Patent Application
20090053168
The invention relates to the field of treatments for proliferative disorders.
Multiple Myeloma (MM) is a malignant disorder of antibody producing B-cells. MM cells flourish in the bone marrow microenvironment, generating tumors called plasmacytomas that disrupt haematopoesis and cause severe destruction of bone. Disease complications include anemia, infections, hypercalcemia, organ dysfunction and bone pain.
For many years, the combination of glucocorticoids (e.g., dexamethasone or prednisolone) and alkylating agents (e.g., melphalan) was standard treatment for MM, with glucocorticoids providing most of the clinical benefit. In recent years, treatment options have advanced with three drugs approved by the FDA—Velcade™ (bortezomib), thalidomide, and lenalidomide. Glucocorticoids remain the mainstay of treatment and are usually deployed in combination with FDA-approved or emerging drugs. Unfortunately, despite advances in the treatment, MM remains an incurable disease with most patients eventually succumbing to the cancer.
In general, the invention features compositions and methods including an A2A receptor agonist or a PDE inhibitor for the treatment of a B-cell proliferative disorder.
In one aspect, the invention features a method of treating a B-cell proliferative disorder by administering to a patient an A2A receptor agonist in an amount effective to treat the B-cell proliferative disorder.
In another aspect, the invention features a method of treating a B-cell proliferative disorder by administering to a patient a combination of an A2A receptor agonist and an antiproliferative compound in amounts that together are effective to treat the B-cell proliferative disorder.
The invention also features a method of treating a B-cell proliferative disorder by administering to a patient a combination of a PDE inhibitor and an antiproliferative compound other than a glucocorticoid in amounts that together are effective to treat the B-cell proliferative disorder.
In a related aspect, the invention features a method of treating a B-cell proliferative disorder by administering to a patient a combination of two or more PDE inhibitors having activity against at least two of PDE 2, 3, 4, and 7 and an antiproliferative compound in amounts that together are effective to treat the B-cell proliferative disorder.
In a further aspect, the invention features a method of treating a B-cell proliferative disorder by administering to a patient a combination of a PDE inhibitor having activity against at least two of PDE 2, 3, 4, and 7 and an antiproliferative compound in amounts that together are effective to treat the B-cell proliferative disorder.
In various embodiments, an A2A receptor agonist is selected from the compounds listed in Tables 1 and 2. In addition, IL-6 may also be administered in combination with an A2A agonist, or may be specifically excluded. If not by direct administration of IL-6, patients may be treated with agent(s) to increase the expression or activity of IL-6. Such agents may include other cytokines (e.g., IL-1 or TNF), soluble IL-6 receptor α (sIL-6R α), platelet-derived growth factor, prostaglandin E1, forskolin, cholera toxin, dibutyryl cAMP, or IL-6 receptor agonists, e.g., the agonist antibody MT-18, K-7/D-6, and compounds disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,914,106, 5,506,107, and 5,891,998.
In addition, an antiproliferative compound may be selected from the compounds listed in Tables 3 and 4. Classes of antiproliferative compounds include allylating agents, platinum agents, antimetabolites, topoisomerase inhibitors, antitumor antibiotics, antimitotic agents, aromatase inhibitors, thymidylate synthase inhibitors, DNA antagonists, farnesyltransferase inhibitors, pump inhibitors, histone acetyltransferase inhibitors, metalloproteinase inhibitors, ribonucleoside reductase inhibitors, TNF alpha agonists/antagonists, endothelin A receptor antagonist, retinoic acid receptor agonists, immuno-modulators, hormonal and antihormonal agents, photodynamic agents, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, antisense compounds, corticosteroids, HSP90 inhibitors, proteosome inhibitors (for example, NPI-0052), CD40 inhibitors, anti-CSI antibodies, FGFR3 inhibitors, VEGF inhibitors, MEK inhibitors, cyclin D1 inhibitors, NF-kB inhibitors, anthracyclines, histone deacetylases, kinesin inhibitors, phosphatase inhibitors, COX2 inhibitors, mTOR inhibitors, calcineurin antagonists, and IMiDs. Combinations of antiproliferative compounds may also be employed, examples of which are provided herein.
Similarly, a PDE inhibitor may be selected from the compounds listed in Tables 5 and 6. In particular embodiments, a PDE inhibitor has activity against at least two of 2, 3, 4, and 7. In other embodiments, a PDE inhibitor is active against PDE 4.
When combinations of compounds are employed, they may be administered simultaneously or within 28 days of one another. In any of the methods, the patient may not be suffering from a comorbid immunoinflammatory disorder of the lungs (e.g., COPD or asthma) or other immunoinflammatory disorder, or the patient may be diagnosed with a B-cell proliferative disease prior to commencement of treatment.
Examples of B-cell proliferative disorders include autoimmune lymphoproliferative disease, B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), B-cell prolymphocyte leukemia, lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT type), nodal marginal zone lymphoma, splenic marginal zone lymphoma, hairy cell leukemia, plasmacytoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma, multiple myeloma, indolent myeloma, smoldering myeloma, monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance (MGUS), B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, small lymphocytic lymphoma, monoclonal immunoglobin deposition diseases, heavy chain diseases, mediastinal (thymic) large B-cell lymphoma, intravascular large B-cell lymphoma, primary effusion lymphoma, lymphomatoid granulomatosis, precursor B-lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma (e.g., nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin's lymphoma, classical Hodgkin's lymphoma, nodular sclerosis Hodgkin's lymphoma, mixed cellularity Hodgkin's lymphoma, lymphocyte-rich classical Hodgkin's lymphoma, and lymphocyte depleted Hodgkin's lymphoma), post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder, and Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia.
The invention further features a kit including an A2A receptor agonist and an antiproliferative compound in amounts that together are effective to treat a B-cell proliferative disorder.
