Patent Application
20130123638
The invention is directed to ultrasound diagnostic and testing and in particular, to ultrasound catheters for detecting blood flow in the chest region.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis. These diseases are characterized by obstruction to air flow. According to the American Lung Association (ALA), COPD is the fourth leading cause of death, claiming the lives of 119,524 Americans annually. The ALA also states that the annual cost to the United States of America for COPD is approximately $30.4 billion, including healthcare expenditures of $14.7 billion and indirect costs of $15.7 billion.
Those inflicted with COPD face disabilities due to the limited pulmonary functions. Usually, individuals afflicted by COPD also face loss in muscle strength and an inability to perform common daily activities. Often, those patients desiring treatment for COPD seek a physician at a point where the disease is advanced. Since the damage to the lungs is irreversible, there is little hope of recovery. Most times, the physician cannot reverse the effects of the disease but can only offer treatment and advice to halt the progression of the disease.
To understand the detrimental effects of COPD, the workings of the lungs requires a cursory discussion. The primary function of the lungs is to permit the exchange of two gasses by removing carbon dioxide from arterial blood and replacing it with oxygen. Thus, to facilitate this exchange, the lungs provide a blood gas interface. The oxygen and carbon dioxide move between the gas (air) and blood by diffusion. This diffusion is possible since the blood is delivered to one side of the blood-gas interface via small blood vessels (capillaries). The capillaries are wrapped around numerous air sacs called alveoli which function as the blood-gas interface. A typical human lung contains about 300 million alveoli.
The air is brought to the other side of this blood-gas interface by a natural respiratory airway, hereafter referred to as a natural airway or airway, consisting of branching tubes which become narrower, shorter, and more numerous as they penetrate deeper into the lung. Specifically, the airway begins with the trachea which branches into the left and right bronchi which divide into lobar, then segmental bronchi. Ultimately, the branching continues down to the terminal bronchioles which lead to the alveoli. Plates of cartilage may be found as part of the walls throughout most of the airway from the trachea to the bronchi. The cartilage plates become less prevalent as the airways branch. Eventually, in the last generations of the bronchi, the cartilage plates are found only at the branching points. The bronchi and bronchioles may be distinguished as the bronchi lie proximal to the last plate of cartilage found along the airway, while the bronchiole lies distal to the last plate of cartilage. The bronchioles are the smallest airways that do not contain alveoli. The function of the bronchi and bronchioles is to provide conducting airways that lead air to and from the gas-blood interface. However, these conducting airways do not take part in gas exchange because they do not contain alveoli. Rather, the gas exchange takes place in the alveoli which are found in the distal most end of the airways.
The mechanics of breathing include the lungs, the rib cage, the diaphragm and abdominal wall. During inspiration, inspiratory muscles contract increasing the volume of the chest cavity. As a result of the expansion of the chest cavity, the pleural pressure, the pressure within the chest cavity, becomes sub-atmospheric. Consequently, air flows into the lungs and the lungs expand. During unforced expiration, the inspiratory muscles relax and the lungs begin to recoil and reduce in size. The lungs recoil because they contain elastic fibers that allow for expansion, as the lungs inflate, and relaxation, as the lungs deflate, with each breath. This characteristic is called elastic recoil. The recoil of the lungs causes alveolar pressure to exceed atmospheric pressure causing air to flow out of the lungs and deflate the lungs. If the lungs' ability to recoil is damaged, the lungs cannot contract and reduce in size from their inflated state. As a result, the lungs cannot evacuate all of the inspired air.
In addition to elastic recoil, the lung's elastic fibers also assist in keeping small airways open during the exhalation cycle. This effect is also known as “tethering” of the airways. Such tethering is desirable since small airways do not contain cartilage that would otherwise provide structural rigidity for these airways. Without tethering, and in the absence of structural rigidity, the small airways collapse during exhalation and prevent air from exiting thereby trapping air within the lung.
Emphysema is characterized by irreversible biochemical destruction of the alveolar walls that contain the elastic fibers, called elastin, described above. The destruction of the alveolar walls results in a dual problem of reduction of elastic recoil and the loss of tethering of the airways. Unfortunately for the individual suffering from emphysema, these two problems combine to result in extreme hyperinflation (air trapping) of the lung and an inability of the person to exhale. In this situation, the individual will be debilitated since the lungs are unable to perform gas exchange at a satisfactory rate.
One further aspect of alveolar wall destruction is that the airflow between neighboring air sacs, known as collateral ventilation or collateral air flow, is markedly increased as when compared to a healthy lung. While alveolar wall destruction decreases resistance to collateral ventilation, the resulting increased collateral ventilation does not benefit the individual since air is still unable to flow into and out of the lungs. Hence, because this trapped air is rich in CO2, it is of little or no benefit to the individual.
