The present invention relates to the field of systems operating in the microwave domain, and typically at frequencies comprised between 1 GHz and 30 GHz. More particularly, the present invention relates to systems the frequency and/or passband of which is tunable, or that perform switch or coupler type functions.
The processing of a microwave, for example one received by a satellite, requires specific components that allow this wave to propagate, be amplified, and be filtered, to be developed.
For example a microwave received by a satellite must be amplified before being sent back to ground. This amplification is possible only if all the frequencies received in channels that each correspond to a given frequency band are separated out. The amplification is then carried out channel by channel. The separation of the channels requires bandpass filters to be developed. Today, the frequency plan of a multiplexer or demultiplexer is set by design: the frequency and bandwidth of each channel are set from the very beginning.
The development of satellites and the increased complexity of the signal processing to be performed has created new needs with respect to these components, which must be made more flexible. For example, reconfiguration of channels in flight requires bandpass filters the frequency and, where appropriate, passband of which are tunable.
A bandpass filter allows a wave to propagate in a certain frequency range while attenuating this wave at other frequencies. A passband and a central frequency of the filter, called the tuning frequency, are thus defined. At frequencies around its central frequency, a bandpass filter has a high transmission coefficient and low reflection coefficient.
A bandpass filter comprises at least one resonator, the resonant mode of the filter corresponding to a particular distribution of the electromagnetic field excited at a particular frequency. Design of the filter is simplified if the resonators have circular or square symmetry.
Generally, depending on its geometry, a resonator has one or more resonant modes each characterized by a particular (distinctive) distribution of the electromagnetic field giving rise to a resonance of the microwave in the structure at a particular frequency. For example, TE or H (TE standing for transverse electric) or TM or E (TM standing for transverse magnetic) resonant modes having a certain number of energy maxima, which are labelled with indices, may be excited in the resonator at various frequencies.
Input and output exciting means of the filter allow the wave to be inserted into and extracted from the cavity, coupling the wave to the guides/lines upstream and downstream of the filter. These coupling means are for example apertures or slots, which are referred to as irises, coaxial or magnetic probes or microwave lines. Conventionally irises are of relatively simple shape: rectangular, circular or cruciform.
The passband of the filter is characterized in various ways depending on the nature of the filter. S-parameters (the letter S being taken from the expression “scattering matrix”) are parameters that express the performance of the filter in terms of the reflection and transmission of energy as a function of frequency (under certain conditions such as a matched 50-ohm load). S11, or S22, corresponds to a measurement of reflection and S12, or S21, to a measurement of transmission. A characteristic example of the parameters S11 and S12 of a filter is illustrated in
A filter may be made up of a number of resonators that are coupled to one another, each resonator having a resonant frequency, which to the first order is also called a pole. These frequencies are chosen to be close enough that the filter has an overall passband wider than that of a single resonator.
Conventionally, the resonators are coupled to each other by irises. The irises take the form of holes in the metal wall separating the two resonators. The shape of the iris determines the type of coupling (inductive, capacitive, or both) and the desired coupling level. For example a decrease in the height of the wall between the two guides results in capacitive coupling whereas a decrease in width results in inductive coupling. Coupling irises are conventionally rectangle, circular or cruciform in shape.
The coupling induced by these prior-art irises cannot be modified. If it were sought to modify it, one option could be to rotate the iris. However, rotating a rectangular iris, for example, allows the coupling to be modified in a limited and non-linear manner, and generates parasitic coupling that is detrimental to the maintenance of RF performance.
One example of a prior-art tunable filter is given in document US 2014/0028415. It comprises a number of resonators that are coupled together, each resonator comprising a rotatable dielectric element of a particular shape. Its general principle is to modify the electromagnetic field inside the filter using these dielectric disrupters, in order to shift the filter frequency-wise (modifications of the resonant frequencies). The dielectric elements are configured to all make the same rotation. Depending on the value of the angle of rotation, the properties of the filter are modified, via the values of the poles and therefore of the central frequency of the filter.
One aim of the present invention is to provide a new device for coupling two elements of a microwave system, this coupling device allowing coupling to be varied in a simple and versatile manner, with a view to producing a filter the frequency or passband of which is tunable, a switch, or a coupler.
