Patent Grant
8043650
This invention generally relates to compositions and processes for cleaning or sanitizing animal carcasses during meat packing or preparation. More specifically, this invention relates to antimicrobial compositions and processes for cleaning and sanitizing animal carcasses trough direct contact between the carcass and the treatment. The nature of the contact between the carcass and the antimicrobial compositions improves antimicrobial properties. The compositions and methods reduce microbial populations and do not affect the appearance, smell or taste of the carcass meat.
The cleaning of carcasses in the preparation of any food product can be an unsanitary and time consuming task. Further, without a cleaning routine which follows an ordered process of steps to completely sanitize carcass meat, any number of problems may arise. Carcass meat may retain pathogens or infectious microbes (E. coli) or become increasingly more contaminated if viscera is allowed to rupture or is not properly removed. Further, incomplete cleaning of the carcass meat may also result in the presence of infectious microbes making the meat unsuitable for consumption.
PURAC® is a natural lactic acid produced by fermentation from sugar. It has a mild acid taste and is widely used in the food industry as an acidulant. PURAC® is an effective decontaminating agent for use with poultry, beef and pork carcasses and slaughter by-products. PURAC® is most effective at a use concentration of between 1 and 2 percent, and can be used at several different points in the slaughter line. Application immediately after hide removal reduces the amount of microorganisms entering subsequent processing steps, while treatments after evisceration and prior to chilling have the greatest residual effects. Mountney et al. also discuss the use of lactic acid to lower bacterial counts and otherwise preserve poultry in “Acids As Poultry Meat Preservatives” in Poultry Science, 44: 582, 1965. Blankenship et al. discussed the destruction of Salmonella contaminates on fajita chicken meat in “Efficacy of Acid Treatment Plus Freezing To Destroy Salmonella Contaminates Of Spice Coated Chicken Fajita Meat” in Poultry Science, Vol. 69, Supp., 1990, p. 20. Adams et al. discuss the use of propylene glycol, sodium lactate, and lactic acid in chill water to reduce salmonella contamination of processed broilers. (See, Effects of Various Chill Water Treatments on Incidents and Levels of Salmonella on Processed Carcasses, Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville). Izat et al. discuss the effects of lactic acid on commercial broiler carcasses in reducing salmonella counts in Poultry Science, Vol. 69, Supp. 1990, p. 152; Journal of Quality, Vol. 13, 1990 p. 295–306; and Journal of Food Protection, Vol. 52, No. 9, pp. 670–673, September 1989. Avens et al. discuss the pasteurization of turkey carcasses and the reduction of salmonella using lactic acid in Poultry Science, Vol. 51, 1972, p. 1781. Mulder et al. in 1987 Poultry Science 66:1555–1557 reports a study of treating broiler carcasses with lactic acid, 1-cysteine and hydrogen peroxide. The treatment with lactic acid and hydrogen peroxide resulted in a 4-log cycle reduction in colony forming units of Salmonella typhimurium. Nevertheless, use of lactic acid resulted in a slightly changed color of the carcasses and all the treatments with hydrogen peroxide resulted in bleached and bloated carcasses.
Although peroxycarboxylic acids are known to be used for cleaning and sanitizing equipment and other surfaces, they have not been reported for cleaning and sanitizing animal carcasses. Holzhauer et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,435,808, describes curing of animal hides with an acetic acid, peroxyacetic acid, hydrogen peroxide, and phosphoric acid combination. The heightened concerns of consumers over the organoleptic purity and safety of meat products, concerns over the environmental and organoleptic impact of many antimicrobial agents currently available, as well as the stringent economies of the meat and poultry industry have resulted in an ongoing need for carcass sanitizing compositions and processes which provide increased sanitization with organoleptic and environmental purity.
Accordingly the present invention, in a first aspect, provides a method of treating animal carcasses to obtain a reduction by at least one log10 in surface microbial population which method includes the step of treating said carcass with an antimicrobial composition comprising an effective antimicrobial amount comprising at least 2 parts per million (ppm, parts by weight per each one million parts) of one or more peroxycarboxylic acids having up to 12 carbon atoms and an effective antimicrobial amount comprising at least 20 ppm of one or more carboxylic acids having up to 18 carbon atoms to reduce the microbial population.
A second aspect of the invention is an antimicrobial composition adapted for cleaning and sanitizing animal carcasses which contains about 0.5 weight percent (wt-%) to about 20 wt-% of a mixture of one or more peroxycarboxylic acids having from 2–4 carbon atoms, and one or more peroxycarboxylic acids having from 8–12 carbon atoms, from about 0.5 wt-% to about 60 wt-% of an alpha-hydroxy mono or dicarboxylic acid having 3–6 carbon atoms, an effective amount of a sequestrant and an effective amount of a hydrotrope.
A third preferred aspect of the present invention is an antimicrobial composition adapted for treating animal carcasses consisting of a mixture of peroxyacetic and peroxyoctanoic acid in a ratio of about 10:1 to about 1:1, from about 0.1 to about 10 wt-% of lactic acid, from about 4 wt-% to about 10 wt-% of hydrogen peroxide and from about 0.5 wt-% to about 1.5 wt-% of a sequestering agent.
A fourth aspect of the present invention involves a method of treating an animal carcass to reduce a microbial population in resulting cut meat, the method comprising the steps of spraying an aqueous antimicrobial treatment composition onto said carcass at a pressure of at least 50 psi at a temperature of up to about 60° C. resulting in a contact time of at least 30 seconds, the antimicrobial composition comprising an effective antimicrobial amount comprising least 2 ppm of one or more carboxylic acid, peroxycarboxylic acid or mixtures thereof; and achieving at least a one log10 reduction in the microbial population.
A fifth aspect of the present invention involves a method of treating an animal carcass to reduce a microbial population in resulting cut meat, the method comprising the steps of placing the carcass in a chamber at atmospheric pressure; filling the chamber with condensing steam comprising an antimicrobial composition for a short duration; and quickly venting and cooling the chamber to prevent browning of the meat carcass; wherein the duration of the steam thermal process may be from about 5 seconds to about 30 seconds and the chamber temperature may reach from about 50° C. to about 93° C.
