Patent Application
20130183292
Angiogenesis is implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of disorders which include solid tumors, intraocular neovascular syndromes such as proliferative retinopathies or age-related macular degeneration (AMD), rheumatoid arthritis, and psoriasis (Folkman et al., J. Biol. Chem. 267 (1992) 10931-10934; Klagsbrun et al., Annu. Rev. Physiol. 53 (1991) 217-239; and Garner, A., Vascular diseases, In: Pathobiology of ocular disease, A dynamic approach, Garner, A., and Klintworth, G. K. (eds.), 2nd edition, Marcel Dekker, New York (1994), pp 1625-1710). In the case of solid tumors, the neovascularization allows the tumor cells to acquire a growth advantage and proliferative autonomy compared to the normal cells. Accordingly, a correlation has been observed between density of microvessels in tumor sections and patient survival in breast cancer as well as in several other tumors (Weidner et al., N. Engl. J. Med. 324 (1991) 1-8; Horak et al., Lancet 340 (1992) 1120-1124; and Macchiarini et al., Lancet 340 (1992) 145-146).
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is involved in the regulation of normal and abnormal angiogenesis and neovascularization associated with tumors and intraocular disorders (Ferrara et al., Endocr. Rev. 18 (1997) 4-25; Berkman et al., J. Clin. Invest. 91 (1993) 153-159; Brown et al., Human Pathol. 26 (1995) 86-91; Brown et al., Cancer Res. 53 (1993) 4727-4735; Mattern et al., Brit. J. Cancer. 73 (1996) 931-934; and Dvorak et al., Am. J. Pathol. 146 (1995) 1029-1039). Anti-VEGF neutralizing antibodies suppress the growth of a variety of human tumor cell lines in mice (Kim et al., Nature 362 (1993) 841-844; Warren et al., J. Clin. Invest. 95 (1995) 1789-1797; Borgstrom et al., Cancer Res. 56 (1996) 4032-4039; and Melnyk et al., Cancer Res. 56 (1996) 921-924). WO 94/10202, WO 98/45332, WO 2005/00900 and WO 00/35956 refer to antibodies against VEGF. Humanized monoclonal antibody bevacizumab (sold under the trade name Avastin®) is an anti-VEGF antibody used in tumor therapy and is the only anti-angiogenic agent approved for treatment of cancer (WO 98/45331).
HER2 is a member of the human epidermal growth factor receptor family and possesses protein kinase activity in its cytoplasmic domain. HER2 is over-expressed in tumor cells and is correlated with poor prognosis and survival. HER2 is therefore a valuable target of breast cancer therapy. Antibodies against HER2 are known from Takai N. et al., Cancer 104 (2005) 2701-2708; Yeon, C. H., et al., Invest New Drugs. 23 (2005) 391-409; Wong, W. M., et al, Cancer Pract. 7 (1999) 48-50; Albanell, J., et al., Drugs Today (Barc). 35 (1999) 931-46.
Trastuzumab (sold under the trade name Herceptin®) is a recombinant humanized anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody used for the treatment of HER2 over-expressed/HER2 gene amplified metastatic breast cancer. Preclinical studies demonstrated that the antibody has anti-tumor activity in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, additive or synergistic enhancement of anti-tumor activity of trastuzumab was observed in combination with various anti-tumor agents in mouse models. In clinical studies, extension of survival was observed in HER2 overexpressing metastatic breast cancer patients.
WO 2005/012531 describes antibodies that may be combined with anti-HER2 antibodies (e.g. Herceptin® also known as trastuzumab) and/or an anti-VEGF antibody (e.g. Avastin® also known as bevacizumab) in the treatment of colorectal cancer, metastatic breast cancer and kidney cancer. According to WO 2005/063816, anti-VEGF antibodies may be combined with anti-HER2 antibodies in a treatment of metastatic breast cancer. According to WO 98/45331, the effectiveness of an anti-VEGF antibody in preventing or treating disease may be improved by administering the antibody serially or in combination with another agent that is effective for those purposes, such as an antibody capable of binding to HER2 receptor. WO 2005/00090 and WO 2003/077841 also disclose the combination of anti-VEGF antibodies with anti-HER2 antibodies for tumor therapy. Pegram, M. D., et al, Seminars in Oncology 29 (2002) 29-37, relates to the combination of anti-HER2 antibodies with anti-VEGF antibodies in the therapy breast cancer.
Clinical oncologists are in agreement that the failure of cancer treatment is not necessarily caused by the growth of the primary tumor, which is generally dealt with using surgery, but rather by the metastatic spread into different organs. The regression of primary tumors by different cytotoxic drugs is not always indicative for anti-metastatic activity per se. On the contrary, enhanced metastasis has been observed in response to several anti-cancer drugs (Geldof et al., Anticancer Res 8 (1988) 1335-40, Murphy, J., Clin. Oncol. 11 (1993) 199-201, and De Larco et al., Cancer Res. 61 (2001) 2857-61). Clearly there exists a need to develop treatment therapies that target not only the primary tumor, but also suppress metastasis. These anti-metastatic activities can e.g. be evaluated by the method according to Schneider, T., et al, Clin. Exp. Metas. 19 (2002) 571-582.
The invention relates to a method for treating a patient, suffering from relapsed HER2 positive cancer, comprising the step of administering to the patient, during or after treatment with an anti-HER2 antibody, and anti-VEGF antibody.
The invention relates also to a method as described above wherein the treatment prevents or reduces metastasis in the patient.
In an embodiment of the present invention, a therapeutically-effective amount of the anti-VEGF antibody is administered to the patient during treatment with an anti-HER2 antibody, preferably during a first-line monotherapy with the anti-HER2 antibody.