Chronic bronchitis is characterized by excessive mucus production in the bronchial tree. Usually there is a general increase in bulk (hypertrophy) of the large bronchi and chronic inflammatory changes in the small airways. Excessive amounts of mucus are found in the airways and semisolid plugs of this mucus may occlude some small bronchi. Also, the small airways are usually narrowed and show inflammatory changes.
Currently, although there is no cure for COPD, treatment includes bronchodilator drugs, and lung reduction surgery. The bronchodilator drugs relax and widen the air passages thereby reducing the residual volume and increasing gas flow permitting more oxygen to enter the lungs. Yet, bronchodilator drugs are only effective for a short period of time and require repeated application. Moreover, the bronchodilator drugs are only effective in a certain percentage of the population of those diagnosed with COPD. In some cases, patients suffering from COPD are given supplemental oxygen to assist in breathing. Unfortunately, aside from the impracticalities of needing to maintain and transport a source of oxygen for everyday activities, the oxygen is only partially functional and does not eliminate the effects of the COPD. Moreover, patients requiring a supplemental source of oxygen are usually never able to return to functioning without the oxygen.
Lung volume reduction surgery is a procedure which removes portions of the lung that are over-inflated. The improvement to the patient occurs as a portion of the lung that remains has relatively better elastic recoil which allows for reduced airway obstruction. The reduced lung volume also improves the efficiency of the respiratory muscles. However, lung reduction surgery is an extremely traumatic procedure which involves opening the chest and thoracic cavity to remove a portion of the lung. As such, the procedure involves an extended recovery period. Hence, the long term benefits of this surgery are still being evaluated. In any case, it is thought that lung reduction surgery is sought in those cases of emphysema where only a portion of the lung is emphysematous as opposed to the case where the entire lung is emphysematous. In cases where the lung is only partially emphysematous, removal of a portion of emphysematous lung which was compressing healthier portions of the lung allows the healthier portions to expand, increasing the overall efficiency of the lung. If the entire lung is emphysematous, however, removal of a portion of the lung removes gas exchanging alveolar surfaces, reducing the overall efficiency of the lung. Lung volume reduction surgery is thus not a practical solution for treatment of emphysema where the entire lung is diseased.
Both bronchodilator drugs and lung reduction surgery fail to capitalize on the increased collateral ventilation taking place in the diseased lung. There remains a need for a medical procedure that can alleviate some of the problems caused by COPD. There is also a need for a medical procedure that alleviates some of the problems caused by COPD irrespective of whether a portion of the lung, or the entire lung is emphysematous.
The present invention addresses the problems caused by COPD by providing a device configured to create collateral openings through an airway wall which allows expired air to pass directly out of the lung tissue responsible for gas exchange. These collateral openings ultimately decompress hyper inflated lungs and/or facilitate an exchange of oxygen into the blood.
Furthermore, there is also a need for devices that are able to access remote areas of the body to provide dual functions of locating an acceptable site for removal or cutting of tissue and then removing or cutting the tissue without having to reposition the device or switch between a separate locator and cutting device. Such a need is evident in dynamically moving environments (e.g., the lungs) where repositioning of a device to find the original target site may be difficult.
Doppler ultrasound is an effective means to determine the presence or absence of a blood vessel within tissue. It is known that sound waves at ultrasonic frequencies travel through tissue and reflect off of objects/interfaces where density gradients exist. In such a case, the reflected signal and the transmitted signal will have the same frequency. Alternatively, in the case where the signal is reflected from the blood cells moving through a blood vessel, the reflected signal will have a shift in frequency from the transmitted signal. This shift is known as a Doppler shift. However, since the characteristics of components used to detect a Doppler shift vary from characteristics of components used to cut or remove tissue, it is difficult to cut or remove tissue in precisely the same location and immediately after detection has taken place. It is usually required that the component or device used to detect any Doppler shift first must be moved to allow a second component or device to cut or remove the tissue at the same precise location. For instance, if a device uses energy to create an opening or ablate tissue, the energy delivery components may not have acceptable characteristics to function as Doppler components. Furthermore, the process of delivering energy through the device may undesirably impact any Doppler components.
When using Doppler in tissue it is noted that the acoustic impedance of the ultrasound transducer and the acoustic impedance of tissue differ significantly. As a result, the ultrasound signal may experience significant reflection and divergence at the tissue/transducer interface. To address this issue, a tip or lens may be used as an interface between the transducer and tissue.
In common Doppler ultrasound applications, a tip material is selected to provide an optimum acoustic match between the ultrasonic transducer and tissue. This optimum acoustic match is the geometric mean impedance between the tissue and the transducer material, governed by the following equation.