The antimicrobial composition can be applied in various ways to obtain intimate contact with each potential place of microbial contamination. For example, it can be sprayed on the carcasses, or the carcasses can be immersed in the composition. Additional methods include applying a foamed composition and a thickened or gelled composition. Vacuum and or light treatments can be included, if desired, with the application of the antimicrobial composition. Thermal treatment can also be applied, either pre-, concurrent with or post application of the antimicrobial composition. We have found a preferred spray method for treating carcasses with compositions of the invention involving spraying the carcass with an aqueous spray at a temperature less than about 60° C. at a pressure of about 50 to 500 psi gauge wherein the spray comprises an effective antimicrobial amount of a carboxylic acid, an effective antimicrobial amount of a peroxycarboxylic acid or mixtures thereof. These sprays can also contain an effective portion of a peroxy compound such as hydrogen peroxide and other ingredients such as sequestering agents, etc. We have found that the high pressure spray action of the aqueous treatment removes microbial populations by combining the mechanical action of the spray with the chemical action of the antimicrobial materials to result in a surprisingly improved reduction of such populations on the surface of the carcass. All pressures are psig (or psi gauge). Differentiation of antimicrobial “-cidal” or “-static” activity, the definitions which describe the degree of efficacy, and the official laboratory protocols for measuring this efficacy are important considerations for understanding the relevance of antimicrobial agents in compositions. Antimicrobial compositions may effect two kinds of microbial cell damages. The first is a truly lethal, irreversible action resulting in complete microbial cell destruction or incapacitation. The second type of cell damage is reversible, such that if the organism is rendered free of the agent, it can again multiply. The former is termed bacteriocidal and the latter, bacteriostatic. A sanitizer and a disinfectant are, by definition, agents which provide antibacterial or bacteriocidal activity and achieve at least a five fold reduction (i.e., a five log10 reduction) in microbial populations after a 30 second contact time (see AOAC method 960.09).
In contrast, a preservative is generally described as an inhibitor or bacteriostatic composition that simply retards growth in a reversible mode. For the purpose of this patent application, successful microbial reduction is achieved when the microbial populations are reduced by one log10. In this industry, the one log10 microbial population reduction is the minimum acceptable for the processes. Any increased reduction in microbial population is an added benefit that provides higher levels of protection for processed carcass meat.
The invention is a process for sanitizing animal carcasses through treatment with aqueous streams containing an antimicrobial composition. The dip or spray methods used for carcass cleaning as well as sanitizing animal carcasses generally include an effective antimicrobial concentration of one or more carboxylic acids and one or more peroxycarboxylic acids.
A. The Sanitizing Composition
The sanitizing composition used in the method of the invention generally contains one or more carboxylic acids and one or more peroxycarboxylic acids with a peroxygen compound such as H2O2. Typically, however, the composition contains one or more carboxylic acids, an oxidizer, and one or more peroxycarboxylic acids depending on equilibrium. Commonly, the peroxycarboxylic acid material can be made by oxidizing a carboxylic acid directly to the peroxycarboxylic acid material which is then solubilized in the aqueous rinse agent compositions of the invention. Further, the materials can be made by combining the unoxidized acid with a peroxygen compound such as hydrogen peroxide to generate the peracid in situ prior to blending the peroxycarboxylic acid with other constituents. The compositions of the invention comprises blends of the carboxylic acid and percarboxylic acid along with other components including a peroxy source such as hydrogen peroxide. Once blended and applied the compositions can change due to interactions between the blended materials and due to interactions in the use locus. For example, the salt component can exchange and become associated with free acids and the peroxy source can oxidize oxidizable materials. The anti-microbial properties arise from the blend of an acid material and a peracid material. The modification post blending and application do not change the invention.
A carboxylic acid is an organic acid (R—COOH) which contains an aliphatic group and one or more carboxyl groups. A carboxyl group is represented by —COOH, and is usually located at a terminal end of the acid. The aliphatic group can be a substituted or unsubstituted group. Common aliphatic substituents include —OH, —OR, —NO2, halogen, and other substituents common on these groups. An example of a simple carboxylic acid is acetic acid, which has the formula CH3COOH. A peroxycarboxylic acid is a carboxylic acid which has been oxidized to contain a terminal —COOOH-group. The term peroxy acid is often used to represent a peroxycarboxylic acid. An example of a simple peroxy acid is peroxyacetic acid, which has the formula CH3COOOH.
Generally when the peroxycarboxylic acid is formulated in accordance with the invention a monocarboxylic acid, such as acetic acid, is combined with an oxidizer such as hydrogen peroxide. The result of this combination is a reaction producing a peroxycarboxylic acid, such as peroxyacetic acid, and water. The reaction follows an equilibrium in accordance with the following equation:
H2O2+CH3COOH≈CH3COOOH+H2O
The importance of the equilibrium results from the presence of hydrogen peroxide, the carboxylic acid and the peroxycarboxylic acid in the same composition at the same time. Because of this equilibrium, a mixture of carboxylic acid and peroxycarboxylic acid can be combined in water without adding hydrogen peroxide. If permitted to approach equilibrium, the mixture will evolve hydrogen peroxide. This combination provides enhanced sanitizing with none of the deleterious environmental or organoleptic effects of other sanitizing agents, additives, or compositions.
The first constituent of the composition used in the method of the invention includes one or more carboxylic acids. Generally, carboxylic acids have the formula R—COOH wherein the R may represent any number of different groups including aliphatic groups, alicyclic groups, aromatic groups, heterocyclic groups, all of which may be saturated or unsaturated. Carboxylic acids also occur having one, two, three, or more carboxyl groups. Aliphatic groups can be further differentiated into three distinct classes of hydrocarbons. Alkanes (or paraffins) are saturated hydrocarbons. Alkenes (or olefins) are unsaturated hydrocarbons which contain one or more double bonds and alkynes (or acetylenes) are unsaturated hydrocarbons containing one or more highly reactive triple bonds. Alicyclic groups can be further differentiated into three distinct classes of cyclic hydrocarbons. Cycloparaffins are saturated cyclic hydrocarbons. Cycloolefins are unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbons which contain one or more double bonds while cycloacetylenes are unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbons containing one or more highly reactive triple bonds. Aromatic groups are defined as possessing the unsaturated hydrocarbon ring structure representative of benzene. Heterocyclic groups are defined as 5 or 6 member ring structures wherein one or more of the ring atoms are not carbon. An example is pyridine, which is essentially a benzene ring with one carbon atom replaced with a nitrogen atom.
Carboxylic acids have a tendency to acidify aqueous compositions in which they are present as the hydrogen atom of the carboxyl group is active and may appear as a cation. The carboxylic acid constituent within the present composition when combined with aqueous hydrogen peroxide generally functions as an antimicrobial agent as a result of the presence of the active hydrogen atom. Moreover, the carboxylic acid constituent within the invention maintains the composition at an acidic pH. The composition of the invention can utilize carboxylic acids containing as many as 18 carbon atoms. Examples of suitable carboxylic acids include formic, acetic, propionic, butanoic, pentanoic, hexanoic, heptanoic, octanoic, nonanoic, decanoic, undecanoic, dodecanoic, lactic, maleic, ascorbic, citric, hydroxyacetic, neopentanoic, neoheptanoic, neodecanoic, oxalic, malonic, succinic, glutaric, adipic, pimelic and subric acid.
