Triptolide derivatives useful in the treatment of autoimmune diseases

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Autoimmune and inflammatory diseases affect more than fifty million Americans. As a result of basic research in molecular and cellular immunology over the last ten to fifteen years, approaches to diagnosing, treating and preventing these immunological based diseases have been changed forever. By dissecting the individual components of the immune system, those cells, receptors and mediators which are critical to the initiation and progression of immune responses have been, and continue to be, elucidated. Crystallographic analysis of proteins encoded in the major histocompatability complex, identification of an antigen-specific T cell receptor, and development of a basic understanding of the complex cytokine network have all contributed to a revolution in immunology. Various immunosuppressive agents have proved to be useful in the prevention of transplantation rejection and in the treatment of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, nephritis, uveitis, thyroiditis, and early stage of insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriasis and inflammatory bowel disease.
The immune system when operating normally is involved in precise functions such as recognition and memory of, specific response to, and clearance of, foreign substances (chemical and cellular antigens) that either penetrate the protective body barriers of skin and mucosal surfaces (transplanted tissue and microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, parasites) or arise de novo (malignant transformation). The arsenal of the immune response is composed of two major types of lymphocytes that are either B-lymphocytes (B cells, responsible for producing antibodies which attack the invading microorganisms) or the T-lymphocytes (T cells, responsible for eliminating the infected or abnormal target cells) in cooperation with macrophages. The cascade of principal events in the immune system is more fully described by I. Roitt, J. Brostoff and D. Male in "Immunology", 3rd edition, Mosby, 1993 which is herein incorporated by reference, and may be summarized as follows.
The response is initiated by the interaction of an antigen with macrophages and surface antibodies on B cells. The macrophages ingest and process the antigen. The activated macrophages secrete interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and display the processed antigen on the cell surface together with a major antihistocompatibility antigen. Both IL-1 and TNF initiate a number of processes involving inflammation. Also, IL-1 induces proliferation of B cells and synthesis of antibodies. But more importantly, IL-1 activates T cells which release a series of lymphokines including interleukin-2 (IL-2) that activate the proliferation of T cells and cytotoxic lymphocytes. In autoimmune diseases, the system is unable to distinguish between "non-self" antigen and "self" antigen and will start to produce autoantibodies or autoreactive T cells which attack the normal components of the body.
Each element in the cascade of the immune response may be considered as a potential site for pharmacological intervention. For example, adrenocorticosteroids act in the first stages of the immune response, interact with the macrophages and, inhibit the synthesis and release of IL-1. Other immunosuppressive agents used in the treatment of autoimmune diseases have been identified, such as azathioprine and methotrexate for rheumatoid arthritis, cyclophosphamide for nephritic conditions of immune origin, and cyclosporin for rheumatoid arthritis, uveitis, early onset insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, psoriasis, nephritic syndrome and aplastic anemia.
In addition, immunosuppressive agents have proved to be useful in preventing and treating organ transplantation rejection that may occur in allograft transplantation. In allograft transplantation one person donates an organ to a genetically disparate individual while in xenograft transplantation an organ of one species is transplanted into a member of another species. In those cases, the use of cyclosporin has shown a real improvement in the condition of the person receiving the organ. However, the therapeutic index of the available immunosuppressive drugs is narrow, none of the drugs are completely effective and their use has been limited by severe toxicity.
It has been established that various extracts and components of the extracts of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F, an herbal plant from the Celastraceae family that is grown mainly in the southern part of China, are useful as immunosuppressive agents. Zhang, et al., Shanghai Yike Da ue Xuebao, 13(4), 267 (1986), have characterized T. wilfordii as comprising at least six different diterpenoids, including triptonide, triptolide, triptophenolide and triptonolide. More specifically, P. E. Lipsky, et al. in WO 91/13627, published Sep. 19, 1991, disclosed that extracts or components of the extracts of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F are useful in suppressing autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and psoriasis. Triptolide has been reported by Yang, et al, Int. J. Immunopharmac., 14, 963 (1992) and Yang, et al., Int. J. Immunopharmac., 16, 895 (1994), to suppress lymphocyte proliferation and skin allograft rejection. In addition, Jin and Wiedmann, in WO 94/26265, published Nov. 24, 1994, disclosed a composition wherein an additional component of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F, purified 16-hydroxytriptolide, is administered in conjunction with another immunosuppressive agent, such as cyclosporin A, FK506, azathioprine, methotrexate, rapamycin, mycophenolic acid, or a glucocorticoid. The above composition was disclosed as providing an increase in immunosuppressive activity relative to the sum of the effects produced by 16-hydroxytriptolide or the other immunosuppressive agent used alone. This allowed for greater immunosuppressive activity with reduced toxicity in immunosuppressive therapy, such as in therapy for transplantation rejection and autoimmune disease. P. E. Lipsky, et al. disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,580,562, published Dec. 3, 1996, a Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F preparation which has an improved LD50 in mice, an improved therapeutic activity:toxic index ratio and a lower amount of triptolide as compared to previous preparations.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to novel compounds of the formula (1): ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are each independently is H or --OR.sub.5 ;
R.sub.3 is H, --C(.dbd.O)(CH.sub.2).sub.n CO.sub.2 H or a suitable amino acid;
R.sub.4 is H or --OH;
R.sub.5 is H, --C(.dbd.O)(CH.sub.2).sub.n CO.sub.2 H or a suitable amino acid;
n is the integer 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; and the stereoisomers, enantiomers and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; provided that R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are H when R.sub.3 is other than H.
The present invention further relates to novel compounds of the formula (11): ##STR2## wherein X is 1, Br, Cl, F or --CN;
R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are each independently is H or --OR.sub.5 ;
R.sub.3 is H, --C(.dbd.O)(CH.sub.2).sub.n CO.sub.2 H or a suitable amino acid;
R.sub.4 is H or --OH;
R.sub.5 is H, --C(.dbd.O)(CH.sub.2).sub.n CO.sub.2 H or a suitable amino acid;
n is the integer 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; and the stereoisomers, enantiomers and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; provided that R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are H when R.sub.3 is other than H.
In addition, the present invention relates to novel compounds of the formula ##STR3## wherein X is 1, Br Cl, F or --CN;
R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are each independently is H or --OR.sub.5 ;
R.sub.3 is H, --C(.dbd.O)(CH.sub.2).sub.n CO.sub.2 H or a suitable amino acid;
R4is H or --OH;
R.sub.5 is H, --C(.dbd.O)(CH.sub.2).sub.n CO.sub.2 H or a suitable amino acid;
n is the integer 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; and the stereoisomers, enantiomers and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; provided that R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are H when R.sub.3 is other than H.
The present invention further provides novel intermediates for the preparation of compounds of formulas (I), (II) and (III). In addition, the present invention provides a method of treating a patient suffering from an autoimmune disease comprising administering to a patient an effective amount of a compound of formulas (I), (II) or (III).
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The term "stereoisomers" is a general term for all isomers of individual molecules that differ only in the orientation of their atoms in space. It includes geometric (cis/trans) isomers, and isomers of compounds with more than one chiral center that are not mirror images of one another (diastereomers). The term "chiral center" refers to a carbon atom to which four different groups are attached. The term "enantiomer" or "enantiomeric" refers to a molecule that is nonsuperimposable on its mirror image and hence optically active wherein the enantiomer rotates the plane of polarized light in one direction and its mirror image rotates the plane of polarized light in the opposite direction. The term "racemic mixture" or "racemic modification" refers to a mixture of equal parts of enantiomers and which is optically inactive. As used herein the prefixes "(+)" and "(-)" are employed to designate the sign of rotation of the plane of polarized light by the compound, with (+) meaning the compound is dextrorotatory and (-) meaning the compound is levorotatory. For amino-acids, the designations UD, or RIS can be used as described in IUPAC-IUB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature, Eur. J. Biochem. 138: 9-37 (1984).
The term "Pharmaceutically acceptable salt" is a non-toxic organic or inorganic acid addition salt of the base compounds represented by formulas (I), (II) or (III), or any of their intermediates. Some examples of inorganic acids which form suitable salts include hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulphuric, and phosphoric acid and acid metal salts such as sodium monohydrogen orthophosphate, and potassium hydrogen sulfate. Illustrative organic acids which form suitable salts include the mono-, di-, and tricarboxylic acids. Examples of such acids are acetic, glycolic, lactic, pyruvic, malonic, succinic, glutaric, fumaric, malic, tartaric, citric, ascorbic, maleic, hydroxymaleic, benzoic, hydroxybenzoic, phenylacetic, cinnamic, salicyclic, 2-phenoxybenzoic, p-toluenesulfonic acid, and sulfonic acids such as methane sulfonic acid and 2-hyroxyethane sulfonic acid. Such salts can exist in either a hydrated or substantially anhydrous form.
The term "enantiomeric enrichment" refers to the increase in the amount of one enantiomer as compared to its corresponding opposite enantiomer. A convenient method of expressing enantiomeric enrichment achieved is the concept of "ienantiomeric excess" or "ee", which is expressed by the following equation; ##EQU1## in which E.sup.1 is the amount of the first enantiomer and E.sup.2 is the amount of the second corresponding enantiomer. For example, where the initial ratio of two enantiomers in a reaction is 50:50 (a racemic mixture) and the reaction produces enantiomeric enrichment with a final ratio of 90:10, then the ee with respect to the first enantiomer is 80%.