Z
optimum=(Ztissue×Ztransducer)1/2
Where Zoptimum is the desired acoustic impedance of the tip material;
Ztissue is Ztransducer is the acoustic impedance of the acoustic impedance of tissue; and Z the transducer. Generally, Ztissue ranges from 1.38 MRayls (for fat) to 1.70 MRayls (for muscle), while Ztransducer is approximately 30 MRayls for ceramic transducer materials. Therefore, using Ztransducer of 1.54 MRayls (the average acoustic impedance for tissue) the desirable tip material should have an acoustic impedance around 6.79 MRayls.
Most materials having an acoustic impedance close to this range are made of epoxy composites and range from, for example, 1.78 MRayls for a methylpentene copolymer (e.g., TPX, Matsui Plastics, White Plains, N.Y.) to 4.39 MRayls for high temperature plastics (e.g., CELAZOLE, Curbell Plastics, Glenshaw, Pa.). Other suitable materials include ceramic (e.g., Macor) which has an acoustic impedance of 14 MRayls.
One drawback to using Doppler ultrasound devices for placing collateral openings in tissue is that conventional tip materials selected for their desirable acoustic impedance are not effective to deliver energy (e.g., RF, resistive heat, etc.) The acoustic impedance of electrically and thermally conductive materials is higher than the desired acoustic impedance of 6.79 MRayls. For example, Zaluminum is approximately 18 MRayls, Ztitanium is approximately 27 MRayls, and Zstainless steel is approximately 45 MRayls.
Another drawback to delivering energy through devices configured for Doppler applications is that the transducer is prone to being damaged. For example, when used to deliver therapeutic RF energy, an electrically conductive tip experiences heating. If a sufficient amount of heat is conducted from the tip, the transducer may depolarize. Moreover, conduction of heat through the device may adversely affect the joints and bonds between the transducer, tip and device. As a result, there is the potential of a catastrophic failure of the device if the assembly breaks apart during use in the body.
In view of the above, the present invention provides a device capable of locating an acceptable site for the creation of a collateral opening. The invention has applicability given a need to use of Doppler effect to locate movement within tissue and then apply energy based on the observation of the Doppler effect.
Methods and devices for creating, and maintaining collateral channels are also discussed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/633,651, filed on Aug. 7, 2000; U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 09/947,144, 09/946,706, and 09/947,126 all filed on Sep. 4, 2001; U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/317,338 filed on Sep. 4, 2001, and 60/334,642 filed on Nov. 29, 2001, and U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 10/080,344 and 10/079,605 both filed on Feb. 21, 2002.
The invention is related to ultrasound devices for detecting blood flow. The invention typically involves a catheter having a proximal section, a distal section and a distal end. The catheter comprises an ultrasonic transducer positioned in the distal section. The ultrasonic transducer is adapted to emit and receive ultrasonic signals. The ultrasonic signals may be analyzed to determine whether a blood vessel is present in the vicinity of the catheter's distal end. The ultrasonic transducer may be a piezoelectric transducer.
The catheter may also include a tip assembly located at and forming the distal end of the catheter. The tip assembly comprises an acoustically-transmitting material such as ceramic and an electrode at least partially coating (or otherwise attached to) the acoustically-transmitting material. The electrode may be a metal ring, thin coating, a ring-shaped coating, or any of a number of shapes and coatings.
In one variation of the present invention, the acoustically-transmitting material is electrically nonconducting, electrically separating the electrode from the ultrasonic transducer. Also, the electrode and the ultrasonic transducer are positioned such that when ultrasonic signals are emitted and received by the ultrasonic transducer the signals are transmitted through the distal end of the catheter and in some variations, through at least a portion of the electrode. The electrode may be titanium, stainless steel, or a number of other types of electrically conducting materials.
The acoustically-transmitting material may be positioned adjacent to a distal surface of the ultrasonic transducer. Also, the acoustically-transmitting material may be adhered to the distal surface of the ultrasonic transducer. The acoustically-transmitting material may have an axial length that is optimized for acoustic energy transmission. For example, the axial length may be up to 0.9 mm and in some variations, it may range from 0.04 to 0.86 mm. The acoustically transmitting material is ceramic in one variation of the present invention.
A flexible tubular member may coaxially surround the ultrasonic transducer. The tubular member may extend partially over the acoustically-transmitting material such that a distal edge of the tubular member mates with a proximal edge of the electrode coating. The flexible tubular member may be polyimide.
In another variation of the invention, the tip assembly can have a flat end. Also, the distal section of the catheter may have a constant outer diameter.
In another variation of the invention, a metal conductive member is placed in electrical contact with a proximal surface of the ultrasonic transducer element and a first conductive wire is placed in electrical contact with the metal conductive member. The metal conductive member may be a metal tube such as a hypotube. Also, a backing layer may be disposed within the metal tube. The backing layer is made of material which does not acoustically transmit ultrasonic waves.
The ultrasonic transducer may comprise a conductive coating disposed over at least a portion of a distal surface of an ultrasonic transducer element. A second conductive wire is placed in electrical contact with the conductive coating disposed over at least a portion of the distal surface of the ultrasonic transducer element.