Carboxylic acids which are generally useful are those having one or two carboxyl groups where the R group is a primary alkyl chain having a length of C2 to C5 and which are freely water soluble. The primary alkyl chain is that carbon chain of the molecule having the greatest length of carbon atoms and directly appending carboxyl functional groups. Especially useful are mono- and dihydroxy substituted carboxylic acids including alpha-hydroxy substituted carboxylic acid. A preferred carboxylic acid is acetic acid, which produces peroxyacetic acid to increase the sanitizing effectiveness of the materials. Acetic acid has the structure of the formula:
An especially preferred α-hydroxy-monocarboxylic acid is lactic acid, also known as 2-hydroxypropionic acid, which is a naturally occurring organic acid. Lactic acid has a molecular weight of 90.08 and is soluble in water, alcohol, acetone, ether and glycerol. Lactic acid occurs naturally and may be produced by fermentation. Alternatively, lactic acid may be synthesized.
Lactic acid has the structure of the formula
The concentration of α-hydroxy-mono-or di-carboxylic acid useful in the present invention generally ranges from about 0.5 wt-% to about 60 wt-%, preferably about 1 wt-% to about 20 wt-%, and most preferably from about 2 wt-% to about 10 wt-%. This concentration range of lactic acid is preferred for reasons of optimal acidity within the composition, as well as for the optimal antimicrobial efficacy which it brings to the antimicrobial system.
Reducing the concentration of lactic acid in comparison to any given concentration of hydrogen peroxide will essentially reduce the antimicrobial activity of the composition. Moreover, reducing the concentration of lactic acid may result in an increase in the pH of the composition and accordingly raise the potential for decreased antimicrobial activity. In sharp contrast, increasing the concentration of lactic acid within the present composition may tend to increase the antimicrobial activity of the composition. Furthermore, increasing the concentration of lactic acid in the composition of the present invention will tend to decrease the pH of the composition. Preferably, the pH of the present composition will be 4 or less with a generally preferred pH in the composition being between 1.5 and 3.75, and a pH between about 2 and 3.5 being most preferred.
Generally, the concentration of carboxylic acid within the composition used in the process of the invention ranges from about 0.5 wt-% to about 60 wt-%, preferably from about 10 wt-% to about 60 wt-%, and most preferably from about 20 wt-% to about 50 wt-%.
Another principle component of the antimicrobial composition of the invention is an oxidized carboxylic acid. This oxidized or peroxycarboxylic acid provides heightened antimicrobial efficacy when combined with hydrogen peroxide and the monocarboxylic acid in an equilibrium reaction mixture. Peroxycarboxylic acids generally have the formula R(CO3H)n, where R is an alkyl, arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, aromatic or heterocyclic group, and n is one or two and named by prefixing the parent acid with peroxy. An alkyl group is a paraffinic hydrocarbon group which is derived from an alkane by removing one hydrogen from the formula. The hydrocarbon group may be either linear or branched, having up to 12 carbon atoms. Simple examples include methyl (CH3) and ethyl (CH2CH3). An arylalkyl group contains both aliphatic and aromatic structures. A cycloalkyl group is defined as a cyclic alkyl group.
While peroxycarboxylic acids are not very stable, their stability generally increases with increasing molecular weight. Thermal decomposition of these acids may generally proceed by free radical and nonradical paths, by photodecomposition or radical-induced decomposition, or by the action of metal ions or complexes. Peroxycarboxylic acids may be made by the direct, acid catalyzed equilibrium action of 30–98 wt-% hydrogen peroxide with the carboxylic acid, by autoxidation of aldehydes, or from acid chlorides, acid anhydrides, or carboxylic anhydrides with hydrogen or sodium peroxide.
Peroxycarboxylic acids useful in this invention include peroxyformic, peroxyacetic, peroxypropionic, peroxybutanoic, peroxypentanoic, peroxyhexanoic, peroxyheptanoic, peroxyoctanoic, peroxynonanoic, peroxydecanoic, peroxyundecanoic, peroxydodecanoic, peroxylactic, peroxymaleic, peroxyascorbic, peroxyhydroxyacetic, peroxyoxalic, peroxymalonic, peroxysuccinic, peroxyglutaric, peroxyadipic, peroxypimelic and peroxysubric acid and mixtures thereof. These peroxycarboxylic acids have been found to provide good antimicrobial action with good stability in aqueous streams. In a preferred embodiment, the composition of the invention utilizes a combination of several different peroxycarboxylic acids. Preferably, the composition includes one or more small C2–C4 peroxycarboxylic acids and one or more large C8–C12 peroxycarboxylic acids. Especially preferred is an embodiment in which the small peroxycarboxylic acid is peroxyacetic acid and the large acid is either peroxyoctanoic acid or peroxydecanoic acid.
Peroxyacetic acid is a peroxycarboxylic acid with a structure as given the formula:
wherein the peroxy group, —O—O—, is considered a high energy bond. Generally, peroxyacetic acid is a liquid having an acrid odor and is freely soluble in water, alcohol, ether, and sulfuric acid. Peroxyacetic acid may be prepared through any number of means known to those of skill in the art including preparation from acetaldehyde and oxygen in the presence of cobalt acetate. A 50% solution of peroxyacetic acid may be obtained by combining acetic anhydride, hydrogen peroxide and sulfuric acid. Other methods of formulation of peroxyacetic acid include those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 2,833,813, which is incorporated herein by reference.
Peroxyoctanoic acid has the structure of the formula:
Peroxydecanoic acid has the structure of the formula:
The preferred peroxycarboxylic acid materials of the invention can be used to increase the sanitizing effectiveness of the materials. When a blended acid is used, the peroxycarboxylic acid is blended in proportions that range from about 10:1 to about 1:1 parts of C2–C4 peroxycarboxylic acid per part of C8–C12 peroxycarboxylic acid. Preferably, peroxyacetic acid is used at a ratio of about 8 parts per part of peroxyoctanoic acid.
The above sanitizer material can provide antibacterial activity to the rinse aid sanitizers of the invention against a wide variety of microorganisms such as gram positive (for example, Staphylococcus aureus) and gram negative (for example, Escherichia coli) microorganisms, yeast, molds, bacterial spores, viruses, etc. When combined, the above peroxy acids can have enhanced activity compared to the low molecular weight peroxy acids alone.
Generally, the concentration of peroxycarboxylic acid within the composition used in the process of the invention ranges from about 0.5 wt-% to about 20 wt-%, preferably from about 2 wt-% to about 15 wt-%, and most preferably from about 4 wt-% to about 12 wt-%.
