Patent Application
20070074518
The present disclosure relates generally to a turbine engine, and more particularly, to a turbine engine having an acoustically tuned fuel nozzle.
Internal combustion engines, including diesel engines, gaseous-fueled engines, and other engines known in the art, may exhaust a complex mixture of air pollutants. These air pollutants may be composed of gaseous compounds, which may include nitrous oxides (NOx). Due to increased attention on the environment, exhaust emission standards have become more stringent and the amount of NOx emitted to the atmosphere from an engine may be regulated depending on the type of engine, size of engine, and/or class of engine.
It has been established that a well-distributed flame having a low flame temperature can reduce NOx production to levels compliant with current emission regulations. One way to generate a well-distributed flame with a low flame temperature is to premix fuel and air to a predetermined lean fuel to air equivalence ratio. However, naturally-occurring pressure fluctuations within the turbine engine can be amplified during operation of the engine under these lean conditions. In fact, the amplification can be so severe that damage and/or failure of the turbine engine can occur.
One method that has been implemented by turbine engine manufacturers to provide lean fuel/air operational conditions within a turbine engine while minimizing the harmful vibrations generally associated with lean operation is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,698,206 (the '206 patent) issued to Scarinci et al. on Mar. 2, 2004. The '206 patent describes a turbine engine having a primary combustion zone, a secondary combustion zone, and a tertiary combustion zone. Each of the combustion zones is supplied with premixed fuel and air by respective mixing ducts and a plurality of axially spaced-apart air injection apertures. These apertures reduce the magnitude of fluctuations in the lean fuel to air equivalence ratio of the fuel and air mixtures supplied into the mixing zones, thereby reducing the harmful vibrations.
Although the method described in the '206 patent may reduce some harmful vibrations associated with a low NOx-emitting turbine engine, it may be expensive and insufficient. In particular, the many apertures associated with each of the combustion zones described in the '206 patent may drive up the cost of the turbine engine. In addition, because the reduction of vibration within the turbine engine of the '206 patent does not rely upon strategic placement of the apertures according to acoustic tuning specific to the particular turbine engine, the reduction of vibration may be limited and, in some situations, insufficient.
The disclosed fuel nozzle is directed to overcoming one or more of the problems set forth above.
In one aspect, the present disclosure is directed to a fuel nozzle for a turbine engine having a combustion chamber. The fuel nozzle includes a common axis, a body member disposed about the common axis, and a barrel member located radially outward from the body member. The fuel nozzle also includes a mixing duct fluidly communicating the barrel member and the combustion chamber, and an air inlet duct disposed upstream of the barrel member. The air inlet duct is configured to introduce a flow of air into the barrel member. Each of the air inlet duct and mixing duct have predetermined lengths. The fuel nozzle further includes a main fuel injection device located between the air inlet duct and the mixing duct. The main fuel injection device is configured to introduce a flow of fuel into the barrel member at a predetermined axial fuel introduction location. The predetermined axial fuel introduction location and the predetermined length of at least one of the mixing duct and the air inlet duct are such that a time-varying fuel to air equivalence ratio at a flame front downstream of the mixing duct is less than a time-averaged fuel to air equivalence ratio when a naturally-occurring time-varying pressure at the flame front is at a maximum.
In another aspect, the present disclosure is directed to a method of operating a turbine engine. The method includes directing compressed air into the turbine engine via an inlet duct having a predetermined length. The method also includes introducing fuel into the turbine engine at a predetermined axial position downstream of the inlet duct, and mixing the fuel and air within a mixing duct having a predetermined length. The method further includes directing the fuel and air mixture to a combustion chamber. The predetermined axial fuel introduction location and the predetermined length of at least one of the mixing duct and the inlet duct are such that a time-varying fuel to air equivalence ratio at a flame front downstream of an exit of the mixing duct is less than a time-averaged fuel to air equivalence ratio when a naturally-occurring time-varying pressure at the flame front is at a maximum.
Compressor section 12 may include components rotatable to compress inlet air. Specifically, compressor section 12 may include a series of rotatable compressor blades 22 fixedly connected about a central shaft 24. As central shaft 24 is rotated, compressor blades 22 may draw air into turbine engine 10 and pressurize the air. This pressurized air may then be directed toward combustor section 14 for mixture with a liquid and/or gaseous fuel. It is contemplated that compressor section 12 may further include compressor blades (not shown) that are separate from central shaft 24 and remain stationary during operation of turbine engine 10.