In addition, the invention features a kit including a PDE inhibitor and an antiproliferative compound other than a glucocorticoid in amounts that together are effective to treat a B-cell proliferative disorder; a kit including a PDE inhibitor having activity against at least two of PDE 2, 3, 4, and 7 and an antiproliferative compound in amounts that together are effective to treat a B-cell proliferative disorder; or a kit including two or more PDE inhibitors that when combined have activity against at least two of PDE 2, 3, 4, and 7 and an antiproliferative compound in amounts that together are effective to treat a B-cell proliferative disorder.
Any kit of the invention may also include two or more antiproliferative compounds in a combination, e.g., as described herein. Exemplary compounds for inclusion in these kits are as described above and provided herein. Any kit may also include instructions for the administration of a combination of agents to treat a B-cell proliferative disorder.
The invention also features pharmaceutical compositions including an A2A receptor agonist and an antiproliferative compound in an amount effective to treat a B-cell proliferative disorder and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The invention also features pharmaceutical compositions including a PDE inhibitor, e.g., having activity against at least two of PDE 2, 3, 4, and 7, and an antiproliferative compound, e.g., other than a glucocorticoid, in an amount effective to treat a B-cell proliferative disorder and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The invention also features pharmaceutical compositions including two or more PDE inhibitors that when combined have activity against at least two of PDE 2, 3, 4, and 7 in an amount effective to treat a B-cell proliferative disorder and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
The invention further features kits including a composition including (i) an A2A receptor agonist, a PDE inhibitor, e.g., having activity against at least two of PDE 2, 3, 4, and 7, or two or more PDE inhibitors that when combined have activity against at least two of PDE 2, 3, 4, and 7 and (ii) an antiproliferative compound, and instructions for administering the composition to a patient to treat a B-cell proliferative disorder. The invention also features kits including (i) an A2A receptor agonist, a PDE inhibitor, e.g., having activity against at least two of PDE 2, 3, 4, and 7, or two or more PDE inhibitors that when combined have activity against at least two of PDE 2, 3, 4, and 7 and (ii) instructions for administering the A2A receptor agonist or PDE inhibitor(s) and an antiproliferative compound to a patient to treat a B-cell proliferative disorder.
In certain embodiments, glucocorticoids are specifically excluded from the methods, compositions, and kits of the invention. In other embodiments, e.g., for treating a B-cell proliferative disorder other than multiple myeloma, the following PDEs are specifically excluded from the methods, compositions, and kits of the invention: piclamilast, roflumilast, roflumilast-N-oxide, V-11294A, CI-1018, arofylline, AWD-12-281, AWD-12-343, atizoram, CDC-801, lirimilast, SCH-351591, cilomilast, CDC-998, D-4396, IC-485, CC-1088, and KW4490.
By “A2A receptor agonist” is meant any member of the class of compounds whose antiproliferative effect on MM.1S cells is reduced in the presence of an A2A-selective antagonist, e.g., SCH 58261. In certain embodiments, the antiproliferative effect of an A2A receptor agonist in MM.1S cells (used at a concentration equivalent to the Ki) is reduced by at least 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, or 90% by an A2A antagonist used at a concentration of at least 10-fold higher than it's Ki (for example, SCH 58261 (Ki=5 nM) used at 78 nM)). An A2A receptor agonist may also retain at least 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, or 95% of its antiproliferative activity in MM.1S cells in the presence of an A1 receptor antagonist (e.g., DPCPX (89 nM)), an A2B receptor antagonist (e.g., MRS 1574 (89 nM)), an A3 receptor antagonist (e.g., MRS 1523 (87 nM)), or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the reduction of agonist-induced antiproliferative effect by an A2A antagonist will exceed that of an A1, A2B, or A3 antagonist. Exemplary A2A Receptor Agonists for use in the invention are described herein.
By “PDE inhibitor” is meant any member of the class of compounds having an IC50 of 100 μM or lower concentration for a phosphodiesterase. In preferred embodiments, the IC50 of a PDE inhibitor is 40, 20, 10 μM or lower concentration. In particular embodiments, a PDE inhibitor of the invention will have activity against PDE 2, 3, 4, or 7 or combinations thereof in cells of the B-type lineage. In preferred embodiments, a PDE inhibitor has activity against a particular type of PDE when it has an IC50 of 40 μM, 20 μM, 10 μM, 5 μM, 1 μM, 100 nM, 10 nM, or lower concentration. When a PDE inhibitor is described herein as having activity against a particular type of PDE, the inhibitor may also have activity against other types, unless otherwise stated. Exemplary PDE inhibitors for use in the invention are described herein.
By “B-cell proliferative disorder” is meant any disease where there is a disruption of B-cell homeostasis leading to a pathologic increase in the number of B cells. A B-cell cancer is an example of a B-cell proliferative disorder. A B-cell cancer is a malignancy of cells derived from lymphoid stem cells and may represent any stage along the B-cell differentiation pathway. Examples of B-cell proliferative disorders are provided herein.
By “effective” is meant the amount or amounts of a compound or compounds sufficient to treat a B-cell proliferative disorder in a clinically relevant manner. An effective amount of an active varies depending upon the manner of administration, the age, body weight, and general health of the patient. Ultimately, the prescribers will decide the appropriate amount and dosage regimen. Additionally, an effective amount can be that amount of compound in a combination of the invention that is safe and efficacious in the treatment of a patient having the B-cell proliferative disorder as determined and approved by a regulatory authority (such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration).
By “treating” is meant administering or prescribing a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment or prevention of a B-cell proliferative disorder.
By “patient” is meant any animal (e.g., a human). Other animals that can be treated using the methods, compositions, and kits of the invention include horses, dogs, cats, pigs, goats, rabbits, hamsters, monkeys, guinea pigs, rats, mice, lizards, snakes, sheep, cattle, fish, and birds. In certain embodiments, a patient is not suffering from a comorbid immunoinflammatory disorder.
By a “low dosage” is meant at least 5% less (e.g., at least 10%, 20%, 50%, 80%, 90%, or even 95%) than the lowest standard recommended dosage of a particular compound formulated for a given route of administration for treatment of any human disease or condition.