Also, a third conducting element may be connected to the electrode and the third conducting element is electrically insulated from the ultrasonic transducer. The third conducting wire may supply RF signals to the electrode.
In another variation an acoustic transducer assembly comprises a piezoelectric material comprising a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface; a first metallic member in contact with the first surface of the piezoelectric material; a second metallic film at least partially coating the second surface of the piezoelectric material; and an acoustically transmitting material having a proximal surface and a distal surface wherein the proximal surface of the acoustically transmitting material is fused to the second metallic film with heat.
In another variation of the invention, an electrically conducting material may be disposed on at least a portion of the distal surface of the acoustically transmitting material. The electrically conducting material may be in the shape of a ring. The electrically conducting coating may partially or completely cover the distal surface of the acoustically transmitting material.
The acoustic transducer assembly may have various shapes including, for example, a cylindrical shape. Also, a polymeric sleeve may at least partially coaxially surround the assembly.
Prior to considering the invention, simplified illustrations of various states of a natural airway and a blood gas interface found at a distal end of those airways are provided in
The following text and corresponding figures provide variations and embodiments of the present invention. It is contemplated that combinations of features of the specific embodiments or combinations of the specific embodiments themselves are within the scope of the present invention.
The production and maintenance of collateral openings or channels through airway walls permits air to pass directly out of the lung tissue and into the airways to ultimately facilitate exchange of oxygen into the blood and/or decompress hyper inflated lungs. The term ‘lung tissue’ is intended to include the tissue involved with gas exchange, including but not limited to, gas exchange membranes, alveolar walls, parenchyma and/or other such tissue. To accomplish the exchange of oxygen, the collateral channels allow fluid communication between an airway and lung tissue. Therefore, gaseous flow is improved within the lung by altering or redirecting the gaseous flow within the lung, or entirely within the lung.
The term ‘channel’ is intended to include, without limitation, any opening, cut, hole, slit, tear, puncture, or any other conceivable artificially created opening. The channel may be created in tissue having a discrete wall thickness and the channel may extend all the way through the wall. Also, a channel may extend through lung tissue which does not have well defined boundaries such as, for example, parenchymal tissue.
As shown, constricted airways 108 may ordinarily prevent air from exiting the lung tissue 116. In the example illustrated in
In the following explanation of figures, similar numerals may represent similar features for different variations of the invention.
The devices of the present invention are configured to locate a target site for creation of a collateral channel in the tissue and to create an opening in tissue. As discussed above, a benefit of providing a single device having both capabilities is that the device can be used to select a target location and then create an opening without needing to be moved. That is, two separate devices do not need to be switched out to accomplish the selecting and channel-creating steps. Although the device is discussed as being primarily used to create channels in the lungs, the device is not limited as such and it is contemplated that the invention has utility in other areas as well, specifically in applications in which blood vessels or other structures must be avoided while cutting or removing tissue (one such example is tumor removal.)
A device disclosed herein is able to detect the presence or absence of a blood vessel by placing a front portion of the device in contact with tissue. Doppler ultrasound may be used to detect the presence of blood vessels within tissue. However, the frequency of the signals is not limited to the ultrasonic range, for example the frequency may be within the range of human hearing, etc. Other sources of energy may be used to detect the presence or absence of a structure. The other forms of energy include, for example, light or heat.
The ultrasound Doppler operates at any frequency in the ultrasound range but preferably between 2 Mhz-30 Mhz. It is generally known that higher frequencies provide better resolution while lower frequencies offer better penetration of tissue. In the present invention, because location of blood vessels does not require actual imaging, there may be a balance obtained between the need for resolution and for penetration of tissue. Accordingly, an intermediate frequency may be used (e.g., around 8 Mhz). A variation of the invention may include inserting a fluid into the airway to provide a medium for the Doppler sensors to couple to the wall of the airway to detect blood vessels. In those cases where fluid is not inserted, the device may use mucus found within the airway to directly couple the sensor to the wall of the airway.
The separation medium may provide electrical separation between the ultrasonic transducer and the tip 204. For example, the tip 204 may be separated from the ultrasonic transducer with a ceramic material. Other materials that may serve to separate the tip from the ultrasonic transducer include glass, aerogel and other materials that have low acoustic impedance; that are electrically insulating; and/or that are thermally insulating. Use of these materials can reduce noise in the ultrasonic signal, increasing sensitivity.
It is also contemplated that the inventive device may create openings in tissue using any type of energy capable of removing/ablating tissue. For example, RF energy or focused ultrasound may be used.
