Patent Grant
7740088
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to the field of drilling, and more particularly, relates to apparatus for penetrating, sampling, probing, and testing of a medium.
2. Description of Prior Art
Effective probing, drilling and coring apparatus find use in a great number of areas such as, for example, planetary exploration, military, medical operations, construction, police investigations, geology, archaeology sports (for example hiking and rock climbing) and other games.
Existing drilling techniques are limited by the need for high axial forces, large power consumption, as well as a need to operate from a heavy platform to drill in non-horizontal and/or hard surfaces. The life of coring bits is markedly reduced by the breakdown of the binder that holds abrasive material on a bit surface.
Accordingly, the capability of existing rotary corers has limited application in power and mass constrained environments. As an example, a typical rotary corer that produces 10 mm cores in hard rocks requires at least 20 to 30 watts of power. Such drilling rigs cannot be duty cycled continuously without a loss of efficiency. In addition, drill motors can demand as much as three to four times surge current upon startup then during continuous operation.
Conventional rotary corers that, for example, produce 10 mm diameter cores which may require about 100-N to 150-N or more of axial preload and during core initiation, drill walk can induce torques on the drilling platform that may exceed 30 Nm and tangential forces of 100-N. The drill chatter delivers a low frequency, for example 2-10 Hz, high force perturbations on a drilling platform which requires conventional coring applications to utilize very stable and massive platforms.
In hard rock formations, conventional rotary drillers and corers lose an advantage that they sometimes demonstrate in soft materials. In hard rocks, conventional drillers stop drilling by shearing and spoliation and become grinders. The grinding process is accompanied by at least a 300% increase in consumed energy per unit length of the core. In addition, because the grinding mechanism is determined by the compression failure of the rock, the teeth of the corers must be re-sharpened frequently. Accordingly, sharpness of the bits must be monitored otherwise the heat generation at the tip may increase by a factor of up to 10 times. This increase is accompanied by a concomitant drop in drilling efficiency and often causes burning or melting of the drill bit.
Non-traditional drilling technologies, such as for example, lasers, electron beams, microwaves, hydraulic jets, are typically competitive only in applications that are not power limited. Down-the-well energy required to remove a unit volume of rock for so called “modern” technologies is about the same as grinding and melting, that is, three to five times higher than for shear drilling. Unfortunately, for modern technologies, the ratio of down-the-well power delivered versus input power generation is below several percent versus 10 to 30 percent for conventional drills. Accordingly, many space or power limited applications simply do not have enough power to employ a non-traditional drilling technique.
Hammering drills and particularly the Ultrasonic/Sonic Driller/Corer (USDC) as shown in various embodiments in various earlier-filed U.S. patents and applications offer a solution capable of coring into a variety of rocks and soils using low power and low axial load. The USDC is based on an ultrasonic/sonic actuator mechanism. The advantages of this are attractive for potential future robotic missions to explore the planets and moons.
Experiments have shown that the penetration rate of the USDC can be improved by a factor of ten by rotating the drill bit. This supplements the hammering action and provides for faster drilling rates and greater penetration depth. However, the increased speed of drilling results in more cuttings and requires removal of the cuttings.
It would be greatly advantageous to provide hammer drilling with rotation of the bit, where the bit is independently rotated by a motor to remove large volumes of powdered cuttings, and to provide a backup drilling action in case of failure of either rotary or hammering mechanism. It would also be advantageous to provide a bit design with flutes on the surface to remove the powdered cuttings.
It is a primary object of this invention to provide a hammering drill with increased penetration efficiency and increased efficiency of powdered cuttings removal.
It is another object to provide hammering drills combined with rotation of the bit for increased penetration and cuttings removal efficiency.
It is another object to provide a hammering drill in which the bit is independently rotated by a motor to both produce and remove a large volume of cuttings.
It is still another object to provide hammering drills that are light weight and consume low amounts of power/energy.
