Patent Application
20190226350
The disclosure relates generally to the field of fluid systems. More particularly, the disclosure relates to turbomachines that include a casing treatment.
Stall is typical to all types of compressors (e.g., axial flow, centrifugal flow), an example of a turbomachine, and can be harmful to both the turbomachine's performance and the turbomachine itself. Various systems have been developed that attempt to address stall within compressors. For example, various grooves and other structures have been incorporated into the various components of compressors to increase stall margin and prevent stalling. However, these systems are passive in nature and do not adequately increase the stall margin.
Therefore, a need exists for new and useful turbomachines that include a casing treatment.
Various turbomachines that include a casing treatment are described herein.
An example turbomachine that includes a casing treatment includes a wheel, a casing, and a fluid pressurizer. The wheel has a hub that defines a rotational axis and a plurality of blades. Each blade of the plurality of blades has a root attached to the hub, a blade tip, a leading edge, and a trailing edge. Each blade of the plurality of blades extends from the root to the blade tip and from the leading edge to the trailing edge. The casing has a first end, a second end, and defines an inner surface that surrounds the plurality of blades, an inlet opening, an outlet opening, a passageway, and a channel that extends from the inlet opening to the outlet opening such that fluid can enter the casing through the inlet opening, pass through the channel, and exit the outlet opening. The passageway extends from a first passageway opening that is defined on the inner surface and is disposed between the first end of the casing and the second end of the casing and a second passageway opening that is defined on the inner surface and is disposed between the first passageway opening and the first end of the casing such that fluid can enter the passageway through the first passageway opening, pass through the passageway, and exit the passageway through the second passageway opening. The fluid pressurizer is disposed within the passageway and is configured to pressurize fluid that passes through the passageway.
Another example turbomachine that includes a casing treatment includes a wheel, a casing, and a plurality of fluid pressurizers. The wheel has a hub that defines a rotational axis and a plurality of blades. Each blade of the plurality of blades has a root attached to the hub, a blade tip, a leading edge, and a trailing edge. Each blade of the plurality of blades extends from the root to the blade tip and from the leading edge to the trailing edge. The casing has a first end, a second end, and defines an inner surface that surrounds the plurality of blades, an inlet opening, an outlet opening, a plurality of passageways, and a channel that extends from the inlet opening to the outlet opening such that fluid can enter the casing through the inlet opening, pass through the channel, and exit the outlet opening. Each passageway of the plurality of passageways extends from a first passageway opening that is defined on the inner surface and is disposed between the first end of the casing and the second end of the casing and a second passageway opening that is defined on the inner surface and is disposed between the first passageway opening and the first end of the casing such that fluid can enter each passageway through the first passageway opening, pass through the passageway, and exit each passageway through the second passageway opening. A fluid pressurizer of the plurality of fluid pressurizers is disposed in each passageway of the plurality of passageways. Each fluid pressurizer of the plurality of fluid pressurizers is configured to pressurize fluid that passes through a passageway of the plurality of passageways such that the fluid has a first pressure at the first passageway opening and the fluid has a second pressure at the second passageway opening that is greater than the first pressure. The fluid exiting a passageway of the plurality of passageways at the second passageway opening is directed toward the blade tip.
An example method for controlling a fluid passing through a turbomachine that includes a casing treatment includes the steps of: activating a turbomachine that includes a casing treatment, the turbomachine comprising: a wheel, a casing, and a fluid pressurizer disposed within a passageway defined by the casing and configured to pressurize fluid that passes through the passageway; and activating the fluid pressurizer such that fluid passing through the passageway is pressurized and exits a second passageway opening such that it is directed toward each blade of the plurality of blades.
Additional understanding of the exemplary turbomachines that include a casing treatment can be obtained by review of the detailed description, below, and the appended drawings.
The following detailed description and the appended drawings describe and illustrate various example embodiments of turbomachines that include a casing treatment. The description and illustration of these examples are provided to enable one skilled in the art to make and use a turbomachine that includes a casing treatment. They are not intended to limit the scope of the claims in any manner.