By a “high dosage” is meant at least 5% (e.g., at least 10%, 20%, 50%, 100%, 200%, or even 300%) more than the highest standard recommended dosage of a particular compound for treatment of any human disease or condition.
The term “immunoinflammatory disorder” encompasses a variety of conditions, including autoimmune diseases, proliferative skin diseases, and inflammatory dermatoses. Immunoinflammatory disorders result in the destruction of healthy tissue by an inflammatory process, dysregulation of the immune system, and unwanted proliferation of cells. Examples of immunoinflammatory disorders are acne vulgaris; acute respiratory distress syndrome; Addison's disease; adrenocortical insufficiency; adrenogenital ayndrome; allergic conjunctivitis; allergic rhinitis; allergic intraocular inflammatory diseases, ANCA-associated small-vessel vasculitis; angioedema; ankylosing spondylitis; aphthous stomatitis; arthritis, asthma; atherosclerosis; atopic dermatitis; autoimmune disease; autoimmune hemolytic anemia; autoimmune hepatitis; Behcet's disease; Bell's palsy; berylliosis; bronchial asthma; bullous herpetiformis dermatitis; bullous pemphigoid; carditis; celiac disease; cerebral ischaemia; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; cirrhosis; Cogan's syndrome; contact dermatitis; COPD; Crohn's disease; Cushing's syndrome; dermatomyositis; diabetes mellitus; discoid lupus erythematosus; eosinophilic fasciitis; epicondylitis; erythema nodosum; exfoliative dermatitis; fibromyalgia; focal glomerulosclerosis; giant cell arteritis; gout; gouty arthritis; graft-versus-host disease; hand eczema; Henoch-Schonlein purpura; herpes gestationis; hirsutism; hypersensitivity drug reactions; idiopathic cerato-scleritis; idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis; idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura; inflammatory bowel or gastrointestinal disorders, inflammatory dermatoses; juvenile rheumatoid arthritis; laryngeal edema; lichen planus; Loeffler's syndrome; lupus nephritis; lupus vulgaris; lymphomatous tracheobronchitis; macular edema; multiple sclerosis; musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorder; myasthenia gravis; myositis; obstructive pulmonary disease; ocular inflammation; organ transplant rejection; osteoarthritis; pancreatitis; pemphigoid gestationis; pemphigus vulgaris; polyarteritis nodosa; polymyalgia rheumatica; primary adrenocortical insufficiency; primary billiary cirrhosis; pruritus scroti; pruritis/inflammation, psoriasis; psoriatic arthritis; Reiter's disease; relapsing polychondritis; rheumatic carditis; rheumatic fever; rheumatoid arthritis; rosacea caused by sarcoidosis; rosacea caused by scleroderma; rosacea caused by Sweet's syndrome; rosacea caused by systemic lupus erythematosus; rosacea caused by urticaria; rosacea caused by zoster-associated pain; sarcoidosis; scleroderma; segmental glomerulosclerosis; septic shock syndrome; serum sickness; shoulder tendinitis or bursitis; Sjogren's syndrome; Still's disease; stroke-induced brain cell death; Sweet's disease; systemic dermatomyositis; systemic lupus erythematosus; systemic sclerosis; Takayasu's arteritis; temporal arteritis; thyroiditis; toxic epidermal necrolysis; tuberculosis; type-1 diabetes; ulcerative colitis; uveitis; vasculitis; and Wegener's granulomatosis. “Non-dermal inflammatory disorders” include, for example, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. “Dermal inflammatory disorders” or “inflammatory dermatoses” include, for example, psoriasis, acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis, eczema (e.g., asteatotic eczema, dyshidrotic eczema, vesicular palmoplantar eczema), balanitis circumscripta plasmacellularis, balanoposthitis, Behcet's disease, erythema annulare centrifugum, erythema dyschromicum perstans, erythema multiforme, granuloma annulare, lichen nitidus, lichen planus, lichen sclerosus et atrophicus, lichen simplex chronicus, lichen spinulosus, nummular dermatitis, pyoderma gangrenosum, sarcoidosis, subcorneal pustular dermatosis, urticaria, and transient acantholytic dermatosis. By “proliferative skin disease” is meant a benign or malignant disease that is characterized by accelerated cell division in the epidermis or dermis. Examples of proliferative skin diseases are psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, non-specific dermatitis, primary irritant contact dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis, basal and squamous cell carcinomas of the skin, lamellar ichthyosis, epidermolytic hyperkeratosis, premalignant keratosis, acne, and seborrheic dermatitis. As will be appreciated by one skilled in the art, a particular disease, disorder, or condition may be characterized as being both a proliferative skin disease and an inflammatory dermatosis. An example of such a disease is psoriasis.
Compounds useful in the invention may also be isotopically labeled compounds. Useful isotopes include hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, fluorine, and chlorine, (e.g., 2H, 3H, 13C 14C, 15N, 18O, 17O, 31P, 32P, 35S, 18F, and 36Cl). Isotopically-labeled compounds can be prepared by synthesizing a compound using a readily available isotopically-labeled reagent in place of a non-isotopically-labeled reagent.
Compounds useful in the invention include those described herein in any of their pharmaceutically acceptable forms, including isomers such as diastereomers and enantiomers, salts, esters, amides, thioesters, solvates, and polymorphs thereof, as well as racemic mixtures and pure isomers of the compounds described herein.
Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description, and from the claims.
The invention features methods, compositions, and kits for the administration of an effective amount of an A2A receptor agonist, alone or in combination with an antiproliferative compound, to treat a B-cell proliferative disorder. The invention further features methods, compositions, and kits for the administration of an effective amount of a combination including PDE inhibitors and an antiproliferative compound for the treatment of B-cell proliferative disorders. The invention is described in greater detail below.
Exemplary A2A receptor agonists for use in the invention are shown in Table 1. Preferred A2A receptor agonists include IB-MECA, Cl-IBMECA, CGS-21680, Regadenoson, apadenoson, binodenoson, BVT-115959, and UK-432097.
