TURBINE WITH MIXERS AND EJECTORS

Abstract

A Mixer/Ejector Wind Turbine (“MEWT”) system is disclosed which routinely exceeds the efficiencies of prior wind turbines. Unique ejector concepts are used to fluid-dynamically improve many operational characteristics of conventional wind turbines for potential power generation improvements of 50% and above. Applicants' preferred MEWT embodiment comprises: an aerodynamically contoured turbine shroud with an inlet; a ring of stator vanes; a ring of rotating blades (i.e., an impeller) in line with the stator vanes; and a mixer/ejector pump to increase the flow volume through the turbine while rapidly mixing the low energy turbine exit flow with high energy bypass fluid flow. The MEWT can produce three or more time the power of its un-shrouded counterparts for the same frontal area, and can increase the productivity of wind farms by a factor of two or more. The same MEWT is safer and quieter providing improved wind turbine options for populated areas.

Description

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

The present disclosure relates generally to axial flow turbines, such as axial flow wind turbines.

BACKGROUND

Improvements in the technology of electrical power generation by wind turbines are being sought throughout the world as part of the effort to reduce dependency on fossil fuels. The European Union has recently announced a major sustainable energy project that includes significant use of wind power and is requesting the US to join this effort.

To fully achieve the ultimate potential of such systems, several problems/limitations need to be addressed. First, the family of existing wind turbines share a litany of troublesome limitations such as:

(1) Poor performance at low wind speeds, which is most relevant because many of the “good-wind” sites have been taken up and the industry has had to begin focusing on technologies for “small wind” sites,

(2) Safety concerns due to poor containment for damaged propellers and shielding of rotating parts,

(3) Irritating pulsating noise that can reach far from the source,

(4) Significant bird strikes and kills,

(5) Significant first and recurring costs due to:

• • (i) expensive internal gearing, and
  • (ii) expensive turbine blade replacements caused by high winds and wind gusts, plus

(6) Poor and/or unacceptable esthetics for urban and suburban settings.

One of the underlying causes for the problems and limitations listed above is that the vast majority of existing wind turbine systems depend on the same design methodology. As a result, virtually all existing wind turbines are unshrouded/unducted, have only a few blades (which tend to be very long, thin and structurally vulnerable) and rotate at very low blade-hub speeds (thus requiring extensive internal gearing for electricity production) but have very high blade-tip speeds (with its attendant complications). These are all similar because they are all based on the same aerodynamic model that attempts to capture the maximum amount of the power available in the wind utilizing the “Betz Theory” for wind turbines, as disclosed below in more detail, with Schmitz corrections for flow swirl effects, aerodynamic profile losses and tip flow losses. This theory sets the current family of designs and leaves very little room for improving the aerodynamic performance. Thus industry's efforts have primarily become focused on all other non-aerodynamic aspects of the wind turbine, such as, production and life costs, structural integrity, etc.

In this regard, wind turbines usually contain a propeller-like device, termed the “rotor”, which is faced into a moving air stream. As the air hits the rotor, the air produces a force on the rotor in such a manner as to cause the rotor to rotate about its center. The rotor is connected to either an electricity generator or mechanical device through linkages such as gears, belts, chains or other means. Such turbines are used for generating electricity and powering batteries. They are also used to drive rotating pumps and/or moving machine parts. It is very common to find wind turbines in large electricity generating “wind farms” containing multiple such turbines in a geometric pattern designed to allow maximum power extraction with minimal impact of each such turbine on one another and/or the surrounding environment.

The ability of a rotor to convert fluid power to rotating power, when placed in a stream of very large width compared to its diameter, is limited by the well documented theoretical value of 59.3% of the oncoming stream's power, known as the “Betz” limit as documented by A. Betz in 1926. This productivity limit applies especially to the traditional multi-bladed axial wind turbine presented in FIG. 1A, labeled Prior Art.

Attempts have been made to try to increase wind turbine performance potential beyond the “Betz” limit. Conventional shrouds or ducts surrounding the rotor have been used. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,218,011 to Hiel et al. (see FIG. 1B); U.S. Pat. No. 4,204,799 to de Geus (see FIG. 1C); U.S. Pat. No. 4,075,500 to Oman et al. (see FIG. 1D); and U.S. Pat. No. 6,887,031 to Tocher. Properly designed shrouds cause the oncoming flow to speed up as it is concentrated into the center of the duct. In general, for a properly designed rotor, this increased flow speed causes more force on the rotor and subsequently higher levels of power extraction. Often though, the rotor blades break apart due to the shear and tensile forces involved with higher winds.

Values two times the Betz limit allegedly have been recorded but not sustained. See Igar, O., Shrouds for Aerogenerators, AIAA Journal, October 1976, pp. 1481-83; Igar & Ozer, Research and Development for Shrouded Wind Turbines, Energy Cons. & Management, Vol. 21, pp. 13-48, 1981; and see the AIAA Technical Note, entitled “Ducted Wind/Water Turbines and Propellers Revisited”, authored by Applicants (“Applicants' AIAA Technical Note”), and accepted for publication. Copies can be found in Applicants' Information Disclosure Statement. Such claims however have not been sustained in practice and existing test results have not confirmed the feasibility of such gains in real wind turbine application.

To achieve such increased power and efficiency, it is necessary to closely coordinate the aerodynamic designs of the shroud and rotor with the sometimes highly variable incoming fluid stream velocity levels. Such aerodynamic design considerations also play a significant role on the subsequent impact of flow turbines on their surroundings, and the productivity level of wind farm designs.

In an attempt to advance the state of the art, ducted (also known as shrouded) concepts have long been pursued. These have consistently provided tantalizing evidence that they may offer significant benefits over those of traditional unducted design. However, as yet, none have been successful enough to have entered the marketplace. This is apparently due to several major weaknesses of current designs including: (a) they generally employ propeller based aerodynamic concepts versus turbine aerodynamic concepts, (b) they do not employ concepts for noise and flow improvements, and (c) they lack a first principles based ducted wind turbine design methodology equivalent to the “Betz/Schmitz Theory” that has been used extensively for unducted configurations.

Ejectors are well known and documented fluid jet pumps that draw flow into a system and thereby increase the flow rate through that system. Mixer/ejectors are short compact versions of such jet pumps that are relatively insensitive to incoming flow conditions and have been used extensively in high speed jet propulsion applications involving flow velocities near or above the speed of sound. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,761,900 by Dr. Walter M. Presz, Jr, which also uses a mixer downstream to increase thrust while reducing noise from the discharge. Dr. Presz is a co-inventor in the present application.