The device 200 further includes a first conducting member 220 and a second conducting member 222 (e.g., wires) both extending through at least a portion of elongate member 218 to the transducer assembly 202. The conducting members 220, 222 may extend through a lumen of the elongate member 218 or may extend in the wall of the elongate member 218. In any case, the conducting members 220, 220 provide the energy and controls for the transducer assembly 202. For example, the conducting members 220, 222 may be coupled to an ultrasound source 190. Moreover, variations of the inventive device include conducting members 220, 222 which may be comprised of a series of wires, with one set of wires being coupled to respective poles of the transducer, and any number of additional sets of wires extending through the device. Ultimately, the wires enable the device to couple to energy and control units. Although not illustrated, the device 200 may also include an outer sheath (not shown in
Although the transducer assembly is adapted to generate a source signal and receive a reflected signal, variations of the invention may omit the transducer covering and other structures not necessary to generate a source signal and receive a reflected signal. Therefore, it is contemplated that the invention may simply have a transducer that is coupled to a controller.
The tip 204 may be designed such that it interferes and redirects the signals in a desired direction in a manner like a lens. It also may be desirable to place an epoxy between the tip 204 and the transducer. Preferably, the epoxy is thin and applied without air gaps, bubbles or pockets. Also, the density/hardness of the epoxy should provide for transmission of the signal while minimizing any effect or change to the source signal. The configuration of the transducer assembly 202 permits the tip 204 to disperse a signal over a substantial portion of its outer surface 240. The tip 204 also is adapted to refract a reflected signal towards the transducer 208. Accordingly, given the above-described configuration, the inventive device will be able to detect vessels with any part or substantially all of the lens 204 that contacts tissue.
Although the tip is able to transmit a source signal and receive a reflected signal, the device is not limited to requiring both functions. For example, a device could be configured to generate a source signal and direct the source signal to an area of interest and a second device or transducer assembly could be used to receive the reflected signal. Accordingly, one device could be used to generate the source signal and a separate device may be used to receive the reflected signal.
The tip 204 may also comprise an electrically or thermally conductive material such that energy (e.g., RF energy or thermal energy) may be delivered to the tissue via the tip 204. For example, the tip may be comprised of titanium, aluminum, stainless steel, etc., or any electrically or thermally conductive metal. Also, the tip 204 may be comprised of any material suitable for ultrasound applications but is not particularly electrically conductive. In such a case, the tip will have an electrically conductive coating about at least a portion of the tip. These tip materials include dimethyl pentene, a methylpentene copolymer (plastic-TPX), carbon aerogel, polycarbonate (e.g., Lexan), polystyrene, Macor ceramics, glass, various epoxies, etc. (e.g., any standard material used for ultrasound applications.) Electrically conductive coatings include gold, silver, tantalum, copper, chrome, aluminum, stainless steel, platinum, titanium, or any biocompatible electrically conductive material, etc. This material may be coated, deposited, plated, painted, wound, wrapped (e.g., a conductive foil), etc. onto the tip 204.
As discussed above, traditional tip materials are selected to provide an optimum acoustic match between the ultrasonic transducer and tissue. Use of such electrically conductive materials do not provide optimum acoustic impedance in Doppler applications. To overcome the problem associated with tip materials having undesirable acoustic impedance, the tip 204 of the present invention is selected to be long enough to avoid excessive heating of the transducer 208 and at a length that minimizes the signal clutter resulting from the use of material.
In view of the above, a tip 204 length is selected in accordance with the following equation:
L=N(λ/4) for Ztransducer>Ztip>Ztissue
Where L=tip length; N=any integer; and λ=wavelength of the signal travelling in the desired medium. It was found that the best performance was obtained by selecting a tip length where N is an odd integer. This minimizes the destructive interference of the signal caused by out of phase reflections of the signal at the boundaries of the tip. It was also found that while N=1 was acceptable for the Doppler function, the resulting tip length caused undesirable heating of the transducer. To achieve a balance of a tip length that would prevent unacceptable heating of the transducer, N was chosen to be 7 for one variation of the device. Accordingly, an acceptable length for a titanium tip corresponding to a frequency of 8 Mhz, equals 1.33 mm or 0.052 in.
A measurement of the tip lengths 242 may be seen in
As illustrated in
The length L 242 of the tip may be defined by the equation set forth above. That is, L=N×(/4) where N is an odd integer and
is the wavelength of the ultrasonic wave traveling through the material. If, for example, the substrate material 205 is aluminum oxide (velocity of sound traveling in aluminum oxide is 11,000 meters per second) and the ultrasound wave is activated at frequency of 8×106 cycles per second, the corresponding wavelength
is about 0.14 mm per cycle. The length 242 thus may range from 0.04 mm (N=1) to 0.28 mm (N=7) and perhaps, from 0.04 mm to less than 0.9 mm for greater values of N. The above example is for illustrative purposes and is not intended to be limiting. Also, the ultrasound frequency may vary from 8×106. For example, the ultrasound frequency may range from 2 to 30 MHz or perhaps, 6 to 10 MHz. Also, as indicated above, the choice of material chosen affects this calculation and must be compensated for when selecting a length.