Combustor section 14 may mix fuel with the compressed air from compressor section 12 and combust the mixture to create a mechanical work output. Specifically, combustor section 14 may include a plurality of fuel nozzles 26 annularly arranged about central shaft 24, and an annular combustion chamber 28 associated with fuel nozzles 26. Each fuel nozzle 26 may inject one or both of liquid and gaseous fuel into the flow of compressed air from compressor section 12 for ignition within combustion chamber 28. As the fuel/air mixture combusts, the heated molecules may expand and move at high speed into turbine section 16.
As illustrated in the cross-section of
Barrel housing 34 may embody a tubular member having a plurality of air jets 46. Air jets 46 may be co-aligned at a predetermined axial position along the length of barrel housing 34. This predetermined axial position may be set during manufacture of turbine engine 10 to attenuate a time-varying flow of air entering fuel nozzle 26 via air inlet duct 35. It is contemplated that air jets 46 may be located at any axial position along the length of barrel housing 34 and may vary from engine to engine or from one class or size of engine to another class or size of engine according to attenuation requirements. Air jets 46 may receive compressed air from compressor section 12 by way of one or more fluid passageways (not shown) external to barrel housing 34.
Air inlet duct 35 may embody a tubular member configured to axially direct compressed air from compressor section 12 (referring to
Mixing duct 37 may embody a tubular member configured to axially direct the fuel/air mixture from fuel nozzle 26 into combustion chamber 28. In particular, mixing duct 37 may include a central opening 52 that fluidly communicates barrel housing 34 with combustion chamber 28. The geometry of mixing duct 37 may be such that pressure fluctuations within fuel nozzle 26 are minimized to provide for piece-wise uniform flow through air inlet duct 35. In one example, mixing duct 37 may be generally straight and may have a predetermined length. Similar to air inlet duct 35, the predetermined length of mixing duct 37 may be set during manufacture of turbine engine 10 according to an axial fuel introduction location and the naturally-occurring pressure fluctuation within combustion chamber 28. The method of determining and setting the length of mixing duct 37 will be discussed in more detail below.
Swirler 40 may be situated to radially redirect an axial flow of compressed air from air inlet duct 35. In particular, swirler 40 may embody an annulus having a plurality of connected vanes 54 located within an axial flow path of the compressed air. As the compressed air contacts vanes 54, it may be diverted in a radially inward direction. It is contemplated that vanes 54 may extend from barrel housing 34 radially inward directly toward common axis 42 or, alternatively, to a point cantered off-center from common axis 42. It is also contemplated that vanes 54 may be straight or twisted along a length direction and tilted at an angle relative to an axial direction of common axis 42.
Vanes 54 may facilitate fuel injection within barrel housing 34. In particular, some or all of vanes 54 may each include a liquid fuel jet 56 and a plurality of gaseous fuel jets 58. It is contemplated that any number or configuration of vanes 54 may include liquid fuel jets 56. The location of vanes 54 along common axis 42 and the resulting axial fuel introduction point within fuel nozzle 26 may vary and be set to, in combination with specific time-varying air flow characteristics, attenuate the naturally-occurring pressure fluctuation within combustion chamber 28. The method of determining and setting the axial fuel introduction point will be discussed in more detail below.
Gaseous fuel jets 58 may provide a substantially constant mass flow of gaseous fuel such as, for example, natural gas, landfill gas, bio-gas, or any other suitable gaseous fuel to combustion chamber 28. In particular, gaseous fuel jets 58 may embody restrictive orifices situated along a leading edge of each vane 54. Each of gaseous fuel jets 58 may be in communication with a central fuel passageway 59 within the associated vane 54 to receive gaseous fuel from an external source (not shown). The restriction at gaseous fuel jets 58 may be the greatest restriction applied to the flow of gaseous fuel within fuel nozzle 26, such that a substantially continuous mass flow of gaseous fuel from gaseous fuel jets 58 may be ensured.
Combustion chamber 28 (referring to
Turbine section 16 may include components rotatable in response to the flow of expanding exhaust oases from combustor section 14. In particular, turbine section 16 may include a series of rotatable turbine rotor blades 30 fixedly connected to central shaft 24. As turbine rotor blades 30 are bombarded with high-energy molecules from combustor section 14, the expanding molecules may cause central shaft 24 to rotate, thereby converting combustion energy into useful rotational power. This rotational power may then be drawn from turbine engine 10 and used for a variety of purposes. In addition to powering various external devices, the rotation of turbine rotor blades 30 and central shaft 24 may drive the rotation of compressor blades 22.
