Patent Grant
12194367
The present application describes an uncoupled anterior cranial shield. More particularly, the present application describes an anterior cranial shield which is uncoupled from a helmet for use in collision sports and/or other physical endeavors.
In recent years, scrutiny of American football player safety has intensified due to further elucidation that head impact exposures may increase risk of delayed neurologic and psychiatric dysfunction (NPD), including the neurodegenerative disease chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). In CTE, the Tau protein has been shown to form clumps that proliferate through the brain, resulting in cellular death. The symptoms do not generally begin appearing until years after the onset of head impacts. Early symptoms have been seen in younger patients (17 years to 30 years) with the onset of cognitive changes in later years. NPD and CTE symptoms include cognitive decline, impaired judgment, diminished impulse control, aggression, depression, anxiety, degraded motor function, and progressive dementia. No consensus has formed to define the aggregate football risk factors for chronic NPD and CTE due to study limitations and disparate findings. However, it is universally accepted that advances in brain protection are essential for both short- and long-term player safety. The consolidation of compelling, coalescent high-quality scientific evidence that cumulative sub-concussive (repetitive subthreshold accelerations to the brain) football head impacts contribute to delayed NPD and CTE will further challenge the existence of the most popular American sport in its present form.
A concussion is a form of traumatic brain injury (TBI) that results when mechanical force transmission to the brain causes overt acute symptoms. These symptoms may include temporary loss of consciousness, memory loss, difficulty concentrating, confusion, visual disturbances, nausea, headache, dizziness, and light sensitivity. Such symptoms may present either immediately or hours to days after the initiating impact(s). Other potential delayed symptoms include mood changes, sleep disturbance, depression, and anxiety. Symptoms typically resolve within days to weeks but may rarely persist for months or longer. The sudden accelerative/decelerative forces transmitted by an external impact are thought to structurally strain the brain as it “jostles” within the skull. Such forces are transferred to the brain resulting in damage to the neuronal tissue. Stretching of the neurons occur in response to these forces as the brain and surrounding cerebrospinal fluid bath move in a delayed fashion to the motion of the head. The brain is tethered to the spinal cord and rapid motion of the brain will result in axonal injuries. Stretching of the neuronal axons will disrupt their overall physiologic functioning and culminate in concussion symptoms. A sub-concussive event occurs when the transmitted mechanical energy injures neurons by a similar mechanism, but the impact intensity does not exceed the severity threshold to instigate the cellular damage that causes overt symptoms (a sub-concussive sub-clinical injury).
While acute concussions inherently receive the most attention from the general public, the insidious, cumulative, sub-concussive repetitive head impacts (RHI) may pose an equal or greater risk in the development of delayed NPD/CTE. Repetitive sub-concussive hits may also introduce an independent mechanism for a concussion. Repetitive subthreshold impacts (accelerative/decelerative stimuli) to the brain are analogous to the fatigue principle of human tissue. Repetitive cyclical loading of a tissue will result in a lesser force (lower thresholds or tolerances of the tissue with repeated cycles) needed to induce injury. Depending on the level of competition and position played, helmet accelerometer studies have demonstrated that football players may sustain 500 to 2,000 low-impact sub-concussive hits to the head during a typical football season. A repetitive stimulus of 500 to 2,000 low-impact hits to the football player's head can lead to fatigue of the brain tissue and further exposure to repetitive subthreshold loads. Investigators have diagnosed CTE in brains that have a history of RHI but lack a known history of concussion.
Some researchers assert that an earlier age of first exposure to full contact football increases the risk of developing NPD/CTE and advocate delaying tackle football due to unknown implications of RHI upon the developing brain. Youth football participation has significantly declined in recent years, due in large part to parental safety concerns. A recent advocacy advertisement from the Concussion Legacy Foundation juxtaposed youth tackle football with smoking tobacco. Canada has banned full-team youth football, starting in 2022. Members of five (5) state legislatures have introduced bills to ban tackle football for young players, and public sentiment/initiatives to translate such efforts into law will gain momentum with accumulation of corroborating evidence that early football participation is associated with NPD/CTE. Pediatric head and brain injuries related to sports is now firmly within the public health domain.
Football, similar to other collision sports such as hockey and lacrosse, offer tremendous opportunities for youth to develop discipline, teamwork, sportsmanship, and work ethic, while promoting physical exercise, activity, and conditioning in the modern world of ubiquitous sedentary activity opportunities. Many would agree that football and other collision team sports are worth preserving for the positive qualities they may instill in players for a lifetime.