In another embodiment of the present invention, a therapeutically-effective amount of the anti-VEGF antibody is administered to the patient after the patient has been treated with an anti-HER2 antibody, preferably after first-line monotherapy with the anti-Her2 antibody.
Preferably the anti-VEGF antibody binds to the same epitope as bevacizumab.
Preferably the anti-VEGF antibody is bevacizumab.
Preferably the anti-HER2 antibody is trastuzumab.
In a preferred embodiment, the invention comprises co-administering said anti-VEGF antibody and said anti-HER2 antibody to the patient.
The present invention further provides a kit comprising a therapeutically-effective amount of an anti-VEGF antibody and a package insert instructing the user to administer the anti-VEGF antibody to a patient suffering from relapsed HER2 positive cancer during or after treatment of the patient with an anti-HER2 antibody.
The term “VEGF” according to the invention refers to the vascular endothelial cell growth factor (Swiss-Prot No. P 15692), alternative splicing forms thereof (see e.g. Leung et al., Science, 246 (1989) 1306-1309, and Houck et al., Mol. Endocrin., 5 (1991) 1806-14) and active fragments thereof, preferably N-terminal fragments thereof.
The term “anti-VEGF antibody” according to the invention refers to an antibody that binds specifically to VEGF and exhibits an antiangiogenetic activity. Preferred humanized anti-VEGF antibodies or anti-VEGF antibody variants bind human VEGF with a Kd value of no more than about 1×10−8M and preferably no more than about 5×10−9M. Preferably the anti-VEGF antibody is a monoclonal antibody that binds to the same epitope as recombinant humanized anti-VEGF monoclonal antibody (bevacizumab) generated according to Presta et al., Cancer Res. 57 (1997) 4593-4599. A preferred antibody is bevacizumab. Anti-VEGF antibodies and methods for their manufacture are e.g. described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,054,297, US2003/0190317, U.S. Pat. No. 6,632,926, U.S. Pat. No. 6,884,879, and US 2005/0112126.
Bevacizumab comprises mutated human IgG1 framework regions and antigen-binding complementarity-determining regions from a murine anti-hVEGF monoclonal antibody that blocks binding of human VEGF to its receptors. Approximately 93% of the amino acid sequence of bevacizumab, including most of the framework regions, is derived from human IgG1, and about 7% of the sequence is derived from the murine antibody A4.6.1. Bevacizumab has a molecular mass of about 149,000 daltons and is glycosylated. Bevacizumab and its method of preparation are described in EP 1325932.
The term “HER2” according to the invention refers to 185 kDa growth factor receptor also referred to as neu and c-erbB-2 (Slamon et al., Science 235 (1987) 177-182; Swiss-Prot P04626) whose function is related to neoplastic transformation in human breast cancer cells. Overexpression of this protein has been identified in 20-30% of breast cancer patients where it correlates with regionally advanced disease, increased probability of tumor recurrence, and reduced patient survival. As many as 30-40% of patients having gastric, endometrial, salivary gland, non-small cell lung, pancreatic, ovarian, peritoneal, prostate, or colorectal cancers may also exhibit overexpression of this protein.
The term “anti-HER2 antibody” according to the invention is an antibody that binds specifically to the same epitope of HER2 as the murine anti-HER2 antibody 4D5 described in Hudziak et al., Mol. Cell. Biol. 9 (1989) 1165-1172. Anti-HER2 antibodies which bind to the “4D5 epitope of HER2”, including anti-HER2 antibody 4D5 itself, and methods for their manufacture are e.g. described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,054,297, WO 89/06692, U.S. Pat. No. 6,399,063, U.S. Pat. No. 6,165,464, U.S. Pat. No. 6,054,297, U.S. Pat. No. 5,772,997, WO 2003/087131, WO 01/00245, WO 01/00238, WO 00/69460, WO 99/31140 and WO 98/17797. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the anti-HER2 antibody is trastuzumab, a recombinant humanized anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody (a humanized version of the murine anti-HER2 antibody 4D5, referred to as rhuMAb HER2 or trastuzumab) which has been clinically active in patients with HER2-overexpressing metastatic breast cancers that had received extensive prior anticancer therapy. (Baselga et al, J Clin. Oncol. 14 (1996) 737-744). Trastuzumab and its method of preparation are described in EP 590058.
The term “epitope” as used within this application denotes a protein determinant capable of specific binding to an antibody. Epitopes usually consist of chemically active surface groupings of molecules such as amino acids or sugar side chains and usually have specific three dimensional structural characteristics, as well as specific charge characteristics. Conformational and non-conformational epitopes are distinguished in that the binding to the former but not the latter is lost in the presence of denaturing solvents. Depending on the size of the antigen to which the epitope belongs, more than one epitope per antigen may be available resulting likewise in the possibility of more than one antibody binding site (=epitope) per antigen.
“Epitope 4D5” is the region in the extracellular domain of HER2 to which the antibody 4D5 (ATCC CRL 10463) binds. This epitope is close to the transmembrane region of HER2. To screen for antibodies which bind to the 4D5 epitope, a routine cross-blocking assay such as that described in Antibodies, A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Ed. Harlow and David Lane (1988), can be performed. Alternatively, epitope mapping can be performed to assess whether the antibody binds to the 4D5 epitope of HER2.
Antibodies can be generated against, e.g., human, mouse, or rat polypeptides. Antibodies, either polyclonal or monoclonal, specifically recognizing the target antigen are encompassed by the invention. Such antibodies are raised using standard immunological techniques known to a person skilled in the art. Antibodies may be polyclonal or monoclonal or may be produced recombinantly such as for a humanized antibody. Whether an antibody binds to the same epitope as a known therapeutic antibody can easily be determined in a competitive test system.