Gas turbine technology has yet to be applied successfully to axial flow wind turbines. There are multiple reasons for this shortcoming. Existing wind turbines use non-shrouded turbine blades to extract the wind energy. As a result, a significant amount of the flow approaching the wind turbine blades flows around and not through the blades. Also, the air velocity decreases significantly as it approaches existing wind turbines. Both of these effects result in low flow through, turbine velocities. These low velocities minimize the potential benefits of gas turbine technology such as stator/rotor concepts. Previous shrouded wind turbine approaches have keyed on exit diffusers to increase turbine blade velocities. Diffusers require long lengths for good performance, and tend to be very sensitive to oncoming flow variations. Such long, flow sensitive diffusers are not practical in wind turbine installations. Short diffusers stall, and just do not work in real applications. Also, the downstream diffusion needed may not be possible with the turbine energy extraction desired at the accelerated velocities. These effects have doomed all previous attempts at more efficient wind turbines using gas turbine technology.

Accordingly, it is a primary object of the present disclosure to provide an axial flow turbine that employs advanced fluid dynamic mixer/ejector pump principles to consistently deliver levels of power well above the Betz limit.

It is another primary object to provide an improved axial flow turbine that employs unique flow mixing (for wind turbines) and control devices to increase productivity of and minimize the impact of its attendant flow field on the surrounding environment located in its near vicinity, such as found in wind farms.

It is another primary object to provide an improved axial flow wind turbine that pumps in more flow through the rotor and then rapidly mixes the low energy turbine exit flow with high energy bypass wind flow before exiting the system.

It is a more specific object, commensurate with the above-listed objects, which is relatively quiet and safer to use in populated areas.

SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

A mixer/ejector wind turbine system (referenced herein as the “MEWT”) for generating power is disclosed that combines fluid dynamic ejector concepts, advanced flow mixing and control devices, and an adjustable power turbine.

In some embodiments, the MEWT is an axial flow turbine comprising, in order going downstream: an aerodynamically contoured turbine shroud having an inlet; a ring of stators within the shroud; an impeller having a ring of impeller blades “in line” with the stators; a mixer, attached to the turbine shroud, having a ring of mixing lobes extending downstream beyond the impeller blades; and an ejector comprising the ring of mixing lobes and a mixing shroud extending downstream beyond the mixing lobes. The turbine shroud, mixer and ejector are designed and arranged to draw the maximum amount of wind through the turbine and to minimize impact to the environment (e.g., noise) and other power turbines in its wake (e.g., structural or productivity losses). Unlike the conventional art, the preferred MEWT contains a shroud with advanced flow mixing and control devices such as lobed or slotted mixers and/or one or more ejector pumps. The mixer/ejector pump presented is much different than used in the aircraft industry since the high energy air flows into the ejector inlets, and outwardly surrounds, pumps and mixes with the low energy air exiting the turbine shroud.

In a first preferred embodiment, the MEWT comprises: an axial flow turbine surrounded by an aerodynamically contoured turbine shroud incorporating mixing devices in its terminus region (i.e., an end portion of the turbine shroud) and a separate ejector duct overlapping but aft of said turbine shroud, which itself may incorporate advanced mixing devices in its terminus region.

In an alternate embodiment, the MEWT comprises: an axial flow turbine surrounded by an aerodynamically contoured turbine shroud incorporating mixing devices in its terminus region.

Also disclosed in some embodiments is a turbine comprising: a mixer shroud having an outlet and an inlet for receiving a primary fluid stream; and means for extracting energy from the primary fluid stream, the means for extracting energy being located within the turbine shroud; wherein the mixer shroud forms a set of high energy mixing lobes and a set of low energy mixing lobes; wherein each high energy mixing lobe forms an angle of from 5 to 65 degrees relative to the mixer shroud; and wherein each low energy mixing lobe forms an angle of from 5 to 65 degrees relative to the mixer shroud.

The high energy mixing lobe angle may be different from, greater than, less than, or equal to the low energy mixing lobe angle.

The turbine may further comprise an ejector shroud downstream from and coaxial with the mixer shroud, wherein a mixer shroud outlet extends into an ejector shroud inlet. The ejector shroud may itself have a ring of mixer lobes around an ejector shroud outlet.

The means for extracting energy may be an impeller or a rotor/stator assembly.

Also disclosed is a turbine comprising: a mixer shroud having an outlet and an inlet for receiving a primary fluid stream; and means for extracting energy from the primary fluid stream, the means for extracting energy being located within the turbine shroud; wherein the mixer shroud forms a set of mixing lobes, each mixing lobe having an inner trailing edge angle and an outer trailing edge angle; wherein the inner trailing edge angle is from 5 to 65 degrees and the outer trailing edge angle is from 5 to 65 degrees.

First-principles-based theoretical analysis of the preferred MEWT indicates that the MEWT can produce three or more time the power of its un-shrouded counterparts for the same frontal area, and increase the productivity, in the case of wind turbines, of wind farms by a factor of two or more.

Also disclosed are methods of extracting additional energy or generating additional power from a fluid stream. The methods comprise providing a mixer shroud that divides incoming fluid into two fluid streams, one inside the mixer shroud and one outside the mixer shroud. Energy is extracted from the fluid stream passing inside the mixer shroud and through a turbine stage, resulting in a reduced-energy fluid stream. The reduced-energy fluid stream is then mixed with the other fluid stream, to form a series of vortices that mixes the two fluid streams and causes a lower-pressure area to form downstream of the mixer shroud. This in turn causes additional fluid to flow through the turbine stage.