The composition used in the method of the invention also includes an oxidizer. Any number of oxidizers may be used as a precursor to the formation of a peroxycarboxylic acid as well as to provide further physical effervescent or agitation action to the composition of the invention. Preferably, the antimicrobial composition of the invention contains hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) has a molecular weight of 34.014 and it is a weakly acidic, clear, colorless liquid. The four atoms are covalently bonded in a non-polar structure:
Generally, hydrogen peroxide has a melting point of −0.41° C., a boiling point of 150.2° C., a density at 25° C. of 1.4425 grams per cm3, and a viscosity of 1.245 centipoise at 20° C.
Hydrogen peroxide in combination with the carboxylic acid and peroxycarboxylic acid provides a surprising level of antimicrobial action against microorganisms, even in the presence of high loadings of organic sediment Additionally, hydrogen peroxide provides an effervescent action which may irrigate any surface to which it is applied Hydrogen peroxide works with a mechanical flushing action once applied which further plains the surface of application. An additional advantage of hydrogen peroxide is the food compatibility of this composition upon use and decomposition. For example, combinations of peroxyacetic acid and hydrogen peroxide result in acetic acid, water, and oxygen upon decomposition. All of these constituents are food product compatible. Generally, the concentration of hydrogen peroxide within the composition used in the process of the invention ranges from about 1 wt-% to about 35 wt-%, preferably from about 2 wt-% to about 25 wt-%, and most preferably from about 5 wt-% to about 10 wt-%. This concentration of hydrogen peroxide is most preferred as providing optimal antimicrobial effect.
These concentrations of hydrogen peroxide may be increased or decreased while still remaining within the scope of the present invention. For example, increasing the concentration of hydrogen peroxide may increase the antimicrobial efficacy of the claimed invention. Furthermore, increasing the hydrogen peroxide concentration may reduce the need to stabilize the hydrogen peroxide within the composition. Specifically, increasing the hydrogen peroxide concentration in the composition may provide a composition which has extended shelf life.
In contrast, decreasing the concentration of hydrogen peroxide may decrease the antimicrobial efficacy of the composition and necessitate the use of an increased concentration of carboxylic acid. Moreover, decreasing the concentration of hydrogen peroxide may necessitate the use of some stabilizing agent to ensure that the composition of the present invention will remain stable and efficacious over the intended time period.
In all, altering the concentration of the oxidizing agent will effect the equilibrium mix of the peroxycarboxylic acid used in the invention.
The composition of the invention also includes a carrier. The carrier functions to provide a reaction medium for the solubilization of constituents and the production of peroxycarboxylic acid as well as a medium for the development of an equilibrium mixture of oxidizer, peroxycarboxylic acid, and carboxylic acid. The carrier also functions to deliver and wet the antimicrobial composition of the invention to the intended substrate. To this end, the carrier may contain any component or components which will facilitate the functions. Generally, the carrier consists of water which is an excellent solubilizer and medium for reaction and equilibrium. The carrier may also include any number of constituents such as various organic compounds which facilitate the functions provided above. Organic solvents which have been found useful include simple alkyl alcohols such as ethanol, isopropanol, n-propanol, and the like. Polyols are also useful carriers in accordance with the invention, including propylene glycol, polyethyleneglycol, glycerol, sorbitol, and the like. Any of these compounds may be used singly or in combination with other organic or inorganic constituents or, in combination with water or in mixtures thereof. Preferably, the carrier consists of from about 1 wt-% to about 60 wt-% of an organic solvent.
Generally, the carrier makes up a large portion of the composition of the invention and may essentially be the balance of the composition apart from the active antimicrobial composition adjuvants, and the like. Here again, the carrier concentration and type will depend upon the nature of the composition as a whole, the environmental storage and method of application including concentration of the antimicrobial agent, among other factors. Notably the carrier should be chosen and used at a concentration which does not inhibit the antimicrobial efficacy of the act in the composition of the invention.
B. Adjuvants
The composition of the invention may also optionally include any number of adjuvants which are stable in an oxidizing environment, and add beneficial properties of stability, sequestration, sheeting and rinsing, etc. These adjuvants may be preformulated with the sanitizing agent of the invention or added to the system simultaneously, or even after, the addition of the sanitizing agent of the invention.
The sanitizing agents of the invention may also contain a polyvalent metal complexing or chelating agent that aids in reducing the harmful effects of hardness components and service water and improves product stability. The typically harmful effects of calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese, etc., ions present in service water can interfere with the action of either the washing compositions or rinsing compositions or can tend to decompose the active peroxygen sanitizer materials. The chelating agent or sequestering agent can effectively complex and remove such ions from inappropriate interaction with active ingredients thus increasing sanitizing agent performance.
Both organic and inorganic chelating agents may be used. Inorganic chelating agents include such compounds as sodium tripolyphosphate and other higher linear and cyclic polyphosphate species. Organic chelating agents include both polymeric and small molecule chelating agents. Polymeric chelating agents commonly comprise polyanionic compositions such as polyacrylic acid compounds. Amino phosphates and phosphonates are also suitable for use as chelating agents in the compositions of the invention and include ethylene diamine (tetramethylene phosphonates), nitrilotrismethylene phosphates, diethylenetriamine (pentamethylene phosphonates). These amino phosphonates commonly contain alkyl or alkaline groups with less than 8 carbon atoms.
Preferred chelating agents for use in this invention include improved food additive chelating agents such as disodium salts of ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid or the well known phosphonates sold in the form of DEQUEST® materials, for example, 1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid, etc. The phosphonic acid may also comprise a low molecular weight phosphonopolycarboxylic acid such as one having about 2–4 carboxylic acid moieties and about 1–3 phosphonic acid groups. Such acids include 1-phosphono-1-methylsuccinic acid, phosphonosuccinic acid and 2-phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid. Another organic phosphonic acid is (CH3C(PO3H2)2OH), available from Monsanto Industrial Chemicals Co., St Louis, Mo., as DEQUEST® 2010, (which is a 58–62% aqueous solution; amino (tri(methylenephosphonic acid)] (N[CH2PO3H2]3), available from Monsanto as DEQUEST® 2000, as a 50% aqueous solution; ethylenediamine [tetra(methylenephosphonic acid)] available from Monsanto as DEQUEST® 2041, as a 90% solid acid product; and 2-phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid available from Mobay Chemical Corporation, Inorganic Chemicals Division, Pittsburgh, Pa., as Bayhibit AM, as a 45–50% aqueous solution.
The above-mentioned phosphonic acids can also be used in the form of water soluble acid salts, particularly the alkali metal salts, such as sodium or potassium; the ammonium salts or the alkylol amine salts where the alkylol has 2 to 3 carbon atoms, such as mono-, di-, or triethanolamine salts. If desired, mixtures of the individual phosphonic acids or their acid salts can also be used.