Possible epitope overlapping of two antibodies binding to the same target antigen can be detected with the help of a competitive test system, for example, an immunoassay. The extent to which the new antibody competes with the known antibody for the binding to an immobilized target antigen is investigated. For this purpose, an appropriately immobilized target antigen is incubated with the known antibody in labeled form and an excess of the antibody in question. By detection of the bound labeling there can easily be ascertained the extent to which the antibody in question can displace the known antibody from the binding site (=epitope). If there is a displacement of more than 10%, preferably of more than 20%, at the same concentration or at higher concentrations, preferably in the case of 105-fold excess of the antibody in question, referred to the known antibody, then an epitope overlapping is present. That means that the antibody in question binds to the same epitope as the known antibody.
The term “target antigen” relates to a biomolecule which is bound by its corresponding therapeutic antibody. By way of example, the target antigen of a therapeutic antibody to HER2 (=ErbB2 or p 185neu), like Herceptin® or Omnitarg®, is HER2. The target antigen of a therapeutic antibody to EGFr, like Erbitux®, is EGFr. The target antigen of a therapeutic antibody to VEGF, like Avastin®, is VEGF. The target antigen may either be a soluble, i.e. secreted or shed, target antigen or a (cell-)membrane bound target antigen.
Immunoassays are well known to the skilled artisan. Methods for carrying out such assays as well as practical applications and procedures are summarized in related textbooks. Examples of related textbooks are Tijssen, P., Preparation of enzyme-antibody or other enzyme-macromolecule conjugates, In: Practice and theory of enzyme immunoassays, Burdon, R. H. and v. Knippenberg, P. H. (eds.), Elsevier, Amsterdam (1990), pp. 221-278; and various volumes of Colowick, S. P. and Caplan, N. O. (eds.), Methods in Enzymology, Academic Press, dealing with immunological detection methods, especially volumes 70, 73, 74, 84, 92 and 121.
The term “overexpression” of the HER2 receptor protein is intended to indicate an abnormal level of expression of the HER2 receptor protein in a cell from a tumor within a specific tissue or organ of the patient relative to the level of expression in a normal cell from that tissue or organ. Patients having a cancer characterized by overexpression of the HER2 receptor can be determined by standard assays known in the art. Preferably overexpression is measured in fixed cells of frozen or paraffin-embedded tissue sections using immunohistochemical detection. When coupled with histological staining, localization of the targeted protein can be determined and extent of its expression within a tumor can be measured both qualitatively and semi-quantitatively. Such IHC detection assays are known in the art and include the Clinical Trial Assay (CTA), the commercially available LabCorp 4D5 test, and the commercially available DAKO HercepTest® (DAKO, Carpinteria, Calif.). The latter assay uses a specific range of 0 to 3+ cell staining (0 being normal expression, 3+ indicating the strongest positive expression) to identify cancers having overexpression of the HER2 protein (see the Herceptin® (trastuzumab) full prescribing information; September 1998; Genentech, Inc., San Francisco, Calif.). Thus, patients having a cancer characterized by overexpression of the HER2 protein in the range of 1+, 2+, or 3+, preferably 2+ or 3+, more preferably 3+ would benefit from the methods of therapy of the present invention.
The term “HER2 positive cancer” refers to a cancer disease such as breast cancer, gastric cancer, endometrial cancer, salivary gland cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, ovarian cancer, peritoneal cancer, prostate cancer, or colorectal cancer, which is characterized by an overexpression of HER2 protein.
The HER2 positive cancer may be, for example, lung cancer, non small cell lung (NSCL) cancer, bronchioloalviolar cell lung cancer, bone cancer, pancreatic cancer, skin cancer, cancer of the head or neck, cutaneous or intraocular melanoma, uterine cancer, ovarian cancer, rectal cancer, cancer of the anal region, stomach cancer, gastric cancer, colon cancer, breast cancer, uterine cancer, carcinoma of the fallopian tubes, carcinoma of the endometrium, carcinoma of the cervix, carcinoma of the vagina, carcinoma of the vulva, Hodgkin's Disease, cancer of the esophagus, cancer of the small intestine, cancer of the endocrine system, cancer of the thyroid gland, cancer of the parathyroid gland, cancer of the adrenal gland, sarcoma of soft tissue, cancer of the urethra, cancer of the penis, prostate cancer, cancer of the bladder, cancer of the kidney or urethra, renal cell carcinoma, carcinoma of the renal pelvis, mesothelioma, hepatocellular cancer, biliary cancer, chronic or acute leukemia, lymphocytic lymphomas, neoplasms of the central nervous system (CNS), spinal axis tumors, brain stem glioma, glioblastoma multiforme, astrocytomas, schwannomas, ependymomas, medulloblastomas, meningiomas, squamous cell carcinomas, pituitary adenomas, including refractory versions of any of the above cancers, or a combination of one or more of the above cancers. In preferred embodiments, the HER2 positive cancer may be breast cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer, or prostate cancer. The precancerous condition or lesion includes, for example, the group consisting of oral leukoplakia, actinic keratosis (solar keratosis), precancerous polyps of the colon or rectum, gastric epithelial dysplasia, adenomatous dysplasia, hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer syndrome (HNPCC), Barrett's esophagus, bladder dysplasia, and precancerous cervical conditions. In a preferred embodiment, the cancer is a relapsed HER2 positive breast cancer, which is treated preferably during or after a first-line monotherapy with an anti-HER2 antibody, wherein said anti-HER2 antibody is preferably trastuzumab.
