Ultrasonic liquid atomizer, particularly for high volume flow rates

Abstract

An ultrasonic liquid atomizer particularly for high volume flow rates is disclosed. An enlarged tip with a plurality of orifices is provided to increase the flow rate. A gradual transition to the enlarged atomizer tip can also be provided to enhance performance. A barrier disposed adjacent the atomizing surface of the atomizer tip enhances proper atomization of liquid, particularly when the enlarged atomizer tip is used, and particularly when such an atomizer is vertically oriented with the tip facing downwardly. A lip extending about the atomizer surface prevents unatomized liquid from leaving the atomizing surface in radial directions.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to ultrasonic transducers, particularly to ultrasonic liquid atomizers and high volume ultrasonic liquid atomizers.

It is known that the geometric contour of the atomizing surface of an ultrasonic liquid atomizer influences spray pattern and density of particles developed by atomization, and that increasing the surface area of the atomizing surface can increase liquid flow rates. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,861,852 issued Jan. 21, 1975; 4,153,201 issued May 8, 1979; and 4,337,896 issued July 6, 1982. It is further known, from the aforementioned patents, for example, that the atomizing surface area can be increased by providing a flanged tip, i.e. a tip of increased cross-sectional area, which includes the atomizing surface, and that the contour of the tip can affect spray pattern and density.

OBJECTS AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of the present invention to increase the flow rate of an ultrasonic atomizer.

It is another object of the present invention to increase the flow rate of an ultrasonic atomizer while obtaining a spray pattern having a uniform dispersion of atomized particles, particularly a cylindrical or conical spray pattern.

It is another object of the present invention to provide an ultrasonic liquid atomizer having an increased flow rate which can be satisfactorily operated in any attitude, particularly with the atomizer tip facing vertically downwardly.

It is a further object of the present invention to improve the spray of an ultrasonic atomizer.

The above and other objects are achieved in accordance with the invention disclosed herein. Simply substantially enlarging the surface area of the atomizing surface and/or the orifice size of a single orifice liquid atomizer to substantially increase the flow rate has been found to be unsatisfactory, not only because the resulting spray is unsatisfactory, but also because of structural failure considerations. Accordingly, the invention in one of its aspects not only provides an atomizing surface of increased surface area, but also a plurality of orifices through the atomizing surface for delivering liquid to the atomizing surface and/or means or structure coupling an enlarged atomizing surface to the remainder of the atomizer, and means or structure associated or cooperating with the atomizing surface or atomizer tip for conditioning the spray generated by the atomizer, for example enhancing atomization and/or improving or providing a desired spray pattern. The invention in another of its aspects provides said means for conditioning independently of the plurality of orifices, or said coupling means, or both. Each orifice of the plurality is in communication with an individual or separate liquid feed passage extending from the atomizing surface to a common liquid feed passage through which liquid is supplied to all of the individual liquid feed passages. Each orifice and its corresponding individual liquid feed passage are preferably of the same cross-sectional area and shape.

The surface area of the atomizing surface is increased by providing an enlarged tip. Both the enlarged tip and the adjacent section form part of an atomizer front section. The adjacent section is preferably stepped down from the remainder of the front section in order to provide amplification of the magnitude of the acoustical waves from the remainder of the front section to the stepped section.

A transition from the stepped section to the enlarged tip for coupling or connecting the two is provided which increases gradually from the stepped section to the enlarged tip. Such a transition reduces stresses in the stepped section due to a cantilever action of the enlarged tip which could cause cracking in the stepped section itself or in the connection of the stepped section to the flanged tip and/or the connection of the stepped section to the remainder of the front section.

The atomizer spray is conditioned by means for preventing at least a portion of the liquid flowing out of the orifices from flowing therefrom into the spray being produced without first traversing the atomizer surface sufficiently to be atomized. The liquid can traverse the atomizer surface in direct contact therewith or sufficiently close thereto to be subjected to ultrasonic oscillations or vibrations present on the surface. Although not wishing to be bound by any theory, it is believed that the means for preventing forms a substantially liquid impervious barrier adjacent the atomizer surface which forces liquid from the orifices to be deflected to the atomizing surface and/or retains liquid on or close to the atomizing surface adjacent the means for preventing to insure that such liquid is atomized. It is also believed that the means for preventing may itself atomize liquid either directly or in concert with the atomizing surface. In a sense, the means for preventing may constitute part of the atomizing surface. It is further believed that the means for preventing acts as a barrier to divert liquid emerging from the atomizing surface 90.degree. from its original direction of flow so as to encourage the liquid to traverse a large atomizing surface, thereby exposing the liquid to sufficient ultrasonic energy to properly atomize it. In addition, it is believed that the means for preventing prevents prematurely atomized liquid recondensing on the atomizing surface adjacent the means for preventing from entering the atomizer spray and forces such recondensed liquid to remain on the atomizing surface and be atomized again.

With such means for preventing, the atomizer is capable of operating at high volume flow rates while achieving proper atomization, particularly with the atomizer in a vertical attitude with the flanged tip facing downwardly. Again, not wishing to be bound by any theory, it is believed that the barrier produced by the means for preventing also acts to counteract the effect of excessive fluid velocity resulting from the differential pressure created in the liquid as it flows from a region of larger cross-sectional area in the common passage to one of smaller cross-sectional area in the smaller, individual passages.

The term "substantially liquid impervious barrier" is meant to include a barrier which may allow atomized liquid to pass therethrough.

According to a disclosed embodiment, the means for preventing comprises a solid, liquid and gas impervious barrier member disposed adjacent to and spaced from the atomizing surface of the enlarged tip. Preferably the solid barrier member extends adjacent only that portion or portions of the atomizing surface in which the orifices are disposed, leaving all other portions of the atomizing surface exposed.

The particular number of orifices and the pattern in which they are disposed are not overly important as long as the orifices are somewhat distributed since the solid barrier member primarily determines distribution of liquid on the atomizing surface. The barrier member assures a lateral flow of liquid on the atomizing surface tending to make the flow and distribution uniform around the entire periphery of the spray.