The subject of the present invention is a tunable microwave system comprising at least two elements, each element being chosen from a propagating guide, an evanescent guide, a resonator, and at least one coupling device arranged between the two elements and configured to couple the two elements to each other.
The coupling device comprises a holder having an aperture and comprising at least one elongate element the shape of which is elongate in a direction called the polarization direction contained in a plane of the aperture, the elongate element being securely fastened to the perimeter of the aperture at at least one end.
The coupling device is configured to be rotatable about an axis substantially perpendicular to said plane of the aperture so as to modify a value of the polarization direction and so that the coupling between the two elements is dependent on said value of the polarization direction.
Preferably, the coupling device comprises a plurality of elongate elements parallel to one another. Preferably, the elongate elements form a grid (Gri) in the aperture. Preferably, the one or more elongate elements are wire, bar or strip shaped.
According to one embodiment, the aperture is circular or oval in shape.
Preferably, the one or more elongate elements are made of a metallized dielectric material or metal material, and are electrically connected to one another by a metal contact arranged on the perimeter of the aperture.
According to one embodiment, the holder takes the form of a circular disk configured to be rotated manually or using a micro stepper motor.
Preferably, which at least one portion of the holder is made of dielectric material.
According to one variant the preceding system comprises n successive resonators indexed i, i varying from 1 to n, n being higher than or equal to 2, the resonator indexed 1 being called the input resonator and the resonator indexed n being called the output resonator, and two successive resonators i and i+1 are coupled to each other by an associated coupling device, the system performing a tunable n-pole filter function.
According to one embodiment the system furthermore comprises an input coupling device configured to couple an input propagating guide to the input resonator and an output coupling device configured to couple the output resonator to an output propagating guide.
According to a second variant, the system comprises a resonator and a first evanescent guide arranged laterally with respect to said resonator with respect to a direction of propagation of a microwave through the system. The associated coupling device arranged between the resonator and the first evanescent guide is called the first lateral coupling device, and is configured to generate a variation in a resonant frequency of said resonator as a function of the polarization direction.
Preferably, the system furthermore comprises a second evanescent guide arranged on the side opposite to the first evanescent guide. The associated coupling device arranged between the resonator and the second evanescent guide is called the second lateral coupling device. The first and second lateral coupling devices are configured to have an identical polarization direction.
In combination, the system comprises n resonators indexed i, i varying from 1 to n, n being higher than or equal to 2, two successive resonators i and i+1 being coupled to each other by an associated coupling device, at least one resonator i also being coupled to a first evanescent guide by a first lateral coupling device and, where appropriate, to a second evanescent guide by a second lateral coupling device. The first and, where appropriate, the second evanescent guide are arranged laterally with respect to said resonator with respect to a direction of propagation of a microwave through the system.
According to one embodiment an input coupling device is configured to couple an input propagating guide to the input resonator and an output coupling device is configured to couple the output resonator to an output propagating guide.
According to one embodiment, the n resonators are configured so that a resonator i is furthermore coupled to a resonator j different from i+1 with an associated coupling device placed between the resonator i and the resonator j.
According to one option, the coupling device arranged between the resonator i and the resonator j is configured to create inter-resonator interference effects that allow transmission zeros to be added to the transmission of the tunable filter.
According to one embodiment, the coupling device between the resonator i and the resonator i+1 and the coupling device between the resonator j−1 and the resonator j are configured so that the coupling between said resonators drops each to zero for a set value of the polarization direction, so that the filter has a number of reconfigurable poles.
According to a third variant, the system comprises two contiguous propagating guides coupled to each other by an associated coupling device configured so that the coupling between said propagating guides drops to zero for a set value of the polarization direction.
According to one embodiment, the system comprises two propagating guides parallel to each other, the associated coupling device being arranged in a wall common to the two guides and being configured to achieve a transfer of a microwave propagating through one of the guides propagating to the other guide, said transfer being dependent on the value of the polarization direction.
Other features, aims and advantages of the present invention will become apparent on reading the following detailed description with reference to the appended drawings, which are given by way of non-limiting example and in which:
The tunable microwave system 10 according to the invention is illustrated in
By resonator, what is meant is a metal cavity of any shape, irrespectively of whether it is empty or contains a dielectric or metal element.