Other objects and advantages of the current disclosure will become more readily apparent when the following written description is read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1A, 1B, 1C and 1D, labeled “Prior Art”, illustrate examples of prior turbines;

FIG. 2 is an exploded view of Applicants' preferred MEWT embodiment, constructed in accordance with the present disclosure;

FIG. 3 is a front perspective view of the preferred MEWT attached to a support tower;

FIG. 4 is a front perspective view of a preferred MEWT with portions broken away to show interior structure, such as a power takeoff in the form of a wheel-like structure attached to the impeller;

FIG. 5 is a front perspective view of just the stator, impeller, power takeoff, and support shaft from FIG. 4;

FIG. 6 is an alternate embodiment of the preferred MEWT with a mixer/ejector pump having mixer lobes on the terminus regions (i.e., an end portion) of the ejector shroud;

FIG. 7 is a side cross-sectional view of the MEWT of FIG. 6;

FIG. 8 is a close-up of a rotatable coupling (encircled in FIG. 7), for rotatably attaching the MEWT to a support tower, and a mechanical rotatable stator blade variation;

FIG. 9 is a front perspective view of an MEWT with a propeller-like rotor;

FIG. 10 is a rear perspective view of the MEWT of FIG. 9;

FIG. 11 shows a rear plan view of the MEWT of FIG. 9;

FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view taken along sight line 12-12 of FIG. 11;

FIG. 13 is a front plan view of the MEWT of FIG. 9;

FIG. 14 is a side cross-sectional view, taken along sight line 14-14 of FIG. 13, showing two pivotable blockers for flow control;

FIG. 15 is a close-up of an encircled blocker in FIG. 14;

FIG. 16 illustrates an alternate embodiment of an MEWT with two optional pivoting wing-tabs for wind alignment;

FIG. 17 is a side cross-sectional view of the MEWT of FIG. 16;

FIG. 18 is a front plan view of an alternate embodiment of the MEWT incorporating a two-stage ejector with mixing devices (here, a ring of slots) in the terminus regions of the turbine shroud (here, mixing lobes) and the ejector shroud;

FIG. 19 is a side cross-sectional view of the MEWT of FIG. 18;

FIG. 20 is a rear view of the MEWT of FIG. 18;

FIG. 21 is a front perspective view of the MEWT of FIG. 18;

FIG. 22 is a front perspective view of an alternate embodiment of the MEWT incorporating a two-stage ejector with mixing lobes in the terminus regions of the turbine shroud and the ejector shroud;

FIG. 23 is a rear perspective view of the MEWT of FIG. 22;

FIG. 24 shows optional acoustic lining within the turbine shroud of FIG. 22;

FIG. 25 shows a MEWT with a noncircular shroud component; and

FIG. 26 shows an alternate embodiment of the preferred MEWT with mixer lobes on the terminus region (i.e., an end portion) of the turbine shroud.

FIG. 27 shows the geometry and nomenclature used in a ducted power system.

FIG. 28 is a graph showing the Schmitz corrections for an unducted turbine.

FIG. 29 is a graph showing the degree of correspondence between an approximate solution and an exact solution for an equation.

FIG. 30 is a graph showing the degree of correspondence between an approximate solution and an exact solution for an equation of the maximum power for a ducted wind turbine.

FIGS. 31( a), 31(b), and 31(c) show related results for a ducted wind turbine.

FIGS. 32( a), 32(b), 32(c), and 32(d) show a single-stage and multi-stage MEWT.

FIG. 33 shows the geometry and nomenclature used in a single-stage MEWT.

FIG. 34 is a graph showing the predicted Betz equivalent maximum power that can be extracted by a mixer-ejector system, a ducted system, and an unducted system.

FIG. 35 is a diagram illustrating the flow of slower air through a mixer shroud.

FIG. 36 is a diagram illustrating the flow of faster air around a mixer shroud.

FIG. 37 is a diagram illustrating the meeting of a faster air stream and a slower air stream.

FIG. 38 is a diagram illustrating a vortex formed by the meeting of a faster air stream and a slower air stream.

FIG. 39 is a diagram illustrating a series of vortices formed by a mixer shroud.

FIG. 40 is a cross-sectional diagram of a mixer shroud.

FIG. 41 is a front perspective view of another exemplary embodiment of a MEWT.

FIG. 42 is a side cross-sectional view of the MEWT of FIG. 41.

FIGS. 43A and 43B are magnified views of the mixing lobes of the MEWT of FIG. 41.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

In a one-dimensional actuator disc model, the turbine or propeller's effect is taken as a discontinuous extraction or addition of power. FIG. 27 provides the geometry and nomenclature for the more general ducted case. The unducted case is recovered when the duct size and the attendant force F_s are allowed to shrink to zero. Using a control volume analysis that includes the turbine/propeller blade as a discontinuity as well as the inflows and outflows at upstream and downstream infinity, the conservation of mass, momentum and energy for a low speed and/or incompressible fluid leads to the equations for power and thrust as:

$\mathrm{Power}$ $\begin{array}{cc}P=\frac{1}{4}\rho A_p\left(V_o^2-V_a^2\right)\left(V_o+V_a\right)\mathrm{Thrust}& \mathrm{Equation}\left(1\right)\\ T=2P/\left(V_o+V_a\right)& \mathrm{Equation}\left(2\right)\end{array}$

The equations are first presented in dimensional form and later non-dimensionalized per their application. As seen, there are four variables, power P, thrust T, free stream velocity, V_a and the downstream core velocity, V_o. For wind turbines, only forward velocity V_a is known thus another independent equation is required to close the set. This is achieved by seeking the condition for capturing the maximum power, i.e., the value of V_o for which P is maximum. This is obtained by setting the differential of Equation 1 to zero, for which one obtains the “Betz” limit as:

$\mathrm{Betz}\mathrm{Maximum}\mathrm{Power}\mathrm{Limit}$ $\begin{array}{cc}{C}_{p_{\max }}=\frac{P_{\max }}{\frac{1}{2}\rho A_pV_a^3}=\frac{16}{27}& \mathrm{Equation}\left(3\right)\end{array}$

This result is of fundamental importance to wind turbine design. It is used as a core element in the detailed aerodynamic design of the cross sectional shape of the turbine blade along its radius so as to guarantee the capture of the maximum power available from the total flow passing over the blade. An additional adjustment is made to the blade designs in order to account for the reduction of the captured power due to residual swirl in the flow aft of the blade, blade tip losses, and aerodynamic profile losses—all of which are referred to as the Schmitz corrections. These loss effects are reproduced here in FIG. 28 in order to highlight an important fact—to capture anywhere near the Betz power extraction limit, the turbine blades must either have numerous blades or rotate with high tip speeds, have high aspect ratio, and have high lift to drag coefficients. Virtually all existing turbines, as exemplified by those shown in Prior Art FIG. 1A, honor the aerodynamic requirements of this Betz-Schmitz analytical model.