The term “breast cancer” refers to the uncontrolled growth of abnormal breast cells. It includes ductal carcinoma in situ, invasive ductal carcinoma, lobular carcinoma in situ, invasive lobular carcinoma, medullary carcinoma, Paget's disease of the nipple and metastatic breast cancer.
The term “relapsed cancer” refers to the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in tumor patients who initially responded to previous therapy, but in whom the therapeutic response was not maintained. The term “relapsed HER2 positive cancer” refers to the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells characterized by HER2 protein overexpression in tumor patients who initially responded to previous therapy with an anti-HER2 antibody, preferably trastuzumab, but in whom the therapeutic response was not maintained during treatment with said anti-HER2 antibody. Tumor patients who initially responded to previous therapy with an anti-HER2 antibody, preferably trastuzumab, but in whom the therapeutic response was not maintained are referred to as “relapsers”.
Therapeutic response (RE) is established based on the medical judgment of a practitioner ascertained by the results from clinical and laboratory data that are generally known in the art to assess patient treatment. Such data may be obtained, by way of example, from clinical examination, cytological and histological techniques, endoscopy and laparoscopy, ultrasound, CT and MRI scans, chest X-ray and mammography, and measuring the concentration of tumor markers, such as CEA, Cyfra, CA15-3, interleukin 8 and soluble HER2. Preferably RECIST criteria may be used to determine tumor response (RE). (Therasse et al., J. Nat. Cancer Institute. 92 (2000) 205-216).
According to these RECIST criteria tumor response for solid tumors (Therasse, et al. J. Nat. Cancer Institute. 92 (2000) 205-216) is categorized in dependency of the volume progression or regression of the tumors (e.g. measured via CT) into four levels: complete response (CR) or partial response (PR), stable disease (SD) and progressive disease (PD) (see Table 1). Furthermore the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) proposed a categorization into four levels in dependency of the metabolism of the tumors measured via 2-[18F]-Fluoro-2-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) (Young H., et al., Eur J Canc 35 (1999) 1773-1782 and Kellof, G. J., et al, Clin Canc Res 11 (2005) 2785-2808): complete metabolic response (CMR) or partial metabolic response (PMR), stable metabolic disease (SMD) and progressive metabolic disease (PMD) (see Table 2).
Thus “Response (RE)” and “Non-Response (NR)” according to this invention are most preferably established based on data acquired by the combination of computer tomography (CT) and 2-[18F]-Fluoro-2-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) (Kellof, G. J., et al, Clin Canc Res 11 (2005) 2785-2808 and Young H., et al., Eur J Canc 35 (1999) 1773-82) using both the RECIST and FDG-PET criteria described above. Accordingly Response (RE) and Non-Response (NR) according to this invention are determined as follows:
Response (RE): CR or PR is established via CT-RECIST criteria (Table 1) and at the same time CMR or PMR is established via FDG-PET (Table 2). Thus Response (RE) means one of the following four cases for combined CT and PET measurement: CR and CMR, PR and PMR, CR and PMR, and PR and CMR.
Non-Response (NR): SD or PD is established via CT-RECIST criteria (Table 1) and at the same time SMD or PMD is established via FDG-PET (Table 2). Thus the following four cases for combined CT and PET measurement signify Non-Response (NR): SD and SMD, SD and PMD, PD and SMD, and PD and PMD.
Usually the response is determined at around 3 to 8 weeks, preferably at around 6 weeks, after treatment start. This response determination is usually repeated at intervals of 4 to 8 weeks, preferably of 6 to 8 weeks. When at the first determination a significant response (RE) was identified, then a relapse (that means a Non-Response (NR) after the first determination) can be determined at earliest at the second response determination. The treatment with the anti-VEGF antibody is started at earliest after the determination of a relapse of the HER2 positive cancer. Preferably the treatment with the anti-VEGF antibody of a patient suffering from relapsed HER2 positive cancer is started at earliest after 12 weeks, more preferably after 15 weeks, and still more preferably after 18 weeks, from the point of time when the treatment with said anti-HER2 antibody was started. In a preferred embodiment, the cancer to be treated is a relapsed HER2 positive cancer, preferably relapsed HER2 positive breast cancer.
The term “patient, suffering from relapsed HER2 positive cancer” refers to a patient, in whom Response (RE) is established after the first response determination, and whom in the second or a subsequent response determination Non-Response (NR) is established.
As used herein, the term “patient” preferably refers to a human in need of treatment to treat cancer, or a precancerous condition or lesion. However, the term “patient” can also refer to non-human animals, preferably mammals such as dogs, cats, horses, cows, pigs, sheep and non-human primates, among others, that are in need of treatment.
The term “group” refers to a group of patients as well as a sub-group of patients.
The invention relates in part to a method for treating a patient suffering from relapsed HER2 positive cancer comprising the step of administering to the patient, during or after treatment with an anti-HER2 antibody, a therapeutically-effective amount of an anti-VEGF antibody.
In a preferred embodiment, the method involves the administration of a therapeutically-effective amount of the anti-VEGF antibody to the patient during treatment of the patient with an anti-HER2 antibody. In a preferred embodiment, the treatment of the patient with an anti-HER2 antibody is a first-line monotherapy.