Innovation with respect to protective equipment for the head and brain in football has focused on enhancement of the materials and properties of the contemporary helmet. The basic design of the modern football helmet consists of a hard polycarbonate plastic external shell, internal padding and cushioning, and an externally attached metal facemask. Other than incremental improvements in materials utilization, external shell strength/deformation properties, padding integrations, and overall aesthetics, this basic design has remained essentially unchanged for a half-century. However, during this same period of time, players have become bigger, faster, and stronger, which translates to a concomitant increase in potential supraphysiological forces, and more importantly, repetitive subthreshold (sub-concussive) dynamic force exposure on the field of play.
Football head protection has not kept pace with the bigger, faster, stronger athlete. Contemporary plastic shell football helmets have certainly markedly reduced skull fractures compared to their pre-1950 leather predecessors, but they have offered limited benefits for concussion prevention. One study actually concluded that antiquated leather soft helmets provide the same concussive injury protection as modern helmets. Such a conclusion likely confirms that protective equipment applied exclusively to the head simply is incapable of sufficiently attenuating the complex mechanical force transmission responsible for concussions. Furthermore, the hard-shell helmets with foam linings do not provide ample dampening of the forces and may transfer greater forces to the brain tissue.
The following corollary from that conclusion most likely also applies: protective equipment applied exclusively to the head is incapable of sufficiently attenuating and reducing the myriad of sub-concussive head impacts sustained in football and other collision sports. Most football head impacts are a combination of complex linear and rotational accelerative mechanical forces, which may cause an intense transient torsional strain on the brain and worsen with secondary rebound from the more compliant helmet components (i.e. foam lining that compresses upon impact and rebounds). As stated previously, concussive events are likely only one of several factors posing risks to long-term brain health in certain players, and the accumulation of sub-concussive hits/RHI may present an equal or greater risk. Repetitive sub-concussive hits to the player's head and/or body resulting in a subthreshold acceleration/deceleration force event to the skull and brain, is analogous to tissue fatigue. Tissue fatigue is due to long term repetitive cyclic loading at subthreshold forces that if applied one to two times to tissue may not induce short or long-term injury. However, if the subthreshold force is repetitively transferred to the tissue, the tissue will eventually suffer injury. In essence, where a single cycle of peak acceleration at threshold levels to tissue can cause injury after a single hit (i.e. concussions can occur at thresholds exceeding at least 65 g to 70 g forces in adult athlete measurements) (Broglio), repetitive forces to the skull and brain can occur after a series of repetitive forces at sub-concussive or subthreshold levels. It is well documented that fatigue of human tissue occur at significantly lower values than the static ultimate strength of the tissue. Fatigue failures in human tissue have been shown to occur at approximately 50-60% of the static ultimate failures through cadaveric testing. In essence, it will take less force to induce injury to the brain and neural tissue with repetitive loading (hits) to the head. There is an exponential correlation between force magnitude and repetitive cycles.
While helmets ostensibly reduce impact intensity or the overall force transmission ultimately absorbed by the brain soft tissue itself, no current head protective system offers a practical means to reduce RHI frequency. Therefore, not only is added protection needed to supplement the helmet protection, but there is a vital need for a new option and/or solution for a sport that faces justifiable intensive scrutiny from a manifold cast of groups to include safety advocates, politicians, researchers, parents, and the players themselves.
Football concussions have relatively decreased over the last several years (although there was an increase within the NFL during the 2019 season), most likely due to a combination of modifications in practice methods/culture, coaching, officiating emphasis, tackling technique, and rules. However, despite such efforts and helmet technology improvements, the potential for a concussion persists due to the inability to eliminate the complex accelerative and rotational forces inherent in the high frequency collision sport that is American football. Principal among the significant rules modifications implemented over the last decade is the penalty “targeting,” which, at the collegiate level, results in disqualification of a player initiating and engaging in helmet-to-helmet contact. Despite best efforts by players, the high-speed dynamic nature and action of the game does not permit complete elimination of such helmet-to-helmet contacts, and unintentional/unavoidable head-to-head collisions are inevitable.
There is a vital need for a new option and/or solution for a sport that faces justifiable intensive scrutiny from a manifold cast of groups to include safety advocates, politicians, researchers, parents, and the players themselves. Players would benefit from a more comprehensive head protective system that decreases the probability and frequency of unintentional (and intentional) direct helmet-to-helmet contacts. A profound advance in head and brain protection combined with effective exposure safety guidelines derived from high-quality research may provide a path to preserving football and other collision sports for younger players.