In a preferred embodiment, the front section is of tubular shape and the enlarged tip is disc-shaped, the orifices are equally shaped, are of equal diameter and are disposed in the central portion of the enlarged tip, and the solid barrier member is disc-shaped and correspondingly centrally disposed.

In a preferred arrangement of orifices in an atomizer not using a barrier member, the orifices are disposed about the circumference of one or more concentric circles with the orifices disposed about each circumference being equally spaced from each other. Moreover, all of the orifices are preferably equally spaced from each other. The atomizing surface may also include an orifice located in the center of the circle. Preferably, each orifice has the same diameter and the orifices are disposed about the circumferences of two concentric circles, six equally-spaced orifices being disposed about the smaller of the circles and twelve equally-spaced orifices being disposed about the larger of the circles, with the orifices of the smaller and larger circles preferably being offset. Such an orifice arrangement produces a substantially cylindrical spray pattern of a diameter roughly equivalent to the diameter of the atomizing surface.

The atomizer spray can also be conditioned by means for preventing liquid from leaving the periphery of the atomizing surface as unatomized drops or in substantially transverse directions, i.e. radial or substantially radial directions for a disc-shaped tip. In a disclosed embodiment, a raised or cylindrical lip is provided extending about all or a portion of a disc-shaped tip and essentially prevents unatomized drops of liquid from leaving the periphery of the atomizing surface. Moreover, the lip substantially prevents liquid from leaving the atomizing surface in radial directions. Depending on the size and configuration of the lip, liquid can be confined to leave the atomizing surface in a substantially normal direction, thereby providing a cylindrical or slightly conical spray pattern for a disc-shaped tip, particularly when used in combination with the first named means for preventing. While the two means for preventing can be used in combination, particularly in a high volume atomizer, either can be used without the other in a high volume or other liquid atomizer.

It has been found that neither the common nor any of the individual liquid feed passages need be provided with decoupling sleeves previously employed in a single orifice atomizer to prevent premature atomization of liquid. It is believed that a number of orifices provides an averaging effect which tends to dampen in a random way instabilities associated with the spray when not decoupled, thereby eliminating the need for decoupling sleeves.

It has also been found that decoupling sleeves are not needed when a barrier member is used. As indicated above, is is believed that the barrier member prevents premature atomization of liquid.

The above and other aspects, features, objects and advantages of the present invention will be more readily perceived from the following description of the preferred embodiments when considered with the accompanying drawings and appended claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present invention is illustrated by way of example and not limitation in the figures of the accompanying drawings in which like numerals indicate similar parts and in which:

FIG. 1 is an axial section view of an ultrasonic liquid atomizer constructed in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a front view in enlarged detail of the ultrasonic atomizer of FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is an enlarged section view of the ultrasonic atomizer of FIG. 1 taken along line 3--3 of FIG. 1;

FIG. 4 is an axial section view in enlarged detail of the enlarged tip and the front stepped section of the atomizer of FIG. 1;

FIG. 5 is a side view of the front portion of the atomizer of FIG. 1, with the lip extending about the enlarged tip in section, depicting the spray pattern of the atomizer;

FIG. 6 is a front view of a multiple orifice atomizer tip according to the invention for use without a barrier member;

FIGS. 7-10 are side views of portions of the front section of ultrasonic transducers which are useful in a mathematical analysis of the atomizer of FIG. 1;

FIG. 7 depicts a flared transition from the stepped section to the enlarged tip;

FIG. 8 depicts an abrupt transition from the stepped section to the enlarged tip;

FIG. 9 illustrates a mathematical model for a stepped horn front section; and

FIG. 10 illustrates a mathematic model for an enlarged tip, a stepped horn section and a flared transition therebetween.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

While liquid atomizers embodying the invention illustrated herein are particularly adapted for use as fuel burners, the invention is not limited to such atomizers and to use therewith, and liquid atomizers incorporating the invention disclosed herein can be used for other purposes such as for feeding fuel into internal combustion or jet engines, or for feeding fuel for combustion thereof to obtain the products of the combustion, for atomization of liquid other than fuel, such as water and paint, and for the atomization of liquids for many purposes such as fog or mist-making, irrigation, agricultural spraying (pesticides, herbicides, fungicides), spray drying processes for separating solids from liquids in which they are dissolved, mixed or otherwise carried, dust suppression, steam de-super heating for controlling super-heated steam, and other purposes.

Moreover, while the preferred embodiments of the invention illustrated herein depict liquid atomizers of the type having a liquid feed passage extending axially therethrough as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,352,459 issued on Oct. 5, 1982, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, the invention is applicable to ultrasonic atomizers having other liquid feed arrangements, for example radial liquid feed passages exemplary of which is the one disclosed in aforementioned Pat. No. 4,153,201, the disclosure of which is also incorporated herein by reference.

The ultrasonic atomizer 11 depicted in FIG. 1 is of generally tubular configuration and includes an axially extending liquid feed passage 12 similar to the one described in aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 4,352,459. The main liquid feed tube itself (not shown) or a liquid feed tube 14 coupled to the main liquid feed tube is axially received in the atomizer and extends axially through the rear section 16, the driving elements 18, 19 and the electrode 20, to the front section 22. The rear section 16 includes an axial bore or passage 23; the driving elements 18, 19 and the electrode 20 are of annular configuration having a central opening or passage therethrough; and the front section includes an axial bore or passage 24.

The axial passages 23, 24 in the rear and front sections, respectively, and the openings in the driving elements and the electrode are coaxially disposed to form the liquid feed passage referenced generally by 12 and extending from the rear section to the larger diameter portion 26 of the front section. The axial passage 24 in the front section includes a threaded portion 28 and the tube 14 also includes a threaded portion 29 so that the tube can be threaded into the front section. The tube 14 is further provided with an annular flange or step 31 spaced from the threaded portion 29, and the rear section is also provided with an annular flange or step 33 disposed adjacent the driving means. Flanges 31 and 33 engage upon threading the tube 14 into threaded portion 28 of the front section.