In accordance with the foregoing objects, the present invention is an ultrasonic/sonic actuator-based hammering drill having a two-section drill bit including a fluted shaft leading to a distal crown cutter with teeth. The ultrasonic/sonic actuator comprises a piezoelectric stack connected to an ultrasonic transducer horn, wherein the piezoelectric stack is maintained in compression between a backing and the horn by a prestress bolt to form the ultrasonic/sonic actuator. Further, the ultrasonic/sonic actuator is in contact with a free mass and the drill bit. The piezoelectric stack creates vibrations that are amplified by the horn. As the horn strikes the free-mass, momentum is carried into the bit, creating sonic pulses. These pulses cause a percussion effect between the bit and the rock and the rock fractures when its ultimate strain is exceeded. The bit penetrates sampled media by repeated hammering action. In addition, in the preferred embodiment the bit is rotated. To achieve this, a keyed shaft is inserted through the ultrasonic actuator. The shaft is connected on one side to a motor and on the opposing side to the drill bit, and thereby transmits the rotation from the motor to the drill bit. The drill bit comprises a section for accommodating the ultrasonic horn tip and the free mass, a means of coupling with the shaft, an outside fluted section, and a cutting crown section at the distal end. The crown cutter is defined by a series of cutting teeth and a set of channels on its external surface that corresponds to the flutes on the shaft, and this pattern increases the speed of cuttings removal and hence the drilling speed (and depth of penetration). As it rotates the fluted bit provides a removal path for the powdered cuttings to travel helically upward along the side of the bit to the surface. The combined hammering with slow speed rotation rapidly produces powdered cuttings. Moreover, the decoupled rotation mechanism works independently of the sonic action and provides redundancy in case of a failure of one drilling mechanism. The crown cutter provides a replaceable element for low cost operation.
Other objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments and certain modifications thereof when taken together with the accompanying drawings in which:
The present invention is a hammering drill based on an ultrasonic/sonic actuator that employs a unique drill bit and independent hammering actuator with rotary actuator for operation of the bit by a combination of hammering with rotation for increased penetration and cuttings removal efficiency.
The hammering ultrasonic/sonic actuator section 6 further comprises a set of preload weights 20 mounted atop an ultrasonic/sonic actuator 30, the actuator 30 being connected via an ultrasonic transducer horn 36 to a free mass 40. The free mass 40 is sonically coupled to the drill bit 8.
The rotary section 4 further comprises a motor 10 mounted stationery on a bracket 11 or the like, the motor 10 being coupled through a drive shaft 12 that traverses the ultrasonic/sonic section 6 and is keyed into the drill bit 8.
Thus, both the rotary section 4 and hammering ultrasonic/sonic actuator section 6 drive the drill bit 8, one with rotary motion and one sonic vibration, and the two drives are completely independent.
The actuator 30 and horn 36 may be coupled to one another in any conventional manner. For example, as shown in FIG. 3 of the cited U.S. Pat. No. 6,863,136 patent the crown cutter 60 and drill stem 50 communicates with the horn 36 via an extension that enters the horn 36 base and bears against a stop. A free mass 40 is disposed between the horn 36 and the drill stem 50 (leaving a gap between the free mass 40 and the horn 36 tip and/or free mass 40 and drill stem 50 base) for oscillating therebetween in response to actuator 30 vibrations. This free mass 40 oscillation is described in co-pending U.S. Pat. No. 6,863,136 to Bar-Cohen et al. issued Mar. 8, 2005. The free-mass 40 may be made of Maraging 300 steel or the like.
In operation, the horn 36 amplifies the ultrasonic vibrations that are induced by the piezoelectric stack 32 and impacts the free mass 40 that oscillates between the horn 36 and the drill stem 50. The free mass 40 allows the drill bit 8 to operate under a combination of the ultrasonic drive frequency (5 kHz and up) and a 10-5000 Hz sonic hammering. It is currently capable of high speed drilling (e.g., from 2 to 20 mm deep per watt-hour for a 6 mm diameter hole, in volcanic materials Basalt and Bishop Tuff respectively) using low axial preload (<5 N) and low average power (lower than 2 Watts average has been demonstrated). The oscillation of the free mass 40 provides for a hammering function and also causes migration of media debris around and through the drill bit 8 which effects self-cleaning of the bit. A combination of the actuator 30 and the free mass 40 forms an effective vibratory actuation mechanism that requires relatively low axial force that can be made to work at very low temperatures down to single digit Kelvin degrees to very high temperatures exceeding 800 degrees Kelvin (500 degrees C.).
Unfortunately, as explained previously the initial penetration rate will begin to degrade with increasing depth. In accordance with the present invention a separate mechanism is provided for rotating the bit 8, thereby allowing for faster drilling rates and greater penetration depth. Moreover, a particular (fluted) configuration of the bit 8 surface facilitates transport of debris out of the hole.
The rotary section 4 further comprises a motor 10 mounted stationery on a mounted bracket 11 or the like, the motor 10 rotor being coupled through a drive shaft 12 that traverses the entire hammering ultrasonic/sonic actuator section 6 and is keyed to the drill bit 8.
The drive shaft 12 protrudes downward from the flexible coupling element 15 and traverses the entire hammering drill based ultrasonic/sonic actuator section 6, and is keyed into the drill bit 8.
The distal crown cutter 60 is a substantially annular member that forms a cap over the end of the drill stem 50. The annular crown cutter 60 has a cylindrical outer surface leading to a flat frontal array of circularly-oriented teeth 62. The teeth in its front surface help fracture the hammered surface. Thus, the edges of the teeth 62 protrude outward from the center along an axial pattern.