Additional adenosine receptor agonists are shown in Table 2.
Other adenosine receptor agonists are those described or claimed in Gao et al., JPET, 298: 209-218 (2001); U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,278,150, 5,424,297, 5,877,180, 6,232,297, 6,448,235, 6,514,949, 6,670,334, and 7,214,665; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20050261236, and International Publication Nos. WO98/08855, WO99/34804, WO2006/015357, WO2005/107463, WO03/029264, WO2006/023272, WO00/78774, WO2006/028618, WO03/086408, and WO2005/097140, incorporated herein by reference.
An A2A receptor agonist may also be employed with an antiproliferative compound for the treatment of a B-cell proliferative disorder. Antiproliferative compounds that are useful in such methods include alkylating agents, platinum agents, antimetabolites, topoisomerase inhibitors, antitumor antibiotics, antimitotic agents, aromatase inhibitors, thymidylate synthase inhibitors, DNA antagonists, farnesyltransferase inhibitors, pump inhibitors, histone acetyltransferase inhibitors, metalloproteinase inhibitors, ribonucleoside reductase inhibitors, TNF alpha agonists/antagonists, endothelin A receptor antagonist, retinoic acid receptor agonists, immuno-modulators, hormonal and antihormonal agents, photodynamic agents, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, antisense compounds, corticosteroids, HSP90 inhibitors, proteosome inhibitors (for example, NPI-0052), CD40 inhibitors, anti-CSI antibodies, FGFR3 inhibitors, VEGF inhibitors, MEK inhibitors, cyclin D1 inhibitors, NF-kB inhibitors, anthracyclines, histone deacetylases, kinesin inhibitors, phosphatase inhibitors, COX2 inhibitors, mTOR inhibitors, calcineurin antagonists, and IMiDs. IL-6 may also be employed with an A2A receptor agonist to treat a B-cell proliferative disorder. If not by direct administration of IL-6, patients may be treated with agent(s) to increase the expression or activity of IL-6. Such agents may include other cytokines (e.g., IL-1 or TNF), soluble IL-6 receptor α (sIL-6R α), platelet-derived growth factor, prostaglandin E1, forskolin, cholera toxin, dibutyryl cAMP, or IL-6 receptor agonists, e.g., the agonist antibody MT-18, K-7/D-6, and compounds disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,914,106, 5,506,107, and 5,891,998. Specific examples are shown in Table 3.
Antiproliferative compounds may also be employed in combination with each other, such as CHOP (cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, and prednisone), VAD (vincristine, doxorubicin, and dexamethasone), MP (melphalan and prednisone), DT (dexamethasone and thalidomide), DM (dexamethasone and melphalan), DR (dexamethasone and Revlimid), DV (dexamethasone and Velcade), RV (Revlimid and Velcade), and cyclophosphamide and etoposide.
Additional compounds related to bortezomib that may be used in the invention are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,780,454, 6,083,903, 6,297,217, 6,617,317, 6,713,446, 6,958,319, and 7,119,080. Other analogs and formulations of bortezomib are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,221,888, 6,462,019, 6,472,158, 6,492,333, 6,649,593, 6,656,904, 6,699,835, 6,740,674, 6,747,150, 6,831,057, 6,838,252, 6,838,436, 6,884,769, 6,902,721, 6,919,382, 6,919,382, 6,933,290, 6,958,220, 7,026,296, 7,109,323, 7,112,572, 7,112,588, 7,175,994, 7,223,554, 7,223,745, 7,259,138, 7,265,118, 7,276,371, 7,282,484, and 7,371,729.
Additional compounds related to lenalidomide that may be used in the invention are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,635,517, 6,045,501, 6,281,230, 6,315,720, 6,555,554, 6,561,976, 6,561,977, 6,755,784, 6,908,432, 7,119,106, and 7,189,740. Other analogs and formulations of lenalidomide are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. RE40,360, 5,712,291, 5,874,448, 6,235,756, 6,281,230, 6,315,720, 6,316,471, 6,335,349, 6,380,239, 6,395,754, 6,458,810, 6,476,052, 6,555,554, 6,561,976, 6,561,977, 6,588,548, 6,755,784, 6,767,326, 6,869,399, 6,871,783, 6,908,432, 6,977,268, 7,041,680, 7,081,464, 7,091,353, 7,115,277, 7,117,158, 7,119,106, 7,141,018, 7,153,867, 7,182,953, 7,189,740, 7,320,991, 7,323,479, and 7,329,761.
Further antiproliferative compounds that may be employed in the methods of the invention are shown in Table 4.
PDE inhibitors may also be employed in combination with an antiproliferative compound to treat a B-cell proliferative disorder. In certain embodiments of these methods, a PDE inhibitor is not employed with a glucocorticoid. Exemplary PDE inhibitors for use in the invention are shown in Table 5.
Additional PDE inhibitors are shown in Table 6.