The designation refers to a bond that protrudes forward out of the plane of the page.
The designation refers to a bond that protrudes backward out of the plane of the page.
The designation as used herein refers to a single or double bond.
A numbering system for triptolide as disclosed in the literature is shown below. ##STR4##
It is understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that modifications of triptolide can result in changes in the above numbering system. Triptolide in its optically active form and racemic form is readily available to one of ordinary skill in the art. Triptolide, in optically active form, can be isolated from the natural source Tripterygium wilfordii following the procedure of S. M. Kupchan, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc, 94, 7194 (1972). Alternatively, triptolide can be prepared in its racemic form following the total synthesis of Chee Kong Lai, et al., J. Org. Chem., 47, 2364-2369 (1982), van Tamelen and Leiden, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 104, 1785 (1982) or Garver and van Tamelen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 104, 867 (1982). Additional starting materials can be obtained as described by Kutney and Han, Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays-Bas, 115(01) 77 (1996), Deng Fu-xiao, et al., Acta Botanica Sinica, 34(8), 618 (1992), C. P. Zhang, Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 28(2), 110 (1993) and Jin and Wiedmann, WO 94/26265, published Nov. 24, 1994.
As used herein "Tripdiolide" or "2-Hydroxytriptolide" are the same and have the following structure; ##STR5##
As used herein "Triptolidenol" and "15-Hydroxytriptolide" are the same have the following structure; ##STR6##
As used herein "Tripterinin" and "1 6-Hydroxytriptolide" are the same and have the following structure; ##STR7##
As used herein each a-amino acid has a characteristic "R-group", the R-group being the side chain, or residue, attached to the .alpha.-carbon atom of the .alpha.-amino acid. is For example, the R-group side chain for glycine is hydrogen, for alanine it is methyl, for valine it is isopropyl. For the specific R-groups or side chains of the .alpha.-amino acids see A. L. Lehninger's text on Biochemistry.
Unless otherwise stated, the .alpha.-amino acids utilized in the compounds of the present invention are preferably in their L-configuration; however, applicants contemplate that the amino acids employed herein can be of either the D- or L-configurations or can be mixtures of the D- and L-isomers, including the racemic mixture. The recognized abbreviations for the .alpha.-amino acids are set forth in Table 1.
TABLE I______________________________________AMINO ACID SYMBOL______________________________________alanine Ala or A arginine Arg or R asparagine Asn or N aspartic acid Asp or D cysteine Cys or C glutamine Gln or Q glutamic acid Glu or E glycine Gly or G histidine His or H isoleucine Ile or I leucine Leu or L lysine Lys or K methionine Met or M phenylalanine Phe or F proline Pro or P serine Ser or S threonine Thr or T tryptophan Trp or W tyrosine Tyr or Y valine Val or V______________________________________
As used herein the term "suitable amino acid" refers to the amino acids listed in Table I above. The suitable amino acid is connected to the compound of formulas (I), (II) or (III) at the carboxy end of the amino acid, resulting in an ester linkage. For example, addition of glutamic acid at the --OH at position 14 of formula (I) provides a compound with the following structure: ##STR8##
Preferred suitable amino acids are Ala, GIn, Lys, Arg, and Phe, with Ala, Gin and Lys being most preferred.
The compounds of formulas (I) and (II) can be prepared as described in Scheme A. All substituents, unless otherwise indicated, are previously defined. The reagents and starting materials are readily available to one of ordinary skill in the art. ##STR9##
In Scheme A, step A the compound of structure (1) is subjected to cis-diol formation conditions to produce the compound of formula (Ia) wherein R.sub.1a and R.sub.2a are each independently hydrogen or --OH. For example, the compound of structure (1), such as triptolide is dissolved in a suitable anhydrous organic solvent, such as tetrahydrofuran under an inert atmosphere, such as nitrogen at room temperature. The solution is treated with about 1 to about 6 equivalents of sodium cyanoborohydride followed by dropwise addition of about 1.2 equivalents of neat boron trifluoride diethyl etherate (BF.sub.3 Et.sub.2 O). The reaction mixture is allowed to stir for about 1 hours to about 24 hours, with about 16 hours being preferred. The reaction is then quenched by addition of aqueous ammonium chloride and the product is isolated and purified by techniques well known in the art, such as extraction techniques and chromatography.
For example, the quenched reaction mixture is extracted with a suitable organic solvent, such as methylene chloride. The organic extracts are combined, rinsed with brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under vacuum to provide the crude product. The crude product is then purified by flash chromatography on silica gel with a suitable eluent, such as methanol/chloroform to provide the purified compound of formula (Ia).
Alternatively, the compound of formula (Ia) can be prepared by dissolving the compound of structure (1) in a suitable anhydrous organic solvent, such as tetrahydrofuran under an inert atmosphere, such as nitrogen, at room temperature. To this is added about 1.9 equivalents of lithium borohydride followed by addition of about 2.1 equivalents of neat boron trifluoride diethyl etherate. The reaction mixture is allowed to stir for about 0.5 hours to about 5 hours, with about 1.5 hours being preferred. The reaction is then carefully quenched with 1 N HCI and the product is isolated and purified by techniques well known in the art, such as extraction techniques and chromatography.
For example, the quenched reaction is extracted with a suitable organic solvent, such as methylene chloride. The organic extracts are combined, rinsed with 1 N sodium bicarbonate, brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under vacuum to provide the crude product. The crude product is then purified by flash chromatography on silica gel with a suitable eluent, such as ethyl acetate/hexane to provide the purified compound of formula (Ia).
In Scheme A, step B the compound of formula (Ia) is subjected to standard acylation conditions well known to one of ordinary skill in the art to provide the compound of formula (Ib). For example, following generally the procedure of J. Swistok, et al., Tetrahedron Letters, 30(38), 5045 (1989), the compound of formula (Ia) is dissolved in a suitable organic solvent, such as dimethylformamide. The solution is then treated with one equivalent of a suitable cyclic anhydride, such as succinic anhydride, one equivalent of 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) and about 1.6 equivalents of pyridine. The reaction is stirred for about 12 hours at room temperature and then concentrated under vacuum. The compound of formula (Ib) is isolated and purified by techniques well known in the art such as extraction techniques and chromatography. For example, the residue is dissolved in a suitable organic solvent, such as methylene chloride, rinsed with water, brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under vacuum to provide the crude product. The crude product is then purified by flash chromatography on silica gel with a suitable eluent, such as methanovchloroform to provide the purified compound of formula (Ib).
Alternatively, the compound of formula (Ia) can be dissolved in a suitable anhydrous organic solvent, such as pyridine, and then treated with the acid chloride of a suitable monoester of the corresponding suitable diacid. Examples of suitable diacids are succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, pimelic acid and suberic acid. A suitable monoester of the diacid is an ester that is ultimately de-esterified under mild conditions well known in the art to provide the compound of formula (Ib). For example, the above solution is treated with one equivalent of the acid chloride of mono-tert-butyl succinate or mono-benzyl succinate, and then stirred for about 2 hours at room temperature. The resulting ester is then isolated and purified by techniques well known in the art. For example, the solvent is removed under vacuum and the residue is purified by flash chromatography on silica gel with a suitable eluent, such as methanol/chloroform to provide the purified ester. The ester is then converted to the corresponding acid by techniques well known in the art such as acid hydrolysis of the tert-butyl ester or hydrogenation of the benzyl ester as disclosed by T. W. Green, "Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis", John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1981, pages 168-169 and 171-172 respectively to provide the crude compound of formula (Ib). The crude material is then purified and mixtures separated if necessary by flash chromatography on silica gel with a suitable eluent, such as methanol/chloroform to provide the purified compound of formula (Ib).
It is readily appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art that when Ria and/or R.sub.2a are --OH in formula (Ia), then a mixture of acylated compounds will result in the above procedures wherein acylation can occur either at R.sub.1a, R.sub.2a or the --OH at position 14. It is further understood that the resulting mixture can be separated by techniques well known in the art, such as flash chromatography or high performance liquid chromatography. It is further understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that the compound of formula (Ib) wherein all primary and secondary alcohols have been acylated, requires treatment with at least 1.2 equivalents of the reagent for each such alcohol on formula (Ia). For example the compound of formula (Ia) must be treated with at least 1.2 equivalents of the suitable cyclic anhydride, at least 1.2 equivalents of DMAP and at least 1.8 equivalents of pyridine, for every primary and secondary alcohol present on the compound of formula (Ia).
In addition, the compound of formula (Ia) can be acylated with an amino acid from Table I, which has been suitably protected, under conditions well known in the art, followed by deprotection of the amino acid portion of the compound to provide the compound of formula (Ib). For example, see P. Joulin, et al., Tetrahedron Letters, 28(15), 1661 (1987), D. Grenouillat, et al., Tetrahedron Letters, 28(47), 5827 (1987), M. Ueda, et al., Synthesis, 908 (1983) and E. Haslam, Tetrahedron, 36, 2409 (1980).
