Patent Grant
11984900
Certain aspects of the present disclosure generally relate to electronic circuits and, more particularly, to phase-locked loops (PLLs).
Wireless communication devices are widely deployed to provide various communication services such as telephony, video, data, messaging, broadcasts, and so on. Such wireless communication devices may transmit and/or receive radio frequency (RF) signals via any of various suitable radio access technologies (RATs) including, but not limited to, 5G New Radio (NR), Long Term Evolution (LTE), Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Wideband CDMA (WCDMA), Global System for Mobility (GSM), Bluetooth, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), ZigBee, wireless local area network (WLAN) RATs (e.g., WiFi), and the like.
A wireless communication network may include a number of base stations that can support communication for a number of mobile stations. A mobile station (MS) may communicate with a base station (BS) via a downlink and an uplink. The downlink (or forward link) refers to the communication link from the base station to the mobile station, and the uplink (or reverse link) refers to the communication link from the mobile station to the base station. A base station may transmit data and control information on the downlink to a mobile station and/or may receive data and control information on the uplink from the mobile station. The base station and/or mobile station may include at least one phase-locked loop (PLL), which may be used, for example, in a frequency synthesizer to generate and control a local oscillator (LO) signal for mixing with a baseband signal (or a radio frequency (RF) signal) for upconversion (or downconversion) to an intermediate frequency (IF) signal or an RF signal (or an IF signal or a baseband signal) before transmission (after reception).
The systems, methods, and devices of the disclosure each have several aspects, no single one of which is solely responsible for its desirable attributes. Without limiting the scope of this disclosure as expressed by the claims which follow, some features will now be discussed briefly. After considering this discussion, and particularly after reading the section entitled “Detailed Description,” one will understand how the features of this disclosure provide advantages that include reduced initial frequency error of a phase-locked loop (PLL) when stopping and restarting the PLL, as well as faster PLL locking over temperature.
Certain aspects of the present disclosure provide a PLL circuit. The PLL circuit includes a charge pump, a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) having a control input coupled to an output of the charge pump via a node, and a tracking circuit coupled to the node. The tracking circuit is generally configured to sample a voltage of the node during a mission mode, save a representation of the sampled voltage before entering a standby mode, and restore the sampled voltage to the node for reentering the mission mode using the saved representation of the sampled voltage.
Certain aspects of the present disclosure provide a radio frequency (RF) transceiver circuit. The RF transceiver circuit generally includes a receive path, a receive phase-locked loop (RxPLL) coupled to the receive path, a transmit path, and a transmit phase-locked loop (TxPLL) coupled to the transmit path. At least one of the RxPLL or the TxPLL includes a charge pump, a VCO having a control input coupled to an output of the charge pump via a node, and a tracking circuit coupled to the node. The tracking circuit is generally configured to sample a voltage of the node during a mission mode, save a representation of the sampled voltage before entering a standby mode, and restore the sampled voltage to the node for reentering the mission mode using the saved representation of the sampled voltage.
Certain aspects of the present disclosure provide a method of wireless communication. The method generally includes operating a first PLL during a first mission mode for a first circuit path associated with the first PLL; sampling a control voltage of the first PLL during the first mission mode; saving a representation of the sampled control voltage of the first PLL before entering a first standby mode for the first circuit path; stopping operation of at least a portion of the first PLL during the first standby mode; and restoring the sampled control voltage to the first PLL for reentering the first mission mode using the saved representation of the sampled control voltage of the first PLL.
Certain aspects of the present disclosure provide an apparatus for wireless communication. The apparatus generally includes a PLL configured to operate during a mission mode for a circuit path associated with the PLL; means for sampling a control voltage of the PLL during the mission mode; means for saving a representation of the sampled control voltage of the PLL before entering a standby mode for the circuit path, wherein the PLL is further configured to stop operation during the standby mode; and means for restoring the sampled control voltage to the PLL for reentering the mission mode using the saved representation of the sampled control voltage.
To the accomplishment of the foregoing and related ends, the one or more aspects comprise the features hereinafter fully described and particularly pointed out in the claims. The following description and the annexed drawings set forth in detail certain illustrative features of the one or more aspects. These features are indicative, however, of but a few of the various ways in which the principles of various aspects may be employed, and this description is intended to include all such aspects and their equivalents.
So that the manner in which the above-recited features of the present disclosure can be understood in detail, a more particular description, briefly summarized above, may be had by reference to aspects, some of which are illustrated in the appended drawings. It is to be noted, however, that the appended drawings illustrate only certain typical aspects of this disclosure and are therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope, for the description may admit to other equally effective aspects.
To facilitate understanding, identical reference numerals have been used, where possible, to designate identical elements that are common to the figures. It is contemplated that elements disclosed in one aspect may be beneficially utilized on other aspects without specific recitation.