Turning now to the propeller propulsion case, Equation 1 can be written as:

V _op ³ +V _op ² V _ap −V _op V _ap ²−1=0  Equation (4a)

Here a new power-based characteristic velocity, V_p (this “Power” velocity is closely related to the disk loading coefficient used by others), has been defined as:

$\begin{array}{cc}{V}_p\equiv {\left(4P/\rho A_p\right)}^{\frac{1}{3}}& \mathrm{Equation}\left(4b\right)\end{array}$

and for convenience, the velocity ratios are written in shorthand fashion as:

V _op ≡V _o /V _p  Equation (4c)

V _o /V _p ≡V _a V _p  Equation (4d)

The exact solution of Equation 4a is given as:

$\begin{array}{cc}{V}_{\mathrm{op}}={\left[\frac{1}{2}+\frac{8}{27}V_{\mathrm{ap}}^3+\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{{\left(1+\frac{16}{27}V_{\mathrm{ap}}^3\right)}^2-\frac{64}{729}V_{\mathrm{ap}}^6}\right]}^{\frac{1}{3}}+\hspace{1em}{\left[\frac{1}{2}+\frac{8}{27}V_{\mathrm{ap}}^3-\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{{\left(1+\frac{16}{27}V_{\mathrm{ap}}^3\right)}^2-\frac{64}{729}V_{\mathrm{ap}}^6}\right]}^{\frac{1}{3}}-\frac{1}{3}V_{\mathrm{ap}}& \mathrm{Equation}\left(4e\right)\end{array}$

which can be approximated using a series expansion for as:

$\begin{array}{cc}{V}_{\mathrm{op}}\approx 1-\frac{1}{3}V_{\mathrm{ap}}+\frac{4}{9}V_{\mathrm{ap}}^2& \mathrm{Equation}\left(4f\right)\end{array}$

As shown in FIG. 29, this approximation of Equation 4e holds over a surprisingly wide range of V_ap. The situation is even better for the propeller thrust, which can now be calculated using either Equation 4(e) or its approximation Equation 4(f) in Equation 2. The results are also presented in FIG. 29 in terms of a propeller thrust coefficient, C_T herein defined as:

$\begin{array}{cc}{C}_{T_p}\equiv \frac{T}{\frac{1}{2}\rho A_pV_p^2}=1/\left(V_{\mathrm{op}}+V_{\mathrm{ap}}\right)& \mathrm{Equation}\left(4g\right)\end{array}$

Again it is noted from FIG. 29 that use of Equation 4f gives a good representation of the exact solution as:

$\begin{array}{cc}{C}_{T_p}\approx 1/\left(1+\frac{2}{3}V_{\mathrm{ap}}+\frac{4}{9}V_{\mathrm{ap}}^2\right)& \mathrm{Equation}\left(4h\right)\end{array}$

Equations 1 thru 4 give a complete representation for power generating wind turbines. It remains now to first generalize these for ducted configurations and then for mixer-ejector configurations.

Extension of the actuator-disc based analytical model presented in Equations 1-4 to ducted configurations is straight forward. Referring again to FIG. 27, the power and thrust equations become:

$\mathrm{Power}$ $\begin{array}{cc}P=\frac{1}{4}\left[\rho A_p\left(V_o^2-V_a^2\right)+F_s\right]\left(V_o+V_a\right)\mathrm{Thrust}& \mathrm{Equation}\left(5\right)\\ T=2P/\left(V_o+V_a\right)& \mathrm{Equation}\left(6\right)\end{array}$

These equations explicitly retain the shroud/duct force, F_s, influence on flow field. The force, F_S, is generated in the current inviscid flow model through introduction of circulation about the ring airfoil formed by the shroud/duct.

These equations introduce a flow boundary condition and therein correct previously proposed and used models. In all previous applications of the one-dimensional actuator disc model to ducted wind turbines, the equation set was closed by imposing the pressure level as a downstream boundary condition at the duct exit plane, A_D.

The significance of this correction is most important for producing the Betz limit-power equivalent for ducted configurations. From Equation 5 it is shown that the maximum power for a ducted wind turbine is given as:

$\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{Equation}\left(7\right)\text{:}\mathrm{Ducted}\mathrm{Wind}\mathrm{Turbine}\mathrm{Power}\mathrm{Limit}C_{P_{\max }}=\frac{16}{27}\left[\frac{\left(\sqrt{1-\frac{3}{4}C_S}+1-\frac{\left(3\right)}{\left(2\right)}C_s\right)}{\left(2\right)}\right]\left[\frac{\left(\sqrt{1-\frac{3}{4}C_S}+1\right)}{\left(2\right)}\right]& \end{array}$

where the nondimensional shroud/duct force coefficient is given as:

$\begin{array}{cc}{C}_s\equiv \frac{F_s}{\frac{1}{2}\rho A_pV_a^2}& \mathrm{Equation}\left(7b\right)\end{array}$

Note this model captures the unducted case (C_s=0) as but one of an infinite family of ducted wind turbines, as shown in FIG. 30. Also shown is a Taylor series approximation of Equation 7a given as:

$\begin{array}{cc}{C}_{P_{\max }}=\frac{16}{27}\left[1-\frac{9}{8}C_s\right]& \mathrm{Equation}\left(7c\right)\end{array}$

which enjoys a surprising wide range of applicability.

Equations 7a-7c provide a missing Betz-like core element for the detailed design of the cross sectional shape of the turbine/propeller blades so as to guarantee the capture of the maximum power available from the flow passing over the blade, as well as the basis for Schmitz-like analysis correcting the results for swirl and aerodynamic profile losses.

Most significantly, it is observed that: (a) ducted props are theoretically capable of capturing many times the power of a bare wind turbine and (b) there is but a single parameter, C_s, and by association the circulation about the duct, that determines the maximum power that can be extracted from the flow. This now explicit relationship that couples the design of the blades and its surrounding duct must be satisfied in order to achieve optimal power extraction. With this new model in hand, a rational approach to the design of wind turbines can proceed with the potential for achieving maximum power output available.

A complete set of related results are presented below and in FIGS. 31(a), 31(b), and 31(c).