It is understood that the functional groups of the constituent amino acids generally must be protected during the coupling reactions to avoid formation of undesired bonds. The protecting groups that can be used, their formation and removal are disclosed by T. W. Greene, "Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry", John Wiley & Sons, New York (1981) and "The Peptides: Analysis, Synthesis, Biology", Vol. 3, Academic Press, New York (1981), the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
The .alpha.-amino group of each amino acid to be coupled to the primary or secondary alcohol must be protected. Any protecting group known in the art can be used. Examples of which include: 1) acyl types such as formyl, trifluoroacetyl, phthalyl, and p-toluenesulfonyl; 2) aromatic carbamate types such as benzyloxycarbonyl (Cbz or Z) and substituted benzyloxycarbonyls, 1 -(p-biphenyl)-1 -methylethoxy-carbonyl, and 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc); 3) aliphatic carbamate types such as tert-butyloxycarbonyl (Boc), ethoxycarbonyl, diisopropyl-methoxycarbonyl, and allyloxycarbonyl; 4) cyclic alkyl carbamate types such as cyclopentyloxycarbonyl and adamantyloxycarbonyl; 5) alkyl types such as triphenylmethyl and benzyl; 6) trialkylsilane such as trimethyl-silane; and 7) thiol containing types such as phenylthiocarbonyl and dithiasuccinoyl. The preferred .alpha.-amino protecting group is either Boc or Fmoc, preferably Boc. Many suitably protected amino acid derivatives are commercially available.
The .alpha.-amino protecting group of the added amino acid residue is then cleaved under conditions well known in the art to provide the compound of formula (Ib). For example, when the Boc group is used, the methods of choice are trifluoroacetic acid, neat or in methylene chloride, or HCI in dioxane or ethyl acetate as disclosed in Greene "Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis", John Wiley & Sons, New York (1981), 232-233.
More specifically, the compound of formula (Ia) is dissolved in a suitable anhydrous organic solvent, such as methylene choride under an inert atmosphere, such as nitrogen, and treated with an excess of a suitably protected amino acid and about two equivalents of dimethylaminopyridine. Examples of suitably protected amino acids are N-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-L-alanine, N-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-L-phenylalanine, N,N'-(ditert-butoxycarbonyl)-lysine, N-(t-butylcarbonyl)omega tertbutoxyl-glutamate and the like. The solution is cooled to 0.degree. C. with stirring and treated with about two equivalents of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. Then allow the reaction to warm to room temperature and stir for about 3 hours. Then filter the reaction to remove any precipitate and concentrate the filtrate under vacuum. Dissolve the residue in a suitable organic solvent, such as methylene chloride and wash with 0.5 N aqueous HCI, saturated sodium bicarbonate, brine, dry over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filter and concentrate under vacuum. Purify the residue by flash chromatography on silica gel with a suitable eluent, such as ethyl acetate/hexane to provide the BOC- protected compound of formula (Ib).
The BOC protecting group is removed under conditions well known in the art. For example, dissolve the BOC protected compound of formula (Ib) in a suitable organic solvent, such as diethyl ether and treat the solution slowly with 1 N trifluoroacetic acid. Allow the reaction to stir for about 1 hour. The trifluoro acetate salt of the compound of formula (Ib) is then collected by filtration, washed with diethyl ether and dried. The free base of the compound of formula (Ib) can be prepared by dissolving the trifluoroacetate salt of formula (Ib) in water and treating with at least one equivalent of sodium carbonate. The aqueous solution is then extracted with a suitable organic solvent, such as methylene chloride. The organic extract is then washed with water, brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under vacuum to provide the compound of formula (Ib).
In Scheme A, step C the 12-13 epoxide of formula (Ia) is opened to provide the compound of formula (Ila). For example, the compound of formula (Ia) is dissolved in a suitable organic solvent, such as dioxane at room temperature and an excess of a suitable aqueous acid, such as 2N HCI or 30% aqueous HBr is added. The reaction is allowed to stir at a temperature of about 23.degree. C. to about 70.degree. C. for about 1 hour to about 24 hours, with about 6 hours being preferred. The product is then isolated and purified by techniques well known in the art, such as extraction techniques and chromatography.
For example, the reaction is diluted with water and extracted with a suitable organic solvent, such as ethyl acetate, methylene chloride or chloroform. The organic extracts are combined, washed with brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under vacuum to provide the crude product of formula (IIa). The crude product is then purified by flash chromatography on silica gel with a suitable eluent, such as methanol/chloroform or hexane/methylene chloride to provide the purified compound of formula (IIa).
In Scheme A, step D the compound of formula (IIa) is subjected to standard acylation conditions in a manner analogous to the procedures described in Scheme A, step B, to provide the compound of formula (IIb).
The compounds of formula (III) can be prepared as described in Scheme B. All substituents, unless otherwise indicated, are previously defined. The reagents and starting materials are readily available to one of ordinary skill in the art. ##STR10##
In Scheme B, step A the compound of structure (1) is subjected to epoxide opening conditions. For example, the compound of structure (1) is dissolved in a suitable organic solvent, such as acetone or dioxane and treated with a suitable aqueous acid, such as 2N HCI or 30% HBr. The reaction is stirred for about 1 to 5 hours at a temperature of about 0.degree. C. for X.dbd.CI to about 70.degree. C. for X.dbd.Br. The reaction is then diluted with water and the compound of structure (2) is isolated and purified by techniques well known in the art, such as extraction techniques, chromatography and/or recrystallization. For example, the reaction mixture is extracted with a suitable organic solvent, such as methylene chloride or ethyl acetate. The organic extracts are combined, rinsed with brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under vacuum to provide the crude product (2). The crude product is then purified by recrystallization from a suitable solvent system, such as hexane/methylene chloride to provide the purified compound of structure (2).
In Scheme B, step B the compound of structure (2) is converted to the ether of formula (IIIa) wherein R.sub.1a and R.sub.2a are each independently hydrogen or --OH. For example, compound (2) is combined with finely powdered potassium hydrogen sulfate in a suitable anhydrous organic solvent, such as toluene or dioxane. When X=CI, potassium hydrogen sulfate can be replaced by 0.1 to 1 N aqueous HCI and the preferred organic solvent is dioxane. The reaction mixture is then heated at about 50.degree. C. to about 115.degree. C., with about 75.degree. C. being preferred for about 1 hour to about 24 hours, with about 5 hours being preferred. The reaction is then filtered, for example through diatomaceous earth, and the solids are rinsed with a suitable organic solvent, such as chloroform. The filtrate is then concentrated under vacuum to provide the crude compound of formula (IlIa). The crude material is then purified by techniques well known in the art, such as chromatography on silica gel with a suitable eluent, such as methanol/chloroform to provide the purified compound of formula (IlIa).
Alternatively, compound (2) can be converted to the compound of formula (IIIa) by treatment of compound (2) with a suitable Lewis acid, such as BF3/etherate, TiCI.sub.4 or FeCI.sub.3 in a suitable organic solvent, such as methylene chloride for about 1 to 2 hours at room temperature. The compound of formula (IlIa) is then isolated and purified in a manner analogous to the procedure described directly above.
In Scheme B, step C the compound of formula (IlIa) is acylated in a manner analogous to the procedure previously described in Scheme A, step B to provide the compound of formula (IIIb).
The following examples present typical syntheses as described in Schemes A and B. These examples are understood to be illustrative only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention in any way. The reagents and starting materials are readily available to one of ordinary skill in the art. As used herein, the following terms have the indicated meanings: "kg" refers to kilograms; "g" refers to grams; "mg" refers to milligrams; "fg" refers to micrograms; "m.sup.2 /g" refers to square meters per gram and is used as a measurement of particle surface area; "mmol" refers to millimoles; "L" refers to liters; "mL" refers to milliliters; ".mu.L" refers to microliters; "cm" refers to centimeters; "M" refers to molar; "mM" refers to millimolar; "gM" refers to micromolar; "nM" refers to nanomolar; "eq" refers to equivalents; "N" refers to normal; "ppm" refers to parts per million; ".delta." refers to parts per million down field from tetramethylsilane; ".degree. C" refers to degrees Celsius; ".degree. F" refers to degrees Fahrenheit; "mm Hg" refers to millimeters of mercury; "kPa" refers to kilopascals; "psi" refers to pounds per square inch; "rpm" refers to revolutions per minute; "bp" refers to boiling point; "mp" refers to melting point; "dec" refers to decomposition; "HPLC" refers to high performance liquid chromatography; "h" refers to hours; "min" refers to minutes; "sec" refers to seconds; "i.p." refers to intraperitoneally; "p.o." refers to orally; "COMC" refers to carboxymethylcellulose; "THF" refers to tetrahydrofuran; "DMF" refers to N,N-dimethylformamide; "DMSO" refers to dimethyl sulfoxide; "LAH" refers to lithium aluminum hydride; "R.sub.f " refers to retention factor; and "Rt" refers to retention time.

EXAMPLE 1
Preparation of [5aR-(5.alpha.6a.alpha., 7a.alpha., 7a .beta., 8aS*, 8b.alpha.)]-3, 3b, 4,5.5a,6.6a,7a,7b, 8b,9,10-dodecahydro-5a,6-dihydroxy-8b-methyl-6a-(1 -methylethyl)-1 H-bisoxireno[4b,5:6,7]phenanthro[1.2-c]furan-1-one. ##STR11##
Scheme A, step A; To a stirring solution of triptolide (360 mg, 1 mmol, optically active, isolated from natural source) in dry THF (10 mL) under an atmosphere of nitrogen at room temperature is added sodium cyanoborohydride (360 mg, 6 mmol) followed by dropwise addition of neat boron trifluoride diethyl etherate (150 mL, 173 mg, 1.2 mmol)). The resulting solution is stirred at room temperature for 16 hours. The reaction is then quenched by addition of 1 N aqueous ammonium chloride (25 mL) and extracted with diethyl ether (3.times.25 mL). The combined organic extracts are washed with brine (25 mL), dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under vacuum to provide a white solid. This white solid is then subjected to the above identical reaction conditions and work-up procedure to provide a white solid (290 mg) which is purified by flash chromatography (chloroform and then 0.5% to 1% methanol/chloroform) to provide the title compound (160 mg, 44%). The title compound is recrystallized from methanol; mp 185-186.degree. C. and [.alpha.].sub.D =- 32.degree. (c=0.1, chloroform).