Certain aspects of the present disclosure relate to techniques and apparatus for sampling and storing a control voltage (Vtune) of a phase-locked loop (PLL) as the PLL switches from mission mode to standby mode, and for restoring the control voltage as the PLL switches from standby mode back to mission mode. In this manner, when reentering mission mode, the PLL's initial frequency error may be reduced, the PLL may settle faster, and the PLL may exhibit lower temperature drift.
Various aspects of the disclosure are described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings. This disclosure may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to any specific structure or function presented throughout this disclosure. Rather, these aspects are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the disclosure to those skilled in the art. Based on the teachings herein one skilled in the art should appreciate that the scope of the disclosure is intended to cover any aspect of the disclosure disclosed herein, whether implemented independently of or combined with any other aspect of the disclosure. For example, an apparatus may be implemented or a method may be practiced using any number of the aspects set forth herein. In addition, the scope of the disclosure is intended to cover such an apparatus or method which is practiced using other structure, functionality, or structure and functionality in addition to or other than the various aspects of the disclosure set forth herein. It should be understood that any aspect of the disclosure disclosed herein may be embodied by one or more elements of a claim.
The word “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any aspect described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects.
As used herein, the term “connected with” in the various tenses of the verb “connect” may mean that element A is directly connected to element B or that other elements may be connected between elements A and B (i.e., that element A is indirectly connected with element B). In the case of electrical components, the term “connected with” may also be used herein to mean that a wire, trace, or other electrically conductive material is used to electrically connect elements A and B (and any components electrically connected therebetween).
As illustrated in
A BS 110 may provide communication coverage for a particular geographic area, sometimes referred to as a “cell,” which may be stationary or may move according to the location of a mobile BS 110. In some examples, the BSs 110 may be interconnected to one another and/or to one or more other BSs or network nodes (not shown) in wireless communications network 100 through various types of backhaul interfaces (e.g., a direct physical connection, a wireless connection, a virtual network, or the like) using any suitable transport network. In the example shown in
The BSs 110 communicate with one or more user equipments (UEs) 120a-y (each also individually referred to herein as “UE 120” or collectively as “UEs 120”) in the wireless communications network 100. A UE may be fixed or mobile and may also be referred to as a user terminal (UT), a mobile station (MS), an access terminal, a station (STA), a client, a wireless device, a mobile device, or some other terminology. A user terminal may be a wireless device, such as a cellular phone, a smartphone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a handheld device, a wearable device, a wireless modem, a laptop computer, a tablet, a personal computer, etc.
The BSs 110 are considered transmitting entities for the downlink and receiving entities for the uplink. The UEs 120 are considered transmitting entities for the uplink and receiving entities for the downlink. As used herein, a “transmitting entity” is an independently operated apparatus or device capable of transmitting data via a frequency channel, and a “receiving entity” is an independently operated apparatus or device capable of receiving data via a frequency channel. In the following description, the subscript “dn” denotes the downlink, the subscript “up” denotes the uplink. Nup UEs may be selected for simultaneous transmission on the uplink, Ndn UEs may be selected for simultaneous transmission on the downlink. Nup may or may not be equal to Ndn, and Nup and Ndn may be static values or can change for each scheduling interval. Beam-steering or some other spatial processing technique may be used at the BSs 110 and/or UEs 120.
The UEs 120 (e.g., 120x, 120y, etc.) may be dispersed throughout the wireless communications network 100, and each UE 120 may be stationary or mobile. The wireless communications network 100 may also include relay stations (e.g., relay station 110r), also referred to as relays or the like, that receive a transmission of data and/or other information from an upstream station (e.g., a BS 110a or a UE 120r) and send a transmission of the data and/or other information to a downstream station (e.g., a UE 120 or a BS 110), or that relays transmissions between UEs 120, to facilitate communication between devices.
The BSs 110 may communicate with one or more UEs 120 at any given moment on the downlink and uplink. The downlink (i.e., forward link) is the communication link from the BSs 110 to the UEs 120, and the uplink (i.e., reverse link) is the communication link from the UEs 120 to the BSs 110. A UE 120 may also communicate peer-to-peer with another UE 120.
The wireless communications network 100 may use multiple transmit and multiple receive antennas for data transmission on the downlink and uplink. BSs 110 may be equipped with a number Nap of antennas to achieve transmit diversity for downlink transmissions and/or receive diversity for uplink transmissions. A set Nu of UEs 120 may receive downlink transmissions and transmit uplink transmissions. Each UE 120 may transmit user-specific data to and/or receive user-specific data from the BSs 110. In general, each UE 120 may be equipped with one or multiple antennas. The Na UEs 120 can have the same or different numbers of antennas.