It may also be desirable that the device is configured such that there are no exposed sharp edges that may cause any unintended damage to tissue while the device is being used to determine the presence or absence of a blood vessel. In such a case, for example, the tip may be designed such that it doesn't have sharp edges, or any sharp edges may be covered by other parts of the device (e.g., the elongate member, an outer sheath, etc.)
As discussed herein, for some variations of the invention it is desirable to minimize the size of the device especially at the distal end. Although the invention may be any size, it was found that an overall device diameter of 0.071″ was acceptable. As noted, because the device is advanced through the airways, the device may treat deeper areas in the airways of the lungs given a smaller outside diameter of the distal end of the device. This size also permits delivery of the device into the lungs through the working channel of a standard bronchoscope or endoscope. However, this reduction in size is limited as functionality of the device may suffer. For example, one or more wires will be selected such that they will deliver sufficient RF energy over a desired period of time without experiencing unacceptable heating. Therefore, the smallest acceptable cross sectional area of a single wire or multiple wires will be a balance of the energy delivery requirements of the device versus the characteristics of the wire or wires.
The transducer or transducers may comprise a piezo-ceramic crystal (e.g., a Motorola PZT 3203 HD ceramic). A single-crystal piezo (SCP) may be used as well as other types of materials including, without limitation, ferroelectric materials such as poly-crystalline ceramic piezos, polymer piezos, or polymer composites. The substrate may typically be made from piezoelectric single crystals (SCP) or ceramics such as PZT, PLZT, PMN, PMN-PT; also, the crystal may be a multi layer composite of a ceramic piezoelectric material. Piezoelectric polymers such as PVDF may also be used. Micromachined transducers, such as those constructed on the surface of a silicon wafer are also contemplated (e.g., such as those provided by Sensant of San Leandro, Calif.) As described herein, the transducer or transducers used may be ceramic pieces coated with a conductive coating, such as gold. Other conductive coatings include sputtered metal, metals, or alloys, such as a member of the Platinum Group of the Periodic Table (Ru, Rh, Pd, Re, Os, Ir, and Pt) or gold. Titanium (Ti) is also especially suitable. The transducer may be further coated with a biocompatible layer such as Parylene or Parylene C.
The covering 206 of the transducer assembly 202 contains the transducer 208. In some variations of the invention, the covering 206 may comprise a conductive material. In such cases the covering 206 itself becomes part of the electrical path to the first pole of the transducer 208. Use of a conductive covering 206 may require insulating material 213 between the sides of the transducer 208, thereby permitting a first conductive medium 214 to electrically couple only one pole of the transducer 208 to the covering 206.
At least a portion of the front surface of the transducer 208, will be in contact with the conductive medium 214. The conductive medium 214 permits one of the poles of the transducer 208 to be placed in communication with a conducting member that is ultimately coupled to a power supply. As shown in this example, the conductive medium 214 places the pole of the transducer 208 in electrical communication with the covering 206. In some variations the conductive medium 214 may coat the entire transducer 208 and covering 206. Alternatively, the conductive medium 214 may be placed over an area small enough to allow for an electrical path between a conducting member and the respective pole of the transducer 208. The conductive medium 214 may be any conductive material (e.g., gold, silver, tantalum, copper, chrome, or any bio-compatible conductive material, etc. The material may be coated, deposited, plated, painted, wound, wrapped (e.g., a conductive foil), etc. onto the transducer assembly 202.
The transducer assembly 202 depicted in
When using a second conductive medium 254 to provide the energy supply to a conductive tip 204 it may be desirable to provide a conductive medium 254 of sufficient thickness so that the energy delivered to the tip 204 does not produce unwanted heating of the overall transducer assembly 202. As discussed above, conducting member(s) were sized to provide sufficient energy while minimizing heating of the member. In practice, the device used gold foils having a thickness ranging from 2-10 microns. However, the conducting members' size and shape may vary from the examples provided herein.
Referring to
The substrate material 330 may be thermally and or electrically insulating. That is to say, the substrate material may be selected to thermally and or electrically insulate the ultrasonic transducer 310 from the electrode 320. This serves to reduce noise during ultrasonic detection. Accordingly, an electrically nonconducting material such as ceramic may be a suitable substrate material. However, other materials may be utilized for the substrate material such as, without limitation, glass, aerogel, and other materials that have low acoustic impedance; that are electrically insulating; and/or that are thermally insulating.
The substrate material 330 may be bonded to the transducer with an adhesive 334. The epoxy or adhesive preferably may withstand high temperatures such as 150 to 250 degrees Celsius. Also, the coefficient of thermal expansion for various components of the tip assembly may be closely matched such that stress forces at the interface do not cause the joint to crack or otherwise fail. The materials are preferably biocompatible as well as capable of withstanding sterilization. Also, the substrate material 330 may be fused directly to the transducer assembly with heat and pressure. For example, the outer surface of the transducer assembly may comprise a metal or another type of material which may be heated to fuse the components together. An adhesive may not be necessary in such a case.
