thus be flexibly adapted to the plastics material to be processed. With regard to the further mode of functioning and construction, reference is made to the previous embodiments.
A seventh embodiment of the invention will be described below with reference to FIG. 18. The kneading elements 31f and 32f are configured in accordance with the fourth embodiment and have an evolute E, which is a continuous and differentiable curve in the form of a circular arc. The ratio of the outer radius Ra to the core radius Ri equals 1.55. The crest angle Δφk=20°. The active angle of intersection associated with the active flank A(ΔφF1) is αa=15°. The passive angle of intersection associated with the passive flank A(ΔφF2) is αp=20°. The associated wedges Ka and Kp can thus be flexibly adapted to the plastics material to be processed. With regard to the further mode of functioning and construction, reference is made to the previous embodiments.
An eighth embodiment of the invention will be described below with reference to FIG. 19. The kneading elements 31g and 32g are configured in accordance with the fourth embodiment and have an evolute E, which is a continuous and differentiable curve in the form of a circular arc. The ratio of the outer radius Ra to the core radius Ri equals 1.55. The crest angle ΔφK=20°. The active angle of intersection associated with the active flank A(ΔφF1) is αa=5°. The passive angle of intersection associated with the passive flank A(ΔφF2) is αp=10°. The associated wedges Ka and Kp can thus be flexibly adapted to the plastics material to be processed. With regard to the further mode of functioning and construction, reference is made to the previous embodiments.
A ninth embodiment of the invention will be described below with reference to FIG. 20. The kneading elements 31h and 32h are configured in accordance with the fourth embodiment and have an evolute E, which is a continuous and differentiable curve in the form of a circular arc. The ratio of the outer radius Ra to the core radius Ri equals 1.55. The crest angle ΔφK=20°. The active associated angle of intersection αa=5°. The passive angle of intersection αp=20°. The associated wedges Ka and Kp can thus be flexibly adapted to the plastics material to be processed. With regard to the further mode of functioning and construction, reference is made to the previous embodiments.
A tenth embodiment of the invention will be described below with reference to FIG. 21. The kneading elements 31i and 32i are configured in accordance with the fourth embodiment and have an evolute E, which is continuous and differentiable curve in the form of a circular arc. The ratio of the outer radius Ra to the core radius Ri equals 1.55. The crest angle ΔφK=20°. The active angle of intersection αa=10°. The passive angle of intersection αp=10°. Because of the same angles αa and αp of intersection, the kneading elements 31i and 32i are congruent and symmetrical. The associated wedges Ka and Kp are configured the same. With regard to the further mode of functioning and construction, reference is made to the previous embodiments.
An eleventh embodiment of the invention will be described below with reference to FIG. 22. The kneading elements 31j and 32j are configured in accordance with the fourth embodiment and have an evolute E and a continuous and differentiable curve in the form of a circular arc. The ratio of the outer radius Ra to the core radius Ri equals 1.55. The crest angle ΔφK=0°. The crest A(ΔφK) therefore degenerates to a single point, the centre point MT. The angle αa of intersection associated with the active flank A(ΔφF1) is maximal. The angle αp of intersection associated with the passive flank A(ΔφF2) is also maximal. Because of the same angles αa and αp of intersection, the kneading elements 31j and 32j are congruent and symmetrical. The associated wedges Ka and Kp can thus be flexibly adapted to the plastics material to be processed. With regard to the further mode of functioning and construction, reference is made to the previous examples.
A twelfth embodiment of the invention will be described below with reference to FIG. 23. The kneading elements 31k and 32k are configured in accordance with the fourth embodiment and have an evolute E and a continuous and differentiable curve in the form of a circular arc. The ratio of the outer radius Ra to the core radius Ri equals 1.55. The crest angle ΔφK=100°. The active angle αa of intersection is maximal. The passive angle αp of intersection is also maximal. Because of the same angles αa and αp of intersection, the kneading elements 31k and 32k are congruent and symmetrical. The passive flank A(ΔφF2) is formed from the outer contour portion A(Δφ2) and a further transition portion A(ΔφT2), in contrast to the previous embodiments. The second transition portion A(ΔφT2) is produced as a circular arc about the centre point MT2 with the transition radius RT, which corresponds to the axial spacing a. The associated wedges Ka and Kp may thus be flexibly adapted to the plastics material to be processed. Reference is made to the previous embodiments with regard to the further mode of functioning and construction.
A thirteenth embodiment of the invention will be described below with reference to FIG. 24. The kneading elements 311 and 321 have two evolutes E1 and E2, which are configured in accordance with the fourth embodiment and are a continuous and differentiable curve in the form of a circular arc. The kneading elements 311 and 321 are accordingly not congruent, but symmetrical. The ratio of the outer radius Ra to the core radius Ri equals 1.55. The crest angle ΔφK=0°. The crest A(ΔφK) therefore degenerates to a single point, the centre point MT. The angles αa1 and αp1 and αa2 and αp2 of intersection are the same, so the same wedges Ka1 and Kp1 and Ka2 and Kp2 are produced. With regard to the further mode of functioning and construction reference is made to the previous embodiments.
