Patent Application
20090165654
The present disclosure relates generally to systems for ultrasonically treating various formulations to improve the shelf life thereof. More particularly, an ultrasonic treatment system is disclosed for ultrasonically treating a formulation, such as cosmetic formulations, to remove an effluent gas therefrom to increase the shelf-life of the formulation. In one embodiment, the ultrasonic treatment system further is capable of delivering a stabilizer or another component to the formulation to further increase the shelf-life of the formulation.
Numerous conventional formulations such as cosmetic formulations for providing benefits, including, for example, absorbing water, modifying feel, thickening the formulation, and/or protecting skin, include oxygen sensitive compounds with high oxidative potential, such as retinol (vitamin A), ascorbic acid (vitamin C), tocopherol (vitamin E), resveratrol, polyphenols, polyphenol-rich ingredients such as legumes, fruits (e.g., apples, blackberries, strawberries, and the like, and combinations thereof), vegetables (e.g., broccoli, cabbage, celery, onion and parsley), red wine, chocolate, green tea, olive oil, bee pollen, essential fatty acids (e.g., omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids), omega-rich ingredients such as fish oils and flax seed oils, and vitamin C-rich ingredients such as rose hip oils. These compounds are extremely good antioxidants that are beneficial for the formulation and to consumers as they neutralize free radicals, provide anti-aging benefits, nourish the skin, and provide various other benefits. Even with the multiple benefits of these compounds, because of their antioxidant potential, many of these compounds are inherently unstable to oxidative conditions and therefore, a formulation including these compounds typically requires one or more processing conditions to prevent the exposure of these sensitive actives to oxidative conditions that could cause these compounds to lose activity or modify over time. For example, in many formulations, the addition of stabilizers for extending the formulation's shelf life have been found desirable.
Furthermore, the above-described formulations are currently prepared in a batch-type process, either by a cold mix or a hot mix procedure. The cold mix procedure generally consists of multiple ingredients or phases being added into a kettle in a sequential order with agitation being applied via a blade, baffles, or a vortex. The hot mix procedure is conducted similarly to the cold mix procedure with the exception that the ingredients or phases are generally heated above room temperature, for example to temperatures of from about 40 to about 100° C., prior to mixing, and are then cooled back to room temperature after the ingredients and phases have been mixed. In both procedures, the oxygen sensitive compounds (and, their respective stabilizers) are added to the other ingredients manually by one of a number of methods including dumping, pouring, and/or sifting.
These conventional methods of mixing oxygen sensitive compounds into formulations have several problems. For example, inappropriate handling of the sensitive compounds and other ingredients can lead to espousing the ingredients to an oxidizing atmosphere before mixing. Furthermore, by using one of the above described batch procedures, several hours are required to complete the process, which can not only be extremely expensive, but can also increase the chance of exposing the oxygen sensitive compounds and other ingredients to oxidizing conditions.
Based on the foregoing, there is a need in the art for a treatment system that provides ultrasonic energy to treat formulations to improve shelf life. Specifically, there is a need for a treatment system that can both remove effluent gas, such as oxygen, from a formulation to prevent exposure of oxygen sensitive compounds to oxidative conditions and/or sufficiently mix stabilizers and other components into the formulation to further improve shelf life.
In one aspect, an ultrasonic treatment system for treating a formulation to improve the shelf life or the formulation generally comprises a treatment chamber comprising an elongate housing having longitudinally opposite ends and an interior space. The housing of the treatment chamber is generally closed at at least one of its longitudinal ends and has at least one inlet port for receiving a formulation into the interior space of the housing; a first outlet port through which an effluent gas removed from the formulation is exhausted from the housing; and a second outlet port through which a treated formulation is exhausted from the housing following ultrasonic treatment of the formulation. The outlet ports are spaced longitudinally from the inlet port such that liquid (i.e., formulation) flows longitudinally within the interior space of the housing from the inlet port to the outlet ports. In one embodiment, the housing includes two separate ports for receiving separate components of the formulation. At least one elongate ultrasonic waveguide assembly extends longitudinally within the interior space of the housing and is operable at a predetermined ultrasonic frequency to ultrasonically energize and treat the formulation flowing within the housing.
The waveguide assembly comprises an elongate ultrasonic horn disposed at least in part intermediate the inlet port and the first and second outlet ports of the housing and has an outer surface located for contact with the formulation flowing within the housing from the inlet port to the outlet ports. A plurality of discrete agitating members are in contact with and extend transversely outward from the outer surface of the horn intermediate the inlet port and the outlet ports in longitudinally spaced relationship with each other. The agitating members and the horn are constructed and arranged for dynamic motion of the agitating members relative to the horn upon ultrasonic vibration of the horn at the predetermined frequency and to operate in an ultrasonic cavitation mode of the agitating members corresponding to the predetermined frequency and the formulation being treated in the chamber.