The wheel 10 has a hub 16 and a plurality of blades 18. The hub 16 defines a rotational axis 17. Each blade of the plurality of blades 18 has a blade root 20 attached to the hub 16, a blade tip 22, a tip clearance 23, a leading edge 24, and a trailing edge 26. Each blade of the plurality of blades 18 extends from the blade root 20 to the blade tip 22 and from the leading edge 24 to the trailing edge 26.
The casing 12 has a first end 30, a second end 32, and defines an inner surface 36, an inlet opening 38, an outlet opening 40, a passageway 42, and a channel 44. The inner surface 36 surrounds the plurality of blades 18. As best shown in
The first passageway opening 46 has a first cross-sectional area and the second passageway opening 48 has a second cross-sectional area that is less than the first cross-sectional area. However, alternative embodiments can include a second passageway opening that has a second cross-sectional opening that is greater than, or equal to, a first cross-sectional opening. The first passageway opening 46 is defined on the inner surface 36 and is disposed between the first end 30 of the casing 12 and the second end 32 of the casing 12. In the illustrated embodiment, the first passageway opening 46 is disposed adjacent to the trailing edge 26 of each blade of the plurality of blades 18. Alternative embodiments, however, can include a first passageway opening that is disposed between an axis that is orthogonal to the rotational axis and includes the trailing edge at the blade tip and the first end of a casing, a first passageway opening that is partially disposed on an axis that is orthogonal to the rotational axis and includes the trailing edge at the blade tip, a first passageway opening that is disposed between an axis that is orthogonal to the rotational axis and includes the trailing edge at the blade tip and the second end of a casing, or a first passageway opening that is disposed between an axis that is orthogonal to the rotational axis and includes the leading edge at the blade tip and the second end of a casing (e.g., any location downstream of the leading edge at the blade tip that the pressure through the channel 44 is higher than the flow pressure at the leading edge). The second passageway opening 48 is defined on the inner surface 36 and is disposed between the first passageway opening 46 and the first end 30 of the casing 12 such that fluid can enter the passageway 42 through the first passageway opening 46, pass through the passageway 42, and exit the passageway 42 through the second passageway opening 48. In the illustrated embodiment, the second passageway opening 48 is disposed adjacent to the leading edge 26 of each blade of the plurality of blades 18. Alternative embodiments, however, can include a second passageway opening that is disposed between an axis that is orthogonal to the rotational axis and includes the leading edge at the blade tip and the first end of a casing, a second passageway opening that is partially disposed on an axis that is orthogonal to the rotational axis and includes the leading edge at the blade tip, or a second passageway opening that is disposed between an axis that is orthogonal to the rotational axis and includes the leading edge at the blade tip and the second end of a casing. The first passageway 46 has a length 43 measured along the inner surface 36 about the rotational axis 17 and a width 45 measured along an axis that is parallel to the rotational axis 17. The second passageway 48 has a length 55 measured along the inner surface 36 about the rotational axis 17 and a width 57 measured along an axis that is parallel to the rotational axis 17. In the illustrated embodiment, the length 43 and length 55 are equal to one another. Alternatively, the length of any opening can be equal to, greater than, or less than about 0.1% of the blade tip pitch distance (e.g., the circumferential distance between two blades at the same axial location), between about 1% and about 100% of the blade tip pitch distance, or any other width considered suitable for a particular embodiment. In the illustrated embodiment, the width 45 and width 57 are equal to one another. Alternatively, the length of any opening can be between about 0.1% and about 50% of the blade tip airfoil chord length (e.g., a blade can be stacked by a series of airfoils along a span and the airfoil at the blade tip is the tip airfoil), between about 1% and about 10% of the blade tip airfoil chord length, or any other width considered suitable for a particular embodiment.
In the illustrated embodiment, a portion of the casing 12 that defines the second passageway opening 48 is disposed at a first angle 51 relative to the inner surface 36 (e.g., angle between the tangent of the outlet angle at the second passageway opening 48 and the inner surface) such that fluid exiting the passageway 42 at the second passageway opening 48 is directed toward the blade tip 22 at the leading edge 24. In the illustrated embodiment, the first angle is between about 0 degrees and about 90 degrees and is taken along a plane that contains the rotational axis 17. Alternative embodiments, however, can include a portion of the casing that defines the second passageway opening such that it is disposed at a first angle relative to the inner surface such that fluid exiting the passageway at the second passageway opening is directed toward the blade tip between the leading edge and the trailing edge, or at the leading edge between the blade tip and the blade root.
