This disclosure is related generally to the field of marine surveying. Marine surveying can include, for example, seismic and/or electromagnetic surveying, among others. For example, this disclosure may have applications in marine surveying in which one or more sources are used to generate energy (e.g., wavefields, pulses, signals), and geophysical sensors—either towed or ocean bottom—receive energy generated by the sources and possibly affected by interaction with subsurface formations. Geophysical sensors may be towed on cables referred to as streamers. Some marine surveys locate geophysical sensors on ocean bottom cables or nodes in addition to, or instead of, streamers. The geophysical sensors thereby collect survey data which can be useful in the discovery and/or extraction of hydrocarbons from subsurface formations.
Many marine surveys utilize one or more seismic sources—typically air guns. Air guns in arrays are typically towed at the same depth and fired at the same time to generate a powerful seismic signal. Some air gun arrays are divided into two equal subarrays and fired in a flip-flop sequence, at least in part to allow for more closely-spaced shots (e.g., the first subarray resets while the second subarray fires).
Acquiring seismic data with conventional air gun sources presents a number of challenges. Mid-survey failure is common and often difficult to detect. Destructive interference is known to cause a source “ghost” in the signal. There may be limitations to the number of air guns any one vessel may tow—due to power and air requirements and/or to drag effects. However, operating additional vessels may be prohibitively expensive. More reliable and efficient seismic sources would be beneficial.
So that the manner in which the features of the present disclosure can be understood in detail, a more particular description of the disclosure may be had by reference to embodiments, some of which are illustrated in the appended drawings. It is to be noted, however, that the appended drawings illustrate only exemplary embodiments and are therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope, may admit to other equally effective embodiments.
It is to be understood the present disclosure is not limited to particular devices or methods, which may, of course, vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to be limiting. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an”, and “the” include singular and plural referents unless the content clearly dictates otherwise. Furthermore, the words “can” and “may” are used throughout this application in a permissive sense (i.e., having the potential to, being able to), not in a mandatory sense (i.e., must). The term “include,” and derivations thereof, mean “including, but not limited to.” The term “coupled” means directly or indirectly connected. The word “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any aspect described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects. The term “uniform” means substantially equal for each sub-element, within about +−10% variation. The term “nominal” means as planned or designed in the absence of variables such as wind, waves, currents, or other unplanned phenomena. “Nominal” may be implied as commonly used in the field of marine surveying.
“Cable” shall mean a flexible, axial load carrying member that also comprises electrical conductors and/or optical conductors for carrying electrical power and/or signals between components.
“Rope” shall mean a flexible, axial load carrying member that does not include electrical and/or optical conductors. Such a rope may be made from fiber, steel, other high strength material, chain, or combinations of such materials.
“Line” shall mean either a rope or a cable.
“Forward” or “front” shall mean the direction or end of an object or system that corresponds to the intended primary direction of travel of the object or system.
“Aft” or “back” shall mean the direction or end of an object or system that corresponds to the reverse of the intended primary direction of travel of the object or system.
“Port” and “starboard” shall mean the left and right, respectively, direction or end of an object or system when facing in the intended primary direction of travel of the object or system.
The term “simultaneous” does not necessarily mean that two or more events occur at precisely the same time or over exactly the same time period. Rather, as used herein, “simultaneous” means that the two or more events occur near in time or during overlapping time periods. For example, the two or more events may be separated by a short time interval that is small compared to the duration of the surveying operation. As another example, the two or more events may occur during time periods that overlap by about 40% to about 100% of either period.
If there is any conflict in the usages of a word or term in this specification and one or more patent or other documents that may be incorporated herein by reference, the definitions that are consistent with this specification should be adopted for the purposes of understanding this disclosure.
The present disclosure generally relates to marine seismic survey methods and apparatuses, and, at least in some embodiments, to novel seismic sources, and their associated methods of use.