A fourteenth embodiment of the invention will be described below with reference to FIG. 25. The kneading elements 31m and 32m have two evolutes E1 and E2, which are configured in accordance with the fourth embodiment and are a continuous and differentiable curve in the form of a circular arc. The kneading elements 31m and 32m are accordingly not congruent, but symmetrical. The ratio of the outer radius Ra to the core radius Ri equals 1.55. The crest angle ΔφK=120°. The angles αa1 and αp1 and αa2 and αp2 of intersection are the same, so the same wedges Ka1 and Kp1 and Ka2 and Kp2 are produced. The evolutes E1 and E2 have a common tangent T, so the outer contour portions A1(Δφ11) and A1(Δφ21) and A2(Δφ12) and A2(Δφ22) pass into one another in a continuous and differentiable manner. With regard to the further mode of functioning and construction, reference is made to the previous embodiments.
A fifteenth embodiment of the invention will be described below with reference to FIGS. 26 and 27. The kneading elements 31n and 32n are two-threaded. The kneading elements 31n and 32n have four evolutes E1 to E4, which are continuous and differentiable curves in the form of circular arcs. The kneading elements 31n and 32n are congruent. The outer contour A1(φ) of the kneading element 31n is composed of the outer contour portion A1(Δφ11) unwound on the evolute E1, the outer contour portion A1(Δφ21) unwound on the evolute E2, the transition portion A1(ΔφT11) about the centre point MT11, the outer contour portion A1(Δφ41) unwound on the evolute E3, the outer contour portion A1(Δφ41) unwound on the evolute E4 and the transition portion A1(ΔφT21) about the centre point MT21. The outer contour A2(φ2) of the kneading element 32n is produced with the aid of the evolutes E1 to E4 accordingly, wherein the transition portions A2(ΔφT12) and A2(ΔφT22) have the centre points MT12 and M22. The active angles αa1 and αa2 of intersection equal 0°. The passive angles αp1 and αp2 of intersection are the same and greater than 0°. Accordingly, the active wedges Ka1 and Ka2 and the passive wedges Kp1 and Kp2 are the same. With regard to the further mode of functioning and construction, reference is made to the previous embodiments.
A sixteenth embodiment of the invention will be described below with reference to FIG. 28. The kneading elements 31o and 32o are two-threaded in accordance with the fifteenth embodiment and have four evolutes E1 to E4 in the form of circular arcs. The kneading elements 31o and 32o are not congruent, but symmetrical. The outer contour A1(φ) of the treatment element 31o is composed of the outer contour portion A1(Δφ11) unwound on the evolute E1, the crest A1(ΔφK1) about the centre point M1, the outer contour portion A1(Δφ21) unwound on the evolute E2, the outer contour portion A1(Δφ31) unwound on the evolute E3, the crest A1(ΔφK2) about the centre point M1 and the outer contour portion A1(Δφ41) unwound on the evolute E4. The evolutes E2 and E3 and E1 and E4 in each case have a common tangent T1 and T2, so the outer contour portions A1(Δφ21) and A1(Δφ31) and A1(Δφ41) and A1(Δφ11) pass into one another in a continuous and differentiable manner. The outer contour A2(φ) of the treatment element 32o is formed in accordance with the evolutes E1 to E4, the outer contour portions A2(Δφ12) and A2(Δφ22) being connected by the base A2(ΔφG1) and the outer contour portions A2(Δφ32) and A2(Δφ42) by the base A2(ΔφG2). The active angle αa1 of intersection and the passive angle αp1 of intersection of the treatment element 310 are about 33°. The active angle αa2 of intersection and the passive angle αp2 of intersection of the treatment element 32o are 0°. Consequently, the wedges Ka1 and Kp1 are the same. The same applies to the wedges Ka2 and Kp2. With regard to the further mode of functioning and construction, reference is made to the previous embodiments.