Alternative preparation of title compound.
Scheme A, step A; To a stirring solution of triptolide (100 mg) at room temperature in dry THF (30 mL) under an atmosphere of nitrogen is added lithium borohydride (264 mL of a 2N solution in THF) followed by added of neat boron trifluoride diethyl etherate (72 mL). The reaction mixture is allowed to stir for 90 minutes and then carefully treated with 1 N HCI (10 mL). After stirring for an additional 10 minutes, the reaction mixture is extracted with methylene chloride (3.times.20 mL). The organic extracts are combined, washed with 1 N sodium bicarbonate (2.times.20 mL), brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under vacuum. The residue is then purified by column chromatography (20% ethyl acetate/hexane) to provide the title compound (76 mg, 76%).
EXAMPLE 2
Preparation of [1S (1.alpha., 2.beta.,3.alpha., 3a.beta.,4aR*,4b.alpha., 11a.alpha.)1-3-chloro-1, 2,3,3a,4b,5,6,9,9b, 10,11,11a-dodecahydro-1,2,11a-trihydroxy-4b-methyl-2-(1 -methylethyl)-7H-oxireno[4b,5]phenanthro [1,2-c]furan-7-one. ##STR12##
Scheme A, step C; To a stirring solution of [5aR-(5a.alpha.,6.alpha., 6a.alpha.,7a.alpha.,7b.beta.,8aS*,8b.alpha.)]-3, 3b,4,5,5a,6,6a,7a,7b,8b,9, 10-dodecahydro-5a,6-dihydroxy-8b-methyl-6a-(1 -methylethyl)-1 H-bisoxireno[4b,5:6,7]phenanthro[1,2-c]furan-1 -one (5 mg, prepared in example 1) in dioxane (1 mL) at room temperature is added 2N HCI (0.5 mL). The reaction mixture is stirred for 5 hours and then is diluted with cold water (5 mL). The mixture is extracted with ethyl acetate (3.times.10 mL), the organic extracts are combined, washed with brine (3.times.10 mL), dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under vacuum. The residue is purified by column chromatography (silica gel, 40% ethyl acetate/hexane) to provide the title compound (4.8 mg, 82%).
EXAMPLE 3
Preparation of [1S-(1.alpha., 2.beta., 3.alpha., 3a.beta.,4aR, 4b.alpha., 11.beta., 11a.alpha.)-3-chloro-1, 2,3,3a,4b,5,6,9,9b, 10,11,11a-dodecahydro-1,11a-dihydroxy-4b-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)-2,11 -epoxy-7oxireno[4b,5]phenanthro[1,2-c]furan-7-one ##STR13##
Preparation of intermediate [1bS-(1aR*, 1b.alpha., 6b.beta., 8aR* , 9.alpha., 10.beta., 11.alpha., 11a.beta.)]- 11-chloro-10-(1-methlyehtyl)-1b, 3,6,6b, 7,7a, 9,10,11,11a-decahydro-9,10-dihydroxy-1b- methyl-bisoxireno [4b, 5:8a,9]phenanathro[1,2-c]furan-4(2H)-one ##STR14##
Scheme B. step A; Triptolide (100 mg, 0.277 mmol, optically active, isolated from natural source) is combined with a mixture of dioxane (15 mL) and 1.5N aqueous HCI (15 mL), and the reaction mixture is stirred for 48 hours at room temperature. The reaction mixture is then poured into water (50 mL) and extracted with chloroform (3.times.40 mL). The combined organic extracts are washed with brine (60 mL), dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under vacuum to provide a white solid (116 mg). This white solid is then recrystallized from hexane/chloroform to provide the title compound (65 mg) as white needles. The mother liquor is concentrated under vacuum and the residue is purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, 2% methanol/chloroform) to provide additional title compound (20 mg) resulting in an overall yield of 77%; mp 244.degree. C. dec.; [a].sub.D =-129.degree. (c=0.15, chloroform).
Preparation of final title compound.
Scheme B, step B; [1bS(17aR*,1R*,9(10,11 l1a,llap)]-11-chloro-10-(1-methylethyl)-1b, 3,6,6b,7,7a,9, 10,11,11a-decahydro-9,10-dihydroxy-1 b-methyl-bisoxireno [4b,5:8a,9]phenanthro[1,2-c]furan-4(2h)-one (11 mg) is combined with dioxane (1 mL) and 1.5N aqueous HCI (1 mL) and is stirred at 85.degree. C. for 26 hours. The reaction mixture is then poured into water (5 mL) and extracted with chloroform (3.times.5 mL). The organic extracts are combined, washed with brine (5 mL), dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under vacuum. The residue is purified by preparative TLC (20.times.20 cm, 0.25 mm, 5% methanol/chloroform) to provide the title compound (4 mg, 36%). The title compound is recrystallized from hexane/chloroform; mp 125.degree. C. dec.; [a].sub.D =-129.degree. (c=0.15, chloroform). Alternative Preparation of Ether Compound.
EXAMPLE 4
Preparation of [1S-(1.alpha., 2.beta., 3.alpha., 3a.beta.,4aR, 4b.alpha., 11.beta., 11a.alpha.)-3-chloro-1, 2,3,3a,4b,5,6,9,9b, 10,11,11a-dodecahydro-1,11a-dihydroxy-4b-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)-2,11-epoxy-7oxireno[4b,5]phenanthro[1,2-c]furan-7-one ##STR15##
Preparation of intermediate [1bS-(1aR*, 1b.alpha., 6b.beta., 8aR*, 9.alpha., 10.beta., 11.alpha., 11a.beta.)]- 11-chloro-10-(1-methlyehtyl)-1b, 3,6,6b, 7,7a, 9,10,11,11a-decahydro-9,10-dihydroxy-1b- methyl-bisoxireno [4b, 5:8a,9]phenanathro[1,2-c]furan-4(2H)-one ##STR16##
Scheme B, step A; Triptolide (100 mg, optically active, isolated from natural source) is combined with acetone (30 mL), water (2.5 mL) and 30% aqueous HBr (800 mL), and the reaction mixture is heated at 70.degree. C. for 70 minutes. The reaction mixture is then poured into water (60 mL) and concentrated under vacuum. The remaining phase is then extracted with methylene chloride (3.times.60 mL), the organic extracts combined, washed with brine (60 mL), dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under vacuum to provide a solid (118 mg). This solid material is recrystallized from hexane/methylene chloride to provide the title compound (82 mg, 67%) as white cubes; mp 2280C; [a].sub.D =-164.degree. (c=0.12, chloroform).
Preparation of final title compound.
Scheme B, step B; Suspend [1bS-(1aR*,1b.alpha.,6b.beta.,7a.beta., 8aR*,9a,10.beta.,11.alpha.,11a.beta.)]-11-bromo-10-(1-methylethyl)-1b, 3,6,6b,7,7a,9, 10,11,11a-decahydro-9,1 0-dihydroxy-1b-methyl-bisoxireno[4b,5:8a,9]phenanthro[1,2-c]furan-4(2H)-one (36 mg) and finely powdered potassium hydrogen sulfate (95 mg) in dry toluene (6 mL) and heat at 75.degree. C. for 5 hours. Filter the reaction mixture through diatomaceous earth and rinse the solids with chloroform (10 mL). Concentrate the filtrate under vacuum to provide a white powder (40 mg). Purify the white powder by column chromatography (silica gel, chloroform then 0.5 to 2% methanol/chloroform) to provide the title compound (25 mg, 70%); mp 195.degree. C. dec.
EXAMPLE 5
Prepartion of [3bS-(3b.alpha., 5a.beta., 6.beta., 6a.beta., 7a.beta.,8aR*, 8b.beta., 10.beta.)]-3, 3b, 4,5,5a, 6,6a, 7a, 7b, 8b, 9,10-trihydroxy-8b- methyl-6a-(1-methylethyl)-1H -bisoxireno[4b, 5:6,7]phenanthro[1,2c-]furan-1-one ##STR17##
Scheme A, step A; To a stirring solution of tripdiolide (376 mg, 1 mmol, optically active, isolated from natural source) in dry THF (10 mL) under an atmosphere of nitrogen at room temperature is added sodium cyanoborohydride (360 mg, 6 mmol) followed by dropwise addition of neat boron trifluoride diethyl etherate (150 mL, 173 mg, 1.2 mmol)). The resulting solution is stirred at room temperature for 16 hours. The reaction is then quenched by addition of 1 N aqueous ammonium chloride (25 mL) and extracted with methylene chloride (3.times.25 mL). The combined organic extracts are washed with brine (25 mL), dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under vacuum. The residue is then purified by flash chromatography (chloroform and then 0.5% methanol/chloroform) to provide the title compound.