$\begin{array}{cc}{V}_{{\mathrm{oa}}_m}=\frac{1}{3}\left[2\sqrt{1-\frac{3}{4}C_s-1}\right]& \mathrm{Equation}\left(7d\right)\\ V_{{\mathrm{pa}}_m}=\frac{1}{2}\left(V_{\mathrm{oa}}+1\right)+\frac{C_s}{2}/\left(V_{\mathrm{oa}}-1\right)& \mathrm{Equation}\left(7e\right)\\ T_{{\mathrm{PT}}_m}\equiv {\left(T_P/T_{\mathrm{Total}}\right)}_m=1-\frac{C_s}{\left(1-V_{\mathrm{oa}}^2\right)}& \mathrm{Equation}\left(7f\right)\\ A_{{\mathrm{op}}_m}\equiv {\left(A_o/A_p\right)}_m=V_{{\mathrm{pa}}_m}/V_{{\mathrm{oa}}_m}& \mathrm{Equation}\left(7g\right)\\ A_{{\mathrm{ip}}_m}\equiv {\left(A_i/A_p\right)}_m=V_{{\mathrm{pa}}_m}& \mathrm{Equation}\left(7h\right)\end{array}$

Flow conditions at the exit plane, A_D, of FIG. 27, can be calculated using Bernoulli's equation to show that in order to achieve maximum power extraction, the duct exit pressure coefficient and exit area diffusion ratio must satisfy the relation:

$\begin{array}{cc}{C}_S\equiv \frac{F_S}{\frac{1}{2}\rho A_pV_a^2}& \mathrm{Equation}\left(7b\right)\end{array}$

where the area ratio is given in shorthand fashion as:

A _DP ≡A _D /A _P  Equation (7j)

and the results are shown in FIG. 31(c) for two duct area diffusion ratios.

A sophisticated and unique design system and methodology for single and multi-stage mixer-ejectors can be applied to enhance subsonic ducted power systems. It is necessary to couple the governing equations for the flow through multistage mixers to the flow field of the ducted configuration shown in FIG. 27, leading to the flow configuration shown in FIG. 33 for the case of a single stage mixer-ejector wind turbine system.

Following the same procedure as for the unducted and ducted cases above, but adding in mass, momentum and energy conservation internal to the ejector duct, the three governing equations are given as:

$\mathrm{Power}$ $\begin{array}{cc}P=\frac{1}{2}\rho A_DV_D\left(V_S^2-V_D^2\right)\mathrm{Overall}\mathrm{Momentum}\mathrm{Balance}& \mathrm{Equation}\left(8\right)\\ \frac{1}{2}\rho A_P\left(V_D^2-V_S^2\right)+F_s+F_e=\rho A_DV_D\left(1+r_SV_{\mathrm{SD}}\right)\left(V_o-V_a\right)& \mathrm{Equation}\left(9\right)\end{array}$

where the shroud/duct and ejector force coefficient has been defined as:

$\begin{array}{cc}{C}_{\mathrm{se}}\equiv \frac{F_s+F_e}{\frac{1}{2}\rho V_a^2}\mathrm{Ejector}\mathrm{Flow}& \mathrm{Equation}\left(9b\right)\\ {\left(V_S+r_SV_D\right)}^2={\left(1+r_S\right)}^2\left[V_a^2+V_D^2-V_o^2\right]& \mathrm{Equation}\left(10a\right)\end{array}$

where the ejector inlet area parameter r_s has been defined as:

r _S =A _S /A _D  Equation (10b)

For the wind turbine case, this system of equations can be used to determine the Betz equivalent maximum power for extraction by a mixer-ejector by differentiating Equation 8, substituting the relevant terms from Equation 9 and Equation 10a, setting the derivative to zero, and solving iteratively. The results are presented in FIG. 34 in terms of the ratio of extracted power to the bare prop maximum, i.e. the Betz limit:

$\begin{array}{cc}r\equiv C_{P_{\max }}/\left(\frac{16}{27}\right)& \mathrm{Equation}\left(11\right)\end{array}$

It is seen that mixer-ejectors significantly increase the maximum power extraction potential over that of the unducted case (C_se=0, A_e/A_D=1) as well as the ducted case (0>C_se>0, A_e/A_D=1). FIG. 34 indicates that levels of 2 and 3 times the bare turbine case and 70% greater than the ducted case are obtainable.

A Mixer-Ejector Power System (MEPS) provides a unique and improved means of generating power from wind currents. A MEPS includes:

• • a primary duct containing a turbine or propeller blade which extracts power from the primary stream; and
  • a single or multiple-stage mixer-ejector to ingest flow with each such mixer/ejector stage including a mixing duct for both bringing in secondary flow and providing flow mixing-length for the ejector stage. The mixing duct inlet contours are designed to minimize flow losses while providing the pressure forces necessary for good ejector performance.

The resulting mixer/ejectors enhance the operational characteristics of the power system by: (a) increasing the amount of flow through the system, (b) reducing the back pressure on the turbine blade, and (c) reducing the noise propagating from the system.

The MEPS may include:

• • camber to the duct profiles to enhance the amount of flow into and through the system;
  • acoustical treatment in the primary and mixing ducts for noise abatement flow guide vanes in the primary duct for control of flow swirl and/or mixer-lobes tailored to diminish flow swirl effects;
  • turbine-like blade aerodynamics designs based on the new theoretical power limits to develop families of short, structurally robust configurations which may have multiple and/or counter-rotating rows of blades;
  • exit diffusers or nozzles on the mixing duct to further improve performance of the overall system;
  • inlet and outlet areas that are non-circular in cross section to accommodate installation limitations;
  • a swivel joint on its lower outer surface for mounting on a vertical stand/pylori allowing for turning the system into the wind;
  • vertical aerodynamic stabilizer vanes mounted on the exterior of the ducts with tabs to keep the system pointed into the wind; or
  • mixer lobes on a single stage of a multi-stage ejector system.

Referring to the drawings in detail, FIGS. 2-25 show alternate embodiments of Applicants' axial flow Wind Turbine with Mixers and Ejectors (“MEWT”).

In the preferred embodiment (see FIGS. 2, 3, 4, 5), the MEWT 100 is an axial flow turbine comprising:

(a) an aerodynamically contoured turbine shroud 102;

(b) an aerodynamically contoured center body 103 within and attached to the turbine shroud 102;

(c) a turbine stage 104, surrounding the center body 103, comprising a stator ring 106 of stator vanes (e.g., 108a) and an impeller or rotor 110 having impeller or rotor blades (e.g., 112a) downstream and “in-line” with the stator vanes (i.e., leading edges of the impeller blades are substantially aligned with trailing edges of the stator vanes), in which:

• • (i) the stator vanes (e.g., 108a) are mounted on the center body 103;
  • (ii) the impeller blades (e.g., 112a) are attached and held together by inner and outer rings or hoops mounted on the center body 103;

(d) a mixer 118 having a ring of mixer lobes (e.g., 120a) on a terminus region (i.e., end portion) of the turbine shroud 102, wherein the mixer lobes (e.g., 120a) extend downstream beyond the impeller blades (e.g., 12a); and

(e) an ejector 122 comprising a shroud 128, surrounding the ring of mixer lobes (e.g., 120a) on the turbine shroud, wherein the mixer lobes (e.g., 120a) extend downstream and into an inlet 129 of the ejector shroud 128.