The term “during treatment with an anti-HER2 antibody” refers to the “co-administration” of or “co-administering” the anti-VEGF antibody which is administered additionally to the anti-HER2 antibody. The “co-administration” means that the anti-VEGF antibody is administered additionally to the anti-HER2 antibody either simultaneously or sequentially. The coadministration can be simultaneous or sequential in either order, wherein preferably there is a time period while both (or all) active agents simultaneously exert their biological activities. When both antibodies are administered simultaneously the dose is administered on the same day in one administration, e.g. during one continuous infusion. When both antibodies are administered sequentially the dose is administered either on the same day in two separate administrations, e.g. two separate continuous infusions, or one of the antibodies is administered on day 1 and the second antibody is administered on day 2 to day 7, preferably on day 2 to 4. The terms “co-administration” or “co-administering” with respect to the maintenance doses of the anti-VEGF antibody and the anti-HER2 antibody mean that the maintenance doses can be either administered simultaneously, e.g. during one continuous infusion, if the treatment cycle is appropriate for both antibodies. Or the maintenance doses are administered sequentially, either within one or several days, e.g. the maintenance dose of the anti HER2-antibody is administered every 3 weeks, and the maintenance dose of the anti-VEGF antibody is administered every 2 weeks. Also other treatment cycles/usually from 1 to 4 weeks, preferably from 2 to 3 weeks, may be used for both antibodies.
In another preferred embodiment, the method involves the administration of a therapeutically-effective amount of the anti-VEGF antibody to the patient after treatment of the patient with an anti-HER2 antibody. In a preferred embodiment, the treatment of the patient with an anti-HER2 antibody is a first-line monotherapy.
The term “after treatment with an anti-HER2 antibody” refers to the administration of the anti-VEGF antibody after discontinuing the treatment with the anti-HER2 antibody. For example, administration of the anti-VEGF antibody may occur in the event of a relapse of the HER2 positive cancer following discontinuation of the treatment with the anti-HER2 antibody.
Preferably the anti-VEGF antibody used in the above embodiments binds to the same epitope as bevacizumab.
Preferably the anti-VEGF antibody used in the above embodiments is bevacizumab.
Preferably the anti-HER2 antibody used in the above embodiments is trastuzumab.
The term “first-line therapy” as used herein refers to the first type of drug therapy given for the treatment of cancer or metastasis. This can be an adjuvant or neoadjuvant chemotherapy or immunotherapy offered initially following diagnosis and/or surgery. The term “adjuvant chemotherapy or immunotherapy” as used herein refers a treatment after surgery with the intention of prevent cancer from coming back, the term “neoadjuvant chemotherapy or immunotherapy” as used herein refers to a treatment given prior to surgery with the idea of decreasing the tumor size. The term “chemotherapy” as used herein refers to cancer chemotherapy which is the use of chemical or biochemical substances, like cytotoxic drugs such 5-fluoruracil, or targeted therapies with monoclonal antibodies such as trastuzumab, or with kinase inhibitors such as erlotinib, to treat cancer.
The term “first-line monotherapy ” as used herein refers to the first-line therapy as defined above with a single chemical or biochemical substance (in contrast to the term “first-line combination therapy” which refers to a first-line therapy with two or more chemical or biochemical substances).
In a preferred embodiment, the invention comprises co-administering said anti-VEGF antibody and said anti-HER2 antibody to the patient.
The term “method for manufacturing a medicament” relates to the manufacturing of a medicament for use in the indication as specified herein and in particular for use in the treatment of tumors, tumor metastases, or cancer in general.
The term “treating” as used herein, unless otherwise indicated, means reversing, alleviating, inhibiting the progress of, or preventing, either partially or completely, the growth of tumors, tumor metastases, or other cancer-causing or neoplastic cells in a patient. The term “treatment” as used herein, unless otherwise indicated, refers to the act of treating.
The phrase “a method of treating” or its equivalent, when applied to, for example, cancer refers to a procedure or course of action that is designed to reduce or eliminate the number of cancer cells in a patient, or to alleviate the symptoms of a cancer. “A method of treating” cancer or another proliferative disorder does not necessarily mean that the cancer cells or other disorder will, in fact, be eliminated, that the number of cells or disorder will, in fact, be reduced, or that the symptoms of a cancer or other disorder will, in fact, be alleviated. Often, a method of treating cancer will be performed even with a low likelihood of success, but which, given the medical history and estimated survival expectancy of a patient, is nevertheless deemed an overall beneficial course of action.
It is self-evident that the antibodies are administered to the patient in a “therapeutically effective amount” which is the amount of the subject compound or combination that will elicit the biological or medical response of a tissue, system, animal or human that is being sought by the researcher, veterinarian, medical doctor or other clinician.
The amount of anti-VEGF antibody administration or of anti-VEGF antibody and anti-HER2 antibody co-administration and the timing of administration will depend on the type (species, gender, age, weight, etc.) and condition of the patient being treated and the severity of the disease or condition being treated. Usually typical dosages of anti-VEGF antibody and anti-HER2 antibody like bevacizumab and trastuzumab, respectively, are used. For example, the dosages for administration of the antibodies according to the invention can be about 1 μg/kg to 50 mg/kg (e.g. 0.1-20 mg/kg) of antibody by one or more separate, administrations, or by continuous infusion. A typical daily dosage might range from about 1 μg/kg to about 100 mg/kg. In a preferred aspect, the antibodies are administered every two to three weeks, at a dose ranged from about 1 mg/kg to about 15 mg/kg. A preferred dose for trastuzumab is a loading dose of 4 mg/kg administered as continuous infusion and subsequent 3-weekly infusions of 2 mg/kg to 6 mg/kg, preferably 2 mg/kg, administered as continuous infusion until disease progression is detected. A preferred dose for bevacizumab is 5 mg/kg to 15 mg/kg, preferably 5 mg/kg to 10 mg/kg, and more preferred 5 mg/kg, once every 14 days as an IV infusion.