EXAMPLE 6
Preparation of [1S-(1.alpha., 2.beta., 3.alpha., 3a.beta.,4aR, 4b.alpha., 11.beta., 11a.alpha.)-3-chloro-1, 2,3,3a,4b,5,6,9,9b, 10,11,11a-dodecahydro-1 ,11a-dihydroxy-4b-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)-2,11 -epoxy-7oxireno[4b,5]phenanthro[1,2-c]furan-7-one ##STR18##
Scheme A, step C; To a stirring solution of [3bS (3b.alpha.,5a.beta.,6.beta.,6a.beta.,7a.beta.,7b.alpha.,8aR,8b.beta., 10.beta.)]-3,3b,4,5,5a,6,6a,7a,7b, 8b,9, 10-dodecahydro-5a,6, 10-trihydroxy-8b-methyl-6a-(1-methylethyl)-1H-bisoxireno[4b,5:6,7]phenanthro[1,2-c]furan-1 -one (5 mg, prepared in example 5) in dioxane (1 mL) at room temperature is added 2N HCI (0.5 mL). The reaction mixture is stirred for 5 hours and then is diluted with cold water (5 mL). The mixture is extracted with ethyl acetate (3.times.10 mL), the organic extracts are combined, washed with brine (3.times.10 mL), dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under vacuum. The residue is purified by column chromatography (silica gel, 1-2% methanol/chloroform) to provide the title compound.
EXAMPLE 7
Preparation of [1S-(1.alpha., 2.beta., 3.alpha., 3a.beta.,4aR, 4b.alpha., 11.beta., 11a.alpha.)-3-chloro-1, 2,3,3a,4b,5,6,9,9b, 10,11,11a-dodecahydro-1,11a-dihydroxy-4b-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)-2,11 -epoxy-7oxireno[4b,5]phenanthro[1,2-c]furan-7-one ##STR19##
Preparation of intermediate [1bS-(1aR*, 1b.alpha., 6b.beta., 8aR*, 9.alpha., 10.beta., 11.alpha., 11a.beta.)]- 11-chloro-10-(1-methlyehtyl)-1b, 3,6,6b, 7,7a, 9,10,11,11a-decahydro-9,10-dihydroxy-1b- methyl-bisoxireno [4b, 5:8a,9]phenanathro[1,2-c]furan-4(2H)-one ##STR20##
Scheme B, step A; Tripdiolide (0.277 mmol, optically active, isolated from natural source) is combined with a mixture of dioxane (15 mL) and 1.5N aqueous HCI (15 mL), and the reaction mixture is stirred for 48 hours at room temperature. The reaction mixture is then poured into water (50 mL) and extracted with chloroform (3.times.40 mL). The combined organic extracts are washed with brine (60 mL), dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under vacuum. The residue is then purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, 2% methanol/chloroform) to provide the title compound.
Preparation of final title compound.
Scheme B, step B; [1bS-(1aR*,1b.alpha.,3.alpha., 6b.beta.,7a.beta.,8aR*,9.alpha.,10.beta.,11.alpha.,11a.beta.)]-11-chloro-1b, 3,6,6b,7,7a,9,10,11,11A-decahydro-3,9, 1 0-trihydroxy-1b-methyl-10-(1-methylethyl)-bisoxireno [4b,5:8,9]phenanthro[1,2-c]furan-4(2H)-one (11 mg) is combined with dioxane (1 mL) and 1.5N aqueous HCI (1 mL) and is stirred at 85.degree. C. for 26 hours. The reaction mixture is then poured into water (5 mL) and extracted with chloroform (3.times.5 mL). The organic extracts are combined, washed with brine (5 mL), dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under vacuum. The residue is purified by preparative TLC (20.times.20 cm, 0.25 mm, 3% methanol/chloroform) to provide the title compound.
EXAMPLE 8
Prepartion of [3bS-(3b.alpha., 5a.beta., 6.beta., 6a.beta., 7a.beta.,8aR*, 8b.beta., 10.beta.)]-3, 3b, 4,5,5a, 6,6a, 7a, 7b, 8b, 9,10-trihydroxy-8b- methyl-6a-(1-methylethyl)-1H -bisoxireno[4b, 5:6,7]phenanthro[1,2c-]furan-1-one ##STR21##
Scheme A, step A; To a stirring solution of triptolidenol (100 mg) at room temperature in dry THF (30 mL) under an atmosphere of nitrogen is added lithium borohydride (236 mL of a 2N solution in THF) followed by addition of neat boron trifluoride diethyl etherate (52 mL). The reaction mixture is allowed to stir for 90 minutes and then carefully treated with 1 N HCI (10 mL). After stirring for an additional 10 minutes, the reaction mixture is extracted with methylene chloride (3.times.20 mL). The organic extracts are combined, washed with 1 N sodium bicarbonate (2.times.20 mL), brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under vacuum. The residue is then purified by column chromatography (20% ethyl acetate/hexane) to provide the title compound.
EXAMPLE 9
Preparation of [1S-(1.alpha., 2.beta., 3.alpha., 3a.beta.,4aR, 4b.alpha., 11.beta., 11a.alpha.)-3-chloro-1, 2,3,3a,4b,5,6,9,9b, 10,11,11a-dodecahydro-1 ,11a-dihydroxy-4b-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)-2,11 -epoxy-7oxireno[4b,5]phenanthro[1,2-c]furan-7-one ##STR22##
Scheme A, step C; To a stirring solution of [3bS-(3b.alpha., 5a.beta.,6.beta.,6a .beta.,7a.beta.,7b.alpha.,8aR*,8b.beta.)]-3,3b,4,5,5a,6,6a,7a,7b,8b,9,10-dodecahydro5a, 6-dihydroxy-6a-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-8b-methyl-1H-bisoxireno [4b,5:6,7]phenanthro[1,2-c]furan-1-one (5 mg, prepared in example 8) in dioxane (1 mL) at room temperature is added 2N HCI (0.5 mL). The reaction mixture i5 is stirred for 5 hours and then is diluted with cold water (5 mL). The mixture is extracted with ethyl acetate (3.times.10 mL), the organic extracts are combined, washed with brine (3.times.10 mL), dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under vacuum. The residue is purified by column chromatography (silica gel, 1% methanol/chloroform) to provide the title compound.
EXAMPLE 10
Preparation of [1S-(1.alpha., 2.beta., 3.alpha., 3a.beta.,4aR, 4b.alpha., 11.beta., 11a.alpha.)-3-chloro-1, 2,3,3a,4b,5,6,9,9b, 10,11,11a-dodecahydro-1,11a-dihydroxy-4b-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)-2,11 -epoxy-7oxireno[4b,5]phenanthro[1,2-c]furan-7-one ##STR23## Preparation of intermediate [1bS-(1aR*, 1b.alpha., 6b.beta., 8aR* , 9.alpha., 10.beta., 11.alpha., 11a.beta.)]- 11-chloro-10-(1-methlyehtyl)-1b, 3,6,6b, 7,7a, 9,10,11,11a-decahydro-9,10-dihydroxy-1b- methyl-bisoxireno [4b, 5:8a,9]phenanathro[1,2-c]furan-4(2H)-one ##STR24## Scheme B, step A; Triptolidenol (100 mg) is combined with a mixture of dioxane (15 mL) and 1.5N aqueous HCI (15 mL), and the reaction mixture is stirred for 48 hours is at room temperature. The reaction mixture is then poured into water (50 mL) and extracted with chloroform (3.times.40 mL). The combined organic extracts are washed with brine (60 mL), dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under vacuum. The residue is purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, 2% methanol/chloroform) to provide the title compound.
Preparation of final title compound.
Scheme B, step B; [1bS-(1aR*,1b.alpha.,6b.beta.,7a.beta.,8aR*,9.alpha.,10.beta.,11.alpha.,11a.beta.)]-11-chloro-1b,3, 6,6b,7,7a,9,10,11,11a-decahydroxy-10-(1-hydroxy-1 -methylethyl)-1b-methyl-bisoxireno[4b,5:8a,9]phenanthro[1,2-c]furan-4(2H)-one (11 mg) is combined with dioxane (1 mL) and 1.5N aqueous HCI (1 mL) and is stirred at 85.degree. C. for 26 hours. The reaction mixture is then poured into water (5 mL) and extracted with chloroform (3.times.5 mL). The organic extracts are combined, washed with brine (5 mL), dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under vacuum. The residue is purified by preparative TLC (20.times.20 cm, 0.25 mm, 3% methanol/chloroform) to provide the title compound.
EXAMPLE 11
Prepartion of [3bS-(3b.alpha., 5a.beta., 6.beta., 6a.beta., 7a.beta.,8aR*, 8b.beta., 10.beta.)]-3, 3b, 4,5,5a, 6,6a, 7a, 7b, 8b, 9,10-trihydroxy-8b- methyl-6a-(1-methylethyl)-1H -bisoxireno[4b, 5:6,7]phenanthro[1,2c-]furan-1-one ##STR25## Scheme A, step A; In a manner analogous to the procedure described in Example 1, the title compound is prepared from 1 6-hydroxy-triptolide.