The center body 103 MEWT 100, as shown in FIG. 7, is preferably connected to the turbine shroud 102 through the stator ring 106 (or other means) to eliminate the damaging, annoying and long distance propagating low-frequency sound produced by traditional wind turbines as the turbine's blade wakes strike the support tower. The aerodynamic profiles of the turbine shroud 102 and ejector shroud 128 preferably are aerodynamically cambered to increase flow through the turbine rotor.

Applicants have calculated, for optimum efficiency in the preferred embodiment 100, the area ratio of the ejector pump 122, as defined by the ejector shroud 128 exit area over the turbine shroud 102 exit area will be between 1.5 and 3.0. The number of mixer lobes (e.g., 120a) would be between 6 and 14. Each lobe will have inner and outer trailing edge angles between 5 and 65 degrees. These angles are measured from a tangent line that is drawn at the exit of the mixing lobe down to a center line that is parallel to the axial center of the turbine. The primary lobe exit location will be at, or near, the entrance location or inlet 129 of the ejector shroud 128. The height-to-width ratio of the lobe channels will be between 0.5 and 4.5. The mixer penetration will be between 50% and 80%. The center body 103 plug trailing edge angles will be thirty degrees or less. The length to diameter (L/D) of the overall MEWT 100 will be between 0.5 and 1.25.

First-principles-based theoretical analysis of the preferred MEWT 100, performed by Applicants, indicate: the MEWT can produce three or more time the power of its un-shrouded counterparts for the same frontal area; and the MEWT can increase the productivity of wind farms by a factor of two or more. See Applicants' AIAA Technical Note, identified in the Background above, for the methodology and formulae used in their theoretical analysis.

Based on this theoretical analysis, it is believed the preferred MEWT embodiment 100 will generate three times the existing power of the same size conventional wind turbine (shown in FIG. 1A).

In simplistic terms, the preferred embodiment 100 of the MEWT comprises: an axial flow turbine (e.g., stator vanes and impeller blades) surrounded by an aerodynamically contoured turbine shroud 102 incorporating mixing devices in its terminus region (i.e., end portion); and a separate ejector shroud (e.g., 128) overlapping, but aft, of turbine shroud 102, which itself may incorporate advanced mixing devices (e.g., mixer lobes) in its terminus region. Applicants' ring 118 of mixer lobes (e.g., 120a) combined with the ejector shroud 128 can be thought of as a mixer/ejector pump. This mixer/ejector pump provides the means for consistently exceeding the Betz limit for operational efficiency of the wind turbine.

Applicants have also presented supplemental information for the preferred embodiment 100 of MEWT shown in FIGS. 2A, 2B. It comprises a turbine stage 104 (i.e., with a stator ring 106 and an impeller 110) mounted on center body 103, surrounded by turbine shroud 102 with embedded mixer lobes (e.g., 120a) having trailing edges inserted slightly in the entrance plane of ejector shroud 128. The turbine stage 104 and ejector shroud 128 are structurally connected to the turbine shroud 102, which itself is the principal load carrying member.

The length of the turbine shroud 102 is equal or less than the turbine shroud's outer maximum diameter. The length of the ejector shroud 128 is equal or less than the ejector shroud's outer maximum diameter. The exterior surface of the center body 103 is aerodynamically contoured to minimize the effects of flow separation downstream of the MEWT 100. It may be longer or shorter than the turbine shroud 102 or the ejector shroud 128, or their combined lengths.

The turbine shroud's entrance area and exit area will be equal to or greater than that of the annulus occupied by the turbine stage 104, but need not be circular in shape so as to allow better control of the flow source and impact of its wake. The internal flow path cross-sectional area formed by the annulus between the center body 103 and the interior surface of the turbine shroud 102 is aerodynamically shaped to have a minimum area at the plane of the turbine and to otherwise vary smoothly from their respective entrance planes to their exit planes. The turbine and ejector shrouds' external surfaces are aerodynamically shaped to assist guiding the flow into the turbine shroud inlet, eliminating flow separation from their surfaces, and delivering smooth flow into the ejector entrance 129. The ejector 128 entrance area, which may be noncircular in shape (see, e.g., FIG. 25), is larger than the mixer 118 exit plane area and the ejector's exit area may also be noncircular in shape.

Optional features of the preferred embodiment 100 can include: a power take-off 130 (see FIGS. 4 and 5), in the form of a wheel-like structure, which is mechanically linked at an outer rim of the impeller 110 to a power generator (not shown); a vertical support shaft 132 with a rotatable coupling at 134 (see FIG. 5), for rotatably supporting the MEWT 100, which is located forward of the center-of-pressure location on the MEWT for self-aligning the MEWT; and a self-moving vertical stabilizer or “wing-tab” 136 (see FIG. 4), affixed to upper and lower surfaces of ejector shroud 128, to stabilize alignment directions with different wind streams.

MEWT 100, when used near residences can have sound absorbing material 138 affixed to the inner surface of its shrouds 102, 128 (see FIG. 24) to absorb and thus eliminate the relatively high frequency sound waves produced by the interaction of the stator 106 wakes with the impeller 110. The MEWT can also contain safety blade containment structure (not shown)

FIGS. 14, 15 show optional flow blockage doors 140a, 140b. They can be rotated via linkage (not shown) into the flow stream to reduce or stop flow through the turbine 100 when damage, to the generator or other components, due to high flow velocity is possible.

FIG. 8 presents another optional variation of Applicants' preferred MEWT 100. The stator vanes' exit-angle incidence is mechanically varied in situ (i.e., the vanes are pivoted) to accommodate variations in the fluid stream velocity so as to assure minimum residual swirl in the flow exiting the rotor.

Note that Applicants' alternate MEWT embodiments, shown in FIGS. 9-23 and 26, each use a propeller-like rotor (e.g., 142 in FIG. 9) rather than a turbine rotor with a ring of impeller blades. While perhaps not as efficient, these embodiments may be more acceptable to the public.