The multifunctional tip shown in
Again, a conducting member or wire 348 is electrically connected with the electrode 320. The conducting member 348 is connected with an RF controller or generator to supply RF energy to the electrode 320 for tissue ablation as described above. A second conducting member is shown (not numbered) that may serve as a redundant path to supply RF energy to the tip electrode in the event the first wire is damaged or detaches from the tip electrode. Additional conducting members 350 are provided to connect the ultrasonic transducer to an ultrasonic controller. Further details of the ultrasonic assembly 310 are provided below with reference to
An enlarged perspective view and cross sectional view of the transducer assembly 310 mentioned in
A first conducting member 350A or wire is shown electrically connected to the hypotube through an insulating layer 365. The insulating layer 365 may be an insulating epoxy such as, for example, Hysol 2039 and 3561, Loctite Corporation, Rocky Hill, Conn. Additionally, a polymeric tube 370 such as polyimide tubing coaxially surrounds the hypotube 351 to insulate the hypotube. An air gap 372 may be created between the hypotube and the polymeric tube 370. The polymeric tube insulates the hypotube 351 from an electrically conducting metal coat 375 that surrounds the entire distal portion of the transducer assembly including the distal face of the transducer element 345. The metal coat 375 is shown as a relatively thick coating for illustration only. The coat may be a thin coat of sputtered metal such as a gold coat 1-5 angstroms in thickness or a relatively thick layer of metal up to upwards of 3 mm in thickness.
A second conducting member 350B may be electrically connected to the metal coating 375 via a conductive epoxy 356 which is deposited and forms the proximal end of the transducer assembly. An example of a conductive epoxy is silver epoxy or Tra-Con BA-2902, Tra-Con, Inc., Bedford Mass. Also, the conductive epoxy 356 is shown as a hemispherical shape. However, the shape may vary.
The entire transducer assembly may be inserted in an elongate member as shown in
Another distal tip assembly 400 for a catheter is shown in
The diameter of the ultrasonic transducer 402, 424 in the distal section typically ranges from 0.5 to 3 mm and the diameter of the electrode conductor 404, 422 extending through the bore may be much less than this diameter. When a tip is present and protrudes from the end of the transducer face, the diameter of the electrode tip (e.g., tip 426) may range from 0.2 to 2.6 mm and perhaps, between 0.4 and 1.8 mm. Also, the diameter of the electrode tip may be equal to the diameter of the central electrode extending through the bore of the transducer which may be less than 0.4 mm.
In the tip assemblies described in
The whole assembly may be placed inside a distal section of an elongate tubular member such that the end of the transducer assembly is flush with the end of the elongate member. Also, the transducer assembly may be inserted and affixed in the elongate member such that at least a portion of the transducer assembly extends beyond the end of the elongate member. Again, the distal tip assemblies shown in
The inventive device is configured to communicate with an analyzing device or control unit 190 (e.g., see
Although depicted as being external to the device 200, it is contemplated that the analyzing device 190 may alternatively be incorporated into the device 200. The transducer assembly of the invention is intended to include any transducer assembly that allows for the observation of Doppler effect, e.g., ultrasound, light, sound etc.
In variations of the invention using pulsed Doppler, the selection of the tip length, as discussed above, sets a parameter for design of the Doppler pulse length and range gate so that excessive echo signal clutter caused by the use of a tip (i.e., a tip capable of emitting and receiving ultrasonic signals and delivering RF energy) is reduced before the arrival of the echo signals from the area of interest.
The transmit pulse length may be set to less than the acoustic travel time for an echo signal from the area of tissue to be inspected. This setting allows the receiver to begin recovery from the transmit pulse before the first echo signal arrives at the transducer. As shown in
The values discussed herein are intended to serve as examples only with the underlying calculations being intended to show the methodology used for Doppler detection of blood vessels. For example, during trials it was found that an acceptable minimum and maximum depth of penetration of the device was 0.8 mm and 10 mm respectively. It is noted that depths are often measured as being normal to the surface of the tissue, and because the device will often approach the tissue at an angle to the surface of the tissue, the maximum and minimum ranges Rmax and Rmin used for determining the TOF are adjusted to reflect the normal distance from the tip of the device to the desired depth. (e.g., assuming a 60 degree angle of incidence, and a minimum and maximum depths of 0.8 mm and 10 mm, Rmin=0.92 mm and Rmax=11.55 mm.)