EXAMPLE 12
Preparation of [1S-(1.alpha., 2.beta., 3.alpha., 3a.beta.,4aR, 4b.alpha., 11.beta., 11a.alpha.)-3-chloro-1, 2,3,3a,4b,5,6,9,9b, 10,11,11a-dodecahydro-1 ,11a-dihydroxy-4b-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)-2,11 -epoxy-7oxireno[4b,5]phenanthro[1,2-c]furan-7-one ##STR26## Scheme A, step B; In a manner analogous to the procedure described in Example 2, the title compound is prepared from [3bS-(3b.alpha.,5a.beta.,6.beta.,6a.beta.,7a.beta.,7b.alpha.,8aR*,8b.beta.)]-6a-(2-hydroxy- 1-methylethyl)-3, 3b,4,5,5a,6,6a,7a,7b,8b,9, 10-dodecahydro-5a,6-dihydroxy-8b-methyl-1H-bisoxireno[4b,5:6,7]phenanthro[1,2-c]furan-1-one, which is prepared in Example 11.
EXAMPLE 13
Preparation of [1S-(1.alpha., 2.beta., 3.alpha., 3a.beta.,4aR, 4b.alpha., 11.beta., 11a.alpha.)-3-chloro-1, 2,3,3a,4b,5,6,9,9b, 10,11,11a-dodecahydro-1 ,11a-dihydroxy-4b-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)-2,11 -epoxy-7oxireno[4b,5]phenanthro[1,2-c]furan-7-one ##STR27## Preparation of intermediate [1bS-(1aR*, 1b.alpha., 6b.beta., 8aR* , 9.alpha., 10.beta., 11.alpha., 11a.beta.)]- 11-chloro-10-(1-methlyehtyl)-1b, 3,6,6b, 7,7a, 9,10,11,11a-decahydro-9,10-dihydroxy-1b- methyl-bisoxireno [4b, 5:8a,9]phenanathro[1,2-c]furan-4(2H)-one ##STR28## Scheme B, step A; In a manner analogous to the procedure described in Example 3, the intermediate title compound is prepared from 1 6-hydroxy-triptolide.
Preparation of final title compound
Scheme B, step B; In a manner analogous to the procedure described in Example 3, the final title compound is prepared from [1bS-(1aR*, 1b.alpha.,6b.beta.,7a.beta.,8aR*,9.alpha.,10.beta., 11.alpha.,11a.alpha.)]11-chloro-10-(2-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-1b, 3,6,6b,7,7a,9, 10,11,11a-decahydro-9, 10-dihydroxy-1b-methyl-bisoxireno [4b,5:8a,9phenanthro[1,2-c]furan-4(2H)-one, prepared directly above.
EXAMPLE 14
Preparation of [3bS-(3b.alpha.,5a.beta.,6.beta., 6a.beta.,7a.beta.,7b.alpha.,8aR*,8b.beta.)]- mono 3,3b,4,5,5a,6,6a,7a,7b,8b,9, 10-dodecahydro-5a-hydroxy-8b-methyl-6a-(1-methylethyl)-1-oxo-1H-bisoxireno [4b,5:6,7]phenanthro[1,2-c]furan-6-yl]ester, butanedioic acid. ##STR29## Scheme A, step B; Combine [5aR-(5a.alpha.,6.alpha., 6a.alpha.,7a.alpha.,7b.beta.,8aS*,8b.alpha.)]-3, 3b,4,5,5a,6,6a,7a,7b,8b,9, 10-dodecahydro-5a,6-dihydroxy-8b-methyl-6a-(1-methylethyl)-1H-bisoxireno [4b,5:6,7]phenanthro[1,2-c]furan-1-one (1 mmol, prepared in example 1), succinic anhydride (1.1 mmol), 4-dimethylaminopyridine (1.1 mmol) and pyridine (0.10 mL) in DMF (3 mL). Stirthe reaction mixture at room temperature for 24 hours and then concentrate under vacuum. Add water and then make slightly acidic with addition of 1 N HCI. Extract the aqueous with methylene chloride (3.times.5 mL), combine the organic extracts, dry over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filter and concentrate under vacuum. Purify the residue by flash chromatography on silica gel (1% to 5% methanol/chloroform) to provide the title compound.
EXAMPLE 15
Preparation of [1S-(1c,2.beta.,3.alpha., 3a.beta.,4aR*,4b.alpha.,9.beta., 11a.alpha.)]-mono[3-chloro-1,3, 3a,4b,5,6,7,9,9b, 10,11, 11a-dodecahydro-2,11a-dihydroxy-4b-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)-7-oxo-2H-oxireno[4b,5]phenanthro[2,1-c]furan-1-yl]ester, butanedioic acid ##STR30## Scheme A, step D; Combine [1S-(1.alpha.,2.beta.,3.alpha.,3a.beta., 4aR*,4b.alpha.,11a.alpha.)]-3-chloro-1, 2,3,3a,4b,5,6,9,9b, 1-, 11,11a-dodecahydro-1,2, 11 a-trihydroxy-4b-methyl-2-(1 - methylethyl)-7H-oxireno[4b,5]phenanthro[1,2-c]furan-7-one (1 mmol, prepared in example 2), succinic anhydride (1.2 mmol), 4-dimethylaminopyridine (1.2 mmol) and pyridine (0.10 mL) in DMF (3 mL). Stir the reaction mixture at room temperature for 24 hours and then concentrate under vacuum. Add water and then make slightly acidic with addition of 1 N HCI. Extract the aqueous with methylene chloride (3.times.5 mL), combine the organic extracts, dry over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filter and concentrate under vacuum. Purify the residue by flash chromatography on silica gel (1% to 5% methanolchloroform) to provide the title compound.
EXAMPLE 16
Preparation of [3bS-(3b.alpha.,5a.beta., 6.beta.,6a.beta.,7a.beta.,7b.alpha.,8aR*,8b.beta.)-mono [3,3b,4,5,5a,6,6a,7a,7b,8b,9, 10-dodecahvdro-5a-hydroxy-8b-methyl-6a-(1-methylethyl)- 1-oxo-1H-bisoxireno [4b,5:6.71phenanthro[1,2-c]furan-6-yl]ester, pentanedioic acid. ##STR31## Scheme A, step B; In a manner analogous to the procedure described in Example 14, the title compound is prepared from [5aR-(5a.alpha.,6.alpha.,6a.alpha.,7a.alpha.,7b.beta.,8aS*,8b.alpha.)]-3, 3b,4,5,5a,6,6a,7a,7b,8b,9,10-dodecahydro-5a,6-dihydroxy-8b-methyl-6a-(1-methylethyl)-1H-bisoxireno[4b,5:6,7]phenanthro[1,2-c]furan-1-one, prepared in Example 1 and glutaric anhydride.
EXAMPLE 17
Preparation of [3bS-(3b.alpha.,5a.beta.,60.beta.,6a.beta.,7a.beta.,7b.alpha.,8aR*,8b.beta., 10.beta.)]-3, 3b, 4,5,5a, 6,6a,7a, 7b,8b, 9,10-dodecahydro-5a-hydroxy-8b- methyl-6a-(1-methylethyl)- 1oxo-1H-bisxoirenol [4,5,6,7]phenanthro[1,2-c]furan-6,10-diyl ester, butanedioic ##STR32## Scheme A, step B; Combine [3bS-(3b.alpha., 5b.beta., 6.beta., 6a.beta., 3,3b,4,5,5a,6,6a,7a,7b,8b,9, 10-dodecahydro-5a,6, 10-trihydroxy-8b-methyl-6a-(1-methylethyl)-1H-bisoxireno [4b,5:6,7]phenanthro[1,2-c]furan-1-one (1 mmol, prepared in example 5), succinic anhydride (2.2 mmol), 4-dimethylaminopyridine (2.2 mmol) and pyridine (0.20 mL) in DMF (3 mL). Stir the reaction mixture at room temperature for 24 hours and then concentrate under vacuum. Add water and then make slightly acidic with addition of 1N HCI. Extract the aqueous with methylene chloride (3.times.5 mL), combine the organic extracts, dry over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filter and concentrate under vacuum. Purify the residue by flash chromatography on silica gel (1% to 5% methanol/chloroform) to provide the title compound.
EXAMPLE 18
Preparation of [3bS-(3b.alpha.,5a.beta.,6.beta.,7b.beta., 7a.beta.,7b.alpha.,8aR,8b.beta.)]-mono[2-6-(3-carboxy-1-oxopropoxy)-1, 3,3b,4,5,5a6,7a,7b,8b,9,10-dodecahydro-5a-hydroxy-8b-methyl-1-oxo-6a H-bisoxireno[4b,5:6,7]phenanthro[1,2-c]furan-6a-yl]-propyl]ester, butanedioic acid ##STR33## Scheme A, step B; Combine [3bS(3b.alpha.,5a.beta.,6.beta.,6a.beta.,7a.beta.,7b.alpha.,8aR*,8b.beta.)]-6a-(2-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-3, 3b,4,5,5a,6,6a,7a,7b,8b,9, 10-dodecahydro-5a, 6-dihydroxy-8b-methyl-1H-bisoxireno[4b,5:6,7]phenanthro[1,2-c]furan-1-one (1 mmol, prepared in example 11), succinic anhydride (2.2 mmol), 4-dimethylaminopyridine (2.2 mmol) and pyridine (0.20 mL) in DMF (3 mL). Stir the reaction mixture at room temperature for 24 hours and then concentrate under vacuum. Add water and then make slightly acidic with addition of 1N HCI. Extract the aqueous with methylene chloride (3 X 5 mL), combine the organic extracts, dry over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filter and concentrate under vacuum. Purify the residue by flash chromatography on silica gel (1% to 5% methanol/chloroform) to provide the title compound.