The driving elements 18, 19 and electrode 20 sandwiched between flanged portions 38, 39 of the front and rear sections, respectively, are securely clamped therein by a plurality of assembly bolts 41 which pass through holes in one of the flanged portions 38, 39 and are threaded in holes in the other flanged portion to allow the two flanged portions to be clamped together. The driving elements and electrode can be insulated from the tube 14 by interior tubular insulator 43 and the driving elements and electrode can be sealed by exterior insulators 45. The driving elements and electrode can also be insulated and sealed in other ways.

The threaded joint of the liquid feed tube 14 and the front section 22 can be sealed by applying joint compound or a sealant to the threads, or in other ways. The tube 14 can also be sealed with respect to the rear section 16, if desired. Further details of clamping, insulating and sealing arrangements, and mounting of the tube 14 in the axial passage can be found in aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 4,352,459.

The front section 22 includes the larger diameter section 26, a stepped, smaller diameter section 50 and an enlarged, flanged, disc-shaped tip 52 which includes a planar, circularly-shaped atomizing surface 53 and a disc thickness or axial length 49. The axial passage 24 in the front section extends in the larger section 26 almost to the stepped section 50, thereby extending the axial liquid feed passage 12 to the stepped portion.

The stepped section 50 and the flanged tip are solid except for a plurality of passages 54 axially extending in the stepped section from the axial passage 24 to a corresponding plurality of orifices 55 in the atomizing surface 53 of the flanged tip. The precise location in the larger section 26 at which the larger passage 24 terminates and the smaller axial passages 54 begin is not critical. Liquid introduced through tube 14 enters the axial passage 24 which feeds the individual smaller passages 54. The diameter of the stepped section 50 is approximately equal to the diameter of the axial passage 24 in the larger section 26 and is substantially less than the diameter of the larger section 26 so as to provide amplification of the magnitude of the accoustical waves transmitted to the stepped section corrresponding to the ratio of the square of the diameters as described more fully below. The relationship between the diameters of the stepped section 50, the larger section 26 and the axial passage 24 is not critical. The total cross-sectional area of the smaller axial passages 54 is less than that of the axial passage 24, and the cross-section areas of the smaller passages are equal to each other and to that of the associated orifice, although these relationships are also not critical.

A transition 57 of gradually increasing diameter is provided between the stepped section 50 and the flanged tip 52. The transition depicted in FIG. 1 is flared and is to a certain extent critical as described in more detail below. The transition has been found to eliminate structural failures in the stepped section, and its connections to the flanged tip and the larger section. Such failures were caused by stresses resulting from non-uniform vibrations and transverse flexing, and by inherent structural weaknesses or faults.

Referring now to FIG. 4, a barrier disc 58 is attached to the flanged tip 52 and extends adjacent and parallel to the atomizing surface. The diameter of the disc 58 is slightly larger than the diameter of a circle 60 about or within which all of the orifices 55 are disposed so that the disc masks all of the orifices. The disc is preferably made of a solid, non-porous material which is impervious to liquid and gas such as a metal, e.g. berrylium copper or aluminum.

The barrier disc 58 prevents liquid emerging from the orifices from leaving the vicinity of the atomizing surface without first being atomized. The barrier disc 58 in effect retains unatomized liquid emerging from the orifices on or near the atomizing surface so that it can be atomized.

The unatomized liquid is therefore forced to radially traverse the atomizing surface on or beyond the periphery of the barrier disc before leaving the atomizing surface as an atomized spray. It is believed that the barrier disc 58 acts to deflect the flow of liquid emerging from the orifices and/or the atomizing surface adjacent the barrier disc by 90.degree., forcing the liquid to move radially as shown in FIG. 5. The barrier disc thus encourages the liquid to traverse a large atomizing surface so as to increase its exposure to ultrasonic energy at the surface. The barrier disc 58 is also believed to counteract the effect of excessive liquid velocity caused by differential pressure in the liquid by the difference in cross-sectional areas of the smaller individual passages 54 and the larger axial passage 24, particularly when the nozzle is operated in a vertically downward orientation.

While the barrier member has been illustrated to be a disc, having approximately the same diameter as that of the outer circle 60, other configurations and sizes can also be used.

The barrier disc is preferably secured to the flanged tip 52 by a cylindrical shaft 62 connected to the disc at one end and threaded at the other end which is received in a threaded central bore 64. The threaded joint is preferably sealed, particularly if the bore 64 extends to the larger axial bore 24. A central bore or passage 64 extending to the axial passage 24 can be provided if the atomizer is to be operated without a barrier disc. Thus, essentially the same atomizer can be manufactured for use with or without the barrier disc. The disc 58 can be secured to the flanged tip in other ways or could be formed integral therewith. It is possible that the surface of the barrier disc facing the flanged tip also acts as an atomizing surface because of its connection or proximity to the flanged tip, and that liquid can be atomized in the space between the barrier disc and the atomizing surface.

The disc is disposed spaced from the atomizing surface by a distance ranging from less than about 1 mm to about 2 or 3 mm for a large range of disc and tip sizes. The distance is selected primarily in accordance with the flow rate desired with smaller distances increasing the flow velocity, i.e. increasing back pressure, and decreasing the flow rate. The spacing is not critical within and adjacent the approximate range given.

The pattern of orifices 55 in a tip used with a barrier disc is not particularly important since the disc primarily determines the distribution of liquid on the atomizing surface. However, the orifices should be somewhat distributed and preferably equally spaced on the atomizing surface so that the liquid is not overly concentrated in any region of the atomizing surface. When a barrier disc is used, the number of orifices may be different from the number depicted in the drawings and arranged in other patterns. Moreover, the number of orifices in an atomizer utilizing a barrier disc can be reduced from the number used in a similar atomizer without a barrier disc, while achieving the same flow rate.