The coupling device CD according to the invention comprises a holder Sp having an aperture Ap and comprising at least one elongate element 40 the shape of which is elongate in a direction called the polarization direction Dp, Dp being contained in the plane P of the aperture Ap. In the example of
The elongate element 40 is securely fastened to the perimeter 30 of the aperture at at least one end.
The separating interface between the two elements defines a section Sec as shown in
The coupling device is configured to be rotatable about an axis substantially perpendicular to the plane P of the aperture so as to modify the value of the polarization direction Dp, and is configured so that the coupling between the two elements is dependent on this value of the polarization direction. Thus, by rotating the device CD, the value of Dp is modified and therefore the coupling between the two elements is modified.
The direction Dp is identified by an angle α defined by convention with respect to the x-axis, corresponding to the horizontal in
Conventionally, two elements chosen from the aforementioned elements are separated by an interface, typically a metal wall, which has an aperture perpendicular to the plane of the interface between the two elements, this aperture being referred to as an iris and allowing coupling between the two elements.
In the example of
The elongate element 40 modifies the boundary conditions of the electric field at the separating wall between the two elements, causing a deformation of the electric field, and therefore of the propagation conditions thereof. The coupling then corresponds to a transfer of energy from one element to the other.
In the case of a filter composed of two resonators, the filter has two resonant modes, and the coupling is defined by the proximity of the frequencies of these two modes, allowing energy to be exchanged.
The distribution of the electric field perpendicular to the direction of propagation is defined, for a given resonant mode, by 3 integers, this being the nomenclature of the mode. The two resonant modes of the filter are identical except for the distribution of the fields in the interface between the resonators. It is therefore the distribution of the fields in this interface that will modify the proximity of the frequencies of the two modes (or coupling). The device CD, by modifying this distribution, modifies the coupling between these modes without changing their nomenclature (or nature).
Let f1 be the resonant frequency of the first mode and f2 the resonant frequency of the second mode. Coupling these two resonators via the coupling device CD, which introduces a disruptive element into the system, modifies the value of a resonant frequency of one of the resonators (for example f1) whereas the other (f2) remains the same. The further the frequency f1 gets from f2, the stronger the coupling. Conversely, when f1 equals f2, the coupling may be considered to be zero.
Conventionally, the coupling coefficient M is defined as:
M=(f22−f12)/(f12+f22) (1)
The device CD according to the invention allows the coupling, and therefore the frequency f1, and therefore the value of M, to be modified depending on the angle α.
Conventionally, there are two types of coupling, inductive coupling and capacitive coupling. To use a circuit analogy, inductive coupling (of form jLω) is given a “+” sign, and capacitive coupling (of form 1/jCω) a “−” sign.
According to this analogy, the coupling device according to the invention introduces a complex impedance seen by the electric field between the two elements.
A modification of the coupling in the context of the invention covers a variation in the amplitude of coupling of a given type, but also a change in the type of coupling, the device allowing, under certain conditions, to switch from inductive coupling to capacitive coupling or vice versa depending on a. A change in the nature of the coupling results in a change in the sign of M, i.e. a frequency f1 becoming higher than f2 (see below). The great versatility of the modification in coupling achieved via the device CD according to the invention makes a vast range of applications, particularly filters that have a tunable passband, central frequency, number of poles, etc., possible.
The value of the coupling coefficient M and its variation as a function of a, which characterize the coupling introduced by the device CD between the two elements Res1 and Res2, is dependent on the following parameters: size/shape/thickness of the aperture Ap, distribution/shape/material of the one or more elongate elements, material of the holder, etc.
Preferably, to achieve a greater amplitude of change in M, the coupling device according to the invention comprises a plurality of elongate elements 40 parallel to one another and securely fastened to the perimeter at both their ends. Preferably, and for the same reason, the one or more elongate elements form a grid Gri in the aperture Ap as illustrated in
To obtain a pronounced switch effect, it is preferable for the resonant modes used to be linearly polarized in the two cavities, whatever the type of mode TEmnp chosen.
In the case of a periodic grid the structure of which is symmetrical, the total excursion of the variation in M occurs for a between 0° and 90°.
When the grid only partially fills the aperture Ap (elongate elements securely fastened at one end only), because of the asymmetric structure of the grid, the total excursion of the variation in M occurs for a between 0° and 180°, or even 360°.