In the illustrated embodiment, a portion of the casing 12 that defines the second passageway opening 48 is disposed at a second angle 53 relative to a plane that is orthogonal to the rotational axis 17 (e.g., angle between the tangent of the outlet angle at the second passageway opening 48 and the plane). In the illustrated embodiment, the second angle is between about 0 degrees and about 180 degrees. Alternative embodiments, however, can include a portion of a casing that defines the second passageway opening such that it is disposed at a second angle relative to a plane that is orthogonal to the rotational axis that is between about 45 degrees and about 135 degrees, or about 90 degrees.
The fluid pressurizer 14 is disposed within the passageway 42 and provides a mechanism for pressurizing the fluid 59 passing through the passageway 42 during use. In the illustrated embodiment, the fluid pressurizer 14 is disposed a first distance from the first passageway opening 46 when traveling through the passageway 42 from the first passageway opening 46 to the fluid pressurizer 14 and a second distance from the second passageway opening 48 when traveling through the passageway 42 from the fluid pressurizer 14 to the second passageway opening 48. The first distance is less than the second distance. However, alternative embodiments can include a fluid pressurizer in which the first distance is greater than, or equal to, the second distance. A fluid pressurizer included in a turbomachine that includes a casing treatment can comprise any suitable device, system, or component capable of pressurizing fluid and selection of a suitable fluid pressurizer can be based on various considerations, such as the structural arrangement of a passageway within which a fluid pressurizer is intended to be disposed. Examples of fluid pressurizers considered suitable to include in a turbomachine that includes a casing treatment include electric pumps, pneumatic pumps, hydraulic pumps, micro-pumps, fans, compressors, micro-compressors, vacuums, blowers, and any other fluid pressurizer considered suitable for a particular embodiment. In the illustrated embodiment, the fluid pressurizer 14 is a micro-compressor.
In the illustrated embodiment, the fluid pressurizer 14 is disposed (e.g., entirely) within the passageway 42, is moveable between an off state and an on state, and has a suction port 50 and a discharge port 52. It is considered advantageous to include a fluid pressurizer 14 in a passageway 42 defined by a casing 12 at least because the inclusion of a fluid pressurizer 14 provides a mechanism for pressurizing fluid that passes through the passageway 42 such that it forms a jet as the fluid exits the second passageway opening 48. This is considered advantageous at least because it provides a mechanism for increasing the stall margin of the turbomachine 6. The fluid pressurizer 14 can be operatively connected to any suitable portion of a turbomachine 6 and/or the device, system, or component on which the turbomachine 6 is disposed to provide power to the fluid pressurizer (e.g., battery, electric motor) and to provide a mechanism for moving the fluid pressurizer between the off state and the on state (e.g., one or more switches). Alternative embodiments can include a fluid pressurizer that can vary the degree to which fluid is pressurized through the passageway 42. Examples of mass flow rates considered suitable through a passageway (e.g., passageway 42) and/or a passageway opening (e.g., first passageway opening 46, second passageway opening 48) include mass flow rates that are greater than, less than, or equal to 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, or 30% of the mass flow rate passing through a channel (e.g., channel 44), and any other mass flow rate that effectively extends the stall margin of a turbomachine with minimal impact to efficiency. The inventor has determined that a mass flow rate that is less than 10% of the mass flow rate passing through a channel is considered advantageous.