Other PDE 1 inhibitors are described in U.S. Patent Application Nos. 20040259792 and 20050075795, incorporated herein by reference. Other PDE 2 inhibitors are described in U.S. Patent Application No. 20030176316, incorporated herein by reference. Other PDE 3 inhibitors are described in the following patents and patent applications: EP 0 653 426, EP 0 294 647, EP 0 357 788, EP 0 220 044, EP 0 326 307, EP 0 207 500, EP 0 406 958, EP 0 150 937, EP 0 075 463, EP 0 272 914, and EP 0 112 987, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,963,561; 5,141,931, 6,897,229, and 6,156,753; U.S. Patent Application Nos. 20030158133, 20040097593, 20060030611, and 20060025463; WO 96/15117; DE 2825048; DE 2727481; DE 2847621; DE 3044568; DE 2837161; and DE 3021792, each of which is incorporated herein by reference. Other PDE 4 inhibitors are described in the following patents, patent applications, and references: U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,892,777, 4,193,926, 4,655,074, 4,965,271, 5,096,906, 5,124,455, 5,272,153, 6,569,890, 6,953,853, 6,933,296, 6,919,353, 6,953,810, 6,949,573, 6,909,002, and 6,740,655; U.S. Patent Application Nos. 20030187052, 20030187257, 20030144300, 20030130254, 20030186974, 20030220352, 20030134876, 20040048903, 20040023945, 20040044036, 20040106641, 20040097593, 20040242643, 20040192701, 20040224971, 20040220183, 20040180900, 20040171798, 20040167199, 20040146561, 20040152754, 20040229918, 20050192336, 20050267196, 20050049258, 20060014782, 20060004003, 20060019932, 20050267196, 20050222207, 20050222207, 20060009481; International Publication No. WO 92/079778; and Molnar-Kimber, K. L. et al. J. Immunol., 150:295 A (1993), each of which is incorporated herein by reference. Other PDE 5 inhibitors that can be used in the methods, compositions, and kits of the invention include those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,992,192, 6,984,641, 6,960,587, 6,943,166, 6,878,711, and 6,869,950, and U.S. Patent Application Nos. 20030144296, 20030171384, 20040029891, 20040038996, 20040186046, 20040259792, 20040087561, 20050054660, 20050042177, 20050245544, 20060009481, each of which is incorporated herein by reference. Other PDE 6 inhibitors that can be used in the methods, compositions, and kits of the invention include those described in U.S. Patent Application Nos. 20040259792, 20040248957, 20040242673, and 20040259880, each of which is incorporated herein by reference. Other PDE 7 inhibitors that can be used in the methods, compositions, and kits of the invention include those described in the following patents, patent application, and references: U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,838,559, 6,753,340, 6,617,357, and 6,852,720; U.S. Patent Application Nos. 20030186988, 20030162802, 20030191167, 20040214843, and 20060009481; International Publication WO 00/68230; Martinez et al., J. Med. Chem. 43:683-689 (2000), Pitts et al. Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters 14: 2955-2958 (2004), and Hunt Trends in Medicinal Chemistry 2000:November 30(2) each of which is incorporated herein by reference. Other PDE inhibitors that can be used in the methods, compositions, and kits of the invention are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,953,774.
In certain embodiments, more than one PDE inhibitor may be employed in the invention so that the combination has activity against at least two of PDE 2, 3, 4, and 7. In other embodiments, a single PDE inhibitor having activity against at least two of PDE 2, 3, 4, and 7 is employed.
The invention includes the individual combination of each A2A receptor agonist with each antiproliferative compound provided herein, as if each combination were explicitly stated. The invention also includes the individual combination of each PDE inhibitor with each antiproliferative compound provided herein, as if each combination were explicitly stated. In a particular example, the A2A receptor agonist is IB-MECA or chloro-IB-MECA. In another example, the PDE inhibitor is trequinsin, zardaverine, roflumilast, rolipram, cilostazol, milrinone, papaverine, BAY 60-7550, or BRL-50481.
B-cell proliferative disorders include B-cell cancers and autoimmune lymphoproliferative disease. Exemplary B-cell cancers that are treated according to the methods of the invention include B-cell CLL, B-cell prolymphocyte leukemia, lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT type), nodal marginal zone lymphoma, splenic marginal zone lymphoma, hairy cell leukemia, plasmacytoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma, multiple myeloma, indolent myeloma, smoldering myeloma, monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance (MGUS), B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, small lymphocytic lymphoma, monoclonal immunoglobin deposition diseases, heavy chain diseases, mediastinal (thymic) large B-cell lymphoma, intravascular large B-cell lymphoma, primary effusion lymphoma, lymphomatoid granulomatosis, precursor B-lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma (e.g., nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin's lymphoma, classical Hodgkin's lymphoma, nodular sclerosis Hodgkin's lymphoma, mixed cellularity Hodgkin's lymphoma, lymphocyte-rich classical Hodgkin's lymphoma, and lymphocyte depleted Hodgkin's lymphoma), post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder, and Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia. A preferred B-cell cancer is multiple myeloma. Other such disorders are known in the art.
Therapy according to the invention may be performed alone or in conjunction with another therapy and may be provided at home, the doctor's office, a clinic, a hospital's outpatient department, or a hospital. Treatment optionally begins at a hospital so that the doctor can observe the therapy's effects closely and make any adjustments that are needed, or it may begin on an outpatient basis. The duration of the therapy depends on the type of disease or disorder being treated, the age and condition of the patient, the stage and type of the patient's disease, and how the patient responds to the treatment.
Routes of administration for the various embodiments include, but are not limited to, topical, transdermal, and systemic administration (such as, intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, inhalation, rectal, buccal, vaginal, intraperitoneal, intraarticular, ophthalmic or oral administration). As used herein, “systemic administration” refers to all nondermal routes of administration, and specifically excludes topical and transdermal routes of administration. In one example, RPL554 is administered intranasally.
In particular embodiments of any of the methods of the invention, multiple compounds are administered within 28 days of each other, within 14 days of each other, within 10 days of each other, within five days of each other, within twenty-four hours of each other, or simultaneously. Combinations of compounds may be formulated together as a single composition, or may be formulated and administered separately. Each compound may be administered in a low dosage or in a high dosage, each of which is defined herein.
In combination therapy, the dosage and frequency of administration of each component of the combination can be controlled independently. For example, one compound may be administered three times per day, while a second compound may be administered once per day. Combination therapy may be given in on-and-off cycles that include rest periods so that the patient's body has a chance to recover from any as yet unforeseen side effects. The compounds may also be formulated together such that one administration delivers both compounds.
The administration of an A2A receptor agonist or a combination of the invention may be by any suitable means that results in suppression of proliferation at the target region. A compound may be contained in any appropriate amount in any suitable carrier substance, and is generally present in an amount of 1-95% by weight of the total weight of the composition. The composition may be provided in a dosage form that is suitable for the oral, parenteral (e.g., intravenously, intramuscularly), rectal, cutaneous, nasal, vaginal, inhalant, skin (patch), or ocular administration route. Thus, the composition may be in the form of, e.g., tablets, capsules, pills, powders, granulates, suspensions, emulsions, solutions, gels including hydrogels, pastes, ointments, creams, plasters, drenches, osmotic delivery devices, suppositories, enemas, injectables, implants, sprays, or aerosols. The pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated according to conventional pharmaceutical practice (see, e.g., Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 20th edition, 2000, ed. A. R. Gennaro, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, and Encyclopedia of Pharmaceutical Technology, eds. J. Swarbrick and J. C. Boylan, 1988-1999, Marcel Dekker, New York).