Preferably, the elongate elements 40 are wire, bar or strip shaped.
The elements 40 may be made of dielectric material, of metallized dielectric material or of metal material. The last two possibilities are preferred, for better effectiveness with respect to polarization of the electric field. In the case of metallized or metal bars 40, these are preferably electrically connected to one another by a metal contact arranged on the periphery of the aperture, i.e. on the perimeter 30, so that they share a common ground. Preferably for a grid Gri, a metal band covers the entire perimeter 30.
The aperture Ap may be any shape. It is not necessarily centered on the section Sec separating the two elements. In this case, because of the asymmetry, an excursion in a of 180° or 360° may be necessary to obtain the maximum variation in coupling.
In fact what counts is the modal distribution of the fields in the interface. For example, if the mode (TE201 for example) does not have a field maximum in the middle of the interface, but two maxima respectively at ¼ and ¾ of this interface, it is preferable to arrange the iris at ¼ of the cavity (or to provide two irises, one at each max). The coupling is weaker than with a TE101 mode, but the complete variation between 0 and 90° is nonetheless obtained anyway.
Preferably, for reasons of ease of design and to obtain a large range of variation in coupling, the aperture Ap is circular or oval in shape. Generally, the shape of the aperture is chosen depending on the desired coupling law.
For a centered grid, it is preferable for the resonant modes to be of TE10p type, because for this type of mode the field is maximal in the middle of the coupling interface. However, this is also the case for a TEnmp mode with n and m being odd or zero. Furthermore, the higher the order of the mode, the smaller the area of the maximum of this mode and therefore the weaker the coupling obtained will be.
Depending on the desired coupling, various configurations are possible as regards the relative dimensions of the aperture Ap and the section Sec.
In
The aperture may also be larger than the dimension of the section (circular section) or than both dimensions of the section (rectangular section). Furthermore, the aperture Ap may fit into the section Sec at all the angles α used, or at only some of them.
As regards the holder Sp, it may take any form.
Preferably, the holder Sp takes the form of a circular disk, this allowing it to be made easily rotatable. Preferably, the holder is configured to be rotated manually or using a micro stepper motor.
According to one embodiment, the holder is made of a metal material or of a metallized dielectric material.
By way of example,
The dimensions of the two metal cavities of the resonators are identical (height 9.5 mm, width 19 mm and length 19 mm). The circular aperture Ap has a diameter of about 9.7 mm and a thickness of 1 mm. The bars are rectangular, of 0.5×0.5 mm cross-sectional area, and spaced apart by 2 mm.
It may be seen that, up to 40°, there are two resonant frequencies, the frequency f2 remaining constant while the frequency f1 approaches f2 as a increases. From 50° there is only a single resonant frequency, which is slightly different from the initial frequency f2. From α=50° the coupling between the two resonators is zero.
The variation in the value of M as a function of a depends on the parameters of the coupling device.
It is noted that the coupling coefficient M does not change sign, the type of coupling, here inductive, remaining unchanged. This is due to the purely metal character of the holder.
Thus, by choosing the various aforementioned parameters of the coupling device, it is possible to adjust the coupling continuously over a much larger range than would be achieved by rotation of a single iris. It is also possible to completely prevent coupling, the device CD then behaving like a short circuit. The two cavities are then disconnected from each other. An application of this switch functionality is described below.
According to one embodiment at least one portion of the holder is made of dielectric material, as illustrated in
In this case, the section Sec defining the separation between the two resonators comprises a fraction of the grid Gri, a fraction of the metal perimeter and a fraction of the portion 35 made of dielectric material.
Furthermore, the presence of a dielectric portion seen by the electric field creates a second path for the latter. Through this dielectric portion a second type of coupling is created which here, because of the circular shape of the holder Sp, is not modified by the rotation of the holder Sp. This second coupling, which is therefore constant (independent of a), superposes on the coupling achieved through the grid. This coupling may be additive or subtractive depending on the shape and material of the dielectric portion 35 and on the resonant modes of the cavity. The effect of subtractive coupling is to shift the curve M(α) downward.
Apart from the change in the nature of the filter, the change of sign allows the filtering function to be modified, and for example transmission zeros to be added or removed.