The drill stem 50 is formed with helical flutes 54 running downward lengthwise substantially the entire length to the crown cutter 60. The flute 54 has a helical configuration that spirals in a clockwise direction about longitudinal axis. The particular fluted configuration of the drill stem 50 outer surface facilitates transport of debris out of the hole.
The distal crown cutter 60 fits over the end of the drill stem 50 and is fixedly attached thereto. The cylindrical sides of the distal crown cutter 60 are likewise defined by a helical flute 64 running downward lengthwise, and adjoining the flute 54 on the stem 50. The flute 64 likewise has a helical configuration that spirals in a clockwise direction about longitudinal axis.
In operation, the crown cutter flute 64 on its external surface corresponds to the flute 54 on the drill stem 50 shaft and merges with it, this pattern increasing the speed of cuttings removal and hence the drilling speed (and depth of penetration). The extension of the flute 54 on the drill stem 50 onto the cutting crown 60 helps in this regard. One skilled in the art will readily understand that the shape and size of the fluted channel(s) 64 on the crown 60 can affect the cutting removal speed and can be optimized during design of the crown 60 itself.
If the stack is driven at the resonance frequency of 19.1 kHz, with a duty cycle of 20%, and a preload of 5 lbs, the drill is capable of reaching a depth of approximately 8.5-cm in a total continuous drilling time of 5 minutes. As it rotates the fluted bit 8 provides a removal path for the powdered cuttings to travel helically upward along the side of the stem 50 to the surface. The combined hammering with slow speed rotation rapidly produces powdered cuttings. Moreover, the decoupled rotation mechanism works independently of the sonic action and provides redundancy in case of a failure of one drilling mechanism. The crown cutter 60 provides a replaceable element for low cost operation.
Having now fully set forth the preferred embodiment and certain modifications of the concept underlying the present invention, various other embodiments as well as certain variations and modifications of the embodiments herein shown and described will obviously occur to those skilled in the art upon becoming familiar with said underlying concept. It is to be understood, therefore, that the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically set forth in the appended claims.
The invention described hereunder was made in the performance of work under a NASA contract, and is subject to the provisions of Public Law #96-517 (35 U.S.C. 202) in which the Contractor has elected not to retain title.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1136987 | Wakfer | Apr 1915 | A |
| 1745351 | Bishop | Feb 1930 | A |
| 2214970 | Mooney | Sep 1940 | A |
| 2651148 | Carwile | Sep 1953 | A |
| 3219131 | Boyd | Nov 1965 | A |
| 3352369 | Bodine, Jr. | Nov 1967 | A |
| 3471724 | Balamuth | Oct 1969 | A |
| 3619671 | Shoh | Nov 1971 | A |
| 4036309 | Petreev et al. | Jul 1977 | A |
| 4828052 | Duran et al. | May 1989 | A |
| 5492187 | Neukirchen et al. | Feb 1996 | A |
| 5549170 | Barrow | Aug 1996 | A |
| 5733074 | Stock et al. | Mar 1998 | A |
| 5779403 | Kleine et al. | Jul 1998 | A |
| 5791424 | Moser et al. | Aug 1998 | A |
| 6204592 | Hur | Mar 2001 | B1 |
| 6431294 | Eddison et al. | Aug 2002 | B1 |
| 6527063 | Rust et al. | Mar 2003 | B2 |
| 6557653 | Hauptmann et al. | May 2003 | B2 |
| 6640914 | Wisser et al. | Nov 2003 | B2 |
| 6810973 | Sved | Nov 2004 | B2 |
| 6863136 | Barr-Cohen et al. | Mar 2005 | B2 |
| 6968910 | Bar-Cohen et al. | Nov 2005 | B2 |
| 7070367 | Krenzer | Jul 2006 | B2 |
| 7128172 | Cosic et al. | Oct 2006 | B2 |
| 7156189 | Bar-Cohen et al. | Jan 2007 | B1 |
| 7174969 | Drosie | Feb 2007 | B2 |
| 7175506 | Fiebelkorn et al. | Feb 2007 | B2 |
| 7387612 | Pal et al. | Jun 2008 | B2 |
| 20030116355 | Bar-Cohen et al. | Jun 2003 | A1 |
| 20040007387 | Bar-Cohen et al. | Jan 2004 | A1 |
| 20060162961 | Johnson | Jul 2006 | A1 |
| 20060278433 | Walker et al. | Dec 2006 | A1 |
| 20070007045 | Lorger et al. | Jan 2007 | A1 |
| 20070251734 | Koch et al. | Nov 2007 | A1 |
| 20090057013 | Gourley et al. | Mar 2009 | A1 |
| 20090071725 | Purcell | Mar 2009 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| WO 2007034462 | Mar 2007 | WO |