The fluid pressurizer 14 is attached to the casing 12 and is positioned such that the suction port 50 is directed toward a first portion of the passageway 47 that extends from the first passageway opening 46 to the fluid pressurizer 14 (e.g., the suction port 50 is directed toward the first passageway opening 48) and the discharge port 52 is directed toward a second portion of the passageway 49 that extends from the second passageway opening 48 to the fluid pressurizer 14 (e.g., the discharge port 52 is directed toward the second passageway opening 48). In the off state, the fluid pressurizer does not pressurize fluid passing through the passageway 42. In the on state, the fluid pressurizer draws fluid through the suction opening 50, through the fluid pressurizer 14, and pushes fluid out of the discharge port 52 and the second passageway opening 48. When in the on state, the fluid entering the passageway 42 at the first passageway opening 46 has a first velocity and the fluid exiting the passageway 42 at the second passageway opening 48 has a second velocity that is greater than the first velocity and is directed toward the blade tip. In addition, the fluid entering the passageway 42 at the first passageway opening 46 has a first pressure and the fluid exiting the passageway 42 at the second passageway opening 48 has a second pressure that is greater than the first pressure. Alternative embodiments, however, can include a casing treatment that is sized and configured such that fluid exiting a second passageway opening has a second velocity that is greater than a first velocity, a second pressure that is greater than a first pressure, that is directed toward a blade tip, that is directed toward the flow of fluid passing through a channel (e.g., channel 44), and/or that is directed toward the flow of fluid passing through a channel (e.g., channel 44) at a blade tip.
A fluid pressurizer can be attached to a casing 12 using any suitable technique or method of attachment and selection of a suitable technique or method of attachment between a fluid pressurizer and a casing can be based on various considerations, including the material(s) that forms the fluid pressurizer and/or the casing. Example techniques and methods of attachment considered suitable include welding, fusing, using adhesives, mechanical connectors, and any other technique or method considered suitable for a particular embodiment. In the illustrated embodiment, the fluid pressurizer 14 is attached to the casing 12 using mechanical connectors (e.g., screws, bolts).
In the illustrated embodiment, the casing treatment 8 comprises the passageway 42 defined by the casing 12 and the fluid pressurizer 14. However, in alternative embodiments, a casing treatment can include other features and/or components, such as a plurality of passageways, a plurality of fluid pressurizers, and/or one or more ducts.
In the illustrated embodiment, the casing 112 defines a plurality of passageways 142. Each passageway of the plurality of passageways 142 extends from a first passageway opening 146 to a plurality of second passageway openings 148. A fluid pressurizer of the plurality of fluid pressurizers 114 is disposed in each passageway of the plurality of passageways 142. In the illustrated embodiment, the casing 112 has a circumference and each passageway of the plurality of passageways 142 is equally spaced from adjacent passageways around the circumference of the casing 112. However, alternative embodiments can include a plurality of passageways that are not equally spaced from adjacent passageways around the circumference of a casing.
The inclusion of a plurality of second passageway openings 148 is considered advantageous at least because it provides a mechanism for directing multiple discrete jets of fluid that exit each opening of the plurality of second openings 148 toward each blade of the plurality of blades 118 during use. The first passageway opening 146 is defined on the inner surface 136 and is disposed between the first end 130 of the casing 112 and the second end 132 of the casing 112. In the illustrated embodiment, the first passageway opening 146 is disposed between an axis that is orthogonal to the rotational axis 117 and includes the trailing edge 126 at the blade tip 122 and the first end 130 of a casing 112. Each opening of the plurality of second passageway openings 148 is defined on the inner surface 136 and is disposed between the first passageway opening 146 and the first end 130 of the casing 112 such that fluid can enter the passageway 142 through the first passageway opening 146 and exit the passageway 142 through each opening of the second passageway openings 148. In the illustrated embodiment, each opening of the plurality of second passageway openings 148 is disposed between an axis that is orthogonal to the rotational axis 117 and includes the leading edge 124 at the blade tip 122 and the second end of a casing 132. Alternative embodiments can include a passageway that includes a plurality of first passageway openings and/or a plurality of second passageway openings.
