Patent Application
20190303354
The present disclosure relates generally to security systems, and more specifically to allowing air gapping security using virtual computing.
Air gapping is a security measure that involves isolating a computer from an external connection. For example, an air gapped computer is one that is physically segregated and incapable of connecting wirelessly or physically with other computers or network devices. Air gapped systems and networks are used to protect many types of critical systems, such as those utilized in industries including financial, military, government, utility facilities, and the like.
Preventing a computer or a network from accessing an external network significantly limits the productivity of users using such a computer or network. For example, an application executed on an “air gapped” computer cannot access any resource over the Internet. To do so, the user would need to use a different computer having access to the Internet.
In the related art, there are a number of solutions attempting to isolate different computing environments on a single computer. However, such solutions do not provide a complete air gapping architecture. Furthermore, such solutions often suffer from user experience issues.
As a prime example, isolation solutions are based on virtual machine (VM) technologies. That is, VMs are containers in which applications and guest operating systems can be executed. By design, all VMs are isolated from one another. This isolation enables multiple virtual machines to run securely while sharing hardware.
Although virtual machines share hardware (e.g., CPU, memory, and I/O devices, etc.), a guest operating system running on an individual virtual machine cannot detect any device other than the virtual devices made available to the guest operating system. In various virtualization environments, a hypervisor acts as an interface between the guest operating system and the host operating system for some or all of the functions of the guests. A host operating system directly interacts with the hardware. A host operating system may be Windows®, Linux®, and the like.
Endpoints (e.g., desktop or laptop computer) configured with VM isolation does not provide a complete defense against malicious code. One vulnerability point in such virtualization environments is the host operating system. That is, hackers can exploit security vulnerabilities integrated in such operating systems to propagate malicious code to the hypervisors and then to the guest operating systems. Further, a user can install malicious software directly on the host operating systems (i.e., outside of the virtualization environment). To prevent users from installing software directly on the host operating system, such an operating system should be restricted. However, such an approach limits the user experience as the user cannot install applications, plug-ins, change settings, and so on.
In addition, to limited operations that can be performed by users on endpoints configured with VM isolation, the look-and-feel of the computing environment is different from unrestricted endpoints. For example, many standard user experience (UX) features are not available at all on the restricted endpoints. For example, a user cannot view, on the endpoint's desktop, multiple windows of different applications executed on different VMs. As another example, the user cannot copy data (e.g., text snippet) from an application executed in one VM's environment to another VM's environment. These and more other UX functions being disabled on restricted endpoints, significantly limits the ability to freely and easily interact and perform actions on the user device. Thus, the user experience is negatively affected. As a result, the users would prefer to use unrestricted and unsecured endpoints with full UX capabilities.
In using a multi-VM environment, users oftentimes have to manage multiple file systems. Accessing multiple file systems can be confusing and time consuming. In addition, security issues arise when one file system must be secure and another file system lacks security requirements. In this case, saving files can cause conflicts as a secure file may be accidentally saved to the non-secure file system. Therefore, combining a secure and non-secure file system on the same system can cause confusion and security breaches for the end user.
It would therefore be advantageous to provide a solution that would overcome the deficiencies noted above.
A summary of several example embodiments of the disclosure follows. This summary is provided for the convenience of the reader to provide a basic understanding of such embodiments and does not wholly define the breadth of the disclosure. This summary is not an extensive overview of all contemplated embodiments, and is intended to neither identify key or critical elements of all embodiments nor to delineate the scope of any or all aspects. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts of one or more embodiments in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later. For convenience, the term “some embodiments” or “certain embodiments” may be used herein to refer to a single embodiment or multiple embodiments of the disclosure.
Certain embodiments disclosed herein a method for providing a unified file system on an air-gapped endpoint. The method comprises monitoring a plurality of security zones, instantiated on the air-gapped endpoint, to intercept at least one file system operation to access files on a first security zone; determining if the detected file system operation triggers a display of the file system dialog window effecting a second security zone; and when the file system dialog window effecting the second security zone, blocking the display of the file system dialog window in the first security zone; and displaying the file system dialog window in the second security zone.
Certain embodiments disclosed herein also include an air-gapped computing system comprising: a network card interface; a processing circuitry; and a memory, the memory containing instructions that, when executed by the processing circuitry, configure the system to: monitor a plurality of security zones, instantiated on the air-gapped endpoint, to intercept at least one file system operation to access files on a first security zone; determine if the detected file system operation triggers a display of the file system dialog window effecting a second security zone; and when the file system dialog window effecting the second security zone, block the display of the file system dialog window in the first security zone; and display the file system dialog window in the second security zone.
The subject matter disclosed herein is particularly pointed out and distinctly claimed in the claims at the conclusion of the specification. The foregoing and other objects, features, and advantages of the disclosed embodiments will be apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
It is important to note that the embodiments disclosed herein are only examples of the many advantageous uses of the innovative teachings herein. In general, statements made in the specification of the present application do not necessarily limit any of the various claimed embodiments. Moreover, some statements may apply to some inventive features but not to others. In general, unless otherwise indicated, singular elements may be in plural and vice versa with no loss of generality. In the drawings, like numerals refer to like parts through several views.