EXAMPLE 19
Preparation of [3bS-(3b.alpha.,5a.beta.,6.beta.,7b.beta., 7a.beta.,7b.alpha.,8aR,8b.beta.)]-mono[2-6-(3-carboxy-1-oxopropoxy)-1, 3,3b,4,5,5a6,7a,7b,8b,9,10-dodecahydro-5a-hydroxy-8b-methyl-1-oxo-6a H-bisoxireno[4b,5:6,7]phenanthro[1,2-c]furan-6a-yl]-propyl]ester, L-alanine trifluoroacetate acid ##STR34## Scheme A, step B; Combine [5aR-(5a.alpha.,6.alpha.,6a.alpha.,7a.alpha.,7b.beta.,8aS*, 8b.alpha.)]-3, 3b,4,5,5a,6,6a,7a,7b,8b,9, 10-dodecahydro-5a,6-dihydroxy-8b-methyl-6a-(1 -methylethyl)-1H-bisoxireno [4b,5:6,7]phenanthro[1,2-c]furan-1-one (36 mg, 0.1 mmol, prepared in example 1) with N-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-L-alanine (21 mg, 0.11 mmol) and dimethylaminopyridine (23 .mu.L, 0.2 mmol) in anhydrous methylene chloride (5 mL) under an atmosphere of nitrogen. Cool the solution to 0.degree. C. and add dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (40 mg, 0.2 mmol). Warm the reaction to room temperature and stir for 3 hours. Then filter the reaction and concentrate the filtrate under vacuum. Dissolve the residue in methylene chloride (20 mL) and wash with 0.5 N HCI (20 mL), saturated sodium bicarbonate (20 mL) and brine (20 mL). Dry the organic over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filter and concentrate the filtrate under vacuum. Purify the residue by flash chromatography (silica gel, ethyl acetate/hexane) to provide the purified BOC-protected title compound. Dissolve the BOC-protected title compound in diethyl ether (15 mL) and treat slowly with 1 N trifluoroacetic acid (1 mL). Stir the reaction for 1 hour and filter the reaction to collect the solid. Wash the solid with diethyl ether and dry under vacuum to provide the title compound.
EXAMPLE 20
Preparation of [3bS-(3b.alpha.,5a.beta.,6.beta.,7b.beta., 7a.beta.,7b.alpha.,8aR,8b.beta.)]-mono[2-6-(3-carboxy-1-oxopropoxy)-1, 3,3b,4,5,5a6,7a,7b,8b,9,10-dodecahydro-5a-hydroxy-8b-methyl-1-oxo-6a H-bisoxireno[4b,5:6,7]phenanthro[1,2-c]furan-6a-yl]-propyl]ester, L-phenylalanine trifluoroacetate ##STR35## Scheme A, step B; Combine [5aR-(5a.alpha.,6.alpha.,6a.alpha.,7a.alpha.,7b.beta., 8aS*,8b.alpha.)]-3, 3b,4,5,5a,6,6a,7a,7b,8b,9, 10-dodecahydro-5a,6-dihydroxy-8b-methyl-6a-(1-methylethyl)-1 H-bisoxireno[4b,5:6,7]phenanthro[1,2-c]furan-1-one (36 mg, 0.1 mmol, prepared in example 1) with N-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-L-phenylalanine (29.1 mg, 0.11 mmol) and dimethylaminopyridine (23 .mu.L, 0.2 mmol) in anhydrous methylene chloride (5 mL) under an atmosphere of nitrogen. Cool the solution to 0.degree. C. and add dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (40 mg, 0.2 mmol). Warm the reaction to room temperature and stir for 3 hours. Then filter the reaction and concentrate the filtrate under vacuum. Dissolve the residue in methylene chloride (20 mL) and wash with 0.5 N HCI (20 mL), saturated sodium bicarbonate (20 mL) and brine (20 mL). Dry the organic over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filter and concentrate the filtrate under vacuum. Purify the residue by flash chromatography (silica gel, ethyl acetate/hexane) to provide the purified BOC-protected title compound. Dissolve the BOC-protected title compound in diethyl ether (15 mL) and treat slowly with 1N trifluoroacetic acid (1 mL). Stir the reaction for 1 hour and filter the reaction to collect the solid. Wash the solid with diethyl ether and dry under vacuum to provide the title compound.
The following examples are provided in order to illustrate the method of use of the present invention. These examples are intended to be illustrative only and is not to be construed so as to limit the scope of the invention in any way.
EXAMPLE 21
lnterleukin-2 Assays
Jurkat E6-1 cell line (ATCC), a human leukemic T cell line or lymphocytes prepared from fresh human blood, are grown in complete culture medium consisting of RPMI-1640 (Mediatech) supplemented with 10% v/v fetal bovine serum (HyClone, Logen, Vermont), penicillin (100 units/mL), streptomycin (200 mg/mL), and 2mM L-glutamine (GIBCO, Grand Island, N.Y.). The cells are grown to a concentration of between 1.2 to 1.8.times.10.sup.6 cells/mL before use. The cells are then centrifuged at low speed and resuspended to a concentration of 1.25.times.10.sup.6 cells/mL in fresh medium.
The compounds to be tested are dissolved in DMSO, and water is added to make a 50% DMSO/water solution. The compounds are then diluted in sterile water such that the DMSO concentrations are less then 0.05%. The cells at a concentration of 1.25.times.10.sup.6 cells/mL are stimulated with phytohemagglutinin 10 .mu.g/mL (PHA) and 10.sup.-8 M phorbol ester (12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate: TPA), (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.). The compounds are then added and the cells are plated in flat-bottom tissue culture plates (Falcon, Lincoln Park, N.J.), with 250,000 cells/well. Plates are then incubated at 37.degree. C. in a 5% CO.sub.2 atmosphere.
After incubation (16-24 hours), the cells are assayed for IL-2 production and cell viability (MTT). IL-2 production is assayed utilizing a solid phase ELISA immunoassay, sold in kit form by R&D Systems, Inc., Minneapolis, Minn.
EXAMPLE 22
Cell Viability
Cell viability is measured by the use of a mitochondrial enzyme assay. After removal of the supernatant for the IL-2 assay, Cell Titer 96 (a commercial solution of MTT obtained from Promega, Madison, Wis.), is added to the plates and incubated for 4 hours at 37.degree. C. A solubilization solution is then added and incubated overnight. The plates are then read on an ELISA plate reader at a wavelength of 570 nm. Table II presents the results for the lnterleukin-2 assay, the cell viability assay and the ratio of cell viability/IL-2 inhibition.
TABLE II______________________________________ IC.sub.50 /IL-2 IC.sub.50 /MTT Compound (ng/mL) (ng/mL) MTT/IL-2______________________________________Triptolide 1 to 3 5 2 to 4 Example 1 36 300 to 500 8 to 14 Example 2 60 550 9 Example 3 140 >1,000 --______________________________________
EXAMPLE 23
Anti-inflammatory Activity in the Rat Model of Adiuvant-induced Arthritis
Following generally the procedure of Pearson and Wood, Arth. Rheum., 2, 44 (1959), the anti-inflammatory activity of the following compounds was determined in a rat model of adjuvant-induced arthritis. Male Wistar-Lewis rats (Mollegaard, Breeding Centre Ltd, BIBY, DK 4623 LI, SKENSVED, P.P. Box 28, DK) with a body weight between 160 g and 200 g are used. Freund's adjuvant (0.1 mL, 6 mg Mycobacterium smegmatis suspension per mL in heavy white paraffin oil, Merck/Darmstadt) was injected into the base of the tail. Between day 10 and day 14 of the test, immunopathological processes let to chronic inflammation, especially in the form of arthritic and periarthritic symptoms in all parts of the body. The animals received standardized food Altromin-R (Altrogge, Lage) and had free access to water. The compounds were administered i.p. (a suspension in carboxymethyl cellulose solution in an injection volume of 0.5 mL/100 g body weight) on 12 consecutive days, starting with the day of the adjuvant injection. On day 1 and day 18 of the study, the volume of both hind paws and the body weight were recorded, and in addition on day 18 the arthritis index. Cyclosporin A and Prednisolone were used as standard compounds. The results of the above test are presented in table Ill. In addition, table IV presents the percent change in body weight (weight gain) between day 1 and day 21 of the above test.
TABLE III______________________________________ Dose Compound mg/kg/day i.p. % Inhibition______________________________________Example 1 10 90 Triptolide 0.2 70 Triptolide 0.4 85 Triptolide 0.8 76 Cyclosporin A 10 100 Prednisolone 15 100______________________________________
TABLE IV______________________________________ Dose % Change in Compound mg/kg/day i,p, Body Weight______________________________________Example 1 10 29.9 Triptolide 0.2 17.2 Triptolide 0.4 22.0 Triptolide 0.8 18.0 Cyclosporin A 10 27.2 Prednisolone 15 14.2 Adjuvant-arthritis 5 mL 17.9 Control, CMC Normal non-arthritic -- 32.0 animals______________________________________
The present invention provides a method of treating a patient suffering from an autoimmune disease comprising administering to said patient an effective amount of a compound of either formula (I), (II) or (III). The term "autoimmune disease" refers to those disease states and conditions wherein the immune response of the patient is directed against the patient's own constituents resulting in an undesirable and often terribly debilitating condition. Included within the scope of autoimmune disease is ARDS, inflammatory bowel disease including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus type 1, Kawasaki disease, multiple sclerosis, familial Mediterranean fever, psoriasis and lupus. Patients suffering from autoimmune diseases are in need of treatment with an antiinflammatory agent such as a compound of formulas (I), (II) or (III). In addition, patients suffering from allograft rejection and Graft-versus-host disease are also in need of treatment with an antiinflammatory agent such as a compound of formulas (I), (II) or (III). As such, treatment of patients suffering from these diseases by administration of a compound of formulas (I), (II) or (III) will be particularly effective in preventing further deterioration or worsening of the patient's condition. Treatment of a patient at an early stage of an autoimmune disease would be particularly effective in preventing further deterioration of the disease state into a more serious condition. The autoimmune diseases for which treatment with a compound of formulas (I), (II) or (III) will be particularly preferred are rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and psoriasis.