In the illustrated embodiment, the plurality of second passageway openings 148 includes two passageway openings 152, 154 that are each in communication with the passageway 142 and the first passageway opening 146. However, alternative embodiments can include any suitable number of first passageway openings and/or second passageway openings that are each in communication with a passageway. Example numbers of passageway openings considered suitable to include in a plurality of first passageway openings and/or a plurality of second passageway openings include two, a plurality, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, less than ten, more than ten, one hundred, less than one hundred, more than one hundred, such that the number of openings is equal to the number of blades included in the plurality of blades, and any other number considered suitable for a particular embodiment. In addition, alternative embodiments can include a fluid pressurizer of a plurality of fluid pressurizers disposed in one or more passageways of a plurality of passageways, a fluid pressurizer of a plurality of fluid pressurizers disposed in a majority number of, or a minority number of, passageways of a plurality of passageways, or in any other number of passageways considered suitable for a particular embodiment.
A plurality of passageways 142 can include any suitable number of passageways and selection of a suitable number of passageways can be based on various considerations, including the total fluid flow intended to be passed through the plurality of passageways. Examples of numbers of passageways considered suitable to include in a casing include one, two, a plurality, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, less than ten, more than ten, one hundred, less than one hundred, more than one hundred, between two passageways and the specific number of blades included in a plurality of blades, between two passageways and ten passageways, more than ten passageways, and any other number considered suitable for a particular embodiment.
In the illustrated embodiment, a plurality of ducts 260 is disposed within the passageway 242 and includes a suction duct 262 and an injection duct 264. Each duct of the plurality of ducts 260 is attached to a port of the fluid pressurizer 214, is entirely disposed within the passageway 242, and, as best shown in
Each duct of the plurality of ducts 260 is attached to the casing 212 and the fluid pressurizer 214. A duct can be attached to a casing and/or a fluid pressurizer using any suitable technique or method of attachment and selection of a suitable technique or method of attachment can be based on various considerations, including the material(s) that forms a duct, a casing, and/or a fluid pressurizer. Example techniques and methods of attachment considered suitable include welding, fusing, using adhesives, mechanical connectors, and any other technique or method considered suitable for a particular embodiment. In the illustrated embodiment, each duct of the plurality of ducts 260 is attached to the casing 212 and the fluid pressurizer 214 using mechanical connectors (e.g., screws, bolts). Alternative embodiments, however, can include one or more ducts that are only attached to a casing or a fluid pressurizer.
The first opening 276 has a first opening length 277, a first opening height 279, and a first opening cross-sectional area and the second opening 278 has a second opening length 281, a second opening height 283, and a second opening cross-sectional area that is less than the first opening cross-sectional area. The first opening length 277 is equal to the first opening height 279, is less than the second opening length 281, and is greater than the second opening height 283. The second opening height 283 is less than the second opening length 281, is less than the first opening length 277, and is less than the first opening height 279. The second opening height 283 is equal to between about 0.01% and about 100% of the first opening height 279. The term “about” allows for a 10% variation in a listed value. Alternative embodiments, however, can include a second opening that has a second opening height that is about 2% of a first opening height, about 10% of a first opening height, between about 2% and about 10% of a first opening height, between about 2% and about 50% of a first opening height, and any other height considered suitable for a particular embodiment. The second opening cross-sectional area can be equal to any suitable value, such as equal to between about 10% and about 100% of the first opening cross-sectional area, between about 0.01% and about 10% of the first opening cross-sectional area, between about 0.01% and about 200% of the first opening cross-sectional area, and any other suitable value. In the illustrated embodiment, the length of the passageway 280 increases from the first end 266 to the second end 268 and the height of the passageway 280 decreases from the first end 266 to the second end 268. In the illustrated embodiment, the first opening 276 is centered relative to the second opening 278 such that the center of the first opening 276 is disposed on a plane that extends through the entire passageway 280 and contains the center of the second opening 278. Alternative embodiments, however, can include a first opening that is offset relative to the center of a second opening such that the center of the first opening is disposed on a first plane that extends through the passageway and is disposed parallel to a second plane that contains the center of the second opening and extends through the passageway.