By way of example to the disclosed embodiments, a unified file system as presented to users is provided. Specifically, using one or more VMs in combination with a security zone provides a seamless display of one file system. The disclosed embodiments enable a display of one file system, while multiple file systems may be present. In an embodiment, a hypervisor receives a file system request such as a save or open file. The hypervisor may capture that request and present a system dialog. The presented system dialog may be to another file system, while the user does not know or sense the difference.
In another embodiment, a user is presented with a file system that is marked uniquely upon system startup. The file system may be marked such that certain folders are identified as sensitive or belonging to a specific VM or security zone. For example, My Documents and My Downloads may be renamed to Sensitive Documents and Sensitive Downloads respectively. This is so that a user has a seamless experience when using the air gapped endpoint.
The endpoint 100 includes hardware 120, such as can be found in a standard desktop or laptop computer. The hardware 120 may include, for example, a processing circuitry (CPU) 121, a memory (Mem) 122, a storage 123, a network interface card (NIC) 124, input/output (I/O) peripherals (IOP) 125, a graphics processing unit (GPU) 126, and a sound card (SC) 127. The processing circuity 121 may be realized by one or more hardware logic components and circuits. For example, and without limitation, a general-purpose microprocessor, a central processing unit (CPU), a multi-core CPU, a digital signal processor (DSP), and the like, or any other hardware logic components that can perform calculations or other manipulations of information. The memory 122 may be volatile (e.g., RAM, etc.), non-volatile (e.g., ROM, flash memory, etc.), or a combination thereof.
The storage 123 may be magnetic storage, optical storage, and the like and may be realized, for example, as flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, Digital Versatile Disks (DVDs) or other optical storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be used to store the desired information. The NIC 124 allows the endpoint 100 to communicate with external networks over a wired connection, a wireless connection, or both.
The NIC 124 may transmit communication media, receive communication media, or both. For example, the NIC 124 may in a form of a modem, an integrated network interface, a radio frequency transmitter/receiver, an infrared port, a USB connection, and the like.
The I/O peripheral 125 allows connectivity to external peripherals, such as a disk drive, printers, wireless keyboard, pointing device, a microphone, a speaker, a docking station, and the like. The I/O peripherals 125 may allow connectivity through USB ports, PS/2 ports, Infrared ports, and the like. The GPU 126 provides connectivity to a monitor display. The sound card 127 (or audio card) provides input and output of audio signals to and from an endpoint under control of guest OS.
It should be noted that other hardware components are included in a typical hardware of an endpoint which are not illustrated herein. Such components may include, but are not limited to, a motherboard, a power source, and the like.
According to the disclosed embodiments, the virtualized environment 110 is designed to provide a complete virtual air-gapping for a plurality of security zones 130-1 through 130-n (hereinafter referred to individually as a security zone 130 and collectively as security zones 130, merely for simplicity purposes). The virtualized environment 110 is also arranged to include a hypervisor 140 controlling the security zones 130, a networking VM (N-VM) 150, and a primitive operating system (OS) 160.
Each security zone 130 is realized as a virtual machine executing a plurality of applications 131 over a guest OS 132. Each security zone 130 is configured to host applications based on their security and sensitivity levels. For example, a security zone 130 may be a corporate zone for general corporate applications, a personal zone for untrusted content and applications, a privileged IT zone for production applications, a financial zone for sensitive financial applications (e.g., SWIFT), a zone for critical infrastructure applications (e.g., SCADA), and so on.
Each security zone 130 is completely isolated from each of the other zones 130. That is, an application executed in zone 130-1 cannot access any content or applications executed in zone 130-2.
As an example, the zone 130-1 may be a trusted corporate zone (executing sensitive corporate applications) while the zone 130-2 can run applications that can access untrusted applications and resources. That is, the corporate zone 130-1 provides access to sensitive corporate resources and can be strictly locked down, while the personal zone 130-2 can provide free access to the Internet and allow the user to install and run any application.
The virtualized environment 110 provides a complete separation between the zones 130-1 and 130-2, thereby providing a complete air-gap between the zones. As will be discussed below, applications from different zones 130 are displayed on the same display, content can be copied from one zone to another (under a control of a user, and based on administrator-defined policy), and switching between zones is seamless. Thus, the virtualized environment 110 would allow improved productivity for users.
The operation of the security zones 130 is controlled by the hypervisor 140.
Specifically, the hypervisor 140 is configured to instantiate a VM for each security zone 130. The applications 132 are executed in each corresponding VM. The hypervisor 140 is configured to present the zones 130, and hence the applications 131 executed therein, with a unified user experience (UX).