In a preferred embodiment, the method of the above embodiments is useful for preventing or reducing metastasis in a patient suffering from relapsed HER2 positive cancer, increasing the duration of survival of such a patient, increasing the progression free survival of such a patient, and increasing the duration of response, resulting in a statistically significant and clinically meaningful improvement of the treated patient as measured by the duration of survival, progression free survival, response rate or duration of response. In a preferred embodiment, the medicament is useful for increasing the response rate in a group of patients.
The term “metastasis” according to the invention refers to the transmission of cancerous cells from the primary tumor to one or more sites elsewhere in a patient. Means to determine if a cancer has metastasized are known in the art and include bone scan, chest X-ray, CAT scan, MRI scan, and tumor marker tests.
The terms “medicament for preventing metastasis” or “medicament for reducing metastasis” as used herein refer to use of the medicament as a prophylactic agent against metastasis in patient suffering from relapsed HER2 positive cancer in this way inhibiting or reducing a further transmission of cancerous cells from the primary tumor to one or more sites elsewhere in a patient. This means that the metastasis of the primary, metastatic tumor or cancer is prevented, delayed, or inhibited. Preferably the metastasis of the liver is prevented or reduced, which means that metastatic transmission of cancerous cells from the primary tumor to the liver is prevented or reduced.
In the context of this invention, additional other cytotoxic, chemotherapeutic or anti-cancer agents, or compounds that enhance the effects of such agents may be used in the anti-VEGF antibody plus anti-HER2 antibody combination treatment or in the anti-VEGF antibody treatment after failure of a prior therapy, preferably a prior first-line monotherapy, with an anti-HER2 antibody (i.e. in a patient suffering from relapsed HER2 positive cancer after treatment with first-line trastuzumab monotherapy). Preferably the anti-VEGF antibody plus anti-HER2 antibody combination treatment or the anti-VEGF antibody treatment is used without such additional cytotoxic, chemotherapeutic or anti-cancer agents, or compounds that enhance the effects of such agents.
Such agents include, for example: alkylating agents or agents with an alkylating action, such as cyclophosphamide (CTX; e.g. cytoxan®), chlorambucil (CHL; e.g. leukeran®), cisplatin (CisP; e.g. platinol®) busulfan (e.g. myleran®), melphalan, carmustine (BCNU), streptozotocin, triethylenemelamine (TEM), mitomycin C, and the like; anti-metabolites, such as methotrexate (MTX), etoposide (VP16; e.g. vepesid®), 6-mercaptopurine (6MP), 6-thiocguanine (6TG), cytarabine (Ara-C), 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), capecitabine (e.g. Xeloda®), dacarbazine (DTIC), and the like; antibiotics, such as actinomycin D, doxorubicin (DXR; e.g. adriamycin®), daunorubicin (daunomycin), bleomycin, mithramycin and the like; alkaloids, such as vinca alkaloids such as vincristine (VCR), vinblastine, and the like; and other antitumor agents, such as paclitaxel (e.g. taxol®) and paclitaxel derivatives, the cytostatic agents, glucocorticoids such as dexamethasone (DEX; e.g. decadron®) and corticosteroids such as prednisone, nucleoside enzyme inhibitors such as hydroxyurea, amino acid depleting enzymes such as asparaginase, leucovorin and other folic acid derivatives, and similar, diverse antitumor agents. The following agents may also be used as additional agents: amifostine (e.g. ethyol®), dactinomycin, mechlorethamine (nitrogen mustard), streptozocin, cyclophosphamide, lomustine (CCNU), doxorubicin lipo (e.g. doxil®), gemcitabine (e.g. gemzar®), daunorubicin lipo (e.g. daunoxome®), procarbazine, mitomycin, docetaxel (e.g. taxotere®), aldesleukin, carboplatin, oxaliplatin, cladribine, camptothecin, CPT 11 (irinotecan), 10-hydroxy 7-ethyl-camptothecin (SN38), floxuridine, fludarabine, ifosfamide, idarubicin, mesna, interferon beta, interferon alpha, mitoxantrone, topotecan, leuprolide, megestrol, melphalan, mercaptopurine, plicamycin, mitotane, pegaspargase, pentostatin, pipobroman, plicamycin, tamoxifen, teniposide, testolactone, thioguanine, thiotepa, uracil mustard, vinorelbine, chlorambucil. Preferably the anti-VEGF antibody plus anti-HER2 antibody combination treatment or the anti-VEGF antibody treatment is used without such additional agents.
In the context of this invention, an anti-hormonal agent may be used in the aforementioned method. As used herein, the term “anti-hormonal agent” includes natural or synthetic organic or peptidic compounds that act to regulate or inhibit hormone action on tumors. Antihormonal agents include, for example: steroid receptor antagonists, anti-estrogens such as tamoxifen, raloxifene, aromatase inhibiting 4(5)-imidazoles, other aromatase inhibitors, 42-hydroxytamoxifen, trioxifene, keoxifene, LY 117018, onapristone, and toremifene (e.g. Fareston®); anti-androgens such as flutamide, nilutamide, bicalutamide, leuprolide, and goserelin; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, acids or derivatives of any of the above; agonists and/or antagonists of glycoprotein hormones such as follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH) and LHRH (leuteinizing hormone-releasing hormone); the LHRH agonist goserelin acetate, commercially available as Zoladex® (AstraZeneca); the LHRH antagonist D-alaninamide N-acetyl-3-(2-naphthalenyl)-D-alanyl-4-chloro-D-phenylalanyl-3-(3-pyridinyl)-D-alanyl-L-seryl-N6-(3-pyridinylcarbonyl)-L-lysyl-N6-(3-pyridinyl-carbonyl)-D-lysyl-L-leucyl-N6-(1-methylethyl)-L-lysyl-L-proline (e.g. Antide®, Ares-Serono); the LHRH antagonist ganirelix acetate; the steroidal anti-androgens cyproterone acetate (CPA) and megestrol acetate, commercially available as Megace® (Bristol-Myers Oncology); the nonsteroidal anti-androgen flutamide (2-methyl-N-[4,20-nitro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenylpropanamide), commercially available as Eulexin® (Schering Corp.); the non-steroidal anti-androgen nilutamide, (5,5-dimethyl-3-[4-nitro-3-(trifluoromethyl-4′-nitrophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-imidazolidine-dione); and antagonists for other non-permissive receptors, such as antagonists for RAR (retinoic acid receptor), RXR (retinoid X receptor), TR (thyroid receptor), VDR (vitamin-D receptor), and the like. Preferably the anti-VEGF antibody plus anti-HER2 antibody combination treatment or the anti-VEGF antibody treatment is used without such additional anti-hormonal agent.