A cylindrical or raised lip 70 is disposed about the periphery of the flanged tip extending axially beyond the atomizing surface 53. The lip, shown exaggerated in the drawings, acts to prevent liquid traversing the atomizing surface from leaving the surface in radial directions and also prevents liquid on the atomizing surface from leaving the periphery of the atomizing surface as unatomized drops of liquid. Thus, atomized liquid which may otherwise radially leave the atomizing surface and liquid drops which may otherwise leave the periphery of the atomizing surface are prevented from "creeping" to the rear of the flanged atomizer tip. Moreover, the height of the lip and the direction it extends from the flanged tip will influence the spray pattern to a limited extent, with a larger lip extending normally from the flanged tip portion producing a more cylindrical spray pattern, as depicted in FIG. 5. Altering the size of and the direction at which the lip extends from the flanged tip can produce somewhat different spray patterns, such as a slightly conical pattern, for example. The lip can be machined from the tip so that it is integral with the tip or it can be secured to the flanged tip by adhesives or a welding process. The distance which the lip extends from the atomizing surface is not critical and need be only a small distance, for example about 0.020 inch, since only a thin layer of liquid is present on the atomizing surface.

While the lip 70 and the barrier disc 58 do not have to be used together, their combined use tends to enhance the effect of the atomizer spray, particularly when the atomizer is oriented vertically downwardly. In addition, a cylindrical spray pattern having a diameter approximately equal to the diameter of the flanged tip 52 can be achieved with the combination. Moreover, neither the lip 70 nor the barrier disc 58 have to be used with a multiple orifice tip or an enlarged tip, and can be used alone or in combination with other tips.

The pattern of the orifices 55 in the atomizing surface 53 depicted in FIG. 6 is preferably utilized in an atomizer which does not include a barrier. The orifices are disposed about the circumferences of two concentric circles 76, 77. Six equally spaced orifices are disposed about the circumference of the inner circle 76 and twelve equally spaced orifices are disposed about the circumference of the outer circle 77. The orifices disposed about the inner circle are offset from those disposed about the outer circle. Preferably, each orifice on the inner circle is disposed midway between an adjacent pair of orifices on the outer circle, i.e., a radius extending through an orifice disposed about inner circle 76 falls midway between radii extending through adjacent orifices disposed about the outer circle 77. While the orifice pattern depicted in FIG. 6 is preferred for an atomizer not including a barrier, it is not critical and other patterns may be utilized.

Although the larger diameter flanged tip, the flared transition, the multiple orifices, the lip and the barrier are illustrated herein with ultrasonic atomizer of the type disclosed in aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 4,352,459, they can be used with other types of ultrasonic atomizers, for example, the type disclosed in aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 4,153,201.

A mathematical analysis of an atomizer front section of the type depicted in FIG. 1 will now be described with reference to FIGS. 7-10. As used in the art, the term "stepped-horn" refers to a front horn section, the portion of which depicted in FIG. 9 includes a stepped smaller diameter section of diameter d.sub.1 and a larger diameter section of diameter d.sub.0. The portion of the front section depicted in FIG. 9 is a half wavelength amplifying section in which the stepped and larger sections are each of quarter wavelength and in which the gain in amplitude is equal to the ratio of cross-sectional areas of the larger section (area=.pi.d.sub.0.sup.2 /4) and the stepped section (area=.pi.d.sub.1.sup.2 /4), or simply the ratio of the squares of the diameters d.sub.0.sup.2 /d.sub.1.sup.2.

The lengths of the sections are taken such that the transition point between the two diameters is a nodal plane for the longitudinal standing wave pattern and both ends of the amplifying section are anti-nodes, the exposed end of the stepped section in FIG. 9 being the atomizing surface.

In the present analysis, only the quarter-wave length, smaller diameter, stepped section between the node and the left hand anti-node is considered. Since that section is of uniform diameter, the wave equation analysis is trivial. When flanged atomizing surfaces are considered, the wave equation analysis becomes significantly more complex.

Mathematical analysis of "stepped horn" sections may also be found in aformentioned U.S. Pat. No. 4,337,896, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, and in aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 4,153,201.

The present analysis considers a flared neck transition from the stepped section leading to a flanged disc tip with a flat atomizing surface, as depicted in FIG. 8. The flared transition is important when dealing with a large flanged disc tip (in the neighborhood of 2 inches) because of the possibility of cantilevering of the flanged disc tip if the transition between the stepped section and the flanged disc is an abrupt step, as depicted in FIG. 9.

The results of cantilevering can be catastrophic because the bending stresses promote fatigue which can lead to stress cracking in the region where the stepped section joins the flanged disc. This cantilevering effect is not present in most ultrasonic atomizers since the flanged disc tip is not particularly large relative to the stepped section diameter and the flanged disc thickness is adequate to discourage flexure. However, for a given frequency and where the diameter of the flanged disc tip is increased in order to raise the flow rate capacity, the remaining dimensions of the front section, i.e. the diameters of the stepped section and the larger diameter section remain unchanged. These constraints are a consequence of the basic geometry of a given size front section. Increasing diameters (other than that of the flanged disc tip) results in decreased gain and the introduction of an unwanted transverse mode of oscillation. The combination of a fixed diameter for the stepped section and an enlarged flanged disc tip diameter introduces the possibility for cantilevering. The flared neck transition eliminates the potential for bending without affecting materially the gain characteristics of the front section.

As shown in FIG. 10, a filleted transition can be provided between the stepped section and the larger diameter section to enhance atomizer performance. The filleted transition can be subjected to a mathematical analysis similar to that of the flared transition described below.

To calculate the length of the quarter-wavelength section from the nodal plane at the step to the atomizing surface, it is convenient to break up that section into three regions as shown in FIG. 10. Region .circle.1 is the flanged disc tip atomizing section of uniform radius r.sub.1 and thickness b. Region .circle.2 is the flared transition in the shape of a quadrant of a circle with radius r.sub.0. Region .circle.3 is the stepped portion, excluding the flared section, of uniform radius R.sub.1 and length "a". The quantity R.sub.1 is known at the outset as is r.sub.1, the flanged disc tip radius. Since r.sub.0 =r.sub.1 -R.sub.1, the flare radius r.sub.0 can be determined. The only selectable parameters remaining then are the flanged disc tip thickness "b" and the stepped section length "a". Since the whole section must be equivalent to a quarter-wavelength, only one of these two parameters is independent; the other must be calculated. Since it is more convenient to choose a flanged disc tip thickness "b", the value for "a", the stepped section length excluding the flared transition region .circle.2 , is computed corresponding to an overall section length equal to a quarter-wavelength.