In an exemplary embodiment, an uncoupled anterior cranial shield includes a yoke configured to attach to support garment, such as, but not limited to, athletic shoulder pads, or is integrated with the support garment, and a suspended mask attached to the yoke and extending from the yoke so as to be disposed at least partially covering a head and face of an individual wearing the support garment, providing a ‘downstream’ protective zone for the head from oncoming anteriorly directed forces, which form the vast majority of forces in most collision sports. The suspended mask is free of force communicating persistent connection to a head of the wearer other than indirectly through the support garment.
In use, the uncoupled anterior cranial shield is configured to redirect impact force from a player collision away from the wearer's head and neck and into the wearer's torso, including, but not limited to, into the wearer's chest, trapezius muscles, and/or upper back. The uncoupled anterior cranial shield configuration may be customized and/or optimized to accommodate various football player positions. By way of example, the configuration may be different for a player playing primarily from a 3-point stance compared to a 2-point stance. This additional head protection may be particularly advantageous to lineman who experience the highest repetitive head impact burden throughout practices and games, or perhaps defensive players such as linebackers to protect the frontal and crown regions of the head during higher frequency, high velocity tackling conditions. The football playing position consists of knees flexed with a simultaneous neck extension and torso flexion condition, referred to in this application as the athletic playing position. In one embodiment, the suspended mask is positioned such that it sufficiently protects the head in the athletic playing position, while also minimizing player overall exposed area during play. In another embodiment, in the standing neutral position, a posture that is only utilized during competition by the quarterback and perhaps defensive safety, the suspended mask is positioned closer to the helmet, offering relative decreased range of motion for neck flexion condition (a standing player looking down at the ground) in order to optimize protection in the athletic playing position.
Features and advantages of the general inventive concepts will become apparent from the following description made with reference to the accompanying drawings, including drawings represented herein in the attached set of figures, of which the following is a brief description:
This disclosure describes exemplary embodiments in accordance with the general inventive concepts and is not intended to limit the scope of the invention in any way. Indeed, the invention as described in the specification is broader than and unlimited by the exemplary embodiments set forth herein, and the terms used herein have their full ordinary meaning.
Wherever possible, the same reference numbers will be used throughout the drawings to represent the same parts.
An uncoupled anterior cranial shield is provided for use in athletic or physical endeavors requiring head protection, particularly where concussive and sub-concussive repetitive head impacts are a concern. The system described within this application offers a novel approach and an overall paradigm shift for head protection in football and other sports. This system may better protect the brain from the sub-clinical yet deleterious lower impact sub-concussive hits and reduce the severity and intensity of certain higher impact collisions of the head region, while also conferring increased protection to the neck and spine. For example, in the context of American football, this system uncouples the standard facemask from the helmet by integrating the facemask as a primary protective component emanating from the shoulder pads, thus creating a combined dual face and head protector that is independent of the helmet itself. The facemask is now coupled with the shoulder pads, conferring protection to both the face and head independent of an exclusive connection to the head. Thus, this component is not a “facemask” alone, but rather now a combined face and head protector, designated the uncoupled anterior cranial shield. The goal of the uncoupled anterior cranial shield is to provide supplemental protection from brain injuries to the helmeted head by adding additional energy dissipation away from the head and spine.
Referring now to the drawings, as shown in
It will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art that the support garment 104 that is suitable for a sport may vary, and thus as represented in
Referring again to
In embodiments in which the yoke 102 is configured to attach to the support garment 104, the attachment may be secured with any suitable connection technique or fasteners, some examples of which are described herein below. The attachment locations and connection techniques or fasteners are selected so as to ensure that the wearer's neck is protected from a structural failure or translation of the yoke 102 into the neck. Force dissipated materials or devices such as shock absorbers may be integrated anywhere within the yoke 102, with or without force dissipating connection washers composed of materials such as, but not limited to, synthetic viscoelastic urethane polymers (such as SORBOTHANE, manufactured by Sorbothane, Inc. in Kent, Ohio), and other suitable structures and materials as further described herein below.
The connection point 110 between the yoke 102 and the support garment 104 may be optimized for force distribution based on one or more factors including the weight, height and build of the wearer, and the likely impacts that the wearer may experience in view of the activity in which they engage (e.g., American football) and in some instances the wearer's role or position in the sport (e.g., American football offensive lineman). With regard to the wearer's physical attributes, i.e., on the individual level, the one or more connection point 110 between the yoke 102 and the support garment 104 may be optimized relative to the physiology and body shape of the wearer. With regard to the wearer's activity and role, i.e., on the position level, the one or more connection point 110 between the yoke 102 and the support garment 104 may be optimized based on the expected impacts and flexibility of the role or position played by the wearer. By way of example, with reference again by way of example only to wearers who play American football, offensive linemen may have a need for increased neck extension due to consistently playing from a three-point stance and may benefit from a different configuration compared to a cornerback or wide receiver.