The time for a signal to travel from the tip to and from Rmin equals 2Rmin/Ctissue where Ctissue equals the speed of the signal in tissue (approximately 1540 m/s). The time for a signal to travel back and forth through the tip (assuming a 1.33 mm titanium tip, with Ctitanium=6100 m/s) was found to be 0.44 μs. Therefore, the time for the closest echoes of interest is approximately 1.2 μs plus 0.44 μs or 1.64 μs. The Transmit Pulse Length is then set to be less than time for the closest echoes of interest, preferably about ½ of 1.64 μs or ˜0.82 μs. Setting the Transmit Pulse Length to be less than the time for the closest echoes of interest allows the receiver to begin recovery from the reverberation of the transmit pulse in the tip before the first echo signals arrives back at the transducer. As a result, the controller is configured to listen for the first Doppler echo signal starting at the earliest time the first echo signal will return. Based upon the above example, this time is 1.64 μs.
Using a combination of a gated gain control applied to the receiver and a gated carrier applied to the demodulator, the Doppler echo signals are thereafter received until a time that echoes return from the deepest area of interest (e.g., as noted above, 10 mm). This value is calculated based upon the TOF from the tip to the deepest area of interest (15 μs, calculated from 2Rmax/Ctissue.) plus the TOF through the tip (0.44 μs as discussed above.) Accordingly, Doppler signals from tissue of up to 1 cm of depth (Rmax) may be received up to 15.44 μs.
As illustrated, the timing control 281 supplies timing and control signals to the Doppler transmitter 282, the Doppler receiver 288, and the Doppler demodulator 290. The Doppler transmitter 282 amplifies an applied signal applied to generate a transmit pulse which is ultimately applied to the device 200. In one example, the transmit pulse had a center frequency of 8 MHz and a pulse length of approximately 1 μs and an amplitude of 15 V peak. The transducer at the distal tip of the device 200 converts the transmit pulse into an acoustic pulse. As the acoustic pulse travels through the tissue and blood the structures and cells produce reflections that travel back toward the probe tip. The reflections are converted from acoustic echoes to electrical echo signals 287. These echo signals 287 consist of a mixture of signals, some of a frequency equal to that of the transmitted signal (echoes from stationary structures in the ultrasonic field), and some echoes that are shifted in frequency by the Doppler effect. The echo signals 287 are amplified by the Doppler receiver 288. A gated gain control 284 is set to start increasing gain after the transmit pulse ends but soon enough for echo signals 287 of interest to be amplified. The gated gain control 284 lasts until echo signals 287 from the deepest structures of interest have been amplified. These echo signals 287 are demodulated in the Doppler demodulator 290 using a gated carrier 285 in order to produce demodulated echo signals 291 that contain Doppler signals from moving blood cells at audio frequencies. The demodulated echo signals 291 are then filtered and amplified by the Doppler audio processor 292 to improve the signal fidelity of the Doppler audio signals. These filtered and amplified signals are then sent to the Audio Speaker 293.
It should be noted that the wires shown in the various embodiments may include an insulation or shield to prevent electrical current from passing from one wire to another component. It is also noted that the device may also be designed to have a double shield. First, the twisted pair wires connecting the transducer assembly to the Doppler control unit 190 will be shielded. Furthermore, because the energy supply 188 may be delivered through one of the pair of wires, the outer portion of the catheter that is exposed proximal to the working channel of an endoscope will also be shielded to prevent undesirable conduction of current.
All publications, patent applications, patents, and other references mentioned above, and hereinafter, are incorporated by reference in their entirety. To the extent there is a conflict in a meaning of a term, or otherwise, the present application will control.
Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity of understanding, it will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art in light of the teachings of this invention that certain changes and modifications may be made thereto without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention.
This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/015,531 filed Dec. 17, 2004, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/280,851 filed Oct. 25, 2002, now abandoned, which is a continuation in part of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/080,344, filed Feb. 21, 2002, now issued, U.S. Pat. No. 7,422,563, which is a continuation in part of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/946,706, filed Sep. 4, 2001, now issued, U.S. Pat. No. 6,749,606, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/269,130, filed on Feb. 14, 2001. U.S. application Ser. No. 09/946,706, filed Sep. 4, 2001, is a continuation in part of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/633,651, filed Aug. 7, 2000, now issued, U.S. Pat. No. 6,692,494, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/147,528, filed on Aug. 5, 1999, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/176,141, filed on Jan. 14, 2000. Each of the above referenced applications is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60269130 | Feb 2001 | US | |
| 60176141 | Jan 2000 | US | |
| 60147528 | Aug 1999 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 11015531 | Dec 2004 | US |
| Child | 13670284 | US | |
| Parent | 10280851 | Oct 2002 | US |
| Child | 11015531 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 10080344 | Feb 2002 | US |
| Child | 10280851 | US | |
| Parent | 09946706 | Sep 2001 | US |
| Child | 10080344 | US | |
| Parent | 09633651 | Aug 2000 | US |
| Child | 09946706 | US |