With reference to FIG. 29, a seventeenth embodiment of the invention will be described below. The kneading elements 31p and 32p are two-threaded. The kneading elements 31p and 32p are not congruent, but symmetrical. The kneading elements 31p and 32p have four evolutes E1 to E4, which are, in each case, continuous and differentiable curves. The evolutes E1 to E4 form an asteroid, which can be described by the following equations:
x=c·(cos(t))n
y=d·(sin(t))n
with the factors c and d and the exponent n, wherein c>d and n=3. The outer contour A1(φ) of the kneading element 31p is composed of the outer contour portion A1(Δφ11) unwound on the evolute E1, the outer contour portion A1(Δφ21) unwound on the evolute E2, the outer contour portion A1(Δφ31) unwound on the evolute E3 and the outer contour portion A1(Δφ41) unwound on the evolute E4. The evolutes E1 to E4 in each case have, pair-wise, common tangents T1 to T4, so the outer contour portions A1(Δφ11) to A1(Δφ41) pass into one another in a continuous and differentiable manner. The outer contour A2(φ) of the kneading element 32p is comprised accordingly. The active angle αa1 of intersection and passive angle αp1 of intersection of the kneading element 31p are the same, so the wedges Ka1 and Kp1 are also the same. The same applies to the active angle αa2 of intersection and passive angle αp2 of intersection and the corresponding wedges Ka2 and Kp2 of the kneading element 32p. The angles αa2 and αp2 of intersection are, however, smaller than the angles αa1 and αp1 of intersection. The crests and bases of the kneading elements 31p and 32p are degenerated to single points. With regard to the further mode of functioning and construction, reference is made to the previous embodiments.
An eighteenth embodiment will be described below with reference to FIG. 30. The kneading elements 31q and 32q are triple-threaded. The kneading elements 31q and 32q are congruent and symmetrical. They have three evolutes E1 to E3, which are in each case continuous and differentiable curves and together form a tricuspid. The outer contour A1(φ) of the kneading element 31q is composed of the outer contour portion A1(Δφ11) unwound on the evolute E1, the outer contour portion A1(Δφ21) unwound on the evolute E2, the outer contour portion Δ1(Δφ31) unwound on the evolute E3 and the outer contour portions A1(Δφ41) to A1(Δφ61) formed with a corresponding unwinding process. As the evolutes E1 to E3 in each case have, pair-wise, a common tangent T1 to T3, the outer contour portions A1(Δφ11) to A1(Δφ61) pass into one another in a continuous and differentiable manner. The active angles αa1 and αa2 of intersection and the passive angles αp1 and αp2 of intersection are the same size, so corresponding wedges Ka1, Ka2, Kp1 and Kp2 are produced. The outer contour A2(φ) of the kneading element 32q is formed in accordance with the kneading element 31q. With regard to the further functioning and construction, reference is made to the previous embodiments.
A nineteenth embodiment of the invention will be described below with reference to FIGS. 31 and 32. The kneading elements 31r and 32r are single-threaded. They are congruent, but not symmetrical. The kneading elements 31r and 32r have an evolute E, which is a continuous and differentiable curve in the form of a spiral. The spiral can be described by the equation
ρ=k·tn
wherein ρ is the radius, k is a constant and t is the angle (in polar coordinates) of the spiral. The kneading elements 31r and 32r have a crest angle ΔφK=20°. The active angle of intersection αa=0°. The passive angle of intersection αp1>0°. The exponent n equals 2.5. The spiral-shaped evolute E is additionally rotated through 180°. With regard to the further mode of functioning and construction, reference is made to the previous embodiments, in particular the fourth embodiment.
A twentieth embodiment of the invention will be described below with reference to FIGS. 33 and 34. The kneading elements 31s and 32s are single-threaded and not congruent. The kneading elements 31s and 32s have two evolutes E1 and E2, which in each case form a continuous and differentiable curve in the form of a spiral. The crest angle ΔφK=20°. Accordingly, the base angle ΔφG=20°. The active angle of intersection αa1=20°. The active angle of intersection αa2 equals 10°. The exponent n=1.0. The spiral evolutes E1 and E2 are rotated through 120° and 100°. With regard to the further mode of functioning and construction, reference is made to the previous examples, in particular the third and nineteenth embodiments.
A twenty-first embodiment of the invention will be described below with reference to FIG. 35. The kneading elements 31t and 32t are configured in accordance with the sixteenth embodiment. In contrast to the previous embodiments, the kneading elements 31t and 32t with their longitudinal axes M1 and M2 are arranged eccentrically with respect to the associated rotational axes 9 and 10. The longitudinal axes M1 and M2 therefore have a spacing e from the associated rotational axes 9 and 10, which characterizes the eccentricity. Because of the eccentric arrangement, the shape of the wedges Ka1 and Kp1 or wedges Ka2 and Kp2 and the size of the angles αa1 and αp1 or αa2 and αp2 of intersection depend on the rotational position of the kneading elements 31t and 32t. The spacing e along the rotational axes 9, 10 may be constant or vary. Moreover, the angle at which the kneading elements 31t and 32t are eccentrically moved out may be constant or vary. With regard to the further mode of functioning, reference is made to the previous embodiments. In particular, the treatment elements 31, 32 to 31s, 32s described in the previous embodiments may also be eccentrically arranged in accordance with the twenty first embodiment.
Patent Application
20120320702