For convenience, the origin of the horizontal axis is taken at the intersection of regions .circle.1 and .circle.2 . The atomizing surface then is at x=-x.sub.1 ; the transition region .circle.2 extends from x=0 to x=x.sub.2 (or x.sub.2 =r.sub.0); the stepped section length excluding the flared transition region extends from x=x.sub.2 to x=x.sub.3, a length "a"=x.sub.3 -x.sub.2.

The governing time-independent wave equation for all regions is ##EQU1## where .eta..sub.i (x) is the wave displacement from equilibrium in the ith region (i=1, 2, 3) at any point x in that region; S.sub.i (x) is the cross sectional area at any point x in the region; .omega. is the circular frequency at which the atomizer is operating (.omega.=2.pi.f), and c is the speed of sound in the medium.

In regions .circle.1 and .circle.3 , where S.sub.1 and S.sub.3 are constant, and, therefore, independent of x, equation (1) reduces to the simple harmonic oscillator equation. For S.sub.i independent of x ##EQU2## and cancelling S.sub.i on both sides, ##EQU3## Solutions of equation (2) are of the form ##EQU4## where k=.omega./c and A.sub.i and B.sub.i are arbitrary solution constants. The solution in region .circle.2 is much more involved since the cross-sectional area is not constant. Moreover, the differential equation is not solvable by any convenient analytical means. Thus a numerical solution is required.

Before discussing the solution for region .circle.2 , it is helpful to formally state the complete problem and the steps taken to solve it.

The solutions for .eta..sub.i in each of the three regions are: ##EQU5## with boundary conditions

.eta..sub.1 '(-x.sub.1)=0 (5a) .eta..sub.1 (0)=.eta..sub.2 (0) (5b) .eta..sub.1 '(0)=.eta..sub.2 '(0) (5c) .eta..sub.2 (x.sub.2)=.eta..sub.3 (x.sub.2) (5d) .eta..sub.2 '(x.sub.2)=.eta..sub.3 '(x.sub.2) (5e) .eta..sub.3 (x.sub.3)=0. (5f)

Equation (5a) stipulates that the flanged disc is an antinode, since the first derivative with respect to x, which is proportional to the stress, vanishes.

Equation (5f) is a statement that there is a nodal plane at the step located at x=x.sub.3. The remaining conditions, equations (5b) through (5e) are expressions of continuity of both displacement and stress at the boundaries between regions.

The technique used to obtain a full solution proceeds as follows:

(a) Solve equation (4a) for region .circle.1 using boundary condition (5a) and assuming an arbitrary value of unity for the maximum displacement (at the flanged disc).

(b) Using the fact that the displacement and stress are continuous across the boundary between regions .circle.1 and .circle.2 , the starting values in region .circle.2 , namely .eta..sub.2 (0) and .eta..sub.2 '(0), can be found by evaluating .eta..sub.1 (0) and .eta..sub.1 '(0).

(c) A numerical solution is developed in region .circle.2 by use of the Runge-Kutta method. Starting with the computed value of .eta..sub.2 (0) and .eta..sub.2 '(0), the method employed uses certain finite difference equations to calculate .eta..sub.2 and .eta..sub.2 ' at a point which is a small, pre-selected distance .DELTA.x from the starting point. These new values, .eta..sub.2 (.DELTA.x) and .eta..sub.2 ' (.DELTA.x) are then used to find .eta..sub.2 and .eta..sub.2 ' at a point .DELTA.x further away or at x=2.DELTA.x. The process is repeated, using the same .DELTA.x each time until the values for .eta..sub.2 and .eta..sub.2 ' at x=x.sub.2 are found. Naturally, the smaller the value of .DELTA.x chosen, the more accurate the result. The number of iterations required, N is equal to

N=r.sub.0 /.DELTA.x. Thus, for example, in the case where r.sub.0 =1.0 inch, choosing x=0.01 inch would involve 100 iterations, an easy task on any small computer.

(d) Having computed .eta..sub.2 (x.sub.2) and .eta..sub.2 ' (x.sub.2), it is now an easy task to calculate "a", since by equations (5d) and (5e) the initial values of .eta..sub.3 and .eta..sub.3 ' at x=x.sub.2 are known, and by equation (5f), the end condition is known at x=x.sub.3.

The actual mathematical treatment for each of the three regions follows:

Region .circle.1

The solution in this region is sinusoidal, ##EQU6## From equation (5a),

.eta..sub.1 '(-x.sub.1)=-A.sub.1 cos (-kx.sub.1)+B.sub.1 sin (-kx.sub.1)=0 or A.sub.1 cos kx.sub.1 +B.sub.1 sin kx.sub.1 =0. (6) The assumption is made that .eta..sub.1 (-x.sub.1)=1. Thus, .eta..sub.1 (-x.sub.1)=A.sub.1 cos (-kx.sub.1)+B.sub.1 sin (-kx.sub.1)=1 or A.sub.1 cos kx.sub.1 -B.sub.1 sin kx.sub.1 =1. (7) Solving equations (6) and (7) simultaneously for A.sub.1 and B.sub.1, A.sub.1 =cos kx.sub.1 (8a) B.sub.1 =-sin kx.sub.1. (8b) Therefore, at x=0, the other end region .circle.1 , .eta..sub.1 (0)=A.sub.1 cos 0+B.sub.1 sin 0=A.sub.1 or .eta..sub.1 (0)=cos kx.sub.1. (9) Also, .eta..sub.1 '(0)=-A.sub.1 k sin 0+B.sub.1 k cos 0=kB.sub.1 or .eta..sub.1 '(0)=-k sin kx.sub.1. (10) Equations (9) and (10) establish the starting values for region .circle.2 via the boundary condition expressions .eta..sub.1 (0)=.eta..sub.2 (0) and .eta..sub.1 '(0)=.eta..sub.2 ' (0).