As such, the present disclosure is directed to an ultrasonic treatment system for treating formulations to increase shelf life. The treatment system comprises a treatment chamber for treating the formulation. The treatment chamber generally comprises an elongate housing having longitudinally opposite ends and an interior space, and an elongate ultrasonic waveguide assembly extending longitudinally within the interior space of the housing and being operable at a predetermined ultrasonic frequency to ultrasonically energize and treat the formulation flowing within the housing. The housing is generally closed at at least one of its longitudinal ends and has at least one inlet port for receiving a formulation into the interior space of the housing; a first outlet port through which an effluent gas removed from the formulation is exhausted from the housing following ultrasonic treatment of the formulation; and a second outlet port through which a treated formulation is exhausted from the housing. The first and second outlet ports are spaced longitudinally from the inlet port such that the formulation flows longitudinally within the interior space of the housing from the inlet port to the first and second outlet ports. The first outlet port is spaced longitudinally below the second outlet port.
The waveguide assembly comprises an elongate ultrasonic horn disposed at least in part intermediate the inlet port and the first and second outlet ports of the housing and having an outer surface located for contact with the formulation flowing within the housing from the inlet port to the first and second outlet ports. Additionally, the waveguide assembly comprises a plurality of discrete agitating members in contact with and extending transversely outward from the outer surface of the horn intermediate the inlet port and the first and second outlet ports in longitudinally spaced relationship with each other. The agitating members and the horn are constructed and arranged for dynamic motion of the agitating members relative to the horn upon ultrasonic vibration of the horn at the predetermined frequency and to operate in an ultrasonic cavitation mode of the agitating members corresponding to the predetermined frequency and the formulation being treated in the chamber.
The present invention is further directed to an ultrasonic treatment system for increasing the shelf life of a formulation. The treatment system comprises a treatment chamber for treating the formulation. The treatment chamber generally comprises an elongate housing having longitudinally opposite ends and an interior space, and an elongate ultrasonic waveguide assembly extending longitudinally within the interior space of the housing and being operable at a predetermined ultrasonic frequency to ultrasonically energize and treat the formulation flowing within the housing. The housing is generally closed at at least one of its longitudinal ends and has at least one inlet port for receiving a formulation into the interior space of the housing; a first outlet port through which an effluent gas removed from the formulation is exhausted from the housing following ultrasonic treatment of the formulation; and a second outlet port through which a treated formulation is exhausted from the housing. The first and second outlet ports are spaced longitudinally from the inlet port such that the formulation flows longitudinally within the interior space of the housing from the inlet port to the first and second outlet ports. The first outlet port is spaced longitudinally below the second outlet port. A screen assembly is further disposed longitudinally between the first inlet port and the second inlet port. In one particularly preferred embodiment, the screen assembly includes a cone-shaped screen as described more fully herein.
The waveguide assembly comprises an elongate ultrasonic horn disposed at least in part intermediate the inlet port and the first and second outlet port of the housing and having an outer surface located for contact with the formulation flowing within the housing from the inlet port to the first and second outlet ports, and a plurality of discrete agitating members in contact with and extending transversely outward from the outer surface of the horn intermediate the inlet port and the first and second outlet ports in longitudinally spaced relationship with each other. The agitating members and the horn are constructed and arranged for dynamic motion of the agitating members relative to the horn upon ultrasonic vibration of the horn at the predetermined frequency and to operate in an ultrasonic cavitation mode of the agitating members corresponding to the predetermined frequency and the formulation being treated in the chamber.
The present invention is further directed to an ultrasonic treatment system for increasing the shelf life of a formulation. The treatment system comprises a treatment chamber for treating the formulation. The treatment chamber generally comprises an elongate housing having longitudinally opposite ends and an interior space, and an elongate ultrasonic waveguide assembly extending longitudinally within the interior space of the housing and being operable at a predetermined ultrasonic frequency to ultrasonically energize and treat the formulation flowing within the housing. The housing is generally closed at at least one of its longitudinal ends and has at least one inlet port for receiving a formulation into the interior space of the housing; a first outlet port through which an effluent gas removed from the formulation is exhausted from the housing following ultrasonic treatment of the formulation; and a second outlet port through which a treated formulation is exhausted from the housing. The first and second outlet ports are spaced longitudinally from the inlet port such that the formulation flows longitudinally within the interior space of the housing from the inlet port to the first and second outlet ports. The first outlet port is spaced longitudinally below the second outlet port. A screen assembly is further disposed longitudinally between the first inlet port and second inlet port.