According to an embodiment, the hypervisor 140 is also configured to instantiate the N-VM 150. The N-VM 150 is not accessible to the user, i.e., no user applications are executed therein and no local configuration of the N-VM 150 is allowed. The N-VM 150 is configured to control and regulate access to the external networks (not shown in
According to the disclosed embodiments, after instantiating the VMs of the zones 130 and the N-VM 150, the hypervisor 140 is configured to virtualize the components of the hypervisor 140. That is, for each guest OS 132, the hypervisor 140 provides a limited set of virtualized hardware services. For example, when the user is in a security zone 130-1 an access to a microphone will be permitted to access the applications 131 running in that zone.
In an embodiment, the hypervisor 140 is configured to instantiate and control the VMs, as well as to virtualize hardware services to such VMs. This allows for programming the hypervisor 140 with a significantly lower number of code lines, thereby reducing the risks of vulnerabilities that can be exploited by, for example, the guest OS 132. In an embodiment, controlling the VMs (zones 130) includes enforcing security policies for each zone, as discussed in greater detail below.
The hypervisor 140 also includes an optimization module 230 configured to perform optimization processes to accelerate or otherwise improve the operation of the native hypervisors 220. Such optimization processes include, but are not limited to, display optimization (3D and graphic rendering), audio optimization (playback and audio recordings), and power optimization.
In an embodiment, the audio optimization includes bypassing all emulation layers, typically performed by a standard native hypervisor when emulating a sound card (127,
In another embodiment, the display optimization includes causing the GPU (126,
In yet another embodiment, the power optimization is designed to extend the operating hours of a battery (not shown). The virtualized environment (110,
The optimization module 230 is configured to “freeze” all virtual machines (i.e., change their current states into an idle state) that do not have an active foreground window. In their idle state, VMs no longer consume CPU or perform I/O operations and the memory state of each idle VM remains at the latest state. The applications executed in the idle (frozen) VMs are displayed in their last state before the freeze operation. When the user switches the focus back to one of the frozen VMs, the optimization module 236 changes its state to that of a normal operation. It should be noted that the power optimization provides a security benefit, as a frozen VM cannot be attacked because it does not have any attack-vulnerable surface at that time.
According to the disclosed embodiments, the hypervisor 140 also includes a security module 240 configured to directly communicate with the VMs 130 and 150. That is, any request to access the hypervisor 140 is received and handled by the security module 240. In an embodiment, a request (or command) to access a resource of the hypervisor 140 is captured by the security module 240 such that the request does not reach the OS 160. For example, a keyboard shortcut (e.g., Ctrl+C) would be captured and handled by the hypervisor 140. That is, the hypervisor 140 disclosed herein prevents any interfacing of a user device with the primitive OS 160. The security module 240 is configured to monitor and control the operation of other UX functions, such URL redirection and rendering of unified desktop's display. Such UX functions are discussed in greater detail below.
Returning to
In an embodiment, the primitive OS 160 is configured to execute only pre-signed code.
Thus, any malware code will not be executed by the primitive OS 160. In yet another embodiment, the primitive OS 160 cannot access the NIC 124, thus, cannot access an external network. The communication is performed through the N-VM 150. To this end, any TCP/IP activity by the primitive OS is controlled and restricted by the N-VM 150.
In an example implementation, the primitive OS 160 may implement a virtual NIC (not shown) configured with a virtual IP to allow communication with the N-VM 150. In yet another embodiment, the files of the primitive OS 160 are non-persistent, ensuring that the primitive OS 160 is reset to its original configuration after each boot of the endpoint 100. In yet another embodiment, the files of the primitive OS 160 are encrypted, so that cannot be tampered or manipulated.
In an embodiment, the primitive OS 160 may be, for example, Windows®, Mac OS®, or Linux®, that has been configured to allow only execution of drivers and to eliminate any functionality as discussed herein.
The N-VM 150 is configured to manage network connectivity. That is, the N-VM 150 is configured to monitor and police all communications between the applications 131 in the different security zones 130 and external networks (not shown in
In an embodiment, all network access requests are routed to the N-VM 150. In response, the N-VM 150 is configured to identify for a security zone 130 (i.e., a VM) requesting to access an external network. The N-VM 150 allows or denies the access request based on the network policy determined for the requesting zone. As an example, requests from a personal zone to a corporate network will be blocked by the N-VM 150, while requests from a corporate network to the same network will be allowed. The network policies are pre-configured using, for example, a management server (not shown in
It should be appreciated that the primitive OS 160, the hypervisor 140, or both, do not manage the network connection, and as such do not allow or deny connections to external networks. It should be further appreciated that physical connection to the external networks are established through the NIC 124 under the control of the N-VM 150. The N-VM 150 operates in a non-persistent mode and is reverted to its initial state upon each connect or disconnect event, adding another layer of security in case the N-VM somehow becomes infected.