According to another option, it is a portion of the wall between the two resonators that is made of dielectric material.
Cavity of 24.27×19.05×9.52 mm.
Radius of the holder: 13.9 mm, radius of the aperture 6 mm, dielectric material of the holder of permittivity equal to 32.
The curves are given for various values of a varying from 0° to 90°. The frequency f2 remains constant and is equal to 15.67 GHz. The frequency f1 varies (between 0° and 90°) between 14.65 GHz (0°) and 15.9 GHz (90°). It will be noted that the coupling decreases between 0° and 60°, value at which the coupling drops to zero (f1)(60°˜f2), then the frequency f1 becomes higher than f2, this meaning that the sign of the coupling has changed from positive to negative. The variation in the corresponding coupling coefficient M therefore starts at a positive starting value Mmax for 0° and passes through 0 at 60° and becomes negative, as illustrated in
A cross-sectional view of a practical embodiment of a system as illustrated in
To produce a multi-pole tunable filter, the two-resonator system of
According to a second variant, the system according to the invention comprises a propagating guide and a resonator coupled to each other by a coupling device. For example, according to one embodiment of the n-resonator system 10, the latter comprises, in addition to the coupling devices CDi between resonators, an input coupling device CDE configured to couple an input propagating guide GPE to the input resonator Res1 and an output coupling device CDS configured to couple the output resonator Resn to an output propagating guide GPS.
According to a third variant illustrated in
There may be no propagation or energy transported in the evanescent guide EG1, which is also called the cut-off guide. The presence of the coupling device CDL1 on a sidewall changes the boundary conditions seen by the electromagnetic field, i.e. changes the impedance seen by the electric field: the electric field no longer sees a metal wall, it sees this complex impedance, this modifying the resonant frequency of the resonator Res. Intuitively, the field may be said to “penetrate” to a greater or lesser extent into the cut-off guide before being reflected towards the cavity, which virtually “widens” the cavity and modifies the resonant frequency. In other words, the device CDL1 modifies the phase conditions of the resonator, this having an effect on the resonant frequency of the mode used.
Preferably, in order to reinforce the effect, the system 10 according to this third variant furthermore comprises a second evanescent guide EG2 arranged on the side opposite to the first evanescent guide EG1, the associated coupling device arranged between the resonator Res and the second evanescent guide EG being called the second lateral coupling device CDL2, as illustrated in
Diameter of the iris: 6.9 mm;
Dimensions of the cavity: 25×19.05×9.525 mm3;
Dimensions of the cut-off guide: radius of 6 mm and length of 12 mm.
It should be noted that the curve in
It is noted that an almost linear variation in resonant frequency as a function of the angle β is obtained.
A cross-sectional view of a practical embodiment of a system as illustrated in
The three variants may of course be combined together, as illustrated in
In this example, each resonator Res1 and Res2 comprises two lateral coupling devices, CDL11 and CDL21 for Res1 and CDL12 and CDL22 for Res2, respectively.
The combination of two or three variants may be generalized to n resonators.
Thus a system 10 according to the invention combining the first and the third variant and comprising n successive resonators Resi indexed i, i varying from 1 to n, n being higher than or equal to 2, the resonator indexed 1, Res1, being called the input resonator and the resonator indexed n, Resn, being called the output resonator. Two successive resonators i and i+1 are coupled to each other by an associated coupling device CDi, and at least one resonator i is moreover coupled to a first evanescent guide EG1i by a first lateral coupling device CDL1i and, where appropriate, to a second evanescent guide EG2i by a second lateral coupling device CDL2i. The first and, where appropriate, the second evanescent guide are arranged laterally with respect to said resonator Resi with respect to a direction z of propagation of a microwave through the system.
In combination with the second variant, the system furthermore comprises an input coupling device CDE configured to couple an input propagating guide GPE to the input resonator Res1 and an output coupling device CDS configured to couple the output resonator Resn to an output propagating guide GPS.
A system 10 with n=4 combining the three variants, each resonator Resi comprising two lateral coupling devices CDL1i and CDL2i coupling Res to EG1i and EG2i, respectively, is illustrated in
The angle α of the coupling device CDi between Resi and Resi+1 is denoted αi
and the angle β of the lateral coupling devices CDL1i and CDL2i of Resi is denoted βi.