The waveguide assembly comprises an elongate ultrasonic horn disposed at least in part intermediate the inlet port and the first and second outlet ports of the housing and having an outer surface located for contact with the formulation flowing within the housing from the inlet port to the first and second outlet ports; a plurality of discrete agitating members in contact with and extending transversely outward from the outer surface of the horn intermediate the inlet port and the first and second outlet ports in longitudinally spaced relationship with each other; and a baffle assembly disposed within the interior space of the housing and extending at least in part transversely inward from the housing toward the horn to direct longitudinally flowing formulation in the housing to flow transversely inward into contact with the agitating members. The agitating members and the horn are constructed and arranged for dynamic motion of the agitating members relative to the horn upon ultrasonic vibration of the horn at the predetermined frequency and to operate in an ultrasonic cavitation mode of the agitating members corresponding to the predetermined frequency and the formulation being treated in the chamber.
The present disclosure is further directed to a method for increasing the shelf life of a formulation using the ultrasonic treatment system described above. The method comprises delivering the formulation via the inlet port into the interior space of the housing; ultrasonically treating the formulation via the elongate ultrasonic waveguide assembly operating in the predetermined ultrasonic frequency; exhausting the effluent gas removed from the formulation from the housing via the first outlet port; and exhausting the treated formulation with the effluent gas removed from the housing via the second outlet port.
Other features of the present disclosure will be in part apparent and in part pointed out hereinafter.
Corresponding reference characters indicate corresponding parts throughout the drawings.
With particular reference now to
It is generally believed that as ultrasonic energy is created by the waveguide assembly, increased cavitation of the formulation occurs, creating microbubbles. As these microbubbles then collapse, the pressure within the formulation is increased forcibly exhausting effluent gas, such as oxygen, within the formulation. Furthermore, in one embodiment, the pressure within the formulation can allow better mixing and dispersion of one or more additional components (such as stabilizers and influent gases described below) within and throughout the formulation.
The term “liquid” and “formulation” are used interchangeably to refer to a single component formulation, a formulation comprised of two or more components in which at least one of the components is a liquid such as a liquid-liquid formulation or a liquid-gas formulation or a liquid emulsion in which particulate matter is entrained, or other viscous fluids.
The ultrasonic treatment system 10 of
In one particularly preferred embodiment, as illustrated in
The terms “upper” and “lower” are used herein in accordance with the vertical orientation of the treatment chamber 12 illustrated in the various drawings and are not intended to describe a necessary orientation of the chamber 12 in use. That is, while the chamber 12 is most suitably oriented vertically, with the outlet end 122 of the chamber above the inlet end 22 as illustrated in the drawing, it should be understood that the chamber may be oriented with the inlet end above the outlet end, or it may be oriented other than in a vertical orientation and remain within the scope of this disclosure.
The terms “axial” and “longitudinal” refer directionally herein to the vertical direction of the chamber 12 (e.g., end-to-end such as the vertical direction in the illustrated embodiment of
The inlet end 22 of the treatment chamber 12 is in fluid communication with at least one suitable delivery system, generally indicated at 86, that is operable to direct one or more formulations to, and more suitably through, the chamber 12. Typically, the delivery system 86 may comprise one or more pumps 88 operable to pump the respective formulation from a corresponding source thereof (not shown) to the inlet end 22 of the chamber 12 via suitable conduits 132.
It is understood that the delivery system 86 may be configured to deliver more than one formulation, or more than one component for a single formulation, such as when mixing the components to create the formulation, to the treatment chamber 12 without departing from the scope of this disclosure. It is also contemplated that delivery systems other than that illustrated in
Typically, the delivery system operates to deliver the formulation to the interior space of the housing through the inlet port at a flow rate of from about 0.1 liters per minute to about 100 liters per minute. More suitably, the formulation is delivered to the interior space of the housing at a rate of from about 1 liter per minute to about 10 liters per minute.