The concentration of chelating agent useful in the present invention generally ranges from about 0.01 to about 10 wt-%, preferably from about 0.1 to about 5 wt-%, most preferably from about 0.5 to about 2 wt-%.
The sanitizing agent of the invention may also include a hydrotrope coupler or solubilizer. Such materials can be used to ensure that the composition remains phase stable and in a single highly active aqueous form. Such hydrotrope solubilizers or couplers can be used at compositions which maintain phase stability but do not result in unwanted compositional interaction.
Representative classes of hydrotrope solubilizers or coupling agents include an anionic surfactant such as an alkyl sulfate, an alkyl or alkane sulfonate, a linear alkyl benzene or naphthalene sulfonate, a secondary alkane sulfonate, alkyl ether sulfate or sulfonate, an alkyl phosphate or phosphonate, dialkyl sulfosuccinic acid ester, sugar esters (e.g., sorbitan esters) and a C8-10alkyl glucoside.
Preferred coupling agents for use in the rinse agents of the invention include n-octane sulfonate and aromatic sulfonates such as an alkyl benzene sulfonate (e.g., sodium xylene sulfonate or naphthalene sulfonate). Many hydrotrope solubilizers independently exhibit some degree of antimicrobial activity at low pH. Such action adds to the efficacy of the invention but is not a primary criterion used in selecting an appropriate solubilizing agent. Since the presence of the peroxycarboxylic acid material in the proteinated neutral state provides beneficial biocidal or sanitizing activity, the coupling agent should be selected not for its independent antimicrobial activity but for its ability to provide effective single phase composition stability in the presence of substantially insoluble peroxycarboxylic acid materials and the more soluble compositions of the invention. Generally, any number of surfactants may be used consistent with the purpose of this constituent.
Anionic surfactants useful with the invention include alkyl carboxylates, linear alkylbenzene sulfonates, paraffin sulfonates and secondary n-alkane sulfonates, sulfosuccinate esters and sulfated linear alcohols.
Zwitterionic or amphoteric surfactants useful with the invention include β-N-alkylaminopropionic acids, n-alkyl-β-iminodipropionic acids, imidazoline carboxylates, n-alky-Iletaines, amine oxides, sulfobetaines and sultaines.
Nonionic surfactants useful in the context of this invention are generally polyether (also known as polyalkylene oxide, polyoxyalkylene or polyalkylene glycol) compounds. More particularly, the polyether compounds are generally polyoxypropylene or polyoxyethylene glycol compounds. Typically, the surfactants useful in the context of this invention are synthetic organic polyoxypropylene (PO)-polyoxyethylene (EO) block copolymers. These surfactants have a diblock polymer comprising an EO block and a PO block, a center block of polyoxypropylene units (PO), and having blocks of polyoxyethylene grated onto the polyoxypropylene unit or a center block of EO with attached PO blocks. Further, this surfactant can have further blocks of either polyoxyethylene or polyoxypropylene in the molecule. The average molecular weight of useful surfactants ranges from about 1000 to about 40,000 and the weight percent content of ethylene oxide ranges from about 10–80% by weight.
Also useful in the context of this invention are surfactants including alcohol alkoxylates having EO, PO and BO blocks. Straight chain primary aliphatic alcohol alkoxylates can be particularly useful as sheeting agents. Such alkoxylates are also available from several sources including BASF Wyandotte where they are known as “Plurafac” surfactants. A particular group of alcohol alkoxylates found to be useful are those having the general formula R-(EO)m-(PO)n wherein m is an integer of about 2–10 and n is an integer from about 2–20. R can be any suitable radical such as a straight chain alkyl group having from about 6–20 carbon atoms.
Other useful nonionic surfactants of the invention include capped aliphatic alcohol alkoxylates. These end caps include but are not limited to methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, benzyl and chlorine. Preferably, such surfactants have a molecular weight of about 400 to 10,000. Capping improves the compatibility between the nonionic and the oxidizers hydrogen peroxide and peroxycarboxylic acid, when formulated into a single composition. Other useful nonionic surfactants are alkylpolyglycosides.
Another useful nonionic surfactant of the invention is a fatty acid alkoxylate wherein the surfactant comprises a fatty acid moiety with an ester group comprising a block of EO, a block of PO or a mixed block or heteric group. The molecular weights of such surfactants range from about 400 to about 10,000, a preferred surfactant has an EO content of about 30 to 50 wt-% and wherein the fatty acid moiety contains from about 8 to about 18 carbon atoms.
Similarly, alkyl phenol alkoxylates have also been found useful in the invention. Such surfactants can be made from an alkyl phenol moiety having an alkyl group with 4 to about 18 carbon atoms, can contain an ethylene oxide block, a propylene oxide block or a mixed ethylene oxide, propylene oxide block or heteric polymer moiety. Preferably such surfactants have a molecular weight of about 400 to about 10,000 and have from about 5 to about 20 units of ethylene oxide, propylene oxide or mixtures thereof.
The concentration of hydrotrope useful in the present invention generally ranges from about 0.1 to about 20 wt-%, preferably from about 0.5 to about 10 wt-%, most preferably from about 1 to about 4 wt-%.
Thickeners useful in the present invention are those which do not leave contaminating residue on the surface of application, i.e., constituents which are incompatible with food or other sensitive products in contact areas.
Generally, thickeners which may be used in the present invention include natural gums such as xanthan gum. Also useful in the present invention are cellulosic polymers, such as carboxymethyl cellulose. Generally, the concentration of thickener use in the present invention will be dictated by the desired viscosity within the final composition. However, as a general guideline, viscosity of thickener within the present composition ranges from about 0.1 wt-% to about 1.5 wt-%, preferably from about 0.1 wt-% to about 1.0 wt-%, and most preferably from about 0.1 wt-% to about 0.5 wt-%.
C. Formulation
The compositions of the invention can be formulated by combining the sanitizing agent materials including other adjuvant components with the materials that form the sanitizer composition, the carboxylic acid or acid blend, hydrogen peroxide and optionally, hydrotrope solubilizer.
The compositions can also be formulated with preformed peroxycarboxylic acids. The preferred compositions of the invention can be made by mixing the carboxylic acid or mixture thereof with an optional hydrotrope solubilizer or coupler, reacting the mixture with hydrogen peroxide and then adding the balance of required ingredients to provide rinsing and sanitizing action.
A stable equilibrium mixture is produced containing the carboxylic acid or blend with hydrogen peroxide and allowing the mixture to stand for 1–7 days at 15° C. or more. With this preparatory method, an equilibrium mixture will be formed containing an amount of hydrogen peroxide, unoxidized acid, oxidized or peroxycarboxylic acid and typically unmodified couplers, solubilizer, or stabilizers.