As shown in
As shown in
While the turbomachine 206 has been illustrated as including only a single fluid pressurizer 214 having a particular structural arrangement and a plurality of ducts 260 attached to the fluid pressurizer 214 and having a particular structural arrangement, a turbomachine can include any suitable number of fluid pressurizers and ducts having any suitable structural arrangement. Selection of a suitable number of fluid pressurizers and/or ducts to include in a turbomachine can be based on various considerations, including the intended use of the turbomachine. Examples of numbers of fluid pressurizers considered suitable to include in a turbomachine include zero, one, at least one, two, a plurality, three, four, five, more than five, more than ten, and any other number considered suitable for a particular embodiment. For example, a plurality of fluid pressurizers can be disposed within a passageway. Examples of numbers of ducts considered suitable to include in a turbomachine include zero, one, at least one, two, a plurality, three, four, five, more than five, more than ten, one for each fluid pressurizer, two for each fluid pressurizer, a suction duct and an injection duct for one or more fluid pressurizers, or each fluid pressurizer, and any other number considered suitable for a particular embodiment. For example, a turbomachine can include one or more injection ducts and omit the inclusion of any suctions ducts, or vice versa, or the type of duct included in the fluid system could alternate along the circumference of a turbomachine. For example, in embodiments in which a casing defines a plurality of passageways, a fluid pressurizer can be included in each, or one or more, of the passageways and/or a suction duct and/or injection duct can be attached to the fluid pressurizer and/or a casing, as described herein. While the turbomachine 206 has been illustrated as including a plurality of ducts 260 that are entirely disposed within the passageway 242, a turbomachine can include any suitable number of ducts having any suitable portion disposed within a passageway. Selection of a suitable position to locate a duct can be based on various considerations, including the desired fluid flow through a turbomachine. Examples of suitable positions to locate a duct include those in which the entire duct is positioned within a passageway, a portion of a duct is positioned within a passageway (e.g., the second end is disposed in an environment exterior to a passageway), and any other position considered suitable for a particular embodiment. While each duct of the plurality of ducts 260 has been illustrated as being included in fluid system 10, a duct, as described herein, can be included in any suitable system, or provided separately, and used for any suitable purpose. Alternative embodiments of the ducts described herein can include a second end that defines a plurality of openings such that discrete jets of fluid can be provided to a suction port (e.g., in embodiments in which a suction duct defines a plurality of openings at the second end) and/or such that that discrete jets of fluid can be directed toward a blade, or a plurality of blades (e.g., in embodiments in which an injection duct defines a plurality of openings at the second end). An example of a duct that defines a plurality of openings 402 at the second end 368 is shown in
Any of the herein described examples of turbomachines, and any of the features described relative to a particular example of a turbomachine, can be included on any suitable device, system, or component, such as a diffuser, pump, compressor, axial flow compressor, centrifugal compressor, fan, cooling fan, industrial ventilation fan, engine, jet engine, aircraft engine, aircraft engine inlets, or a wing of a plane, jet, or another transportation vehicle, any system having an adverse pressure gradient (e.g., the pressure is increased in the direction of the flow of a fluid through the system), and any other device, system, or component. For example, any of the herein described embodiments, such as the turbomachines, casing treatments, and/or ducts, can be combined in any suitable manner and include any of the features, devices, systems, and/or components described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/426,084 by Zha and filed on Feb. 7, 2017, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety, and/or U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/255,523 by Zha and filed on Sep. 2, 2016, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
An example method for controlling a fluid passing through a turbomachine that includes a casing treatment includes the steps of: activating a turbomachine that includes a casing treatment, the turbomachine comprising: a wheel, a casing, and a fluid pressurizer disposed within a passageway defined by the casing and configured to pressurize fluid that passes through the passageway; and activating the fluid pressurizer such that fluid passing through the passageway is pressurized and exits a second passageway opening such that it is directed toward each blade of the plurality of blades. Any suitable turbomachine, such as those described herein, can be utilized in an example method. Any suitable casing treatment, such as those described herein, can be included in a turbomachine used in an example method.
Those with ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that various modifications and alternatives for the described and illustrated embodiments can be developed in light of the overall teachings of the disclosure. Accordingly, the particular arrangements disclosed are intended to be illustrative only and not limiting as to the scope of the invention, which is to be given the full breadth of the appended claims and any and all equivalents thereof.
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/620,008, filed Jan. 22, 2018. The entire disclosure of this related application is hereby incorporated into this disclosure by reference.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 62620008 | Jan 2018 | US |