The treatment chamber 12 comprises a housing defining an interior space 38 of the chamber 12 through which a formulation delivered to the chamber 12 flows from the inlet end 22 to the outlet end 122 thereof. The housing 12 suitably comprises an elongate tube 155 generally defining, at least in part, a sidewall 151 of the chamber 12. The housing 12 may have one or more inlet ports (generally indicated in
As shown in
In the illustrated embodiment of
A waveguide assembly, generally indicated at 100, extends longitudinally at least in part within the interior space 38 of the chamber 12 to ultrasonically energize the formulation (and any of its components) flowing through the interior space 38 of the chamber 12. In particular, the waveguide assembly 100 of the illustrated embodiment extends longitudinally from the lower or inlet end 22 of the chamber 12 up into the interior space 38 thereof to a terminal end 113 of the waveguide assembly disposed intermediate the second outlet port (e.g., outlet port 160 where it is present). Although illustrated in
Still referring to
The waveguide assembly 100, and more particularly the booster is suitably mounted on the chamber housing, e.g., on the tube 155 defining the chamber sidewall 151, at the upper end thereof by a mounting member (not shown) that is configured to vibrationally isolate the waveguide assembly (which vibrates ultrasonically during operation thereof) from the treatment chamber housing. That is, the mounting member inhibits the transfer of longitudinal and transverse mechanical vibration of the waveguide assembly 100 to the chamber housing 12 while maintaining the desired transverse position of the waveguide assembly (and in particular the horn assembly 133) within the interior space 38 of the chamber housing and allowing both longitudinal and transverse displacement of the horn assembly within the chamber housing. The mounting member also at least in part (e.g., along with the booster, lower end of the horn assembly, and/or closure 163) closes the outlet end 122 of the chamber 12. Examples of suitable mounting member configurations are illustrated and described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,676,003, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference to the extent it is consistent herewith.
In one particularly suitable embodiment the mounting member is of single piece construction. Even more suitably the mounting member may be formed integrally with the booster (and more broadly with the waveguide assembly 203). However, it is understood that the mounting member may be constructed separately from the waveguide assembly 100 and remain within the scope of this disclosure. It is also understood that one or more components of the mounting member may be separately constructed and suitably connected or otherwise assembled together.
In one suitable embodiment, the mounting member is further constructed to be generally rigid (e.g., resistant to static displacement under load) so as to hold the waveguide assembly 100 in proper alignment within the interior space 38 of the chamber 12. For example, the rigid mounting member in one embodiment may be constructed of a non-elastomeric material, more suitably metal, and even more suitably the same metal from which the booster (and more broadly the waveguide assembly 100) is constructed. The term “rigid” is not, however, intended to mean that the mounting member is incapable of dynamic flexing and/or bending in response to ultrasonic vibration of the waveguide assembly 100. In other embodiments, the rigid mounting member may be constructed of an elastomeric material that is sufficiently resistant to static displacement under load but is otherwise capable of dynamic flexing and/or bending in response to ultrasonic vibration of the waveguide assembly 100.
A suitable ultrasonic drive system 131 including at least an exciter (not shown) and a power source (not shown) is disposed exterior of the chamber 12 and operatively connected to the booster (not shown) (and more broadly to the waveguide assembly 100) to energize the waveguide assembly to mechanically vibrate ultrasonically. Examples of suitable ultrasonic drive systems 131 include a Model 20A3000 system available from Dukane Ultrasonics of St. Charles, Ill., and a Model 2000CS system available from Herrmann Ultrasonics of Schaumberg, Ill.
In one embodiment, the drive system 131 is capable of operating the waveguide assembly 100 at a frequency in the range of about 15 kHz to about 100 kHz, more suitably in the range of about 15 kHz to about 60 kHz, and even more suitably in the range of about 20 kHz to about 40 kHz. Such ultrasonic drive systems 131 are well known to those skilled in the art and need not be further described herein.
In some embodiments, however not illustrated, the treatment chamber can include more than one waveguide assembly having at least two horn assemblies for ultrasonically treating formulation. As noted above, the treatment chamber comprises a housing defining an interior space of the chamber through which the formulation are delivered from an inlet end. The housing comprises an elongate tube defining, at least in part, a sidewall of the chamber. As with the embodiment including only one waveguide assembly as described above, the tube may have one or more inlet ports formed therein, through which one or more formulations to be treated within the chamber are delivered to the interior space thereof, and at least a first outlet port and a second outlet port through which the treated formulation exits the chamber.
In such an embodiment, two or more waveguide assemblies extend longitudinally at least in part within the interior space of the chamber to ultrasonically energize and treat the formulation flowing through the interior space of the chamber. Each waveguide assembly separately includes an elongate horn assembly, each disposed entirely within the interior space of the housing intermediate the inlet port and the outlet ports for complete submersion within the formulation being treated within the chamber. Each horn assembly can be independently constructed as described more fully herein (including the horns, along with the plurality of agitating members and baffle assemblies).