Each compound in a combination may be formulated in a variety of ways that are known in the art. For example, all agents may be formulated together or separately. Desirably, all agents are formulated together for the simultaneous or near simultaneous administration of the agents. Such co-formulated compositions can include all compounds formulated together in the same pill, capsule, liquid, etc. It is to be understood that, when referring to the formulation of particular combinations, the formulation technology employed is also useful for the formulation of the individual agents of the combination, as well as other combinations of the invention. By using different formulation strategies for different agents, the pharmacokinetic profiles for each agent can be suitably matched.
The individually or separately formulated agents can be packaged together as a kit. Non-limiting examples include kits that contain, e.g., two pills, a pill and a powder, a suppository and a liquid in a vial, two topical creams, etc. The kit can include optional components that aid in the administration of the unit dose to patients, such as vials for reconstituting powder forms, syringes for injection, customized IV delivery systems, inhalers, etc. Additionally, the unit dose kit can contain instructions for preparation and administration of the compositions. The kit may be manufactured as a single use unit dose for one patient, multiple uses for a particular patient (at a constant dose or in which the individual compounds may vary in potency as therapy progresses); or the kit may contain multiple doses suitable for administration to multiple patients (“bulk packaging”). The kit components may be assembled in cartons, blister packs, bottles, tubes, and the like.
Generally, the dosage of the A2A receptor agonist is 0.1 mg to 500 mg per day, e.g., about 50 mg per day, about 5 mg per day, or desirably about 1 mg per day. The dosage of the PDE inhibitor is, for example, 0.1 to 2000 mg, e.g., about 200 mg per day, about 20 mg per day, or desirably about 4 mg per day.
Administration of each drug in the combination can, independently, be one to four times daily for one day to one year.
Dosages of antiproliferative compounds are known in the art and can be determined using standard medical techniques.
The following examples are to illustrate the invention. They are not meant to limit the invention in any way.
Materials and Methods
Tumor Cell Culture
The MM.1S, MM.1R, H929, RPMI-8226, MOLP-8, OPM2, EJM, ANBL-6, and KSM-12-PE multiple myeloma cell lines, the Burkitt's lymphoma cell line GA-10, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma cell lines Farage, SU-DHL6, Karpas 422, Pfieffer, and Toledo, the Kusami-1 AML cell line, and the mantle cell lymphoma cell lines Mino and JVM-13 were cultured at 37° C. and 5% CO2. All of the cell lines were cultured in RPMI-1640 media supplemented with 10% FBS except OCI Ly10 cells (IMDM media supplemented with 20% human serum). The ANBL-6 cell line culture media also contained 10 ng/ml IL-6. MM.1S, MM.1R, SU-DHL6, Karpas 422, and OCI ly10 cells were provided by the Dana Farber Cancer Institute. ANBL-6 cells were provided by Bob Orlowsli (M.D. Anderson Cancer Research Center). H929, RPMI-8226, GA-10, Farage, Mino, JVM-13, Pfeiffer, Toledo, and Kusami-1 cells were from ATCC (Cat #'s CCL-155, CRL-9068, CRL-2392 CRL-2630, CRL-3000, CRL-3003, CRL-2632, CRL-2631, and CRL-2724 respectively). MOLP-8, OPM2, EJM, and KSM-12-PE cells were from DSMZ.
Compounds were prepared in DMSO at 1000× the highest desired concentration. Master plates were generated consisting of serially diluted compounds in 2- or 3-fold dilutions in 384-well format. For single agent dose response curves, the master plates consisted of 9 individual compounds at 12 concentrations in 2- or 3-fold dilutions. For combination matrices, master plates consisted of individual compounds at 6 or 9 concentrations at 2- or 3-fold dilutions.
Cells were added to 384-well plates 24 hours prior to compound addition such that each well contained 2000 cells in 35 μL of media. Master plates were diluted 100×(1 μL into 100 μL) into 384-well dilution plates containing only cell culture media. 4.5 μL from each dilution plate was added to each assay plate for a final dilution of 1000×. To obtain combination data, two master plates were diluted into the assay plates. Following compound addition, assay plates were kept at 37° C. and 5% CO2 for 72 hours. Thirty microliters of ATPLite (Perkin Elmer) at room temperature was then added to each well. Final amount of ATP was quantified within 30 minutes using ATPLite luminescent read-out on an Envision 2103 Multilabel Reader (Perkin Elmer). Measurements were taken at the top of the well using a luminescence aperture and a read time of 0.1 seconds per well.
The percent inhibition (% I) for each well was calculated using the following formula:
% I=[(avg. untreated wells−treated well)/(avg. untreated wells)]×100.
The average untreated well value (avg. untreated wells) is the arithmetic mean of 40 wells from the same assay plate treated with vehicle alone. Negative inhibition values result from local variations in treated wells as compared to untreated wells.
Single agent activity was characterized by fitting a sigmoidal function of the form I=ImaxCα/[Cα+EC50α], with least squares minimization using a downhill simplex algorithm (C is the concentration, EC50 is the agent concentration required to obtain 50% of the maximum effect, and α is the sigmoidicity). The uncertainty of each fitted parameter was estimated from the range over which the change in reduced chi-squared was less than one, or less than minimum reduced chi-squared if that minimum exceeded one, to allow for underestimated σI errors.
Single agent curve data were used to define a dilution series for each compound to, be used for combination screening in a 6×6 matrix format. Using a dilution factor f of 2, 3, or 4, depending on the sigmoidicity of the single agent curve, five dose levels were chosen with the central concentration close to the fitted EC50. For compounds with no detectable single agent activity, a dilution factor of 4 was used, starting from the highest achievable concentration.