D. Use Compositions
The invention contemplates a concentrate composition which is diluted to a use solution prior to its utilization as a sanitizer. Primarily for reasons of economics, the concentrate would normally be marketed and an end user would preferably dilute the concentrate with water or an aqueous diluent to a use solution.
The general constituent concentrations of the sanitizing concentrate formulated in accordance with the invention may be found in Table 1:
The level of active components in the concentrate composition is dependent on the intended dilution factor and the desired activity of the peroxycarboxylic acid compound and the carboxylic acid.
Generally, a dilution of about 1 fluid ounce to about 0.5 to 10.0 gallons of water is used for aqueous antimicrobial sanitizing solutions. The composition shown in the preferred column of the Table 1 above would be used in a range from about 12.8 fluid ounce per gallon water to about 1 fluid ounce per 780 gallons of water depending on the desired level of peroxycarboxylic acid and concentration of the peroxycarboxylic acid in the product concentrate.
Higher use dilutions can be employed if elevated use temperature (greater than 25° C.) or extended exposure time (greater than 30 seconds) can be employed. In the typical use locus, the concentrate is diluted with a major proportion of water and used for sanitizing using commonly available tap or service water mixing the materials at a dilution ratio of about 0.1 to about 2 ounces of concentrate per gallon of water.
Aqueous antimicrobial sanitizing use solutions can include at least about 2 ppm, preferably about 10 to about 500 ppm, and more preferably about 100 to about 250 parts per million of the peroxycarboxylic acid material; about 20 ppm to about 10,000 ppm, and preferably about 50 ppm to about 1,000 ppm of carboxylic acid; and about 10 to about 1,000 ppm of hydrogen peroxide. The aqueous use solution can further include at least about 50 ppm, preferably about 500 ppm of the hydrotrope solubilizer, and have a pH in the use solution in the range of about 1 to about 11 preferably about 2 to about 10.
E. Method of Use
During processing of the carcass meat, the carcasses can be contacted with the compositions of the invention in any mode be that insures good contact between the carcass and the composition and at least some minimal mechanical work to result in at least a one log10 reduction, preferably at least a two log10 reduction and more preferably a three log10 reduction in the resident microbial preparation. A five log10 reduction in 30 seconds is a sanitizing treatment.
The invention is applicable to a wide range of possible animal carcasses. For example, the antimicrobial compositions of the invention can be used on muscle meats including beef, pork, veal, buffalo or lamb, sea food including scallops, shrimp, crab, octopus, mussels, squid or lobster and poultry including chicken, turkey, ostrich, game hen, squab or pheasant.
A preferred mode is a pressure spray with the sanitizing solution of the invention. During application of the spray solution on the carcasses, the surface of the carcasses can be moved with mechanical action, preferably agitated, rubbed, brushed, etc. Agitation may be by physical scrubbing of the carcasses, through the action of the spray solution under pressure or by other means. The agitation increases the efficacy of the spray solution in killing micro-organism, perhaps due to better exposure of the solution into the crevasses or small colonies containing the micro-organisms. The spray solution, before application, may also be heated to a temperature of about 15 to 20° C., preferably about 20 to 50° C. to increase efficacy. After a sufficient amount of time to kill the micro-organisms on the carcasses, the spray solution may be rinsed off the animal carcasses.
Application of the material by spray means can be accomplished using a manual spray wand application, an automatic spray of carcasses moving along a production line using multiple spray heads to ensure complete contact or other spray means. One preferred automatic spray application involves the use of a spray booth. The spray booth substantially confines the sprayed composition to within the parameter of the booth. The production line moves the carcass through the entryway into the spray booth in which the carcass is sprayed on all its exterior surfaces with sprays within the booth. After a complete coverage of the material and drainage of the material from the carcass within the booth, the carcass can then exit the booth in a fully treated form. The spray booth can comprises steam jets that can be used to apply the antimicrobial compositions of the invention. These steam jets can be used in combination with cooling water to ensure that the treatment reaching the carcass surface is less than 65° C., preferably less than 60° C. The temperature of the spray on the carcass is important to ensure that the carcass meat is not substantially altered (cooked) by the temperature of the spray. The spray pattern can be virtually any useful spray pattern.
The spray can comprise a fogged material that leaves a fogging apparatus as a dispersion of fog particles in a continuous atmosphere. Such a spray has no defined pattern. The spray can have a pattern such as a conical spray in which the angle between the perimeter of the spray ranges from less than 180° to about 5°. Other spray patterns can also be useful. We have found that one preferred spray pattern involves a “fan” spray pattern in which the spray exits the spray head in a substantially planar form and the angle between the extent of the planar spray from edge to edge is about 20° or less, preferably about 15° or less. We have found that such a spray is preferred due to the increased mechanical action and efficiency of antimicrobial composition add on to the carcass. When such a narrow angle fan spray is used in a spray cabinet enclosure to treat the carcasses, we have found that the optimum distance between the spray head and the carcass is less than about 100 centimeters, preferably about 20 to 80 centimeters, most preferably about 30 to 50 centimeters. Such a configuration efficiently transfers antimicrobial material to the carcass for efficient reduction of the microbial populations.
There are a number of parameters which need to be considered if spraying is the application method of choice. The first parameter to determine is the pressure at which the composition is sprayed onto the carcass. While spray pressures as low as about 25 psi (gauge) can be used with some valuable results, a higher spray pressure, greater than about 25, 50, 100, 150 psi and more preferably greater than about 200 psi, are effective in reducing the microbial populations due to the mechanical action of the spray on the carcass surface and on the microbial population remaining on the surface of the carcass. The spray action is best at temperatures less than 65° C. While a composition comprising lactic acid has been found to be most effective at low pressure, it has been discovered that equal, if not greater antimicrobial efficacy can be obtained by eliminating the lactic acid and merely increasing the spray application pressure. Further, if increased spray pressures are used, the antimicrobial composition can be applied at lower temperatures, potentially resulting in substantial energy savings. Of course there appears to be a relationship between application spray duration and antimicrobial efficacy. While spray durations of as little as about 10 seconds can be used, it has been discovered that a preferred spray duration is from about 10 to about 30 seconds. Without wishing to be limited by theory, the increased antimicrobial efficacy resulting from the use of the higher spray pressures is believed to be due to an improvement in penetrating the surface of the carcass, particularly an increased ability to reach into creases and crevices on the surface of the carcass.
During processing of the carcass meat, the carcasses may also be immersed into a tank containing a quantity of sanitizing solution. The sanitizing solution is preferably agitated to increase the efficacy of the solution and the speed in which the solution kills micro-organisms attached to the carcasses. Agitation can be obtained through conventional means including through ultrasonic means, aeration by bubbling air through the solution or by mechanical means, such as strainers, paddles, brushes, or pump driven liquid jets. The sanitizing solution may also be heated to increase the efficacy of the solution in killing micro-organisms. It is preferable that the carcasses be immersed in the sanitizing solution after the carcasses have been eviscerated and before any cooling process such as a chiller tank or a chill water spray.