Referring back to
In one embodiment (not shown), the agitating members 137 comprise a series of five washer-shaped rings that extend continuously about the circumference of the horn in longitudinally spaced relationship with each other and transversely outward from the outer surface of the horn. In this manner the vibrational displacement of each of the agitating members relative to the horn is relatively uniform about the circumference of the horn. It is understood, however, that the agitating members need not each be continuous about the circumference of the horn. For example, the agitating members may instead be in the form of spokes, blades, fins or other discrete structural members that extend transversely outward from the outer surface of the horn. For example, as illustrated in
By way of a dimensional example, the horn assembly 133 of the illustrated embodiment of
It is understood that the number of agitating members 137 (e.g., the rings in the illustrated embodiment) may be less than or more than five without departing from the scope of this disclosure. It is also understood that the longitudinal spacing between the agitating members 137 may be other than as illustrated in
In particular, the locations of the agitating members 137 are at least in part a function of the intended vibratory displacement of the agitating members upon vibration of the horn assembly 133. For example, in the illustrated embodiment of
In the illustrated embodiment of
It is understood that the horn 105 may be configured so that the nodal region is other than centrally located longitudinally on the horn member without departing from the scope of this disclosure. It is also understood that one or more of the agitating members 137 may be longitudinally located on the horn so as to experience both longitudinal and transverse displacement relative to the horn upon ultrasonic vibration of the horn 105.
Still referring to
As used herein, the ultrasonic cavitation mode of the agitating members refers to the vibrational displacement of the agitating members sufficient to result in cavitation (i.e., the formation, growth, and implosive collapse of bubbles in a liquid) of the formulation being treated at the predetermined ultrasonic frequency. For example, where the formulation flowing within the chamber comprises an aqueous liquid formulation, and the ultrasonic frequency at which the waveguide assembly 100 is to be operated (i.e., the predetermined frequency) is about 20 kHZ, one or more of the agitating members 137 are suitably constructed to provide a vibrational displacement of at least 1.75 mils (i.e., 0.00175 inches, or 0.044 mm) to establish a cavitation mode of the agitating members.
It is understood that the waveguide assembly 100 may be configured differently (e.g., in material, size, etc.) to achieve a desired cavitation mode associated with the particular formulation to be treated. For example, as the viscosity of the formulation changes, the cavitation mode of the agitating members may need to be changed.
In particularly suitable embodiments, the cavitation mode of the agitating members corresponds to a resonant mode of the agitating members whereby vibrational displacement of the agitating members is amplified relative to the displacement of the horn. However, it is understood that cavitation may occur without the agitating members operating in their resonant mode, or even at a vibrational displacement that is greater than the displacement of the horn, without departing from the scope of this disclosure.
In one suitable embodiment, a ratio of the transverse length of at least one and, more suitably, all of the agitating members to the thickness of the agitating member is in the range of about 2:1 to about 6:1. As another example, the rings each extend transversely outward from the outer surface 107 of the horn 105 a length of about 0.5 inches (12.7 mm) and the thickness of each ring is about 0.125 inches (3.2 mm), so that the ratio of transverse length to thickness of each ring is about 4:1. It is understood, however that the thickness and/or the transverse length of the agitating members may be other than that of the rings as described above without departing from the scope of this disclosure. Also, while the agitating members 137 (rings) may suitably each have the same transverse length and thickness, it is understood that the agitating members may have different thicknesses and/or transverse lengths.
In the above described embodiment, the transverse length of the agitating member also at least in part defines the size (and at least in part the direction) of the flow path along which the formulation or other flowable components in the interior space of the chamber flows past the horn. For example, the horn may have a radius of about 0.875 inches (22.2 mm) and the transverse length of each ring is, as discussed above, about 0.5 inches (12.7 mm). The radius of the inner surface of the housing sidewall is approximately 1.75 inches (44.5 mm) so that the transverse spacing between each ring and the inner surface of the housing sidewall is about 0.375 inches (9.5 mm). It is contemplated that the spacing between the horn outer surface and the inner surface of the chamber sidewall and/or between the agitating members and the inner surface of the chamber sidewall may be greater or less than described above without departing from the scope of this disclosure.
In general, the horn 105 may be constructed of a metal having suitable acoustical and mechanical properties. Examples of suitable metals for construction of the horn 105 include, without limitation, aluminum, monel, titanium, stainless steel, and some alloy steels. It is also contemplated that all or part of the horn 105 may be coated with another metal such as silver, platinum, gold, palladium, lead dioxide, and copper to mention a few. In one particularly suitable embodiment, the agitating members 137 are constructed of the same material as the horn 105, and are more suitably formed integrally with the horn. In other embodiments, one or more of the agitating members 137 may instead be formed separate from the horn 105 and connected thereto.