The use of the cytotoxic and other anticancer agents described above in chemotherapeutic regimens is generally well characterized in the cancer therapy arts, and their use herein falls under the same considerations for monitoring tolerance and effectiveness and for controlling administration routes and dosages, with some adjustments. For example, the actual dosages of the cytotoxic agents may vary depending upon the patient's cultured cell response determined by using histoculture methods. Generally, the dosage will be reduced compared to the amount used in the absence of additional other agents.
Typical dosages of an effective cytotoxic agent can be in the ranges recommended by the manufacturer, and where indicated by in vitro responses or responses in animal models, can be reduced by up to about one order of magnitude concentration or amount. Thus, the actual dosage will depend upon the judgment of the physician, the condition of the patient, and the effectiveness of the therapeutic method based on the in vitro responsiveness of the primary cultured malignant cells or histocultured tissue sample, or the responses observed in the appropriate animal models.
In the context of this invention, additional antiproliferative agents may be used in the aforementioned method including, for example: inhibitors of the enzyme farnesyl protein transferase and inhibitors of the receptor tyrosine kinase PDGFR, including the compounds disclosed and claimed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,080,769, 6,194,438, 6,258,824, 6,586,447, 6,071,935, 6,495,564, 6,150,377, 6,596,735 and 6,479,513, and International Patent Publication WO 01/40217. Preferably the anti-VEGF antibody plus anti-HER2 antibody combination treatment or the anti-VEGF antibody treatment is used without such additional antiproliferative agents.
In the context of this invention, an effective amount of ionizing radiation may be carried out and/or a radiopharmaceutical may be used in the aforementioned method. The source of radiation can be either external or internal to the patient being treated. When the source is external to the patient, the therapy is known as external beam radiation therapy (EBRT). When the source of radiation is internal to the patient, the treatment is called brachytherapy (BT). Radioactive atoms for use in the context of this invention can be selected from the group including, but not limited to, radium, cesium-137, iridium-192, americium-241, gold-198, cobalt-57, copper-67, technetium-99, iodine-123, iodine-131, and indium-111. Where the EGFR kinase inhibitor according to this invention is an antibody, it is also possible to label the antibody with such radioactive isotopes. Preferably the anti-VEGF antibody plus anti-HER2 antibody combination treatment or the anti-VEGF antibody treatment is used without such ionizing radiation.
Radiation therapy is a standard treatment for controlling unresectable or inoperable tumors and/or tumor metastases. Improved results have been seen when radiation therapy has been combined with chemotherapy. Radiation therapy is based on the principle that high-dose radiation delivered to a target area will result in the death of reproductive cells in both tumor and normal tissues. The radiation dosage regimen is generally defined in terms of radiation absorbed dose (Gy), time and fractionation, and must be carefully defined by the oncologist. The amount of radiation a patient receives will depend on various considerations, but the two most important are the location of the tumor in relation to other critical structures or organs of the body, and the extent to which the tumor has spread. A typical course of treatment for a patient undergoing radiation therapy will be a treatment schedule over a 1 to 6 week period, with a total dose of between 10 and 80 Gy administered to the patient in a single daily fraction of about 1.8 to 2.0 Gy, 5 days a week. In a preferred embodiment of this invention there is synergy when tumors in human patients are treated with the combination treatment of the invention and radiation. In other words, the inhibition of tumor growth by means of the agents comprising the combination or single therapy of the invention is enhanced when combined with radiation, optionally with additional chemotherapeutic or anticancer agents. Parameters of adjuvant radiation therapies are, for example, contained in International Patent Publication WO 99/60023.
The antibodies are administered to a patient according to known methods, by intravenous administration as a bolus or by continuous infusion over a period of time, by intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intracerobrospinal, subcutaneous, intra-articular, intrasynovial, or intrathecal routes. Intravenous or subcutaneous administration of the antibodies is preferred.
The present invention further provides a kit comprising an anti-VEGF antibody and a package insert instructing the user of the composition to administer said anti-VEGF antibody to a patient suffering from relapsed HER2 positive cancer during or after treatment of the patient with an anti-HER2 antibody.
The term “package insert” refers to instructions customarily included in commercial packages of therapeutic products, which may include information about the indications, usage, dosage, administration, contraindications and/or warnings concerning the use of such therapeutic products.
In a preferred embodiment, the article of manufacture containers may further include a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier. The article of manufacture may further include a sterile diluent, which is preferably stored in a separate additional container.
As used herein, a “pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier” is intended to include any and all material compatible with pharmaceutical administration including solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, and other materials and compounds compatible with pharmaceutical administration. Except insofar as any conventional media or agent is incompatible with the active compound, use thereof in the compositions of the invention are contemplated. Supplementary active compounds can also be incorporated into the compositions.