Acquiring seismic data with conventional air gun sources presents a number of challenges. Mid-survey failure is common and often difficult to detect. Destructive interference is known to cause a source “ghost” in the signal. There may be limitations to the number of air guns any one vessel may tow—due to power and air requirements and/or to drag effects. However, operating additional vessels may be prohibitively expensive. More reliable and efficient seismic sources would be beneficial.
One of the many potential advantages of the embodiments of the present disclosure, is that, at least in some embodiments, spare air guns and/or air gun arrays are included for resilience and redundancy. Another potential advantage includes air gun configurations that reduce, minimize, or eliminate source ghost effects. Another potential advantage includes a system that balances the competing costs of flexibility, redundancy, source power, equipment weight, equipment maintenance, and drag. Embodiments of the present disclosure can thereby be useful in the discovery and/or extraction of hydrocarbons from subsurface formations.
Many marine seismic surveys deploy a dual-source setup 110, as illustrated in
Each seismic source 120 may be an array of source elements (e.g., a single air gun or a collection of air guns) or a collection of arrays of source elements configured to be actuated simultaneously, near-simultaneously, or in a defined sequence. Multiple source elements may provide redundancy, flexibility, and cost savings (compared to a single, large source element). For example,
Each of the source elements 222 in seismic source 220-A may be made of one or more air guns, have a different volume, and serve a different function for the seismic source 220-A. For example, the source elements 222 at the 0 m, about 3 m, about 7 m, and about 14 m inline positions may each include a pair of air guns, while the source elements 222 at the about 5 m and about 9 m inline positions may each include only a single air gun. As another example, each of the air guns in the various source elements 222 may have a different volume. For example, each of the air guns of the source elements 222 at the 0 m and about 3 m inline positions may have a volume of about 60 cu in., each of the air guns at the about 5 m inline positions may have a volume of about 70 cu in., each of the air guns of the source elements 222 at the about 7 m and the about 11 m inline positions may have a volume of about 250 cu in., each of the air guns at the about 9 m inline positions may have a volume of about 40 cu in., and each of the air guns of the source elements 222 at the about 14 m inline positions may have a volume of about 90 cu in. As another example, one of the air guns of the forward-most source elements 222-f may be designated to be “spare”, to be fired when another source element 222 fails or in other selected circumstances. Spare air guns may provide additional redundancy and/or flexibility for the source subarray 221. As another example, one of the air guns of the source elements 222 at the about 11 m inline position may be designated to be spare. In some embodiments, the volumes of the source elements 222 of each source subarray 221 may be selected to add together so that each source subarray 221 has the same total volume. For example, each source subarray 221 may have a total volume of about 1220 cu in. (without including the volumes of the spare air guns). Consequently, seismic source 220-A has a total volume of about 3660 cu in.
A person of ordinary skill in the art with the benefit of this disclosure will appreciate that seismic sources 220-A, 220-B, 220-C, and 220-D may be synthesized by a collection of six independent source subarrays 221, as illustrated by the exemplary TDQS source array 225 in
A person of ordinary skill in the art with the benefit of this disclosure will appreciate that a TDQS source array may be configured with several variations to the parameters illustrated by TDQS source array 225. For example, although the total volumes of the six source subarrays 221 should be substantially equal, the total volume of each source subarray 221 may be more or less than about 1220 cu in. Substantially equal volumes for the six source subarrays 221 may allow for the three signals of each of the seismic sources 220 to be very similar, if not nearly identical. Manufacturing and operational circumstances and desired outcomes of the survey may dictate preferred ranges of total subarray volumes. Similarly, although the total volumes of the six source subarrays 221 should be substantially equal, and the volume of each source element 222 at like distances from the forward-most source element 222-f should be substantially equal, the distribution of the total volume among the various source elements may otherwise vary. Manufacturing and operational circumstances and desired outcomes of the survey may dictate preferred ranges of source element volumes. Although each source subarray 221 should have like source elements 222 deployed at substantially equal distances from the forward-most source element 222-f, the specific distances may vary from that illustrated by TDQS source array 225. Manufacturing and operational circumstances and desired outcomes of the survey may dictate preferred positions of the source elements 222 in each source subarray 221. Although (i) the six source subarrays 221 should be deployed at three different depths, (ii) the middle of which being substantially halfway between the deepest and the shallowest, (iii) the depth of source subarray 221-1 being substantially equal to the depth of source subarray 221-4, (iv) the depth of source subarray 221-2 being substantially equal to the depth of source subarray 221-5, and (v) the depth of source subarray 221-3 being substantially equal to the depth of source subarray 221-6, the specific depths of each source subarray 221 may vary from that illustrated by TDQS source array 225. Manufacturing and operational circumstances and desired outcomes of the survey may dictate preferred ranges of depths of each source subarray 221. Although the crossline source separation (between adjacent source subarrays 221) should be substantially equal from one pair to the next, the distances from the midline may vary from those shown in TDQS source array 225. Manufacturing and operational circumstances and desired outcomes of the survey may dictate preferred ranges of distances from midline of each source subarray 221.