In an embodiment, the N-VM 150 is configured to perform network identification at various layers, e.g., a MAC layer, a TCP/IP layer, and an application layer (e.g., HTTPS or SSL identification). In another embodiment, the network policies can be enforced by applying access control or firewall rules at TCP/IP or application layers (e.g., layers 4 or 7 of the OSI module). In yet another embodiment, the N-VM 150 is configured to allow connection using VLAN tags or through DHCP proxy implemented in the N-VM 150.
It should be appreciated that the virtualized environment 110 provides a complete virtual air-gapping secured solution to applications executed in each security zone even if one or more of the zones becomes vulnerable. The design of the virtualized environment 110 assumes that all VMs, guest OSs, and applications executed in the zones 130 are not trusted. Additional layers of protection are achieved by means of the hypervisor 140, the N-VM 150, and the limited functionality of the primitive OS 160.
As an example, a corporate zone (e.g., one of the security zones 130) is infected by a malicious bot communicating with a command-and-control server. According to the disclosed embodiments, the bot cannot communicate with its command-and-control server on the Internet, as such access attempt will be blocked by the N-VM 150. That is, the N-VM 150 may allow access to an internal corporate network or a whitelisted set of cloud hosts, as defined in a network policy for the corporate zone.
In an embodiment, VMs of the security zones 130 are non-persistent. That is, the VMs are initialized to an original configuration after each boot, logoff, application event, and so on. That is, VMs infected with malware will return to their initial “clean” state after, e.g., each boot.
The operation of the security zones 130 is also regulated by additional preconfigured policies. In an embodiment, illustrated in
In an example embodiment, the UX policy 320 defines which user interface actions are allowed to be performed by the user in the respective zone. Examples for such actions include, but are not limited to, clipboard, printing, screenshotting, and the like. As a non-limiting example, the UX policy 320 can define if the user can copy content and paste such content in a different zone, or if content from a different zone can be pasted in the current zone. Content may include, for example, text, an image, a file and the like. The UX policy 320 may also designate what type of content can be copied, pasted, or both.
In an embodiment, cross-transfer of content between security zones is allowed only when explicitly approved by the user. This ensures that a malware cannot copy content from one zone to another.
The browsing policy 330 defines a whitelist of URLs or domain names that can be accessed from a browser executed in the respective zone. This allows, for example, blocking browsers from accessing malicious URLs when the user mistakenly browses to such URLs in the wrong security zone. In an optional embodiment, the blocked URL can be accessed and launched in another security zone which is allowed to access that URL. It should be noted that the browsing policy 330 is different from the network policy 310 in that it restricts access to certain URLs after a network established (based on the definitions) defined in the network policy. The network policy 310 is discussed in detailed above.
The connectivity policy 340 defines a set of allowed peripheral devices through wired or wireless connections. As an example, the connectivity policy 340 may define if connections through a USB plug are allowed or restricted. Restricted connectivity may limit all connections or connections to designated USB devices (e.g., printer but not Flash Drive). Examples for other wired connections may include, for example, DisplayPort, Thunderbolt™, HDMI®, PS/2, and the like. Wireless connections may include short range connections that allow wireless docking of peripheral devices (e.g., WiGig™), and the like.
Returning to
In one embodiment, the applications from the secondary zone can be displayed on the endpoint's display providing the user with the ability to interact with applications from different zones. Windows of applications from different zones are optionally marked differently.
In another embodiment, the security policy for the security zone is also defined through the management server 430. As noted above, a security policy may include network, UX, browser, and connectivity policies.
In an embodiment, the management server 430 may include preconfigured security zones and policies that can be easily uploaded to a new endpoint. In yet another embodiment, the management server 430 can be utilized to clone security zones from one endpoint to another. Therefore, the management server 430 simplifies the process of reconfiguring new endpoints.
As shown in
According to the disclosed embodiments, the management server 430 is a secured device. As such, only specific designated endpoints can access the management server 430. In an embodiment, the server 430 accepts connection requests from endpoints including valid certificates, e.g., SSL client certificates. Such certificates are installed only on the designated endpoints.
In the example diagram shown in
Furthermore, when the management server 430 accesses any of endpoints 410-1 through 410-M, the access is performed over a secured connection. Any connection attempt made by the management server 430 to an endpoint 410-1 through 410-M is verified by a hypervisor (e.g., the hypervisor 140,
The management server 430 may be structured as a computing device including a processing circuitry coupled to a memory, a storage, and a network interface (not shown in
The processing circuitry may be realized as one or more hardware logic components and circuits. For example, and without limitation, illustrative types of hardware logic components that can be used include field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), Application-specific standard products (ASSPs), system-on-a-chip systems (SOCs), general-purpose microprocessors, microcontrollers, digital signal processors (DSPs), and the like, or any other hardware logic components that can perform calculations or other manipulations of information.
The memory may be volatile (e.g., RAM, etc.), non-volatile (e.g., ROM, flash memory, etc.), or a combination thereof. In one configuration, computer readable instructions to implement one or more embodiments disclosed herein may be stored in the storage.