The following examples and figures are provided to aid the understanding of the present invention, the true scope of which is set forth in the appended claims. It is understood that modifications can be made in the procedures set forth without departing from the spirit of the invention.
The current study examined the antitumor activity of a) the combination of trastuzumab and bevacizumab and b) the treatment with bevacizumab alone, after the failure of trastuzumab treatment alone in human breast xenograft model. Further aims of the study were to examine the effects of treatment on metastasis.
Trastuzumab was provided as a 25 mg/ml stock solution in Histidine-HCl, alpha-alpha Trehalose (60 mM), 0.01% Polysorb, pH 6.0 (Herceptin®). Bevacizumab was provided as a 25 mg/ml stock solution in Na-phosphate, alpha-alpha Trehalose (60 mM), 0.01% Polysorb, pH 6.0 (Avastin®). Both solutions were diluted appropriately in PBS for injections.
The human breast cancer cell line KPL-4 has been established from the malignant pleural effusion of a breast cancer patient with an inflammatory skin metastasis and overexpresses ErbB family receptors. (Kurebayashi et al., Br. J. Cancer 79 (1999) 707-17) Tumor cells are routinely cultured in DMEM medium (PAA Laboratories, Austria) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (PAA) and 2 mM L-glutamine (Gibco) at 37° C. in a water-saturated atmosphere at 5% CO2. Culture passage is performed with trypsin/EDTA 1× (PAA) splitting twice/week. Cell passage P6 was used for in vivo study.
SCID beige (C.B.-17) mice; age 10-12 weeks; body weight 18-20 g (Charles River, Sulzfeld, Germany) are maintained under specific-pathogen-free condition with daily cycles of 12 h light/12 h darkness according to international guidelines (GV-Solas; Felasa; TierschG). After arrival, animals are housed in the quarantine part of the animal facility for one week to get accustomed to new environment and for observation. Continuous health monitoring is carried out on regular basis. Diet food (Alltromin) and water (acidified pH 2.5-3) are provided ad libitum.
Tumor cells were harvested (trypsin-EDTA) from culture flasks (Greiner TriFlask) and transferred into 50 ml culture medium, washed once and resuspended in PBS. After an additional washing step with PBS and filtration (cell strainer; Falcon 100 μm) the final cell titer was adjusted to 0.75×108/ml. Tumor cell suspension was carefully mixed with transfer pipette to avoid cell aggregation. Anesthesia was performed using a Stephens inhalation unit for small animals with preincubation chamber (plexiglas), individual mouse nose-mask (silicon) and Isoflurane (Pharmacia-Upjohn, Germany) in a closed circulation system. Two days before injection the fur of the animals was shaved. For intra mammary fat pad (i. m.f.p.) injection, cells were injected orthotopically at a volume of 20 μl into the right penultimate inguinal mammary fat pad of each anesthetized mouse. For the orthotopic implantation, the cell suspension was injected through the skin under the nipple. Tumor cell injection corresponds to day 1 of the experiment.
Animals were controlled daily for detection of clinical symptoms of adverse effects. For monitoring throughout the experiment, the body weight of the animals was documented two times weekly and the tumor volume was measured by caliper twice weekly. Primary tumor volume was calculated according to NCI protocol (TV=1/2ab2, where a and b are long and short diameters of tumor size in mm, Teicher, B., Anticancer drug development guide, Humana Press, 5, (1997) 92). Calculation values were documented as mean and standard deviation.
Tumor-bearing mice were randomized when the tumor volume was roughly 100 mm3 (n=10 for each group). Each group was closely matched before treatment, which began 27 days after tumor cell injection. Group A: Vehicle group—received 10 ml/kg PBS buffer intraperitoneally (i.p.) once weekly. Group B: Trastuzumab was administered i.p. at a loading dose of 30 mg/kg, followed by once weekly doses of 15 mg/kg (maintenance dose). At day 60 the animals of Group B were divided into three further Groups B′, C and D. The treatment with trastuzumab alone was maintained only for Group B′ with once weekly doses of 15 mg/kg (maintenance dose). Group C: At day 61, treatment for Group C was switched to a combination treatment of trastuzumab (15 mg/kg once weekly i.p.) and bevacizumab (5 mg/kg twice weekly i.p.). Group D: At day 61, treatment for Group D was switched to a monotherapy with bevacizumab (5 mg/kg twice weekly i.p.) while treatment with trastuzumab was discontinued.
Spread of tumor cells into the lung was determined in sacrificed animals. Metastasis was measured according to Schneider, T., et al., Clin. Exp. Metas. 19 (2002) 571-582. Briefly, lung tissue was harvested and human Alu sequences were quantified by real-time PCR. Higher human DNA levels, quantified by real-time PCR, correspond to higher levels of metastasis.
The effect of treatment on primary tumor growth is shown in
The effect of treatment on liver metastasis is shown in
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 06 017 330.9 | Aug 2006 | EP | regional |
This application is a continuation of pending U.S. application Ser. No. 11/840,279, filed on Aug. 17, 2007, which claims the benefit of European Patent Application No. 06017330.9, filed Aug. 21, 2006, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. The present invention is directed to the treatment of a patient suffering from relapsed HER2 positive cancer with an anti-VEGF antibody during or after treatment with an anti-HER2 antibody.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 13111784 | May 2011 | US |
| Child | 13585095 | US | |
| Parent | 12784309 | May 2010 | US |
| Child | 13111784 | US | |
| Parent | 11840279 | Aug 2007 | US |
| Child | 12784309 | US |