While the agitating members 137 (e.g., the rings) illustrated in
Additionally, a baffle assembly, generally indicated at 245 is disposed within the interior space 153 of the chamber housing 151, and in particular generally transversely adjacent the inner surface 167 of the sidewall 151 and in generally transversely opposed relationship with the horn 105. In one suitable embodiment, the baffle assembly 245 comprises one or more baffle members 247 disposed adjacent the inner surface 167 of the housing sidewall 151 and extending at least in part transversely inward from the inner surface of the sidewall 167 toward the horn 105. More suitably, the one or more baffle members 247 extend transversely inward from the housing sidewall inner surface 167 to a position longitudinally intersticed with the agitating members 137 that extend outward from the outer surface 107 of the horn 105. The term “longitudinally intersticed” is used herein to mean that a longitudinal line drawn parallel to the longitudinal axis of the horn 105 passes through both the agitating members 137 and the baffle members 247. As one example, in the illustrated embodiment, the baffle assembly 245 comprises four, generally annular baffle members 247 (i.e., extending continuously about the horn 105) longitudinally intersticed with the five agitating members 237.
As a more particular example, the four annular baffle members 247 illustrated in
It will be appreciated that the baffle members 247 thus extend into the flow path of the formulation that flows within the interior space 38 of the chamber 12 past the horn 105 (e.g., within the ultrasonic treatment zone). As such, the baffle members 247 inhibit the formulation from flowing along the inner surface 167 of the chamber sidewall 151 past the horn 105, and more suitably the baffle members facilitate the flow of the formulation transversely inward toward the horn for flowing over the agitating members of the horn to thereby facilitate ultrasonic energization (i.e., agitation) of the formulation to initiate both removal of effluent gases from the formulation and/or mixing of other components (e.g., stabilizers and influent gases) within the formulation to form the treated formulation.
In one embodiment, to inhibit gas bubbles against stagnating or otherwise building up along the inner surface 167 of the sidewall 151 and across the face on the underside of each baffle member 247, e.g., as a result of agitation of the formulation, a series of notches (broadly openings) may be formed in the outer edge of each of the baffle members (not shown) to facilitate the flow of gas (e.g., gas bubbles) between the outer edges of the baffle members and the inner surface of the chamber sidewall. For example, in one particularly preferred embodiment, four such notches are formed in the outer edge of each of the baffle members in equally spaced relationship with each other. It is understood that openings may be formed in the baffle members other than at the outer edges where the baffle members abut the housing, and remain within the scope of this disclosure. It is also understood, that these notches may number more or less than four, as discussed above, and may even be completely omitted.
It is further contemplated that the baffle members 247 need not be annular or otherwise extend continuously about the horn 105. For example, the baffle members 247 may extend discontinuously about the horn 105, such as in the form of spokes, bumps, segments or other discrete structural formations that extend transversely inward from adjacent the inner surface 167 of the housing sidewall 151. The term “continuously” in reference to the baffle members 247 extending continuously about the horn does not exclude a baffle member as being two or more arcuate segments arranged in end-to-end abutting relationship, i.e., as long as no significant gap is formed between such segments. Suitable baffle member configurations are disclosed in U.S. application Ser. No. 11/530,311 (filed Sep. 8, 2006), which is hereby incorporated by reference to the extent it is consistent herewith.
Also, while the baffle members 247 illustrated in
As noted above and illustrated in
In one embodiment, as shown in
Specifically, in one particularly preferred embodiment, the screen assembly 164 includes a cone-shaped screen 166 having a pore size of from about 1 micron to about 1000 microns. More suitably, the screen assembly 164 includes a screen 166 having a pore size of from about 50 micron to about 500 microns, and even more suitably, about 2 microns. The number and pour size of screens for use in the screen assembly will typically depend on the effluent gas to be removed from the treated formulation within the treatment chamber.
Referring back to
In operation according to one embodiment of the ultrasonic treatment system of the present disclosure, the treatment system (more specifically, the treatment chamber) is used to remove one or more effluent gases from a formulation and/or mix/disperse an additional component into the formulation to increase the shelf life of the formulation. Specifically, a formulation is delivered (e.g., by the pumps described above) via conduits to one or more inlet ports formed in the treatment chamber housing. The formulation can be any suitable formulation known in the art. For example, suitable formulations can include hydrophilic formulations, hydrophobic formulations, siliphilic formulations, and combinations thereof. Examples of particularly suitable formulations to be treated within the ultrasonic treatment system of the present disclosure can include emulsions such as oil-in-water emulsions, water-in-oil emulsions, water-in-oil-in-water emulsions, oil-in-water-in-oil emulsions, water-in-silicone emulsions, water-in-silicone-in-water emulsions, glycol-in-silicone emulsion, high internal phase emulsions, hydrogels, and the like. High internal phase emulsions are well known in the art and typically refer to emulsions having from about 70% (by total weight emulsion) to about 80% (by total weight emulsion) of an oil phase. Furthermore, as known by one skilled in the art, “hydrogel” typically refers to a hydrophilic base that is thickened with rheology modifiers and or thickeners to form a gel. For example a hydrogel can be formed with a base consisting of water that is thickened with a carbomer that has been neutralized with a base.