The wireless communications network 100 may be a time division duplex (TDD) system or a frequency division duplex (FDD) system. For a TDD system, the downlink and uplink share the same frequency band. For an FDD system, the downlink and uplink use different frequency bands. The wireless communications network 100 may also utilize a single carrier or multiple carriers for transmission. Each UE 120 may be equipped with a single antenna (e.g., to keep costs down) or multiple antennas (e.g., where the additional cost can be supported).
A network controller 130 (also sometimes referred to as a “system controller”) may be in communication with a set of BSs 110 and provide coordination and control for these BSs 110 (e.g., via a backhaul). In certain cases (e.g., in a 5G NR system), the network controller 130 may include a centralized unit (CU) and/or a distributed unit (DU). In certain aspects, the network controller 130 may be in communication with a core network 132 (e.g., a 5G Core Network (5GC)), which provides various network functions such as Access and Mobility Management, Session Management, User Plane Function, Policy Control Function, Authentication Server Function, Unified Data Management, Application Function, Network Exposure Function, Network Repository Function, Network Slice Selection Function, etc.
In certain aspects of the present disclosure, the BSs 110 and/or the UEs 120 may include at least one phase-locked loop (PLL) circuit with a tuning voltage (Vtune) tracking circuit, as described in more detail herein.
On the downlink, at the BS 110a, a transmit processor 220 may receive data from a data source 212, control information from a controller/processor 240, and/or possibly other data (e.g., from a scheduler 244). The various types of data may be sent on different transport channels. For example, the control information may be designated for the physical broadcast channel (PBCH), physical control format indicator channel (PCFICH), physical hybrid automatic repeat request (HARD) indicator channel (PHICH), physical downlink control channel (PDCCH), group common PDCCH (GC PDCCH), etc. The data may be designated for the physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH), etc. A medium access control (MAC)-control element (MAC-CE) is a MAC layer communication structure that may be used for control command exchange between wireless nodes. The MAC-CE may be carried in a shared channel such as a PDSCH, a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH), or a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH).
The processor 220 may process (e.g., encode and symbol map) the data and control information to obtain data symbols and control symbols, respectively. The transmit processor 220 may also generate reference symbols, such as for the primary synchronization signal (PSS), secondary synchronization signal (SSS), PBCH demodulation reference signal (DMRS), and channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS).
A transmit (TX) multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) processor 230 may perform spatial processing (e.g., precoding) on the data symbols, the control symbols, and/or the reference symbols, if applicable, and may provide output symbol streams to the modulators (MODs) in transceivers 232a-232t. Each modulator in transceivers 232a-232t may process a respective output symbol stream (e.g., for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), etc.) to obtain an output sample stream. Each of the transceivers 232a-232t may further process (e.g., convert to analog, amplify, filter, and upconvert) the output sample stream to obtain a downlink signal. Downlink signals from the transceivers 232a-232t may be transmitted via the antennas 234a-234t, respectively.
At the UE 120a, the antennas 252a-252r may receive the downlink signals from the BS 110a and may provide received signals to the transceivers 254a-254r, respectively. The transceivers 254a-254r may condition (e.g., filter, amplify, downconvert, and digitize) a respective received signal to obtain input samples. Each demodulator (DEMOD) in the transceivers 232a-232t may further process the input samples (e.g., for OFDM, etc.) to obtain received symbols. A MIMO detector 256 may obtain received symbols from the demodulators in transceivers 254a-254r, perform MIMO detection on the received symbols if applicable, and provide detected symbols. A receive processor 258 may process (e.g., demodulate, deinterleave, and decode) the detected symbols, provide decoded data for the UE 120a to a data sink 260, and provide decoded control information to a controller/processor 280.
On the uplink, at UE 120a, a transmit processor 264 may receive and process data (e.g., for the physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH)) from a data source 262 and control information (e.g., for the physical uplink control channel (PUCCH)) from the controller/processor 280. The transmit processor 264 may also generate reference symbols for a reference signal (e.g., the sounding reference signal (SRS)). The symbols from the transmit processor 264 may be precoded by a TX MIMO processor 266 if applicable, further processed by the modulators (MODs) in transceivers 254a-254r (e.g., for single-carrier frequency division multiplexing (SC-FDM), etc.), and transmitted to the BS 110a. At the BS 110a, the uplink signals from the UE 120a may be received by the antennas 234, processed by the demodulators in transceivers 232a-232t, detected by a MIMO detector 236 if applicable, and further processed by a receive processor 238 to obtain decoded data and control information sent by the UE 120a. The receive processor 238 may provide the decoded data to a data sink 239 and the decoded control information to the controller/processor 240.
The memories 242 and 282 may store data and program codes for BS 110a and UE 120a, respectively. The memories 242 and 282 may also interface with the controllers/processors 240 and 280, respectively. A scheduler 244 may schedule UEs for data transmission on the downlink and/or uplink.