Applicants' alternate MEWT embodiments are variations 200, 300, 400, 500 containing zero (see, e.g., FIG. 26), one- and two-stage ejectors with mixers embedded in the terminus regions (i.e., end portions) of the ejector shrouds, if any. See, e.g., FIGS. 18, 20, and 22 for mixers embedded in the terminus regions of the ejector shrouds. Analysis indicates such MEWT embodiments will more quickly eliminate the inherent velocity defect occurring in the wake of existing wind turbines and thus reduce the separation distance required in a wind farm to avoid structural damage and/or loss of productivity.

FIG. 6 shows a “two-stage” ejector variation 600 of the pictured embodiment 100 having a mixer at the terminus region of the ejector shroud.

The ejector design concepts described herein can significantly enhance fluid dynamic performance. The basic concept is as depicted in FIGS. 32(a) through 32(d) and involves the use of convoluted lobed-mixers to enhance the flow through single and multi-stage ejectors. These mixer-ejector systems provide numerous advantages over conventional systems with and without ejectors, such as: shorter ejector lengths; increased mass flow into and through the system; lower sensitivity to inlet flow blockage and/or misalignment with the principal flow direction; reduced aerodynamic noise; added thrust; and increased suction pressure at the primary exit.

Methods by which energy or power is produced, or by which the energy or power of a fluid turbine is increased, or by which additional amounts of energy are extracted from a fluid stream, are illustrated in FIGS. 35-40. Generally, a fluid turbine has a means for defining both (a) a primary fluid stream passing through the turbine and (b) a secondary fluid stream bypassing the turbine. The fluid turbine also has a means for extracting energy from the primary fluid stream. The turbine is placed in contact with a fluid stream to define the primary fluid stream and the secondary fluid stream. Energy is extracted from the primary fluid stream to form a reduced-energy fluid stream. The reduced-energy fluid stream is then mixed with the secondary fluid stream to transfer energy from the secondary fluid stream to the reduced-energy fluid stream. This mixing causes additional fluid to join the primary fluid stream, enhancing the flow volume through the turbine and increasing the amount of energy extracted. A reduced-pressure area also results from the mixing of the two fluid streams.

As shown in FIGS. 35 and 36, a mixer shroud 800 surrounds a power extraction unit, such as a turbine stage (not shown). The mixer shroud 800 separates incoming fluid (e.g. wind) into a first fluid stream 810 that passes inside the mixer shroud and through the power extraction unit, and a second fluid stream 820 that passes outside the mixer shroud and bypasses the power extraction unit. The mixer shroud 800 has an outlet or exit end 802. A plurality of mixer lobes 830 is disposed around this outlet 802. The mixer shroud 800 also has a flared inlet 808. This mixer shroud 800 corresponds to the means for defining a primary fluid stream and a secondary fluid stream defined above. After passing through the power extraction unit, reduced-energy fluid stream 812 exits the outlet 802.

As seen in the cross-sectional view of FIG. 40, each mixer lobe 830 has an outer trailing edge angle α and an inner trailing edge angle β. The mixer shroud 800 has a central axis 804. The angles α and β are measured relative to a plane 840 which is parallel to the central axis, perpendicular to the entrance plane 806 of the mixer shroud, and along the surface 805 of the mixer shroud. The angle is measured from the vertex point 842 at which the mixer shroud begins to diverge to form the mixer lobes. The outer trailing edge angle α is measured at the outermost point 844 on the trailing edge of the mixer lobe, while the inner trailing edge angle β is measured at the innermost point 846 on the trailing edge of the mixer lobe. In some embodiments, outer trailing edge angle α and inner trailing edge angle β are different, and in others α and β are equal. In particular embodiments, inner trailing edge angle β is greater than or less than outer trailing edge angle α. As mentioned previously, each angle can be independently in the range of 5 to 65 degrees.

The turbine stage then extracts energy from the primary fluid stream to generate or produce energy or power. After the turbine stage, the primary fluid stream can also be considered a post-turbine primary fluid stream or a reduced-energy fluid stream 812, reflecting the fact that it contains less energy than before entering the turbine stage. As seen in FIG. 35, the shape of mixer shroud 800 causes primary fluid stream 810 to flare outwards after passing through the turbine. Put another way, mixer shroud 800 directs reduced-energy fluid stream 812 away from central axis 804.

As seen in FIG. 36, the shape of mixer shroud 800 causes secondary fluid stream 820 to flow inwards. Put another way, mixer shroud 800 directs secondary fluid stream 820 toward central axis 804.

As noted in FIG. 37, post-turbine primary fluid stream 812 and secondary fluid stream 820 thus meet at an angle ω. Angle ω is typically between 10 and 50 degrees. This design of the mixer shroud takes advantage of axial vorticity to mix the two fluid streams.

As shown in FIGS. 38 and 39, the meeting of the two fluid streams 812, 820 causes an “active” mixing of the two fluid streams. This differs from “passive” mixing which would generally occur only along the boundaries of two parallel fluid streams. In contrast, the active mixing here results in substantially greater energy transfer between the two fluid streams. In addition, a volume of reduced or low pressure 860 results downstream of or behind mixer shroud 800. The vortices and the reduced pressure downstream of the mixer shroud in turn pull more fluid into primary fluid stream 810 and allow the power extraction unit/turbine stage to extract more energy from the incoming fluid. Put another way, the vortices and reduced pressure cause the primary fluid 810 upstream of the turbine stage to accelerate into the mixer shroud. Described differently, the reduced/low pressure causes additional fluid to be entrained through the mixer shroud rather than passing outside the mixer shroud.

FIG. 38 illustrates a vortex 850 formed by the meeting of reduced-energy fluid stream 812 and secondary fluid stream 820 around one mixer lobe. FIG. 39 shows the series of vortices formed by the plurality of mixer lobes 830 at the outlet 802 of the mixer shroud. The vortices are formed behind the mixer shroud 800. This combination may also be considered a first exit stream 870. Another advantage of this design is that the series of vortices formed by the active mixing reduce the distance downstream of the turbine in which turbulence occurs. With conventional turbines, the resulting downstream turbulence usually means that a downstream turbine must be placed a distance of 10 times the diameter of the upstream turbine away in order to reduce fatigue failure. In contrast, the present turbines can be placed much closer together, allowing the capture of additional energy from the fluid.