The angle of the coupling device CDE is denoted αE and the angle of the coupling device CDS is denoted as.
By adjusting the aforementioned parameters of the coupling device (size/shape/thickness of the aperture Ap, distribution/shape/material of the bars, material of the holder), the dimensions of the cavities of the resonators Resi and the angles αi and βi, an n-pole filter the central frequency and passband of which are tunable is produced.
An example of the simulated performance of a 4-pole tunable filter as illustrated in
On the whole, for reasons of symmetry, the angles α are set so as to respect a front/back symmetry (αi=αNi), and the angles β are set so as to respect a left/right symmetry (identical lateral angles for a given resonator).
Thus, to a first approximation, varying β allows the central frequency of the filter to be modified and varying α allows the passband to be modified. By virtue of the system 10 according to the invention, a filter the central frequency and passband of which may be reconfigured via simple rotations of the coupling devices according to the invention has been produced.
According to a fourth variant, some of the n resonators are configured so that it is furthermore possible to couple at least one resonator i to a resonator j different from i+1 (j>i), with an associated coupling device CDij arranged between the resonator i and the resonator j.
The letter S is the abbreviation of “Source” and refers to the input guide and the letter L is the abbreviation of “Load” and refers to the output guide.
A resonator i is coupled to a resonator j, j differing from i+1 and j>i, by folding part of the line in which the resonators are formed, as illustrated in
In practice, resonators thus folded have a common wall into which a coupling device CDij according to the invention may be inserted.
According to a first embodiment, the coupling devices CDE, CDS, CDi and mainly the device CDij are configured so as to create inter-resonator interference effects (destructive interference at certain frequencies between the two defined electrical paths), allowing transmission zeros to be added to the response of the tunable filter.
This effect is illustrated in
To achieve correct operation, it was necessary to recompute the coupling coefficients Mi of the devices CDi slightly with respect to the configuration of
Each resonator in the folded configuration may of course have a lateral coupling device along the sidewall in contact with the exterior.
According to a fifth variant, which may be combined with the other four variants, some of the n resonators are also configured so that it is furthermore possible to couple at least one resonator i to a resonator j different from i+1, with an associated coupling device CDij arranged between the resonator i and the resonator j. Furthermore, here, the coupling device CDi between the resonator i and the resonator i+1 and the coupling device CDj−1 between the resonator j−1 and the resonator j are configured so that the coupling between the resonators i and i+1, and between the resonators j−1 and j, drops to zero for a set value of the polarization direction.
The coupling device CDi then acts as a switch, disconnecting the two resonators. No more energy is transmitted from one resonator to the other. All the resonators between i and j are thus short-circuited and hence the number of poles of the filter are decreased. By varying the coupling between the resonators by virtue of the coupling devices, a filter with a number of reconfigurable poles is therefore produced.
An example using the 6 resonators of
The coupling between Res2 and Res3 is set to zero via CD2, the coupling between Res4 and Res5 is set to zero via CD4, and the coupling between Res3 and Res4 is also zero. The coupling between Res2 and Res5 allows energy to pass between these two resonators. In the configuration of
The response of the filter corresponding to system 10 of
A system 10 comprising a set of 8 resonators, this system being reconfigurable to have 2, 4, 6 or 8 poles, is illustrated in
Preferably, all the devices CDi arranged between i+1 and j−1 have the same property of a zero coupling coefficient at a given value of α. In
This switch function is preferably achieved with a plurality of bars in the aperture Ap, a single bar not easily allowing the coupling between two resonators to be brought to zero. In addition, a periodic grid improves the switch effect. In this case, a linearly polarized mode is preferably used in the cavities.
By virtue of the coupling devices arranged according to the various variants, a filter the central frequency, passband, and number of poles of which may be tuned by varying the angle α of each coupling device has been produced.
According to another variant, the two elements are two contiguous propagating guides GP1 and GP2.
According to one embodiment illustrated in
According to another embodiment illustrated, in
According to another embodiment, the propagating guides intersect.
Number | Date | Country | Kind |
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18/00641 | Jun 2018 | FR | national |
Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
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PCT/EP2019/065835 | 6/17/2019 | WO | 00 |