Antennas 252, processors 258, 264, 266, and/or controller/processor 280 of the UE 120a and/or antennas 234, processors 220, 230, 238, and/or controller/processor 240 of the BS 110a may be used to perform the various techniques and methods described herein.
In certain aspects of the present disclosure, the transceivers 232 and/or the transceivers 254 may include at least one phase-locked loop (PLL) circuit with a tuning voltage (Vtune) tracking circuit, as described in more detail herein.
Receiving in-phase (I) and/or quadrature (Q) baseband analog signals from a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) 310, the TX path 302 may include a baseband filter (BBF) 312, a mixer 314, a driver amplifier (DA) 316, and a power amplifier (PA) 318. The BBF 312, the mixer 314, the DA 316, and the PA 318 may be included in a radio frequency integrated circuit (RFIC). For certain aspects, the PA 318 may be external to the RFIC.
The BBF 312 filters the baseband signals received from the DAC 310, and the mixer 314 mixes the filtered baseband signals with a transmit local oscillator (LO) signal to convert the baseband signal of interest to a different frequency (e.g., upconvert from baseband to a radio frequency). This frequency-conversion process produces the sum and difference frequencies between the LO frequency and the frequencies of the baseband signal of interest. The sum and difference frequencies are referred to as the “beat frequencies.” The beat frequencies are typically in the RF range, such that the signals output by the mixer 314 are typically RF signals, which may be amplified by the DA 316 and/or by the PA 318 before transmission by the antenna(s) 306. While one mixer 314 is illustrated, several mixers may be used to upconvert the filtered baseband signals to one or more intermediate frequencies and to thereafter upconvert the intermediate frequency (IF) signals to a frequency for transmission.
The RX path 304 may include a low noise amplifier (LNA) 324, a mixer 326, and a baseband filter (BBF) 328. The LNA 324, the mixer 326, and the BBF 328 may be included in one or more RFICs, which may or may not be the same RFIC that includes the TX path components. RF signals received via the antenna(s) 306 may be amplified by the LNA 324, and the mixer 326 mixes the amplified RF signals with a receive local oscillator (LO) signal to convert the RF signal of interest to a different baseband frequency (e.g., downconvert). The baseband signals output by the mixer 326 may be filtered by the BBF 328 before being converted by an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) 330 to digital I and/or Q signals for digital signal processing.
Certain transceivers may employ frequency synthesizers with a variable-frequency oscillator (e.g., a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) or a digitally controlled oscillator (DCO)) to generate a stable, tunable LO with a particular tuning range. Thus, the transmit LO may be produced by a TX frequency synthesizer 320 with a transmit phase-locked loop (TxPLL). The transmit LO may be buffered or amplified by amplifier 322 before being mixed with the baseband signals in the mixer 314. Similarly, the receive LO may be produced by an RX frequency synthesizer 332 with a receive phase-locked loop (RxPLL). The receive LO may be buffered or amplified by amplifier 334 before being mixed with the RF signals in the mixer 326. For certain aspects, a single frequency synthesizer may be used for both the TX path 302 and the RX path 304. In certain aspects, the TX frequency synthesizer 320 and/or RX frequency synthesizer 332 may include a frequency multiplier, such as a frequency doubler, that is driven by an oscillator (e.g., a VCO) in the frequency synthesizer.
For certain aspects, the RxPLL and/or the TxPLL may be coupled to a tuning voltage (Vtune) tracking circuit, as described herein. For example, the RxPLL may be coupled to a first Vtune tracking circuit, and the TxPLL may be coupled to second Vtune tracking circuit.
A controller 336 (e.g., controller/processor 280 in
While
As illustrated in
In some aspects of the present disclosure, as illustrated in
Although the PLL 400 is implemented as a differential circuit in
To conserve power, a phase-locked loop (PLL) (e.g., PLL 400) may be switched between mission mode, where the PLL is in operation, and standby mode, where the PLL is inactive. For example, a receive phase-locked loop (RxPLL) may enter mission mode while a receive chain (e.g., RX path 304) is receiving or scheduled to receive signals (e.g., on a downlink for a user equipment (UE) or an uplink for a base station), and may enter standby mode otherwise. Conversely, a transmit phase-locked loop (TxPLL) may enter mission mode while a transmit chain (e.g., TX path 302) is transmitting or scheduled to transmit signals (e.g., on an uplink for a UE or a downlink for a base station), and may enter standby mode otherwise.
Referring to the timing diagram 500, as the UE switches between downlink (DL) receptions and uplink (UL) transmissions, each PLL may be switched to either mission mode or standby mode. In each respective PLL's mission mode, that PLL is operating, whereas in each respective PLL's standby mode, that PLL 400 is not operating (e.g., power may be removed from certain PLL sub-blocks and/or the PLL may be operated in very low power mode). For example, when the UE is in a DL slot and is receiving (or scheduled to receive) a signal, the RxPLL is generally in mission mode, and the TxPLL is typically in standby mode. On the other hand, when the UE is in a UL slot and is transmitting (or scheduled to transmit) a signal, the RxPLL is generally in standby mode, and the TxPLL is generally in mission mode. The opposite may apply to PLLs of a base station.