In another alternative embodiment of the present invention, the carcasses may be treated with a foaming version of the composition. The foam may be prepared by mixing foaming surfactants with the sanitizing solution at time of use. The foaming surfactants could be nonionic, anionic or cationic in nature. Examples of useful surfactant types include, but not limited to the following: alcohol ethoxylates, alcohol ethoxylate carboxylate, amine oxides, alkyl sulfates, alkyl ether sulfate, sulfonates, quaternary ammonium compounds, alkyl sarcosines, betaines and alkyl amides. The foaming surfactant is mixed at time of use with the sanitizing solution. Use solution levels of the foaming agents is from about 50 ppm to about 2.0 wt-%. At time of use, compressed air is injected into the mixture, then applied to the carcass surface through a foam application device such as a tank foamer or an aspirated wall mounted foamer.
In another alternative embodiment of the present invention, the carcasses may be treated with a thickened or gelled version of the composition. In the thickened or gelled state the sanitizing solution remains in contact with the carcass surface for longer periods of time, thus increasing the antimicrobial efficacy. The thickened or gelled solution will also adhere to vertical surfaces. The composition or the sanitizing solution may be thickened or gelled using existing technologies such as: xantham gum, polymeric thickeners, cellulose thickeners or the like. Rod micelle forming systems such as amine oxides and anionic counter ions could also be used. The thickeners or gel forming agents can be used either in the concentrated product or mixing with the sanitizing solution, at time of use. Typical use levels of thickeners or gel agents range from about 100 ppm to about 10 wt-%.
In another alternative embodiment of the present invention, the carcasses may be treated with an electrostatically charged spray of the sanitizing solution. The sanitizing solution can be spray applied as a charged droplets by using conventional electrostatic spray technologies including inductively charged methodologies. As charged droplets, the sanitizing solution will be attracted to opposite or differentially charged surfaces such as the surface of the carcass. As a result, more sanitizing solution will be applied to the carcass surface and less solution will miss the intended target, commonly called over-spray. The charged droplets will also provide an evenly distributed solution layer on the carcass surface. The charged droplet size will range from about 10 microns to about 500 microns.
In another alternative embodiment of the present invention, the carcasses may be subjected to a vacuum treatment either before applying the sanitizing solution, during the application of the sanitizing solution or after applying the sanitizing solution. When the carcass is subjected to a vacuum treatment in conjunction with the application of the sanitizing solution, the penetration of the sanitizing solution into the carcass substructure is enhanced. As a result, antimicrobial efficacy is improved. The amount of vacuum utilized is from about 2 inches of Mercury (″Hg) to about 29 inches of Mercury (″Hg).
In another alternative embodiment of the present invention, the carcasses may be subjected to an activating light source following application of the sanitizing solution. The activating light can improve the antimicrobial efficacy of the sanitizing solution. The light source can be ultraviolet, infrared or from the visible spectrum.
The antimicrobial or sanitizing step can optionally be combined with a thermal intervention process which occurs either before, during or after the application of the antimicrobial composition. The thermal intervention process may employ hot water or dry heat. In the case of a hot water thermal process, the carcass is enclosed in a chamber at atmospheric pressure. The chamber is filled with condensing steam (finely divided liquid water) for a short duration, quickly vented, then cooled to prevent browning of the meat carcass. The duration of the steam thermal process may be from about 5 seconds to about 30 seconds. The chamber temperature may reach from about 50° C. to about 93° C. Similarly with dry heat, the carcass is placed in a chamber into which heated air is directed The air is heated from about 65° C. to about 260° C. The carcass is allowed from about 5 to about 30 seconds contact time with the heated air, the chamber is vented and the carcass is cooled.
The invention will now be described in more detail by reference to the following working examples. The only proper construction of these examples is as nonlimiting, illustrative example showing various formulations, stabilities, and applications of the invention.
1A mixture of peroxy acetic and peroxyoctanoic acids is used. After application the composition is maintained in situ as a mixture of acid and peracid through the action of the H2O2.
The objective of working example #1 was to determine if 0.5% and 1.0% lactic acid alone and in combination with Test Formula #1 and/or steam achieved a reduction in the bacterial flora present on prerigor beef samples. An exposure time of 10 minutes was utilized for all applications and testing was performed at 33° C.
Operating Procedure:
Sixteen prerigor beef samples were obtained and kept in a cooler until time of testing. Samples were aseptically divided in half Eight different test treatments were utilized with four replicate pieces per treatment with the exception of the steam +0.5% lactic acid treatment which only had three replicate pieces. Two cores (4.3 cm diameter) were taken from each replicate piece before and after treatment, combined into 99 mL of Phosphate Buffered Dilution water, stomached for 1 minutes and then serially diluted and plated using pour plate technique.
Conclusions:
The application of Steam with Test Formula #1 at 200 ppm in combination with 0.5% Lactic Acid outperformed all other treatments by achieving an average of a 2.55 log10 reduction on the surface of prerigor meat. Steam alone, provided an average 1.10 log10 reduction with temperatures ranging from 80–92° C. Test Formula #1 at 200 ppm in combination with 0.5% Lactic Acid only provided an average 1.10 log10 reduction in comparison to an average 1.31 log10 reduction in combination with 1.0% Lactic Acid.
The purpose of the remaining working examples was to determine if the use of higher spray pressures, particularly those above 100 psi, would increase the antimicrobial efficacy of the compositions of the invention.
The objective of the testing was to determine the efficacy of various antimicrobial treatments with extended spray and exposure times against the bacterial flora of prerigor beef.
Test Method/Parameters:
Prerigor beef samples were obtained and kept in a cooler at ambient temperature until time of testing. Ten different test treatments were utilized with four replicates per treatment Two cores (43 cm diameter) were taken as each replicate from one piece for both before- and after-treatment samples and combined into 99 mL of Letheen Broth The cores/neutralizer mixture were stomached for 1 minute and then serially diluted and plated using pour plate technique.
1.9 × 104*
Conclusions:
Overall, the highest reductions in the bacteria flora on the surface of prerigor beef were seen with the following treatments:
In regard to temperature, 120° F. resulted in higher efficacy with Test Formula #1 at 200 ppm total peracid at 50 psi pressure with a 10-second spray time, with a 0.97 log10 reduction versus a 0.41 log10 reduction at 98° F.
The objective of the testing was to determine the efficacy of Test Formula #1 at 200 ppm total peracid with a high pressure application spray at 100° F. against the bacterial flora of prerigor beef.