The Loewe additivity model was used to quantify combination effects. Combinations were ranked initially by Additivity Excess Volume, which is defined as ADD Volume=ΣCX, CY(Idata−ILoewe). where ILoewe(CX,CY) is the inhibition that satisfies (CX/ECX)+(CY/ECY)=1, and ECX,Y are the effective concentrations at ILoewe for the single agent curves. A “Synergy Score” was also used, where the Synergy Score S=log fX log fY ΣIdata (Idata−ILoewe), summed over all non-single-agent concentration pairs, and where log fX,Y is the natural logarithm of the dilution factors used for each single agent. This effectively calculates a volume between the measured and Loewe additive response surfaces, weighted towards high inhibition and corrected for varying dilution factors. An uncertainty σS was calculated for each synergy score, based on the measured errors for the Idata values and standard error propagation.
Blood samples were obtained in heparinized tubes with IRB-approved consent from flow cytometry-confirmed B-CLL patients that were either untreated or for whom at least 1 month had elapsed since chemotherapy. Patients with active infections or other serious medical conditions were not included in this study. Patients with white blood cell counts of less than 15,000/μl by automated analysis were excluded from this study. Whole blood was layered on Ficoll-Hystopaque (Sigma), and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) isolated after centrification. PBMC were washed and resuspended in complete media [RPMI-1640 (Mediatech) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Sigma), 20 mM L-glutamine, 100 IU/ml penicillin and 100 μg/ml streptomycin (Mediatech)]. One million cells were stained with anti-CD5-PE and anti-CD19-PE-Cy5 (Becton Diclcenson, Franldin Lakes N.J.). The percentage of B-CLL cells was defined as the percentage of cells doubly expressing CD5 and CD19, as determined by flow cytometry.
Approximately five million cells per well were seeded in 96-well plates (BD, Franklin Lakes N.J.) and incubated for one hour at 37° C. in 5% CO2. Compound master plates were diluted 1:50 into complete media to create working compound dilutions. Compound crosses were then created by diluting two working dilution plates 1:10 into each plate of cells. After drug addition, cells were incubated for 48 hours at 37° C. with 5% CO2. Hoechst 33342 (Molecular Probes, Eugene Oreg.) at a final concentration of 0.25 μg/mL was added to each well and the cells incubated at 37° C. for an additional ten minutes before being placed on ice until analysis. Plates were then analyzed on a LSR-II flow cytometer (Becton Dickenson, Franklin Lakes, N.J.) equipped with the High Throughput Sampling (HTS) option in high throughput mode. The dye was excited using a 355 nm laser and fluorescence was detected utilizing a 450/50 nm bandpass filter. The apoptotic fraction was calculated using FlowJo software (Tree Star Inc., Ashland, Oreg.) after excluding debris by a FSC/SSC gate and subsequently gating for cells that accumulate the Hoechst dye.
The RPMI-8226, MM.1S, MM.1R, and H929 mM cell lines were used to examine the activity of various compounds. The synergy scores obtained are provided in the Tables 7-15.
Data obtained for some of the 6×6 dexamethasone combination crosses is displayed below. Inhibition of proliferation was measured as described above after incubation of cells with test compound(s) for 72 hours. The effects of various concentrations of single agents or drugs in combination were compared to control wells (MM cells not treated with drugs). The effects of agents alone and in combination are shown as percent inhibition of cell proliferation.
Compounds that synergize with glucocorticoids (glucocorticoid enhancers) to inhibit proliferation define proteins/pathways of importance for multiple myeloma growth and survival. As a result, these enhancers represent a starting point for the identification of new, novel non-steroid containing drug combinations for MM treatment. Combination activity may be observed when these non-steroid compounds are co-administered together or with other agents. To test this hypothesis, we used cHTS to screen the adenosine receptor agonists with a 151 compound library set, to identify steroid-independent synergistic antiproliferative activities.
The adenosine receptor agonists, which include ADAC, HE-NECA, and chloro-IB-MECA were the most active of the glucocorticoid enhancers when screening the 151 compound library set. Below is a summary of the list of agents that synergized with the adenosine receptor agonists ADAC and their synergy scores (Table 16). Compounds were also crossed with HE-NECA, and the synergy scores are listed in Table 17.
To further evaluate the use of adenosine receptor agonists for the treatment of multiple myeloma, combination screens were performed to examine the activity the adenosine receptor A2A agonist CGS-2160 when used in combination with drugs considered standard of care for multiple myeloma (dexamethasone, lenalidomide, bortezomib, doxorubicin, and melphalan). CGS-21680 was also tested in combination with the PDE inhibitors trequinsin and roflumilast. These combinations were examined using six MM cell lines. Robust synergy was observed with one or more MM cell lines for all of the combinations examined (Table 18)
We also performed an enhancer screen of 266 compounds using the MM.1R multiple myeloma cell line to identify additional compounds that have synergistic activity in combination with the adenosine receptor agonist HE-NECA (Table 19).
The localization of MM cells to bone is critical for pathogenesis. In this microenvironment, the interaction of MM cells with bone marrow stromal cells stimulates the expansion of the tumor cells through the enhanced expression of chemolines and cotyledons that stimulate MM cell proliferation and protect from apoptosis. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is the best characterized growth and survival factor for MM cells. IL-6 can trigger significant MM cell growth and protection from apoptosis in vitro. For example, IL-6 will protect cells from dexamethasone-induced apoptosis, presumably by activation of PI3K signaling. The importance of IL-6 is highlighted by the observation that IL-6 knockout mice fail to develop plasma cell tumors.