Generally, from about 0.1 liters per minute to about 100 liters per minute of the formulation is typically delivered into the treatment chamber housing. More suitably, the amount of formulation delivered into the treatment chamber housing is from about 1.0 liters per minute to about 10 liters per minute.
In one embodiment, the formulation is prepared using the ultrasonic treatment system simultaneously during delivery of the formulation into the interior space of the housing and treating of the formulation within the chamber housing. In such an embodiment, the treatment chamber can include more than one inlet port to deliver the separate components of the formulation into the interior space of the housing. For example, in one embodiment, a first component of the formulation can be delivered via a first inlet port into the interior space of the treatment chamber housing and a second component of the formulation can be delivered via a second inlet port into the interior space of the treatment chamber housing. The first component is delivered via the first inlet port to the interior space of the housing at a flow rate of from about 0.1 liters per minute to about 100 liters per minute, and the second component is delivered via the second inlet port to the interior space of the housing at a flow rate of from about 1 milliliter per minute to about 1000 milliliters per minute.
Typically, the first and second inlet ports are disposed in parallel along the sidewall of the treatment chamber housing. In an alternative embodiment, the first and second inlet ports are disposed on opposing sidewalls of the treatment chamber housing. While described herein as having two inlet ports, it should be understood by one skilled in the art that more than two inlet ports can be used to deliver the various components of the formulations without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.
Furthermore, as noted above, additional components that can facilitate increasing the shelf life of the formulation or provide a further benefit to the user of the formulation can be mixed/dispersed within the formulation using the ultrasonic treatment system. Specifically, the additional component or ingredient can be delivered into the interior space of the treatment chamber via a second delivery system, having one or more pumps, or the like, through a second inlet port. In accordance with the above embodiment, as the formulation and additional components continue to flow upward within the chamber, the waveguide assembly, and more particularly the horn assembly, is driven by the drive system to vibrate at a predetermined ultrasonic frequency. In response to ultrasonic excitation of the horn, the agitating members that extend outward from the outer surface of the horn dynamically flex/bend relative to the horn, or displace transversely (depending on the longitudinal position of the agitating member relative to the nodal region of the horn).
The formulation and additional components continuously flow longitudinally along the flow path between the horn assembly and the inner surface of the housing sidewall so that the ultrasonic vibration and the dynamic motion of the agitating members causes cavitation in the formulation to further facilitate agitation. The baffle members disrupt the longitudinal flow of formulation along the inner surface of the housing sidewall and repeatedly direct the flow transversely inward to flow over the vibrating agitating members.
As the treated formulation (and the additional components now dispersed therein) flows longitudinally upstream past the terminal end of the waveguide assembly, an initial back mixing of the treated formulation also occurs as a result of the dynamic motion of the agitating member at or adjacent the terminal end of the horn. Further upstream flow of the treated formulation results in the agitated formulation providing a more uniform mixture of the components (e.g., components of formulation and additional beneficial components) prior to exiting the treatment chamber via the outlet port.
Suitable additional components can be any components that are capable of providing a benefit to the formulation. Specifically, in one embodiment, the additional components can be stabilizers to protect the formulation (and its components) from oxidative conditions and other environmental conditions that can adversely affect the shelf life of the formulation. Specifically, stabilizers such as reducing agents (e.g., butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), thioglycolate, thiosulfate, reazurin, and the like, and combinations thereof), vitamins (e.g., vitamin A (retinol) vitamin E (tocopherol) and vitamin C (ascorbic acid), and combinations thereof), and combinations thereof, can be added to the formulation treated in the ultrasonic treatment system.
When added, the stabilizers typically make up from about 0.01% (by weight) to about 10% (by weight) of the formulation. More suitably, the formulation typically includes from about 0.1% (by weight) to about 5% (by weight) stabilizers.