Alternatively, the mixer shroud 800 can be considered as separating incoming air into a first fast fluid stream 810 and a second fast fluid stream 820. The first fast fluid stream passes through the turbine stage and energy is extracted therefrom, resulting in a slow fluid stream 812 exiting the interior of the mixer shroud, which is relatively slower than the second fast fluid stream. The slow fluid stream 812 is then mixed with the second fast fluid stream 820.

FIGS. 41-43 illustrate another embodiment of a MEWT. The MEWT 900 in FIG. 41 has a stator 908a and a rotor 910 configuration for power extraction. The turbine shroud 902 surrounds the rotor 910 and is supported by or connected to the blades of the stator 908a. The turbine shroud 902 is in the shape of an airfoil with the suction side (i.e. low pressure side) on the interior of the shroud. An ejector shroud 928 is coaxial with the turbine shroud 902 and is supported by connectors 905 extending between the two shrouds. An annular area is formed between the two shrouds. The rear end of the turbine shroud 902 is shaped to form two different sets of mixing lobes 918, 920. High energy mixing lobes 918 extend inward towards the central axis of the mixer shroud 902, which low energy mixing lobes 920 extend outwards away from the central axis.

Free stream air 906 passing through the stator 908a has its energy extracted by the rotor 910. High energy air 929 bypasses the stator 908a and is brought in behind the turbine shroud 902 by the high energy mixing lobes 918. The low energy mixing lobes 920 cause the low energy air downstream from the rotor 910 to be mixed with the high energy air 929.

The nacelle 903 and the trailing edges of the low energy mixing lobes 920 and the trailing edge of the high energy mixing lobes 918 may be seen in FIG. 42. The ejector shroud 928 is used to draw in the high energy air 929.

In FIG. 43A, a tangent line 952 is drawn along the interior trailing edge 957 of the high energy mixing lobe 918. A rear plane 951 of the turbine shroud 902 is present. A centerline 950 is formed tangent to the rear plane 951 that intersects the point where a low energy mixing lobe 920 and high energy mixing lobes 918 meet. An angle Ø₂ is formed by the intersection of tangent line 952 and centerline 950. This angle Ø₂ is between 5 and 65 degrees. Put another way, a high energy mixing lobe 918 forms an angle Ø₂ between 5 and 65 degrees relative to the turbine shroud 902.

In FIG. 43B, a tangent line 954 is drawn along the interior trailing edge 955 of the low energy mixing lobe 920. An angle Ø is formed by the intersection of tangent line 954 and centerline 950. This angle Ø is between 5 and 65 degrees. Put another way, a low energy mixing lobe 920 forms an angle Ø between 5 and 65 degrees relative to the turbine shroud 902.

As described in FIGS. 2 and 3, an ejector shroud can also be disposed downstream from and coaxial with the mixer shroud. The outlet of the mixer shroud extends into the inlet of the ejector shroud. The ejector shroud may also have a plurality of mixer lobes around its exit end or outlet. A first exit stream 870 exiting the mixer shroud can be directed into the inlet of the ejector shroud. The ejector shroud defines a tertiary fluid stream bypassing the inlet of the ejector shroud, and directs this tertiary fluid stream towards the first exit stream, in a manner similar to the mixer shroud directing the secondary fluid stream towards the reduced-energy fluid stream. This mixing will enhance flow of the primary fluid stream through the power extraction unit and increase the amount of energy extracted.

It should be understood by those skilled in the art that modifications can be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the disclosure. For example, slots could be used instead of the mixer lobes or the ejector lobes. In addition, no blocker arm is needed to meet or exceed the Betz limit. Accordingly, reference should be made primarily to the appended claims rather than the foregoing description.

Claims

1. A turbine, comprising: a mixer shroud having an outlet and an inlet for receiving a primary fluid stream; andmeans for extracting energy from the primary fluid stream, the means for extracting energy being located within the turbine shroud;wherein the mixer shroud forms a set of high energy mixing lobes and a set of low energy mixing lobes;wherein each high energy mixing lobe forms an angle of from 5 to 65 degrees relative to the mixer shroud; andwherein each low energy mixing lobe forms an angle of from 5 to 65 degrees relative to the mixer shroud.

2. The turbine of claim 1, wherein the high energy mixing lobe angle is different from the low energy mixing lobe angle.

3. The turbine of claim 1, wherein the high energy mixing lobe angle is greater than the low energy mixing lobe angle.

4. The turbine of claim 1, wherein the high energy mixing lobe angle is less than the low energy mixing lobe angle.

5. The turbine of claim 1, wherein the high energy mixing lobe angle is equal to the low energy mixing lobe angle.

6. The turbine of claim 1, further comprising an ejector shroud downstream from and coaxial with the mixer shroud, wherein a mixer shroud outlet extends into an ejector shroud inlet.

7. The turbine of claim 6, wherein the ejector shroud has a ring of mixer lobes around an ejector shroud outlet.

8. The turbine of claim 1, wherein the means for extracting energy is an impeller.

9. The turbine of claim 1, wherein the means for extracting energy is a rotor/stator assembly.

10. A turbine, comprising: a mixer shroud having an outlet and an inlet for receiving a primary fluid stream; andmeans for extracting energy from the primary fluid stream, the means for extracting energy being located within the turbine shroud;wherein the mixer shroud forms a set of mixing lobes, each mixing lobe having an inner trailing edge angle and an outer trailing edge angle;wherein the inner trailing edge angle is from 5 to 65 degrees and the outer trailing edge angle is from 5 to 65 degrees.

11. The turbine of claim 10, wherein the inner trailing edge angle is different from the outer trailing edge angle.

12. The turbine of claim 10, wherein the inner trailing edge angle is greater than the outer trailing edge angle.

13. The turbine of claim 10, wherein the inner trailing edge angle is less than the outer trailing edge angle.

14. The turbine of claim 10, wherein the inner trailing edge angle is equal to the outer trailing edge angle.

15. The turbine of claim 10, further comprising an ejector shroud downstream from and coaxial with the mixer shroud, wherein a mixer shroud outlet extends into an ejector shroud inlet.

16. The turbine of claim 15, wherein the ejector shroud has a ring of mixer lobes around an ejector shroud outlet.

17. The turbine of claim 10, wherein the means for extracting energy is an impeller.

18. The turbine of claim 10, wherein the means for extracting energy is a rotor/stator assembly.