Exhaust section 18 may direct the spent exhaust from combustor and turbine sections 14, 16 to the atmosphere. It is contemplated that exhaust section 18 may include one or more treatment devices configured to remove pollutants from the exhaust and/or attenuation devices configured to reduce the noise associated with turbine engine 10, if desired.
The disclosed fuel nozzle may be applicable to any turbine engine where reduced vibrations within the turbine engine are desired. Although particularly useful for low NOx-emitting engines, the disclosed fuel nozzle may be applicable to any turbine engine regardless of the emission output of the engine. The disclosed fuel nozzle may reduce vibrations by acoustically attenuating a naturally-occuring pressure fluctuation within a combustion chamber of the turbine engine. The operation of fuel nozzle 26 will now be explained.
During operation of turbine engine 10, air may be drawn into turbine engine 10 and compressed via compressor section 12 (referring to
Pressure pulses 66 may affect the time-varying characteristic of first, second, and third curves 60-64. Specifically, as pressure pulses 66 travel in the reverse direction within fuel nozzle 26 and reach liquid and gaseous fuel injectors 56, 58 and the entrance to air inlet duct 35, the pressure of each pulse may cause the flow rate of fuel and air entering fuel nozzle 26 to vary. These varying flow rates correspond to the amplitude variations of first and second curves 60, 62 illustrated in
Damage may occur when the phase angle of third curve 64 and the wave of pressure pulses 66 near alignment. That is, when the value of Φ entering combustion chamber 28 is high compared to the time average of Φ and enters combustion chamber 28 at about the same time that a pressure pulse 66 initiates from a flame front with combustion chamber 28, resonance may be attained. Likewise, if the value of Φ entering combustion chamber 28 is low compared to the time average of Φ and enters combustion chamber 28 at a time between the intiation of pressure pulses 66, resonance may be attained. It may be possible that this resonance could amplify pressure pulses 66 to a damaging magnitude.
Damage may be prevented when third curve 64 and the wave of pressure pulses 66 are out of phase. In particular, if the value of Φ entering combustion chamber 28 is low compared to the time average of Φ and enters combustion chamber 28 at the same time that a pressure pulse 66 initiates from a flame front within combustion chamber 28, attenuation of pressure pulse 66 may be attained. Likewise, if the value of Φ entering combustion chamber 28 is high compared to the time average of Φ and enters combustion chamber 28 at a time between the imitation of pressure pulses 66, attenuation may be attained. Attenuation could lower the magnitude of pressure pulses 66, thereby minimizing the likelihood of damage to turbine engine 10.
The phase angle and magnitude of Φ may be affected by the length of air inlet duct 35, the length of mixing duct 37, the axial fuel introduction point, and the axial location of air jets 46. Specifically, by increasing the length of air inlet duct 35 (e.g., extending the entrance of air inlet duct 35 leftward, when viewed in
Further reduction in the magnitude of pressure pulses 66 may be attained by providing a substantially time-constant value of Φ. One way to reduce the variation in the value of Φ may be to reduce the time-varying characteristic of first and/or second curves 60, 62. The time-varying characteristic of gaseous fuel introduced into combustion chamber 28 via gaseous fuel jets 58 may be reduced by way of the restriction at the surface of gaseous fuel jets 58. This restriction may increase the pressure drop across gaseous fuel jets 58 to a magnitude at which the pressure fluctuations within fuel nozzle 26 may have little affect on the flow of fuel through gaseous fuel jets 58. Another way to reduce the vibrations may be realized through the use of air jets 46. In particular, as seen in
Several advantages over the prior art may be associated with fuel nozzle 26 of turbine engine 10. Specifically, because the length of air inlet duct 35, the length of mixing duct 37, and the axial fuel introduction point of turbine engine 10 may be selected specifically to attenuate the naturally-occurring pressure pulses of combustion chamber 28, harmful vibrations of turbine engine 10 may be greatly reduced. This acoustic tuning of turbine engine 10 may be more successful at reducing vibration than the random placement of apertures in an attempt to create non-resonating turbulence. In addition, these reductions in vibration may be attained with minimal changes to existing hardware, resulting in lower component costs of turbine engine 10.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made to the disclosed fuel nozzle. Other embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the disclosed fuel nozzle. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with a true scope being indicated by the following claims and their equivalents.