In comparison to dual-source setup 110 or triple-source setup 111, TDQS source array 225 may be more complex and/or costly for manufacturing, deployment, and operation. Nonetheless, a TDQS source array may provide greater crossline streamer separation and greater acquisition efficiency than either a dual-source setup or a triple-source setup. Alternatively, a TDQS source array may provide better spatial crossline sampling than a dual-source setup or a triple-source setup, and thereby provide images with improved spatial resolution.
In some embodiments, a TDQS source array may be deployed and operated to improve data acquisition and/or processing. For example, techniques exist to remove “ghost” effects from conventional survey data during post-acquisition processing. A TDQS source array may be used to acquire data with minimal or no source ghost, thereby reducing post-acquisition processing costs, and reducing risks of noise introduction that accompanies many standard post-acquisition processing techniques.
The reduction in source ghost by TDQS surveying can be further seen in
A TDQS survey may combine the benefits of a quad-source setup with a multi-level source to improve both crossline sampling (due to the quad-source setup) and also achieve a broadband frequency signal (due to the multi-level source). For example, a TDQS survey may include sequential actuation of the four seismic sources (e.g., seismic sources 220-A, 220-B, 220-C, 220-D) of the TDQS source array. Since each of the seismic sources of the TDQS source array includes three independent source subarrays at three different depths, each shot provides the broadband signal benefits of multi-level shooting. In some embodiments, actuation of the deeper sources is delayed for a time period to reduce the source ghost. In some embodiments, time delay may also be applied to align the primary signals of the source elements. In some embodiments, alignment of the primary signals may beneficially suppress the ghost signal.
In some embodiments, a TDQS source array may be towed in conjunction with a streamer array.
The methods and systems described herein may be used to manufacture a geophysical data product indicative of certain properties of a subterranean formation. The geophysical data product may include geophysical data such as pressure data, particle motion data, particle velocity data, particle acceleration data, and any seismic image that results from using the methods and systems described above. The geophysical data product may be stored on a non-transitory computer-readable medium as described above. The geophysical data product may be produced offshore (i.e., by equipment on the survey vessel) or onshore (i.e., at a computing facility on land) either within the United States or in another country. When the geophysical data product is produced offshore or in another country, it may be imported onshore to a data-storage facility in the United States. Once onshore in the United States, geophysical analysis may be performed on the geophysical data product.
While the foregoing is directed to embodiments of the present disclosure, other and further embodiments of the disclosure may be devised without departing from the basic scope thereof, and the scope thereof is determined by the claims that follow.
This application claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/575,662, filed Oct. 23, 2017, entitled “Multi-Level Source for Quad Source Acquisition Geometries,” which is incorporated herein by reference.
Number | Date | Country | |
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62575662 | Oct 2017 | US |