In another embodiment, the memory is configured to store software. Software shall be construed broadly to mean any type of instructions, whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or otherwise. Instructions may include code (e.g., in source code format, binary code format, executable code format, or any other suitable format of code). The instructions, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the processing circuitry to perform the various processes described herein with respect to the operation of the management server, such as configuring security zones and policies with the endpoints.
The storage may be magnetic storage, optical storage, and the like, and may be realized, for example, as flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, Digital Versatile Disks (DVDs), or any other medium which can be used to store the desired information. The storage may store the received templates of security zones, policies defined for each zone, SSL certificates, configuration of entire secured zones, and so on.
The various embodiments disclosed herein allow for operation of the air-gapped endpoint 100 with an enhanced and seamless user experience. A user using the air-gapped endpoint 100 would experience the same look-and-feel of a traditional (unrestricted) endpoint. To this end, various UX features are implemented by the hypervisor 140 in the virtualized environment 110.
In an embodiment, one of the UX features enable the display of multiple application windows executed in different security zones over the endpoint's 100 desktop. This feature is further demonstrated in
In another embodiment, only applications of the primary security zone are displayed.
In order to display windows of applications from the secondary security zone, application windows in the primary security zone are hidden and the application windows in the secondary security zone are exclusively shown. The switching between zones can be performed using a predefined UX command (e.g., a keyboard shortcut, such as Ctrl+F[1], a GUI element, such as an icon or a taskbar shortcut, etc.).
It should be emphasized that, regardless of the display mode, applications executed in different zones cannot access each other. There is a complete separation between zones and applications and guest OS executed therein. However, from the user's perspective, the user can access any window and interact with the applications executed therein seamlessly.
The display of multiple windows of different security zones is controlled by the hypervisor 140 (
The hypervisor 140 is configured to render a first layer illustrating a desktop view of a first security zone. Such desktop view includes all active windows. Then, the hypervisor 140 renders a cropped desktop display of the second security zone, only displaying the clipped regions of windows that should be displayed to maintain the Z-order by the user. As such, the desktop's display would provide an illusion of a single window manager/desktop environment.
At S610, the user activity is monitored to at least provide an indication of current window relationships. This may include the relationships of windows operable in each security zone and their z-order.
At S620, a first layer presenting a desktop of the first security zone is rendered. The first layer includes all applications executed in the first zone arranged according to their order and size as set by the user.
At S630, a second layer presenting a cropped desktop display of the second security zone is rendered. As noted above, this second layer only includes regions of windows that should be displayed to maintain the z-order set by the user. In an embodiment, border lines of windows in the first and second desktops are marked differently, e.g., by different colors, to distinguish between the different security zones.
At S640, the first layer of the first desktop is presented in its entirety on the endpoint's display. That is, all windows of the first desktop are presented. Then, at S650, the second layer, i.e., the cropped regions, are displayed on top of the first layer. The cropped display includes only the clipped regions of windows that should be displayed to maintain the z-order.
It should be noted that the user activity is continuously monitored, and any changes in the windows arrangement (e.g., changing location, order, size, closing an application, and/or launching an application) would trigger a re-cropping of the first and second layers, thus changing the user's view to keep the illusion of a single desktop's display.
It should be further noted that the first and second security zone can be, without limitation, a primary and secondary security zone, respectively. In an embodiment, when a user toggles from the primary to the secondary security zone, the first and second layers are switched as well. That is, the second layer would be displayed in its entirety, and a cropped version of the first layer would be displayed on top of the second layer.
Illustrative diagrams showing the various arrangement of windows are shown in
In another embodiment, discussed with reference to
As noted above, the user activity is continuously monitored, and any attempt by a user to modify position, dimensions, state, or a combination thereof, of a guest entity while the virtual clipping layer is active may be identified. The modification may be applied to the single desktop environment, such that the modification as a result of user interaction to a graphical user interface in a form of overlapping windows is updated in real-time.
The modification can be additionally configured to toggle the activation of the first virtual layer and the second virtual layer in the graphical user interface interchangeably based on a user interaction, where the user interaction involves manipulation by the user of interface using the integrated access to the mouse, keyboard, screen, and resources in the single user interface comprising a single desktop environment. The user interaction includes managing changes to applications and interface components of the displayed environments based on default security policies, predetermined security policies, or both, using the integrated access to the mouse, keyboard, screen, and resources in the single user interface comprising a single desktop environment in real-time.
In an example embodiment, the integrated access to the mouse, keyboard, screen, and resources in the single user interface comprising a single desktop environment in real-time acquires priority condition based on the default security policies, predetermined security policies, or both. For example, the keyboard can be redirected to the VM that the top entity (guest window) belongs to. The host can also show special entities (e.g. special host windows that allow global settings to be changed), that can be displayed on top of all security zones.