Test Method/Parameters:
Prerigor beef samples were obtained and kept in a cooler at ambient temperature until time of testing. Four different test treatments were utilized with four replicates per treatment. Two cores (4.3 cm diameter) were taken as each replicate from one piece for both before and after treatment samples and combined into 99 mL of Letheen Broth. The cores/neutralizer mixtures were stomached for 1 minute and then serially diluted and plated using pour plate technique.
Conclusions:
Test Formula #1 at 200 ppm peracid with a 30-second exposure time utilizing a high-pressure spray of 230 psi at the nozzle with a distance of approximately 75 cm achieved the highest reduction with <3.4 CFU/cm2 surviving after a 10-minute exposure time at ˜110° F. Utilizing this procedure, a >2.90 log reduction was achieved.
The objective of the testing was to determine the efficacy of Test Formula #1 at approximately 50, 100 and 200 ppm total peracid with a high pressure application spray at elevated temperatures in comparison to Lactic Acid against the bacterial flora of prerigor beef.
Test Method Parameters:
Prerigor beef samples were obtained and kept in a cooler at ambient temperature until time of testing. Four different test treatments were utilized with four replicates per treatment. Two cores (4.3 cm diameter) were taken as each replicate from one piece for both before- and after-treatment samples and combined into 99 mL of Letheen Broth. The cores/neutralizer mixtures were stomached for 1 minute and then serially diluted and plated using pour plate technique.
Conclusions:
Test Formula #1 at 200 ppm total peracid sprayed for 30 seconds at ˜230 psi pressure achieved the highest reduction of bacteria present on the surface of prerigor meat with a >2.58 log10 reduction Test Formula #1 at 200 ppm sprayed for 30 seconds at ˜65 psi pressure only achieved an average 0.38 log10 reduction.
The objective of the testing was to determine the efficacy of Test Formula #1 and Lactic Acid against Listeria innocua ATCC 33090 with a high-pressure application spray at elevated temperatures.
Test Method/Parameters:
Prerigor beef samples were obtained and kept in a cooler at ambient temperature until time of testing. Samples were cut into 13 cm pieces and 2.0 mL of the inoculum (see Test System Preparation below) was spread evenly over the entire surface of the sample. Inoculated samples were then left at room temperature (˜23° C.) for ≧15 minutes. Four replicate samples were taken (two cores per replicate) before treatment After each spray treatment, a 10-minute exposure time was utilized, and tahen four replicate samples were taken (two cores per replicate) and stomached for 1 minute, serially diluted and plated using pour plate technique.
Treatments:
Listeria innocua ATCC 33090
Listeria Selective Agar
Conclusions:
Treatment at 200 ppm peracid with an ˜150 psi spray for 30 seconds achieved an average 2.45 log10 reduction of Listeria innocua ATCC 33090. Lactic Acid achieved a 1.63 log10 reduction of this organism which was only slightly higher than the water control which achieved an average 1.48 log10 reduction.
The above discussion, examples, and data illustrate our current understanding of the invention. However, since many variations of the invention can be made without departing form the spirit and scope of the invention, the invention resides in the claims hereinafter appended.
This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 10/084,697, filed Feb. 28, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,545,047, which is a continuation of Ser. No. 09/634,502, filed Aug. 9, 2000, now abandoned, which is a divisional of Ser. No. 09/419,019 filed Oct. 15, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,103,286, which is a divisional of Ser. No. 09/137,242 filed Aug. 20, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,010,729.
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| Number | Date | Country |
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| 199943467 | Mar 2000 | AU |
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| 2181416 | Jan 1997 | CA |
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| 35 43 500 | Jun 1987 | DE |
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| 39 06 044 | Aug 1990 | DE |
| 39 06 044 | Aug 1990 | DE |
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| 9300538 | Nov 1994 | DK |
| 0017681 | May 1983 | EP |
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| 0 125 781 | Aug 1987 | EP |
| 0 125 781 | Aug 1987 | EP |
| 0 233 731 | Aug 1987 | EP |
| 0 233 731 | Aug 1987 | EP |
| 0 242 990 | Oct 1987 | EP |
| 0105689 | Dec 1987 | EP |
| 0 140 648 | Mar 1989 | EP |
| 0 140 648 | Mar 1989 | EP |
| 0168587 | Jul 1989 | EP |
| 0 242 990 | Oct 1989 | EP |
| 0 361 955 | Apr 1990 | EP |
| 0 361 955 | Apr 1990 | EP |
| 0 404 293 | Dec 1990 | EP |
| 0 404 293 | Dec 1990 | EP |
| 0 461 700 | Dec 1991 | EP |
| 0 461 700 | Dec 1991 | EP |
| 0 569 066 | Nov 1993 | EP |
| 0 569 066 | Nov 1993 | EP |
| 0540515 | Feb 1995 | EP |
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| 0 603 329 | Aug 1997 | EP |
| 0 603 329 | Aug 1997 | EP |
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| 0 967 203 | Dec 1999 | EP |
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| 0 985 349 | Mar 2000 | EP |
| 0 985 349 | Mar 2000 | EP |
| 0946506 | Sep 2003 | EP |
| 1 382 666 | Jan 2004 | EP |
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| 2 321 301 | Mar 1977 | FR |
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| 78 568 | Apr 1978 | LU |
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| 2102447 | Jan 1998 | RU |
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| 1172514 | Aug 1985 | SU |
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| WO-9423575 | Oct 1994 | WO |
| WO9423575 | Oct 1994 | WO |
| WO9534537 | Dec 1995 | WO |
| WO-9534537 | Dec 1995 | WO |
| WO-9630474 | Oct 1996 | WO |
| WO9630474 | Oct 1996 | WO |
| WO-9804143 | Feb 1998 | WO |
| WO9828267 | Jul 1998 | WO |
| WO-9828267 | Jul 1998 | WO |
| WO-9951095 | Oct 1999 | WO |
| WO9951095 | Oct 1999 | WO |
| WO-0018870 | Apr 2000 | WO |
| WO 0018870 | Apr 2000 | WO |
| WO-0147359 | Jul 2001 | WO |
| WO 0147359 | Jul 2001 | WO |
| WO-0203799 | Jan 2002 | WO |
| WO-02054866 | Jul 2002 | WO |
| WO-02060280 | Aug 2002 | WO |
| WO-2004043162 | May 2004 | WO |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20030199583 A1 | Oct 2003 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 09419019 | Oct 1999 | US |
| Child | 09634502 | US | |
| Parent | 09137242 | Aug 1998 | US |
| Child | 09419019 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 10084697 | Feb 2002 | US |
| Child | 10370798 | US | |
| Parent | 09634502 | Aug 2000 | US |
| Child | 10084697 | US |