As used herein, the term "patient" refers to a warm-blooded animal such as a mammal which is suffering from, or is in danger of suffering from, an acute or chronic inflammation, cellular injury or cell death associated with an immunological based disease, such as an autoimmune disease. It is understood that humans, dogs, guinea pigs, mice and rats are included within the scope of the term "patient".
Administration of a compound of formulas (I), (II) or (III) to a patient results in an immunosuppressive or antiinflammatory effect in the patient. Based on standard clinical and laboratory tests and procedures, an attending diagnostician, as a person skilled in the art, can readily identify those patients who are in need of treatment with an immunosuppressive or antiinflammatory agent such as a compound of formulas (I), (II) or (III).
An effective amount of a compound of formulas (I), (II) or (III) is that amount which is effective, upon single or multiple dose administration to a patient, in providing an immunosuppressive or antiinflammatory effect.
An effective amount of a compound of formulas (I), (II) or (III) can be readily determined by the attending diagnostician, as one skilled in the art, by the use of known techniques and by observing results obtained under analogous circumstances. In determining the effective amount or dose, a number of factors are considered by the attending diagnostician, including, but not limited to: the species of mammal; its size, age, and general health; the specific disease involved; the degree of or involvement or the severity of the disease; the response of the individual patient; the particular compound administered; the mode of administration; the bioavailability characteristics of the preparation administered; the dose regimen selected; the use of concomitant medication; and other relevant circumstances.
An effective amount of a compound of formulas (I), (II) or (III) is expected to vary from about 0.1 milligram per kilogram of body weight per day (mg/kg/day) to about 50 mg/kg/day. Preferred amounts are expected to vary from about 0.2 to about 25 mg/kg/day, with about 1 to about 10 mg/kg/day being most preferred.
In effecting treatment of a patient afflicted with a disease state described above, a compound of formulas (I), (II) or (III) can be administered in any form or mode which makes the compound bioavailable in effective amounts, including oral and parenteral routes. For example, compounds of formulas (I), (II) or (III) can be administered orally, subcutaneously, intramuscularly, intravenously, transdermally, intranasally, rectally, and the like. Oral administration and intravenous administration are generally preferred. One skilled in the art of preparing formulations can readily select the proper form and mode of administration depending upon the particular characteristics of the compound selected the disease state to be treated, the stage of the disease, and other relevant circumstances.
The compounds of formulas (I), (II) or (III) can be administered alone or in the form of a pharmaceutical composition in combination with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients, the proportion and nature of which are determined by the solubility and chemical properties of the compound selected, the chosen route of administration, and standard pharmaceutical practice. The compounds of the invention, while effective themselves, may be formulated and administered in the form of their pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts for purposes of stability, convenience of crystallization, increased solubility and the like.
In another embodiment, the present invention provides compositions comprising a compound of formulas (I), (II) or (III) in admixture or otherwise in association with one or more inert carriers. These compositions are useful, for example, as assay standards, as convenient means of making bulk shipments, or as pharmaceutical compositions. An assayable amount of a compound of formulas (I), (II) or (III) is an amount which is readily measurable by standard assay procedures and techniques as are well known and appreciated by those skilled in the art. Assayable amounts of a compound of formulas (I), (II) or (III) will generally vary from about 0.001% to about 75% of the composition by weight. Inert carriers can be any material which does not degrade or otherwise covalently react with a compound of formulas (I), (II) or (III). Examples of suitable inert carriers are water; aqueous buffers, such as those which are generally useful in High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis; organic solvents, such as acetonitrile, ethyl acetate, hexane and the like; and pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients. More particularly, the present invention provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising an effective amount of a compound of formula (I), (II) or (III) in admixture or otherwise in association with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients. The pharmaceutical compositions are prepared in a manner well known in the pharmaceutical art. The carrier or excipient may be a solid, semi-solid, or liquid material which can serve as a vehicle or medium for the active ingredient. Suitable carriers or excipients are well known in the art. The pharmaceutical composition may be adapted for oral or parenteral use, including topical use, and may be administered to the patient in the form of tablets, capsules, suppositories, solution, suspensions, or the like.
The compounds of the present invention may be administered orally, for example, with an inert diluent or with an edible carrier. They may be enclosed in gelatin capsules or compressed into tablets. For the purpose of oral therapeutic administration, the compounds may be incorporated with excipients and used in the form of tablets, troches, capsules, elixirs, suspensions, syrups, wafers, chewing gums and the like. These preparations should contain at least 4% of the compound of the invention, the active ingredient, but may be varied depending upon the particular form and may conveniently be between 4% to about 70% of the weight of the unit. The amount of the compound present in compositions is such that a suitable dosage will be obtained. Preferred compositions and preparations according to the present invention are prepared so that an oral dosage unit form contains between 5.0-300 milligrams of a compound of the invention.
The tablets, pills, capsules, troches and the like may also contain one or more of the following adjuvants: binders such as microcrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth or gelatin; excipients such as starch or lactose, disintegrating agents such as alginic acid, Primogel, corn starch and the like; lubricants such as magnesium stearate or Sterotex; glidants such as colloidal silicon dioxide; and sweetening agents such as sucrose or saccharin may be added or a flavoring agent such as peppermint, methyl salicylate or orange flavoring. When the dosage unit form is a capsule, it may contain, in addition to materials of the above type, a liquid carrier such as polyethylene glycol or a fatty oil. Other dosage unit forms may contain other various materials which modify the physical form of the dosage unit, for example, as coatings. Thus, tablets or pills may be coated with sugar, shellac, or other enteric coating agents. A syrup may contain, in addition to the present compounds, sucrose as a sweetening agent and certain preservatives, dyes and colorings and flavors. Materials used in preparing these various compositions should be pharmaceutically pure and non-toxic in the amounts used. For the purpose of parenteral therapeutic administration, including topical administration, the compounds of the present invention may be incorporated into a solution or suspension. These preparations should contain at least 0.1% of a compound of the invention, but may be varied to be between 0.1 and about 50% of the weight thereof. The amount of the inventive compound present in such compositions is such that a suitable dosage will be obtained. Preferred compositions and preparations according to the present invention are prepared so that a parenteral dosage unit contains between 5.0 to 100 milligrams of the compound of the invention.
The solutions or suspensions may also include the one or more of the following adjuvants: sterile diluents such as water for injection, saline solution, fixed oils, polyethylene glycols, glycerine, propylene glycol or other synthetic solvents; antibacterial agents such as benzyl alcohol or methyl paraben; antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or sodium bisulfite; chelating agents such as ethylene diaminetetraacetic acid; buffers such as acetates, citrates or phosphates and agents for the adjustment of tonicity such as sodium chloride or dextrose. The parenteral preparation can be enclosed in ampules, disposable syringes or multiple dose vials made of glass or plastic.
As with any group of structurally related compounds which possesses a particular generic utility, certain groups and configurations are preferred for compounds of formula (I) wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are H; R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are H and R.sub.1 is OH; R.sub.1, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are H, R.sub.2 is OH; R.sub.1, R.sub.2 and R.sub.4 are H and R.sub.3 is C(=O)(CH.sub.2).sub.2 CO.sub.2 H or C(=O)(CH.sub.2).sub.3 CO.sub.2 H; and for compounds of formula (II) wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are H; R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are H, R.sub.1 is OH; R.sub.1, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are H and R.sub.2 is OH; R.sub.1, R.sub.2 and R.sub.4 are H and R.sub.3 is C(=O)(CH.sub.2).sub.2 CO.sub.2 H or C(=O)(CH.sub.2).sub.3 CO.sub.2 H; in addition, compounds wherein X is Cl or Br are preferred; and for compounds of formula (III) wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are H; R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are H and R.sub.1 is OH; R.sub.1, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are H and R.sub.2 is OH; R.sub.1, R.sub.2 and R.sub.4 is H and R.sub.3 is C(=O)(CH.sub.2).sub.2 CO.sub.2 H or C(=O)(CH.sub.2).sub.3 CO.sub.2 H; in addition, compounds wherein X is Cl or Br are preferred. Also, for substituents R.sub.3 and R.sub.5, each independently, in compounds of formulas (I), (II) and (III), the preferred suitable amino acids are Ala, GIn, Lys, Arg, and Phe, with Ala, Gln and Lys being most preferred.

Number	Name	Date
4005108	Kupchan et al.	Jan 1977
5430054	Qian et al.	Jul 1995
5580562	Lipsky et al.	Dec 1996
5663335	Qi et al.	Sep 1997

Number	Date	Country
9113627	Sep 1991	WOX
9426265	Nov 1994	WOX

Triptolide derivatives useful in the treatment of autoimmune diseases

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Entry
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