The clipping action will isolate an area in the second VM in the area of the host entity. The allows the host entity to appear as the top window. The modification can also be configured to toggle the activation of the first virtual layer and the second virtual layer in the graphical user interface interchangeably based on the user interaction.
In an embodiment, entities (guest windows) of the second security zone can be represented in the task-bar and in an app-switcher (e.g., as initiated by a keyboard shortcut, such as ALT+TAB) with the corresponding icons, even though they are not running on the respective VM. This creates an illusion for the user that the entities from the second security zone are running on the first security zone. That is, it appears to the user that applications from both security zones are executed on the first (primary) security zone.
According to the disclosed embodiments, a signal-sign-on (SSO) function is provided in order to ease the log-in to the air-gapped endpoint. Specifically, the SSO allows a user of the end-point to log-in once to one of the security zones (e.g., to a guest operating system executed therein) and then to seamlessly log into the other security zones without providing login credentials a second time.
In order to the allow the SSO function, all guest operating systems are booted when a user logs into a primary security zone (e.g., zone 130-1 of
The hypervisor then automatically provides the credentials to all other guest operating systems that have been booted. In some configurations, each guest OS is configured with a proxy component that captures the credentials and passes them to the hypervisor. The proxy component can also perform an automatic login process using the user's credentials provided by the hypervisor.
In an embodiment, when the hypervisor receives a message indicating that the user has locked a guest OS of the primary operating system, the hypervisor is configured to automatically lock the other guest operating systems executed in the other security zones.
According to another embodiment, cross-transfer of content between security zones is provided. This UX function allows the user to seamlessly use a single keyboard to copy and paste content across different zones. For example, a user can mark and copy content from one application in one security zone and paste that content to another application in a different zone. The process for cross-transfer of content is secured and controlled by the hypervisor (the hypervisor 140 of
To this end, the hypervisor is configured to monitor all UX commands executed by the user of the endpoint, including but not limited to keystroke. When a copy command is detected (e.g., Ctrl+C or a mouse selection), a process (e.g., an agent) running in the zone the content was copied from notifies the hypervisor on the copied content and the zone (of VM) ID.
When the hypervisor detects a paste command (e.g., Ctrl+V), the hypervisor identifies the target zone to paste the content, and determines if the operation is permitted. The determination, in one embodiment, is based on the UX policy. If the content transferred is allowed the hypervisor notifies the user via a designated notification that a cross-VM transfer is taking place. The user can be prompted to approve the content transfer. In an embodiment, an approval dialog box is displayed to the user in a trusted host window. Malware running in one of the guest VMs cannot view, access and/or control the dialog box or any buttons therein.
It should be appreciated that only physical keystrokes or mouse clicks that have been detected would trigger an actual content transfer. This prevents a malware application executed in a security zone to initiate content transfer.
In yet another embodiment, to enhance the user experience when interacting with an air-gapped endpoint, a browser application is enabled in each security zone, as long as the requested URL is not malicious and/or blocked by the browsing policy of each zone. According to this embodiment, the hypervisor 140 is configured to monitor any URL accessed by a user. When the user is not permitted to access the requested website in one security zone, the hypervisor 140 can redirect the request to another security zone, if such a zone exists, and to automatically open the website in that zone. That is, the hypervisor would cause the VM to launch a browser in the zone that the URL is redirected to. It should be appreciated that the automatically launching of websites provides a seamless browsing experience, as the user is not aware that the original access attempt has been blocked or redirected.
For example, if the user attempts to access www.facebook.com from a corporate security zone, such a request may be directed to the personal security zone so that the user can access the website from that security zone.
In an embodiment, to prevent a malware application from using the URL redirection capability to leak data between the environments, the URL redirection is enabled only when such operation is acknowledged by the user and/or when physical keystrokes or mouse clicks are detected.
As noted above, the various UX functions discussed herein as being performed or otherwise controlled by the hypervisor (e.g., the hypervisor 140). The hypervisor is configured to control the security zones of a networking VM (N-VM), and a primitive operating system (OS). In an embodiment, the component in the hypervisor controlling the UX functions is the security module 240, described with reference to
The method, in an embodiment, is performed by a hypervisor operable in a virtualized environment of the endpoint. The hypervisor is initialized to be executed over a primitive OS. The initialization occurs when the endpoint boots. As discussed in detail above, the primitive OS is a limited version of an OS designed to only run drivers of hardware components.
Prior to the execution of the method, multiple secure zones are created in the endpoint by initiating a plurality of VMs by a hypervisor executed over a primitive OS. Each VM runs its own guest OS and a set of applications. A security policy is associated with each security zone defining at least one of, or a combination of: a network policy, a UX policy, a browsing policy, and a connectivity policy. The type of the guest OS, applications and policies of each security zone can be retrieved from the management server, e.g., the server 530. In an embodiment, an operating system (OS) booted with the endpoint may be migrated to operate as one of the guest OSs. In an embodiment, a networking VM may be instantiated by the hypervisor. The networking VM is configured with the network policy of each security zone.