As illustrated in the timing diagram 500, as an example, in a first DL slot 502a, an RxPLL may be in a first receive mission mode 506a, and the TxPLL may be in a first transmit standby mode 510a, at least most of the time. In a first UL slot 504a, the RxPLL may be in a first receive standby mode 508a, and the TxPLL may be in a first transmit mission mode 512a, for the majority of the time. In a second DL slot 502b, the RxPLL may be in a second receive mission mode 506b, and the TxPLL may be in a second transmit standby mode 510b, at least most of the time. In a second UL slot 504b, the RxPLL may be in a second receive standby mode 508b, and the TxPLL may be in a second transmit mission mode 512b. This may continue for each subsequent UL and DL slot. As illustrated, there may be a gap 501 (e.g., a delay of 7 μs) between each pair of DL and UL slots, which may allow time for activating and inactivating each of the PLLs.
The corresponding chip temperature plot 520 illustrates how the temperature of the corresponding chip (labeled “Chip Temp”) changes with respect to time as the PLLs switch between modes. As the PLLs operate and switch between transmitting and receiving the temperature of the chip may also change. For example, transmissions in a UL slot may cause a greater temperature increase than receptions in a DL slot.
For example, in the first DL slot 502a while the RxPLL and receive chain are operating, the temperature of the chip increases from a first temperature T0 (e.g., a starting temperature) to a second temperature T1 (e.g., as the chip is warming up). Next, when the UE is in the first UL slot 504a and transmitting a signal, the chip temperature may increase from the second temperature T1 to a third temperature T2. Because transmitting a signal involves more energy than receiving a signal in this example, the temperature of the chip increases at a faster rate in the first UL slot 504a than in the first DL slot 502a. In other cases, receiving a signal may involve more energy than transmitting a signal
Subsequently, in the second DL slot 502b the chip temperature may decrease from the third temperature T2 to a fourth temperature T3. Here, because receiving a signal involves less energy than transmitting, the chip temperature may decrease from the third temperature T2 to the fourth temperature T3, as shown in plot 520. In other examples, the chip temperature may alternatively increase between temperatures T2 and T3 at a slower rate than the temperature change between temperatures T1 and T2.
Then, in the second UL slot 504b, because of higher energy during transmission, the chip temperature may increase from the fourth temperature T3 to a fifth temperature T4.
As the temperature of the chip changes while a PLL is in mission mode, the components of the PLL may change with temperature, and thus, the PLL may change the tuning voltage (Vtune) to maintain the frequency of the oscillating signal output by the VCO (e.g., VCO 402) and phase lock. Hence, Vtune drifts proportionally to the change in chip temperature. However, once the PLL is switched into standby mode, Vtune is lost (e.g., is not maintained in the feedback loop) while the PLL is not operating. Then, when the PLL reenters mission mode, Vtune may be reset and start from the same initial starting point (e.g., 0 V or half the power supply rail voltage (e.g., Vdd of the charge pump, as shown in
Referring to the corresponding plot 540, as the chip temperature changes from the first temperature T0 to the second temperature T1 when the RxPLL is in the first receive mission mode 506a, Vtune is changed from initial voltage V0 to voltage V1 to maintain the frequency of the oscillating signal from the VCO, caused by the change in temperature. In some cases, the initial voltage V0 may be a predefined starting voltage for the RxPLL, such as Vdd/2.
When the RxPLL is switched to the first receive standby mode 508a, Vtune is lost and may drop (e.g., to 0 V, as illustrated in the plot 540). When the RxPLL is in the first receive standby mode 508a, the temperature of the chip changes from the second temperature T1 to the third temperature T2 while Vtune is not updated, allowing for a large VCO frequency drift with temperature. When the RxPLL is switched to the second receive mission mode 506b and reactivated, the RxPLL may resume with a predefined starting voltage (e.g., 0 V or Vdd/2). Due to the temperature change during the first receive standby mode 508a where Vtune was not updating, there may a substantial Vtune offset between the predefined starting voltage (e.g., voltage V0) and the eventual new Vtune to maintain lock at the new temperature (temperature T2). The high Vtune offset causes a large initial PLL frequency error. Therefore, it may take a longer time for Vtune to settle as Vtune rises from the predefined starting voltage to a new Vtune at voltage V2 that corresponds to the third temperature T2. In other words, the large initial PLL frequency error is responsible for slow PLL and Vtune settling, as shown by waveform 542 in plot 540.