In another embodiment, influent gas can be delivered into the interior space of the treatment chamber via a delivery system, and through a second inlet port. In one embodiment, a gas sparge may be included in the ultrasonic treatment system to force influent gas into the interior space of the housing. Specifically, the gas sparge facilitates the flow of influent gas transversely inward toward the horn to thereby facilitate ultrasonic energization (i.e., agitation) which can mix the influent gas with the formulation to allow for dispersion of the influent gas within and throughout the formulation. Desirably, the gas sparge used in the treatment system has a gas diffuser porosity rated from medium to fine and a gas flow rate of from about 0.001 liters per minute to about 10 liters per minute and, more suitably, from about 0.01 liters per minute to about 5 liters per minute. Furthermore, the gas sparge forces influent gas into the interior of the housing at a gas pressure of from about 0.2 psi gauge pressure to about 100 psi gauge pressure and, more suitably, from about 10 psi gauge pressure to about 50 psi gauge pressure, depending upon the desired influent gas flow rate and back pressure of the treatment system.
In accordance with the above embodiment, due to the cavitation produced within the ultrasonic treatment chamber, as described above, microbubbles of influent gas within the formulation are created. As these microbubbles then collapse, the pressure and temperature within the formulation are both increased, allowing for better dispersion of the influent gas within and throughout the formulation. Furthermore, as noted above, due to the configuration of the treatment chamber, back-mixing of the treated formulation occurs, further mixing the influent gas within and throughout the formulation.
Suitable influent gases include any suitable gas for providing a physical or functional benefit to the formulation. Suitable influent gases include, for example, nitric oxide, nitrogen gas, perflourocarbon, carbon dioxide, helium, argon, neon, and combinations thereof. In one particularly preferred embodiment, the influent gas is nitric oxide, which can be used for wound healing and anti-inflammatory purposes. Typically, when added, the influent gas is added in an amount to supersaturate the formulation.
In one embodiment, the formulation (or one or more of its components) is heated prior to being delivered to the treatment chamber. With some formulations, while the individual components have a relatively low viscosity (i.e., a viscosity below 100 cps), the resulting formulation made with the components has a high viscosity (i.e., a viscosity greater than 100 cps), which can result in clumping of the formulation and clogging of the inlet port of the treatment chamber. For example, many water-in-oil emulsions can suffer from clumping during mixing. In these types of formulations, the water and/or oil components are heated to a temperature of approximately 40° C. or higher. Suitably, the formulation (or one or more of its components) can be heated to a temperature of from about 70° C. to about 100° C. prior to being delivered to the treatment chamber via the inlet port.
Additionally, the method includes ultrasonically treating the formulation (and its components) via the elongate ultrasonic waveguide assembly operating in the predetermined ultrasonic frequency, as described above. Specifically, as the formulation (and its components) continuously flow longitudinally along the flow path between the horn assembly and the inner surface of the housing sidewall so that the ultrasonic vibration and the dynamic motion of the agitating members causes cavitation in the formulation, which entraps effluent gas into the microbubbles produced therein. The entrapped gas bubbles remain separated from the formulation through the interior space of the housing and are trapped by the screen assembly as described above. The treated formulation (with entrapped effluent gas separated out) can then flow through the screen assembly and exit the treatment chamber via an outlet port. The entrapped gas bubbles can separately be removed from the treatment chamber via a separate outlet port.
In one embodiment, once exited, the treated formulation can be directed to a post-processing delivery system to be further processed and/or delivered to one or more packaging units. Without being limiting, for example, the treated formulation is desirably further processed to form a cosmetic formulation containing an oxygen sensitive compound such as olive oil. As used herein, “oxygen sensitive” refers to a compound or ingredient having a high oxidative potential. In such an embodiment, the treated formulation (having effluent gas removed) can be directed to a post-processing delivery system to be mixed with a desired amount of olive oil in an oxygen-free environment and then delivered to one or more packaging units for the consumer.
The present disclosure is illustrated by the following Example which is merely for the purpose of illustration and is not to be regarded as limiting the scope of the disclosure or manner in which it may be practiced.
In this Example, oxygen gas was removed from water using the ultrasonic treatment system of
Approximately 1.5 liters of tap water (22° C.) were added to the ultrasonic treatment chamber of
The water formulation was removed from the treatment system and again the oxygen in the water formulation was measured. After ultrasonically treating the water formulation, 5.50 ppm oxygen was present in the water formulation (22° C.), showing a 37% decrease in oxygen.
When introducing elements of the present disclosure or preferred embodiments thereof, the articles “a”, “an”, “the”, and “said” are intended to mean that there are one or more of the elements. The terms “comprising”, “including”, and “having” are intended to be inclusive and mean that there may be additional elements other than the listed elements.
As various changes could be made in the above constructions and methods without departing from the scope of the invention, it is intended that all matter contained in the above description and shown in the accompanying drawings shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.