At S910, execution of the applications and guest OS in the security zones are monitored to detect at least UX commands, requests, or actions (collectively referred as UX command or commands). Such UX commands may include a request to open a new application window, resize an open window, copy content, paste content, launch a website, and so on. Any monitored UX command may include the requested function to be perform (e.g., resize window), source VM (zone), and destination zone, if applicable.
At S920, for each monitored command, it is determined if the execution of the UX command would affect at least one security zone differently than the zone from which the command was initiated. That is, the UX command, if performed, not only would affect a primary security zone (executing applications in the foreground), but also applications executed in the background by VMs in a secondary security zone.
At S930, it is determined if execution of such UX commands would trigger a UX function that would maintain compliance with the security policy, and in particular with the UX policy. For example, a UX command may be a copy command (CTRL+C). This may trigger a UX function of cross-transfer of content. If the UX policy does not allow such transfer, the operation would be blocked.
If S930 results with a Yes answer, execution proceeds with S940; otherwise, execution returns to S910.
At S940, a UX function triggered by the UX command is performed. Examples for such UX functions include rendering of a unified desktop's display when two or more security zones are concurrently executed in the virtualized environment. The unified desktop can display applications from different zones in different windows. In an embodiment, windows of applications from different zones are visually distinguished. The unified desktop UX function be triggered by, for example, launching in application in another window.
Another example of a UX function is the transfer of content (copy-paste) across different security zones. Yet another example of a UX function is a redirection of URLs. As yet another example of a UX function is an SSO to multiple different security zones. Those functions are discussed in detail above.
The UX command may also refer to changing settings of the display. This would allow a user to set the display settings in one zone, and the hypervisor would apply the same settings in other zones. Examples for such preferences include a display's resolution, orientation, color, brightness, scale, and the like.
At S1005, an access to a file system of the secondary VM is received or other captured by the hypervisor. A secondary VM (security zone) may be a personal VM carrying non-sensitive information such as the user's personal files. A file system operation may be received. An example for such an operation includes open, save, save as, one or more files. An open picture request may take place in an example.
For example, a request to open a presentation document on the secondary VM may be received. As another example, a user may try to save a Microsoft Word™ document to a directory or file system and that operating system command may be received by the hypervisor. As another example, a request to download a file to a certain directory or subdirectory on the secondary VM may be received.
At S1010, the file system dialog window open request may be intercepted by the hypervisor. For example, the hypervisor may detect a request to launch the file system dialog window to open a file on the secondary VMs.
In one embodiment, which VM or security zone is making the request may be checked and determined whether the action should divert or not. When determined that the action should be diverted, an appropriate action may be to divert to another VM (or security zone) and block on the current VM. For example, a request to open a file on the secondary VM is intercepted, the action is blocked on the secondary VM, and then the corresponding dialog window is launched.
In some embodiments, the determination of when the file system dialog window request to intercept may be based on which VM requests an action, and what VMs are activated. For example, when only the primary or secure VM is instantiated, then no capture may take place. In this case, the system may present the normal dialog box for the file system that was active. In the case when 3 VMs are active and more than one is a secure VM, then the system may determine which of the two secure VMs' file systems will be activated. Similarly, not all user action commands will initiate a file system capture. In some cases, the secondary VM's file system may be activated when called with no interjection.
At S1020, a dialog window of the security zone may be displayed. For example, the security zone may be a corporate VM, thereby displaying a different file system selection option than typically displayed when users choose to open or save a file. The user may have the option of opening or saving in this other file system appropriately. Effectively, the secondary VM opens or saves one or more files in the security zone's file system rather than the secondary VM's file system.
This file system aversion mechanism may be operated only when an operator is active on the machine and is knowledgeable of the aversion mechanism, thereby preventing malware abuse. For example, the hypervisor may detect that a user is present before diverting the file system.
Optionally, at S1030, the file system dialog window of the secondary VM may be blocked by the hypervisor. For example, the secondary VM file system dialog window may be canceled in lieu of the security zone presenting its own file system dialog window. This event may be seamless to the user. Therefore, a unified file system may be presented to the user.
At S1040, the one or more files in the security zone may be selected, and the file selection process completed. The user may open, save, save as, etc. the file that was desired in the secondary VM, in the security zone.
At S1110, the common folders may be renamed and/or reclassified on one or more security zones, so that they are distinguished from another VMs' folders and/or files. For example, common folders like “Desktop,” “Document,” “Download,” and “Pictures” may be renamed for presentation to the user. Any of known operating system commands may be used to accomplish this. In an embodiment, the “mv” command may be used in the Unix operating system. In another embodiment, “rename” may be used on a Windows™ operating system to rename one or more files or folders.