Once Vtune settles at voltage V2, Vtune is updated during the second mission mode by the RxPLL and reaches voltage V3 (as the temperature drops to temperature T3) before entering the second receive standby mode 508b, where Vtune is once again lost (and reset).
Certain aspects of the present disclosure provide a Vtune tracking circuit that saves Vtune from a PLL's mission mode before entering a PLL's standby mode and restores Vtune before reentering the PLL's mission mode, thereby significantly reducing the Vtune offset, initial PLL frequency error, and PLL/Vtune settling time upon reentry, especially with changes in temperature. In other words, the Vtune tracking circuit helps the PLL to lock quickly over temperature when a PLL is reactivated.
For example, in the plot 540, such a Vtune tracking circuit may store voltage V1 before the RxPLL enters the first receive standby mode 508a. When the RxPLL enters the second receive mission mode 506b, the stored Vtune (voltage V1) is restored, and because the restored voltage V1 is closer to the new Vtune voltage (voltage V2) associated with temperature T2 than the predefined starting voltage (e.g., voltage V0), the Vtune settling time is reduced, as illustrated by waveform 544.
As shown, the tracking circuit 602 may be coupled to the output of the charge pump 406 at node 698, but may alternatively be coupled to the output of the loop filter 408 at node 699 for other aspects. The tracking circuit 602 may comprise a sample-and-hold circuit 604, an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) 606, memory 608, and a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) 610. The sample-and-hold circuit 604 may have an input coupled to the output of the charge pump 406 and may have an output coupled to an input of the ADC 606. An output of the ADC 606 and an input of the DAC 610 may be coupled to memory 608. The memory 608 may comprise a register, for example, or any other suitable storage component, capable of storing a digital code for representing Vtune at a desired resolution. An output of the DAC 610 may be coupled to the node 698 (or the node 699), which may be through a buffer and/or other suitable components.
The sample-and-hold circuit 604 may be configured to sample and hold an analog voltage value of Vtune (e.g., unfiltered at the output of the charge pump 406) while the PLL circuit 600 is in mission mode or just before the PLL exits mission mode. The ADC 606 may be configured to convert the sampled and held analog value of Vtune to a digital representation of Vtune and write this representation to the memory 608. The memory 608 may be configured to store the digital representation of Vtune for subsequent restoration. Just before or as the PLL reenters the mission mode, the DAC 610 may be configured to read the stored digital representation of Vtune from the memory 608 and convert this to an analog version of the stored representation for using as a starting value of Vtune when the PLL is reactivated. In other words, the DAC 610 (and other associated circuitry) may be configured to restore the sampled and held value of Vtune once the PLL circuit 600 reenters mission mode, for faster settling of the PLL compared to starting from some predefined starting voltage.
For certain aspects, the tracking circuit may be powered off most of the time to conserve power. In this case, the tracking circuit may be powered on just before the PLL associated therewith exits mission mode and enters standby mode to capture Vtune and store Vtune or a representation of Vtune (e.g., a digital code). For certain aspects, the tracking circuit may remain on during standby mode, whereas in other aspects, the tracking circuit may be powered off after storing (the representation of) Vtune. In the latter case, the tracking circuit may be powered on just before or as the PLL reenters mission mode and restore Vtune in the PLL. For other aspects (e.g., where power consumption by the tracking circuit is not a concern), the tracking circuit may be left powered on most or all of the time.
As illustrated, the loop filter 408 may be implemented as a fourth-order low-pass filter (LPF) with series resistive elements R1 and R2, shunt capacitive elements C1 and C2, shunt capacitive elements C3 and C4, and resistive element R3. However, it is to be understood that the loop filter 408 may be designed as any suitable filter, and with any suitable number of poles and zeroes. The charge pump 406 may include a current source IUP and a current sink IDN used to charge and discharge, respectively. Shunt capacitive element C3 may be coupled between the output of the charge pump 406 and a reference potential node (e.g., electrical ground) for the PLL circuit 600. As illustrated and explained above, the charge pump 406 produces a tuning voltage (Vtune). Vtune is low-pass filtered by the loop filter 408 to remove transients and other higher frequency components (e.g., from the switching action of the charge pump 406) to generate a filtered tuning voltage (Vtune*) at node 699. Vtune* may more closely resemble a DC voltage. Vtune* may be used to adjust the frequency of an oscillating signal generated by the VCO 402.
As implemented in the example of
The sample-and-hold circuit 604 may also include switch S2, which is coupled between a node 697 (which is between switch S1 and capacitive element C4) and an input of the ADC. Switch S2 may be closed during sampling of Vtune (while switch S1 is open) and may be open after the sampled Vtune is quantized (e.g., during standby mode, restoring mode, and mission mode).