Region .circle.2

In the analysis for region .circle.2 the differential equation (equation (1)) in terms of the relevant parameters is determined. It will be convenient for this portion of the analysis to drop the subscript 2 from the displacement parameter; thus .eta..sub.2 (x) will be referred to as .eta. (x).

The flared transition has a radius r.sub.0. The flanged disc radius r.sub.1 is the sum of the stepped section radius R.sub.1 and the flared transition section radius r.sub.0,

r.sub.1 =R.sub.1 +r.sub.0. By geometric considerations ##EQU7## The cross-sectional area as a function of x, S.sub.2 (x) is then S.sub.2 (x)=.pi.r.sup.2 (x)=.pi.[r.sub.1.sup.2 +r.sub.0.sup.2 -(r.sub.0 -x).sup.2 -2r.sub.1 (r.sub.0 -(r.sub.0 -x).sup.2).sup.1/2 ]. (12) It is this quantity which is substituted into the generalized wave equation, equation (1) for the case of variable cross-sectional area in order to solve that equation. However, the expression given by equation (12) is quite unwieldy. A change of variables will simplify subsequent calculations.

Using the angular function .theta. with respect to the flared transition region as a new variable,

x=r.sub.o (1-cos .theta.). (13) In terms of .theta., equation (12) becomes S.sub.2 (.theta.)=.pi.(r.sub.1 -r.sub.o sin .theta.).sup.2. (14) The wave equation for region .circle.2 is given by ##EQU8## Differentiating the left-hand side and rearranging terms, the following is obtained: ##EQU9## The quantity ##EQU10## so that ##EQU11##

The change in independent variables requires some computation. In equation (13) there is a linear relationship between the variables x and cos .theta.. Thus, it is simpler to deal with cos .theta. as new variable rather than .theta. itself.

According to standard transformation theory ##EQU12## From equation (13) ##EQU13## Therefore ##EQU14## Substituting these results into equation (16) and for the moment writing .eta.(cos .theta.) as .eta., ##EQU15## Taking the natural logarithm of S.sub.2 (cos .theta.) from equation (14) and differentiating, ##EQU16## This form, although tractable, can further be simplified by a second change of variables in which

y=(1=cos.sup.2 .theta.)1/2=sin .theta.. (20) In the interest of brevity, it may simply be stated that the final result after this transformation in which equations (17a) and (17b) have been employed to transform from cos .theta. to y is ##EQU17## The range of values of the original coordinate x is 0.ltoreq.x.ltoreq.r.sub.o ; the range of y is therefore 0.ltoreq.y.ltoreq.1.

Equation (21) is not solvable by analytical means. The simplest method of obtaining a solution is by the use of a numerical method. The fourth order Runge-Kutta Method for differential equations of second order is a suitable technique. In this method, the differential equation is written in the form ##EQU18## The interval h should be chosen small enough to ensure sufficient accuracy of the result. The computations are convenient in that evaluation of .eta..sub.n+1 and d.eta..sub.n+1 /dy involve only the immediately preceding quantities in n.

The assignment of initial values must be conducted with some care. Obviously y.sub.o =0. The initial value for .eta., namely .eta..sub.o in the present notation, is that calculated and given by equation (9); .eta..sub.o .ident..eta.(0)=.eta..sub.1 (0)=cos kx.sub.1. The evaluation of d.eta..sub.o /dy at y=0 is not trivial. From an examination of equation (21) it might appear that f has a singularity at y=0 since the term 1/y appears in the coefficient for d.eta./dy. However, this is only an apparent singularity. Considering again the relationship between y and the original variable x, it can be seen that y=(1-(1-xr.sub.o).sup.2).sup.1/2, so that relating d.eta./dy with d.eta./dx yields ##EQU19## Thus, equation (21) can be written in the alternate form ##EQU20## and the singularity has been removed. Since d.eta.(X)/dx at =0 is not zero and in fact is given by equation (10), .eta..sub.1 '(0)=-k sin kx.sub.1, equation (24) infers that d.eta./dy=0 when y=0. The initial values of the function f(y,.eta., d.eta./dy) is f(0,.eta..sub.o,0), which from equation (25) is given by

f(0,.eta..sub.o,0)=r.sub.o .eta.'(0)=-r.sub.o k sin kx.sub.1. (26) Next, the value for f(0,.eta..sub.o,0) is substituted into equations (23a) through (23f) to fine .eta..sub.1 and d.eta..sub.1 /dy. By iteration, successive values of .eta..sub.2, d.eta..sub.2 /dy; . . . ; .eta..sub.n d.eta..sub.n /dy can be found. The final values .eta..sub.N and d.eta..sub.N /dy, are those corresponding to the values at x=x.sub.2 (or y=1). However, as the point y=1 is approached, the analysis degenerates because of the real singularity of f at y=1. This is readily seen from either equation (21) or (25) where the factor 1-y.sup.2 in the denominator of the coefficients for both and d.eta./dy (or d.eta./dx) vanishes at y=1. Thus, in the actual numerical calculations, the iterations proceed to a point arbitrarily close to the end point and then .eta. and d.eta./dx (not d.eta./dy) are extrapolated over the remaining small distance.

The calculated values of .eta. and d.eta./dx at x=x.sub.2 (y=1) become the initial values for the analysis in region .circle.3 by equation (5d) and (5e).