In another embodiment, a local file using a temporary naming structure may be used. For example, the hypervisor may access this local file each time upon startup to indicate that one or more files or folders are special or considered a certain class. A non-exhaustive list of renamed/reclassified examples include Sensitive, Protected, Primary VM, Secure, Safe, and so on.
At S1120, when a user launches a web browser or a file operation dialog, a GUI displaying renamed folders is presented to the user. For example, certain folders may be renamed including a “sensitive” prefix for one or more VMs. For example, the security zone may have all its main folders titled “Sensitive Documents,” “Sensitive Desktop,” “Sensitive Downloads,” and so on. In an embodiment, the file operation GUI presented to the user may be rendered by the hypervisor.
In an embodiment, shortcuts may be added to standard folders to corresponding folders in another VM. For example, in a secondary VM or “General VM” shortcuts may be added or inserted to the corresponding folders in a security zone or security zones. Therefore, when a user downloads a file in a sensitive application and then goes to the “Downloads” folder they will see a shortcut to the folder “Sensitive Downloads”. Selecting the shortcut will take the user to the corresponding folder in the security zone where the downloaded file is located and will allow the user to complete the file operation at that location.
In another embodiment, a unified filed system is provided by file name mirroring across VMs (security zones) in common folders. Examples of such folders include “Documents”, “Downloads”, “Pictures”, and the like.
Accordingly, files and folders in the common folders of each VM are represented by stub files and folders in the corresponding common folder of the other VM. The stub files, in an embodiment, are only links that launch the files in the other VM (activating the default shell operation on the selected file). This mechanism is orchestrated by the hypervisor and allowed only when a human operator is active and aware of the operation (to avoid abuse by malware).
General VM 1210 may be drawn as a normal file system dialog as contrasted with security zone 1205. As illustrated general VM 1210 may include a regular highlight, and folders without a specific renaming or allocation such as “Sensitive Documents,” “Sensitive Desktop,” “Sensitive Downloads,” etc. General VM 1210 and Security zone 1205 may include any number of directory or folder listing instantiations. As illustrated, several folders are displayed, however it would be appreciated by one in the art that any folder may or may not be marked distinctly.
In an embodiment, the highlight may be drawn on the top graphics layer so as to avoid malware attacks. In an embodiment, the background contents/wallpaper of security zone 1205 may be drawn or highlighted to distinguish the VM file system. In yet another embodiment, with more than 2 VMs, different highlights may be used to indicate each VM. For example, if there are 2 security zones they may each be identified with their own highlight and/or color. Similarly, a border or graphic may be used to indicate that one VM is or is not sensitive.
The various embodiments disclosed herein can be implemented as hardware, firmware, software, or any combination thereof. Moreover, the software is preferably implemented as an application program tangibly embodied on a program storage unit or computer readable medium consisting of parts, or of certain devices and/or a combination of devices. The application program may be uploaded to, and executed by, a machine comprising any suitable architecture. Preferably, the machine is implemented on a computer platform having hardware such as one or more central processing units (“CPUs”), a memory, and input/output interfaces. The computer platform may also include an operating system and a microinstruction code. The various processes and functions described herein may be either part of the microinstruction code or part of the application program, or any combination thereof, which may be executed by a CPU, whether or not such a computer or processor is explicitly shown. In addition, various other peripheral units may be connected to the computer platform such as an additional data storage unit and a printing unit. Furthermore, a non-transitory computer readable medium is any computer readable medium except for a transitory propagating signal.
As used herein, the phrase “at least one of” followed by a listing of items means that any of the listed items can be utilized individually, or any combination of two or more of the listed items can be utilized. For example, if a system is described as including “at least one of A, B, and C,” the system can include A alone; B alone; C alone; A and B in combination; B and C in combination; A and C in combination; or A, B, and C in combination.
It should be understood that any reference to an element herein using a designation such as “first,” “second,” and so forth does not generally limit the quantity or order of those elements. Rather, these designations are generally used herein as a convenient method of distinguishing between two or more elements or instances of an element. Thus, a reference to first and second elements does not mean that only two elements may be employed there or that the first element must precede the second element in some manner. Also, unless stated otherwise, a set of elements comprises one or more elements.
All examples and conditional language recited herein are intended for pedagogical purposes to aid the reader in understanding the principles of the disclosed embodiment and the concepts contributed by the inventor to furthering the art, and are to be construed as being without limitation to such specifically recited examples and conditions. Moreover, all statements herein reciting principles, aspects, and embodiments of the disclosed embodiments, as well as specific examples thereof, are intended to encompass both structural and functional equivalents thereof. Additionally, it is intended that such equivalents include both currently known equivalents as well as equivalents developed in the future, i.e., any elements developed that perform the same function, regardless of structure.
This application is a continuation-in-part and claims the benefit of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/876,654 filed on Jan. 22, 2018. The Ser. No. 15/876,654 application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/449,123 filed on Jan. 23, 2017, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 62449123 | Jan 2017 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 15876654 | Jan 2018 | US |
| Child | 16443057 | US |