It will be appreciated that the drawings demonstrate a connection point 110 that is depicted as a rectilinear shaped feature. It will be appreciated, of course, that a yoke 102 may be affixed to the support garment 104 as an integral part thereof rather than affixed to the support garment 104, and that in any instance, the area and/or shape of the connection point 110 on the support garment 104 may vary. Thus, while in the depicted embodiment of the support garment 104 that comprises an athletic shoulder pads 106, the connection point 110 as assembled with the yoke 102 may be provided as an separate assembly for attachment to any of a wide variety of known athletic shoulder pads 106, in other embodiments, the at least the connection point 110 may be integral with the support garment 104 and adapted for engagement with a yoke 102, or the entire assembly of the connection point 110 as assembled with the yoke 102 may be provided as integral with the support garment 104.
In one embodiment, the yoke 102 serves as a structural foundational arch support for the suspended mask 108, a primary force distributor for the uncoupled anterior cranial shield 100, and a primary connectivity interface between the shoulder pads 106 and the suspended mask 108. The key mechanical operation of the yoke 102 is elastic deformation away from its one or more connection point 110 with the support garment 104 in a general cantilever type motion of the suspended mask 108 to dissipate force and thereby diminish the transmission of force to the body of the wearer.
The yoke 102 may be composed of any suitable material, including, but not limited to, polycarbonates, carbon fiber reinforced polymers, carbon fiber alloys, titanium, aramids, poly-paraphenylene terephthalamide, auxetic materials, rubber composites, or combinations thereof.
The yoke 102 may be configured to attach to or be integrated with a main body arch 112 of the support garment 104. The yoke 102 may configured to be elevated from the main body arch 112 when attached to or integrated with the shoulder pads 106 over at least 50% of a surface area of the yoke 102, alternatively at least 55%, alternatively at least 60%, alternatively at least 65%, alternatively at least 70%, alternatively at least 75%, alternatively at least 80%, alternatively at least 85%, alternatively at least 90%, and to attach to or be integrated with the main body arch 112 in discrete locations. The yoke 102 may be configured to be integrated with or attached to the main body arch 112 at one of, two of, or all three of a chest portion of the shoulder pads 106, a trapezius muscle portion of the shoulder pads 106, and an upper back portion of the shoulder pads 106.
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At least one impact collar extension 120 further may comprise at least one force dissipater, including, but not limited to, force dissipating spacers, shock absorbing tracks, hinged spring shock absorbing connectors, torsional spring shock absorbing connectors, or combinations thereof. The impact collar extension 120 may facilitate the cantilever motion of the suspended mask 108. In various embodiments, the impact collar extension 120 may be formed in a shape that facilitates such motion, as shown in the embodiment depicted in
In accordance with various embodiments, such as depicted in the drawings, one or both the yoke 102 and the impact collar extension 120 may itself include integral mechanical means to allow for flexible motion between the yoke 102 and the connection point 110 or the impact collar extension 120 and the connection point 110. In yet other embodiments, one or both the yoke 102 and the impact collar extension 120 may include a fixation point 122 that may include a discrete mechanical structure for dissipating force and or to achieve mechanical attachment between combinations of the yoke 102 and the connection point 110 and the impact collar extension 120, including, but not limited to, force dissipating spacers, shock absorbing tracks, hinged spring shock absorbing connectors, torsional spring shock absorbing connectors, and combinations thereof.
In accordance with the various embodiments, all or at least a portion of any one or more of the yoke 102 and the impact collar extension 120 used to affix the yoke 102 to the suspended mask 108 may be formed with materials selected from one or a combination of plastic and/or elastomeric materials, including, but not limited to, thermoplastic elastomers and thermoset elastomers. In some examples, the materials may specifically include rubber, for example, natural or synthetic polyisoprenes (thermosets) such as cis-1,4 polyisoprene. In some examples, the polymers may include auxetic materials, or smart polymers that are strain rate dependent, wherein some examples of smart polymers include poly (propyl acrylic acid), poly (ethacrylic acid), PMMA-PEG copolymer, Polysilamine, poly (4-vinylpyridine) (PVP), poly (2-vinylpyridine) (PVAm), poly (2-diethylaminoethyl methacrlate) (PDEAEMA).