Region .circle.3

The solution in this region sinusoidal; ##EQU21## From equation (5f)

.eta..sub.3 (x.sub.3)=A.sub.3 cos kx.sub.3 +B.sub.3 sin kx.sub.3 =0 or tan kx.sub.3 =-A.sub.3 /B.sub.3. (27) In order to find x.sub.3, from which "a" can be calculated (a=x.sub.3 -r.sub.o), boundary condition equations (5d) and (5e) at x=x.sub.2 are used: A.sub.3 cos kx+B.sub.3 sin kx=.eta..sub.2 (x.sub.2) (28a) -kA.sub.3 sin kx+kB.sub.3 cos kx=.eta..sub.2 '(x.sub.2). (28b) The values of .eta..sub.2 (x.sub.2) and .eta..sub.2 ' (x.sub.2) are those numerically computed at the endpoint of region .circle.2 via the Runge-Kutta method, referred to there as .eta. and d.eta./dx respectively at x=x.sub.2. Simultaneous solutions of equations (28a) and (28b) for A.sub.3 and B.sub.3 give the result: A.sub.3 =.eta..sub.2 (x.sub.2) cos kx.sub.2 -1/k .eta..sub.2 '(x.sub.2) sin kx.sub.2 (29a) B.sub.3 =.eta..sub.2 (x.sub.2) sin kx.sub.2 +1/k .eta..sub.2 '(x.sub.2) cos kx.sub.2. (29b) Substituting equations (29a) and (29b) into equation (27) results in the final expression for the determination of x.sub.3 (or "a") ##EQU22##

EXAMPLE

An ultrasonic atomizer was designed for an operating frequency of 25 kHz, with an aluminum nozzle built in accordance with the invention.

The following dimensions were selected:

Flanged disc radius r.sub.1 =1 in. Stepped section radius R.sub.1 =0.0375 in. Flared transition radius r.sub.o =r.sub.1 -R.sub.1 =0.625 in. Flanged disc thickness "b"=0.125 in. k=.omega./c (at 25 kHz)=0.81178 in..sup.-1

Using these parameters, the starting values for region .circle.2 , .eta..sub.2 (0) and .eta..sub.2 '(0) are:

.eta..sub.2 (0)=0.99486 inch .eta..sub.2 '(0)=-0.082220. Using the Runge-Kutta method, the initial value of f, i.e. f(o,.eta..sub.2 (0),0)=r.sub.o .eta..sub.2 '(0)=-0.051387 inches. Proceeding through the numerical iterations in 100 steps of y (y=0 to 1) yields the following endpoint for region 2. .eta..sub.2 (x.sub.2)=0.52728 inch .eta..sub.2 '(x.sub.2)=-1.314 The necessity to extrapolate .eta..sub.2 '(x.sub.2) results in a lower precision for that quantity.

Having found .eta..sub.2 (x.sub.2) and .eta..sub.2 '(x.sub.2), it is now possible to compute x.sub.3 by the equations associated with region .circle.3 with the result x.sub.3 =1.013 inches. Since r.sub.o =0.625 inch, the value of the stepped section excluding the flared transition region is "a"=1.013-0.625=0.388 inch.

A multiple orifice ultrasonic atomizer constructed in accordance with the invention has been found to operate in excess of a 30 gph flow rate.

Certain changes and modifications of the disclosed embodiments of the present invention will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art. It is the applicants' intention to cover by their claims all those changes and modifications which could be made to the embodiments of the invention herein chosen for the purpose of disclosure without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

Claims

1. An ultrasonic liquid atomizer tip for providing an atomized spray of liquid comprising an atomizing surface, a plurality of orifices in the atomizing surface through which liquid is delivered to the atomizing surface and a baffle disposed to be operative adjacent to that portion of the atomizing surface in which all of the orifices are disposed and spaced from the atomizing surface, and having a flat surface of predetermined area facing and substantially parallel to the atomizing surface, for preventing unatomized liquid from leaving the atomizer tip and entering the atomized spray through said surface of predetermined area adjacent the tip.

2. The atomizer tip according to claim 1 wherein the atomizing surface is circular, all the orifices are disposed within the circumference of a circle having a diameter less than that of the atomizing surface, and the baffle comprises a disc-shaped member supported concentrically with respect to said circle and having a diameter substantially equal to the diameter of said circle.

3. The atomizer tip according to claim 1 and comprising first means disposed to be operative about at least a portion of the periphery of the atomizing surface for preventing liquid from leaving the atomizing surface in substantially transverse directions.

4. The atomizer tip according to claim 3 wherein the first means comprises a lip disposed about and extending from at least a portion of the periphery of the atomizing surface.

5. An ultrasonic liquid atomizer tip for providing an atomized spray of liquid comprising a circular atomizing surface, a plurality of orifices in the atomizing surface through which liquid is delivered to the atomizing surface, a lip disposed about and extending from the complete circular periphery of the atomizing surface for preventing liquid from leaving the atomizing surface in substantially transverse directions, and a liquid impervious barrier of predetermined area disposed to be operative adjacent to and spaced from the atomizing surface for preventing at least unatomized liquid from leaving the atomizer tip through the predetermined area of the barrier adjacent the tip.

6. The atomizer tip according to claim 5 wherein the barrier is a disc-shaped member.

7. A front section of an ultrasonic liquid atomizer comprising a larger section, a stepped, smaller section coupled to the larger section and an enlarged tip coupled to the stepped section, the enlarged tip including an atomizing surface thereon, a plurality of orifices disposed in the atomizing surface through which liquid is delivered to the atomizing surface and a corresponding plurality of individual liquid feed passages axially extending in the stepped section each in communication with a respective orifice, a common liquid feed passage in the larger section which communicates with all of the individual passages, and a baffle disposed adjacent to and spaced from the atomizing surface for preventing unatomized liquid from leaving the atomizer tip through a surface of predetermined area adjacent the tip and entering an atomized spray produced by the front section.

8. The front section according to claim 7, the baffle being disposed to be operative adjacent to that portion of the atomizing surface in which the orifices are disposed.

9. The front section according to claim 8 wherein the front section is of generally stepped tubular configuration, the enlarged tip is disc-shaped and all the orifices are disposed within the circumference of a circle having a diameter less than that of the enlarged tip.

10. The front section according to claim 9 wherein the baffle is a disc-shaped member disposed concentrically with respect to said circle and having a diameter substantially equal to the diameter of said circle.

11. The front section according to claim 7 and comprising first means disposed to be operative about at least a portion of the periphery of the atomizing surface for preventing liquid from leaving the atomizing surface in substantially transverse directions.

12. The front section according to claim 11 wherein the first means comprises a lip disposed about and extending from a portion of the periphery of the atomizing surface.

13. The front section according to claim 7 and comprising a transition which gradually increases from the stepped section to enlarged tip.