The ADC 606 may be implemented by a successive-approximation register (SAR) analog-to-digital converter (ADC) 611, as illustrated. The SAR ADC 611 may include a comparator 612, SAR logic 614, and a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) 616. The comparator 612 may have a first input (e.g., the positive input) coupled to switch S2 and may have a second input (e.g., the negative input) coupled to the output of the DAC 616. The SAR logic 614 may comprise a register, for example, may have an input coupled to the output of the comparator 612, and may have an output coupled to the input of the DAC 616. With this loop, the SAR ADC 611 may use a binary search through different quantization levels (e.g., different DAC steps) before converging upon the final digital signal for outputting from the SAR ADC.
More specifically, the comparator 612 may be configured to compare the held Vtune to the analog output voltage of the DAC 616 and output an indication of the result of the comparison. For example, the comparator, 612 may be configured to output a logic “0” if the output voltage of the DAC 616 is greater than the held Vtune and to output a logic “1” if the output voltage of the DAC 616 is less than the held Vtune. The SAR logic 614 may be configured to successively update, store, and output, based on the output of the comparator 612, a digital voltage signal to the DAC 616. The DAC 616 may be configured to convert each successive digital voltage signal to an analog voltage signal applied to the second input of the comparator 612. After the SAR ADC 611 has quantized the held Vtune voltage, switch S2 may be opened, and the SAR logic 614 may store the digital code word representing the sampled and held Vtune. Therefore, the SAR logic 614 in
As illustrated in the example implementation of
In operation, each of the switches is operated based on the mode of operation of the PLL circuit 600. For example, when the PLL circuit 600 is in mission mode, switches S2, S3, and S4 are open while switch S1 is closed. While switch S1 is closed, Vtune is sampled by charging capacitive element C4 while the PLL circuit 600 is operating. Just before or at the instant the PLL circuit 600 exits mission mode, switch S1 may be opened, and switch S2 may be closed, while switches S3, and S4 remain open, in the sampling mode. Closing switch S2 couples Vtune to the SAR ADC 611 for quantization. Switches S1, S3, and S4 being open disconnects the SAR ADC 611 from the output of the charge pump 406 and the buffer 618.
After switch S2 is closed, the held Vtune is quantized by the SAR ADC 611. At the end of the conversion, the digital representation of the held Vtune is stored by the SAR logic 614. Depending on the resolution of the SAR ADC 611, the digital representation may be substantially equivalent to the held Vtune. Even though capacitive element C4 may be discharging during the conversion, the SAR ADC 611 may operate fast enough so that the held Vtune is quantized before C4 discharges a significant amount.
Also after conversion, switch S2 may be opened, to exit the sampling mode and enter the standby mode. While switches S1, S2, and S4 are opened, capacitive element C4 may be slowly discharged via leakage during standby mode.
Before the PLL circuit 600 reenters mission mode, the PLL circuit enters the restoring mode to restore the previous level of Vtune. In the restoring mode, switches S1, S3, and S4 are closed, and switch S2 may remain open. The stored representation of Vtune is output by the SAR logic 614, converted by the DAC 616 to an analog voltage, buffered by the buffer 618, and output to the nodes 697 and 698 to begin controlling the VCO 402. Advantageously, Vtune is restored to the previous level of Vtune at the end of the prior mission mode and does not reset to some predefined starting voltage (e.g., Vdd/2). After Vtune is restored, switches S3 and S4 are opened, and the SAR ADC 611 and buffer 618 may be turned off to conserve power, for certain aspects. Then, the PLL circuit 600 may reenter the mission mode (in which switches S2, S3, and S4 are open and switch S1 is closed).
The process described above may be repeated as the PLL circuit 600 switches between operating modes.
The operations 700 may generally involve, at block 702, operating a first phase-locked loop (PLL) (e.g., an RxPLL or a TxPLL, such as PLL circuit 600) during a first mission mode (e.g., mission mode 506a or 512a) for a first circuit path (e.g., the RX path 304 or the TX path 302) associated with the first PLL. At block 704, the tracking circuitry may sample a control voltage (e.g., Vtune) of the first PLL during the first mission mode and, at block 706, save a representation (e.g., a digital code) of the sampled control voltage of the first PLL before entering a first standby mode (e.g., standby mode 508a or 510b) for the first circuit path. Operation of the first PLL (or at least a portion of the first PLL) is stopped for the first standby mode at block 708. At block 710, the tracking circuitry may restore the sampled control voltage to the first PLL for reentering the first mission mode using the saved representation of the sampled control voltage of the first PLL.
According to certain aspects, the first circuit path is a receive path (e.g., RX path 304). In this case, the first PLL may include a receive phase-locked loop (RxPLL), and the first mission mode may be for reception of a downlink (DL) signal. For other aspects, the first circuit path is a transmit path (e.g., TX path 302). In this case, the first PLL includes a transmit phase-locked loop (TxPLL), and the first mission mode may be for transmission of an uplink (UL) signal.