The MM.1S is an IL-6 responsive cell line that has been used to examine whether compounds can overcome the protective effects of IL-6. To examine the effect of IL-6 on our compounds, we first cultured MM.1S cells for 72 hours with 2-fold dilutions of dexamethasone in either the presence or absence of 10 ng/ml IL-6. Consistent with what has been described in the literature, we observe that MM.1S cell growth is stimulated (data not shown) and that cells are less sensitive to dexamethasone (2.9-fold change in IC50) when cultured in the presence of IL-6 (+IL-6, IC50 0.0617 μM vs. IC50 0.179 μM, no IL-6). In contrast to the results observed with dexamethasone, we find that MM.1S cells are more sensitive to the antiproliferative effects of adenosine receptor agonists when IL-6 is present in the media.
The results are from dose response analysis of 2-fold dilutions of adenosine receptor agonists (μM) using MM.1 S cells grown either in the presence (10 ng/ml) or absence of IL-6. In each case, the presence of IL-6 in the media reduced the concentration of adenosine receptor agonist required for 50% cell killing (IC50) (Table 20).
Multiple adenosine receptor agonists including ADAC, (S)-ENBA, 2-chloro-N-6-cyclopentyladenosine, chloro-IB-MECA, IB-MECA and HE-NECA were active and synergistic in our assays when using the RPMI-8226, H929, MM.1S and MM.1R MM cell lines. That multiple members of this target class are active and synergistic is consistent with the target of these compounds being an adenosine receptor. As there are four members of the adenosine receptor family (A1, A2A, A2B, and A3), we have used adenosine receptor antagonists to identify which receptor subtype is the target for the antiproliferative effects we have observed.
MM.1S cells were cultured for 72 hours with 2-fold dilutions of the adenosine receptor agonist chloro-IB-MECA in either the presence or absence of the A2A-selective antagonist SCH 58261 (78 nM), the A3-selective antagonist MRS 1523 (87 nM), the A1-selective antagonist DPCPX (89 nM), or the A2B-selective antagonist MRS 1574 (89 nM). The A2A antagonist SCH58261 was the most active of the antagonists, blocking chloro-IB-MECA antiproliferative activity>50% (Table 21).
The percent inhibition of MM.1S cell growth by chloro-IB-MECA was examined when the concentration of each antagonist was increased 2-fold. Again, the A2A antagonist SCH58261 was the most active of the compounds, a 2-fold increase in concentration blocking chloro-IB-MECA antiproliferative activity>70% (Table 22).
The effect of the adenosine receptor antagonists on adenosine receptor agonist (S)-ENBA was also examined. MM.1S cells were cultured for 72 hours with 3-fold dilutions of the adenosine receptor agonist (S)-ENBA in either the presence or absence of the A2A-selective antagonist SCH 58261 (78 nM), the A3-selective antagonist MRS 1523 (183 nM), the A1-selective antagonist DPCPX (178 nM) or the A2B-selective antagonist MRS 1574 (175 nM). The A2A antagonist SCH58261 was again the most active of the antagonists (Table 23). The other antagonists had marginal activity at best relative to the A2A-selective antagonist SCH58261, even though they were tested at a 2-fold higher concentration than SCH58261.
The antiproliferative activity of adenosine receptor agonists was further examined using the Farage (non-Hodgkin's B cell lymphoma) and GA-10 (Burkitt's lymphoma) cell lines. As with the RPMI-8226, H929, and MM.1S multiple myeloma cell lines, synergy was observed when adenosine receptor agonists were used in combination with dexamethasone (Table 24).
With the observation that adenosine receptor agonists have synergistic combination antiproliferative activity with Farage non-Hodgkin's B cell lymphoma and GA-10 Burkitt's lymphoma cells, we examined additional representative B cell malignancy cell lines to examine adenosine receptor agonist sensitivity and synergistic antiproliferative activity. As seen in Table 25, synergy was observed for the adenosine receptor agonist CGS-21680 when used in combination with dexamethasone, trequinsin (PDE 2, 3, 4 inhibitor), roflumilast (PDE 4 inhibitor), and Go6976 (PKC alpha and beta inhibitor) in the OCI-ly10, SU-DHL6, and Karpas 422 DLBCL cell lines.
Combination synergistic antiproliferative activity was also observed when an adenosine receptor agonist was used in combination with the HSP 90 inhibitor geldanomycin (Table 26). Combination activity was observed for multiple myeloma (MM.1S, KSM-12-PE, EJM, and H929), mantle cell lymphoma (Mino and JVM-13), Diffuse large B cell lymphoma (Pfeiffer), and acute myelogenous leukemia (Kasumi-1), suggesting the possible wide use of agents affecting these two targets for the treatment of hematological disease. Representative combination analysis is shown in Tables 27 and 28 for HE-NECA×geldanomycin in the Mino and JVM-13 mantle cell lymphoma cell lines.
Synergistic antiproliferative activity was also observed for the adenosine receptor agonist HE-NECA and the HDAC inhibitor trichostatin with both mantle cell lymphoma (Mino, Table 29) and multiple myeloma (OPM2, Table 30) cell lines.
Adenosine receptor agonist activity was examined for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells. As there were no cell lines available for CLL, tumor cells were isolated from two patients with the disease and cultured in the presence of the adenosine receptor agonist CGS-21680 and dexamethasone. Combination activity was observed with cells from both patients. For example, compare the single agent activity for CGS-21680 (14% apoptosis) and dexamethasone (33% apoptosis) vs. 44% combination activity for patient 1 (Table 31) and 9% apoptosis induction for CGS-21680, 27% apoptosis for dexamethasone vs. 37% for the combination with patient #2 (Table 32).
All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned in the above specification are hereby incorporated by reference. Various modifications and variations of the described method and system of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. Although the invention has been described in connection with specific desired embodiments, it should be understood that the invention as claimed should not be unduly limited to such specific embodiments. Indeed, various modifications of the described modes for carrying out the invention that are obvious to those skilled in the fields of medicine, immunology, pharmacology, endocrinology, or related fields are intended to be within the scope of the invention.
This application claims benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Application Nos. 60/950,307, filed Jul. 17, 2007, and 60/965,587, filed Aug. 21, 2007, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60950307 | Jul 2007 | US | |
| 60965587 | Aug 2007 | US |