14. The front section according to claim 13 wherein the front section is of generally tubular configuration and the enlarged tip is disc-shaped, the transition gradually increasing in diameter from the stepped section to the enlarged tip.

15. The front section according to claim 14 wherein the disc-shaped tip is defined by a radius r.sub.1 and and a given axial length x.sub.1, the stepped section is defined by a radius R.sub.1 and an axial length "a" to be determined, and the transition is defined by a radius r.sub.1 -R.sub.1 and a given axial length x.sub.2, and wherein "a" is determined by solving the differential equation ##EQU23## where: x is the distance from the intersection of the transition and the flanged disc tip in either direction;

S.sub.1 (x), S.sub.2 (x) and S.sub.3 (x) are the cross section area at any point x in the disc-shaped tip, the transition and the stepped section, respectively;

.eta..sub. (x),.eta..sub.2 (x) and .eta..sub.3 (x) are the wave displacement from equilibrium in the disc-shaped tip, the transition and the stepped section respectively;

.omega. is the circular frequency at which the front section is operating (.omega.=2.pi.f); and

c is the speed of sound in the medium; subject to the following boundary conditions taking the intersection of the transition and the disc-shaped tip as the origin,

.eta.,(x.sub.1)=1, .eta..sub.1 '(-x.sub.1)=0, .eta..sub.1 (0)=.eta..sub.2 (0), .eta..sub.1 '(0)=.eta..sub.2 '(0), .eta..sub.2 (x.sub.2)=.eta..sub.3 (x.sub.2), .eta..sub.2 (x.sub.2)=.eta..sub.3 '(x.sub.2), .eta..sub.3 (x.sub.3)=0,

where x.sub.3 is the distance from the origin to the larger section.

16. The front section according to claim 8 in which each individual passage excludes decoupling members.

17. The front section according to claim 7 and comprising a transition of gradually increasing diameter coupling a tubular stepped section and a disc-shaped enlarged tip.

18. A front section for an ultrasonic liquid atomizer comprising a larger generally tubular section, a stepped, smaller generally tubular section coupled to the larger section and an enlarged disc-shaped tip coupled to the stepped section, the enlarged tip including an atomizing surface thereon, a plurality of orifices in the atomizing surface through which liquid is delivered to the atomizing surface and a corresponding plurality of individual liquid feed passages axially extending through the stepped section, each in communication with a respective orifice, a common liquid feed passge in the larger section which communicates with all of the individual feed passages, a baffle disposed adjacent to and spaced from the atomizing surface, and having a flat surface of predetermined area facing and substantially parallel to the atomizing surface, for preventing unatomized liquid from leaving the atomizing tip and entering the atomized spray through said surface of predetermined area adjacent the tip, and a lip disposed completely about and extending from the periphery of the disc-shaped tip for preventing liquid from leaving the atomizing surface in substantially transverse directions.

19. The front section according to claim 18 and comprising a transition which gradually increases from the stepped section to the enlarged tip.

20. The front section according to claim 19 wherein the disc-shaped tip is defined by a radius r.sub.1 and and a given axial length x.sub.1, the stepped section is defined by a radius R.sub.1 and an axial length a to be determined, and the transition is defined by a radius r.sub.1 -R.sub.1 and a given axial length x.sub.2, and wherein "a" is determined by solving the differential equation ##EQU24## where: x is the distance from the intersection of the transition and the flanged disc tip in either direction;

S.sub.1 (x), S.sub.2 (x) and S.sub.3 (x) are the cross section area at any point x in the disc-shaped tip, the transition and the stepped section, respectively;

.eta..sub. (x), .eta..sub.2 (x) and .eta..sub.3 (x) are the wave displacement from equlibrium in the disc-shaped tip, the transition and the stepped section respectively;

.omega. is the circular frequency at which the front section is operating (.omega.=2.pi.f); and

c is the speed of sound in the medium; subject to the following boundary conditions taking the intersection of the transition and the disc-shaped tip as the origin,

.eta..sub.1 (x.sub.1)=1, .eta..sub.1 '(-x.sub.1)=0, .eta..sub.1 (0)=.eta..sub.2 (0), .eta..sub.1 '(0)=.eta..sub.2 '(0), .eta..sub.2 (x.sub.2)=.eta..sub.3 (x.sub.2), .eta..sub.2 (x.sub.2)=.eta..sub.3 '(x.sub.2).sub.1 .eta..sub.3 (x.sub.3)=0,

where x.sub.3 is the distance from the origin to the larger section.

21. An ultrasonic liquid atomizer comprising a front section, a rear section and driving means disposed between the two sections for imparting ultrasonic vibrations to the front section, the front section comprising a larger generally tubular section, a stepped, generally tubular smaller section coupled to the larger section and an enlarged tip coupled to the stepped section, the enlarged tip including an atomizing surface thereon, a plurality of orifices in the atomizing surface through which liquid is delivered to the atomizing surface, a corresponding plurality of individual liquid feed passages axially extending through the stepped section each in communication with a respective orifice, a common liquid feed passage in the larger section which communicates with all of the individual passages, and a baffle disposed to be operative adjacent to that portion of the atomizing surface in which the orifices are disposed and spaced from the atomizing surface, and having a flat surface of predetermined area facing and substantially parallel to the atomizing surface, for preventing unatomized liquid from leaving the atomizer tip through a surface of predetermined area adjacent the tip and entering an atomized spray produced by the front section.

22. The ultrasonic liquid atomizer according to claim 21 wherein the enlarged tip is disc-shaped and all the orifices are disposed within the circumference of a circle having a diameter less than that of the disc-shaped tip, and the baffle is a disc-shaped member disposed concentically with respect to said circle and having a diameter substantially equal to the diameter of said circle.

23. The ultrasonic liquid atomizer according to claim 21 and comprising first means disposed to be operative about at least a portion of the periphery of the atomizing surface for preventing liquid from leaving the atomizing surface in substantially tramsverse directions.

24. The ultrasonic liquid atomizer according to claim 23 wherein the first means comprises a lip disposed about and extending from at least a portion of the periphery of the atomizing surface.