According to certain aspects, the operations 700 further involve converting the sampled control voltage of the first PLL with a successive-approximation register (SAR) analog-to-digital converter (ADC) (e.g., SAR ADC 611) to generate the representation of the sampled control voltage (e.g., before the saving at block 706). The SAR ADC may include SAR logic (e.g., SAR logic 614). For certain aspects, saving the representation at block 706 includes saving a digital representation of the sampled control voltage of the first PLL in the SAR logic. The SAR ADC may further include a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) (e.g., DAC 616). For certain aspects, restoring the sampled control voltage to the first PLL at block 710 involves converting, with the DAC, the digital representation of the sampled control voltage of the first PLL to an analog signal. Restoring the sampled control voltage to the first PLL may further include buffering the analog signal (e.g., with buffer 618) and using the buffered analog signal as the control voltage for restarting the first PLL to reenter the first mission mode.
According to certain aspects, the operations 700 further involve operating a second PLL (e.g., a TxPLL or an RxPLL, such as PLL circuit 600) during a second mission mode (e.g., mission mode 506b or 512b) for a second circuit path (e.g., TX path 302 or RX path 304) associated with the second PLL; sampling a control voltage (Vtune) of the second PLL during the second mission mode; saving a representation (e.g., a digital code) of the sampled control voltage of the second PLL for entering a second standby mode (e.g., standby mode 508b) for the second circuit path; stopping operation of the second PLL for the second standby mode; and restoring the sampled control voltage to the second PLL for reentering the second mission mode using the saved representation of the sampled control voltage of the second PLL. For certain aspects, the first circuit path is a receive path (e.g., RX path 304), the first PLL includes an RxPLL, and the first mission mode is for reception of a DL signal. For certain aspects, the second circuit path is a transmit path (e.g., TX path 302), the second PLL includes a TxPLL, and the second mission mode is for transmission of a UL signal.
For certain aspects, the first mission mode may overlap the second standby mode in time. Alternatively or additionally, the second mission mode may overlap the first standby mode in time.
In addition to the various aspects described above, specific combinations of aspects are within the scope of the present disclosure, some of which are detailed below:
Certain aspects of the present disclosure use a tuning voltage (Vtune) tracking circuit to assist a phase-locked loop (PLL) in locking quickly over temperature. The Vtune tracking circuit may measure and digitize Vtune and save the digital code before the PLL enters standby mode. When exiting standby mode, the Vtune tracking circuit restores the saved Vtune, and the PLL restarts in mission mode from the restored Vtune, which leads to a smaller initial PLL frequency error and a faster PLL settling.
The above description provides examples, and is not limiting of the scope, applicability, or examples set forth in the claims. Changes may be made in the function and arrangement of elements discussed without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Various examples may omit, substitute, or add various procedures or components as appropriate. For instance, the methods described may be performed in an order different from that described, and various steps may be added, omitted, or combined. Also, features described with respect to some examples may be combined in some other examples. For example, an apparatus may be implemented or a method may be practiced using any number of the aspects set forth herein. In addition, the scope of the disclosure is intended to cover such an apparatus or method which is practiced using other structure, functionality, or structure and functionality in addition to, or other than, the various aspects of the disclosure set forth herein. It should be understood that any aspect of the disclosure disclosed herein may be embodied by one or more elements of a claim. The word “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any aspect described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects.
The various operations of methods described above may be performed by any suitable means capable of performing the corresponding functions. The means may include various hardware and/or software component(s) and/or module(s), including, but not limited to a circuit, an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or processor. Generally, where there are operations illustrated in figures, those operations may have corresponding counterpart means-plus-function components. For example, means for sampling may include at least a portion of a sample-and-hold circuit (e.g., the sample-and-hold circuit 604 of
As used herein, a phrase referring to “at least one of” a list of items refers to any combination of those items, including single members. As an example, “at least one of: a, b, or c” is intended to cover: a, b, c, a-b, a-c, b-c, and a-b-c, as well as any combination with multiples of the same element (e.g., a-a, a-a-a, a-a-b, a-a-c, a-b-b, a-c-c, b-b, b-b-b, b-b-c, c-c, and c-c-c or any other ordering of a, b, and c).
The methods disclosed herein comprise one or more steps or actions for achieving the described method. The method steps and/or actions may be interchanged with one another without departing from the scope of the claims. In other words, unless a specific order of steps or actions is specified, the order and/or use of specific steps and/or actions may be modified without departing from the scope of the claims.
It is to be understood that the claims are not limited to the precise configuration and components illustrated above. Various modifications, changes, and variations may be made in the arrangement, operation, and details of the methods and apparatus described above without departing from the scope of the claims.
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| International Search Report and Written Opinion—PCT/US2023/073883—ISA/EPO—Jan. 5, 2024. |
| Number | Date | Country | |
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| 20240106442 A1 | Mar 2024 | US |