The suspended mask 108 may be composed of any suitable material, including, but not limited to, carbon steels, stainless steels, titanium, polycarbonates, carbon fiber reinforced polymers, carbon fiber alloys, aramids, poly-paraphenylene terephthalamide, auxetic, rubber composites, composite materials, or combinations thereof. The suspended mask 108 may be coated with plastic vinyl or with any other suitable coating material for reducing friction.
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A primary advantage of helmet and standard facemask 10 dissociation is diversion/deflection of the initial force directed at the head and neck to much less vulnerable and robust musculoskeletal structures, by way of its connections to the athletic shoulder pads 106. Within this uncoupled anterior cranial shield 100 system, the head is no longer the primary reception point for all forces directed above the shoulders during play. Again, in the context of American football, offensive and defensive linemen may experience low-velocity sub-concussive head impacts on the majority of football plays. Other positional players, such as quarterback and wide receiver, sustain much less. As stated previously, in the backdrop of emerging research that establishes long-term accumulation of sub-concussive repetitive head impacts as a risk factor for delayed adverse neurologic and/or psychiatric consequences in susceptible individuals, the development and cultivation of a more comprehensive head and brain protective system to mitigate and reduce sub-concussive repetitive head impacts is imperative for long-term player safety and football sustainability/viability. Such a goal can be achieved by either fundamentally altering the established physical nature of football through radical rules changes (or simply eliminating the game), or fundamentally improving the protective equipment primarily responsible for protecting the head. This uncoupled anterior cranial shield 100 system aims to achieve the latter and minimize the former by altering the paradigm of energy dissipating systems focused solely on the head protection for football and other sports.
Catastrophic spinal cord injury, although exceedingly rare, may occur while playing football, especially within the inexperienced player group. This injury classically occurs when a direct mechanical force is applied to the head when the neck is flexed (neck flexion condition), resulting in a traumatic cervical spine and/or spinal cord injury. Novice football players are constantly reminded by coaches to “keep your head up” primarily in order to protect against a cervical spine injury. Referring to
It will be appreciated that while the description and drawings herein depict components of the uncoupled anterior cranial shield 100 used in the context of American football gear, the invention is not in any manner limited to use for any particular activity or sport. Thus, in various embodiments, the uncoupled anterior cranial shield 100 may be employed for use in other activities such as motor sports, other ball sports, equestrian activities, and more generally activities in which protection of a wearer's head from impact is desirable. Further, while the drawings and description do not make specific reference to other protective gear, the invention contemplates the use of gear such as low profile head gear and low profile helmets to protect the wearer's head from materials and objects that are not deflected by the uncoupled anterior cranial shield 100. Referring again to the drawings,
While various inventive aspects, concepts and features of the general inventive concepts are described and illustrated herein in the context of various exemplary embodiments, these various aspects, concepts and features may be used in many alternative embodiments, either individually or in various combinations and sub-combinations thereof. Unless expressly excluded herein all such combinations and sub-combinations are intended to be within the scope of the general inventive concepts. Still further, while various alternative embodiments as to the various aspects, concepts and features of the inventions (such as alternative materials, structures, configurations, methods, devices and components, alternatives as to form, fit and function, and so on) may be described herein, such descriptions are not intended to be a complete or exhaustive list of available alternative embodiments, whether presently known or later developed.
Those skilled in the art may readily adopt one or more of the inventive aspects, concepts and features into additional embodiments and uses within the scope of the general inventive concepts, even if such embodiments are not expressly disclosed herein. Additionally, even though some features, concepts and aspects of the inventions may be described herein as being a preferred arrangement or method, such description is not intended to suggest that such feature is required or necessary unless expressly so stated. Still further, exemplary or representative values and ranges may be included to assist in understanding the present disclosure; however, such values and ranges are not to be construed in a limiting sense and are intended to be critical values or ranges only if so expressly stated.
Moreover, while various aspects, features and concepts may be expressly identified herein as being inventive or forming part of an invention, such identification is not intended to be exclusive, but rather there may be inventive aspects, concepts and features that are fully described herein without being expressly identified as such or as part of a specific invention. Descriptions of exemplary methods or processes are not limited to inclusion of all steps as being required in all cases, nor is the order that the steps are presented to be construed as required or necessary unless expressly so stated.
This application claims the benefit of and priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/055,093, filed Jul. 22, 2020, entitled “Uncoupled Anterior Cranial Shield,” which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
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