The present invention relates generally to data protection, and more particularly to systems and methods for providing a message authentication code based on unimodular matrices.
Since the beginning of the digital revolution, there has always been a concern that not all of the digital bits sent from point A to point B will arrive intact. This is because, whether malicious or non-malicious attacks, the digital information sometimes arrived in an altered state at its destination. Depending on the criticality of the transmitted data, the altered information could be inconsequential or might be of significant importance such as transferring one million dollars to a bank account instead of one hundred dollars to a bank account. Therefore, a means to verify and check data is required to ensure that what information was sent actually arrived in the same form. Additionally, especially in the banking example just mentioned, it is also highly desirable to ensure that the data came from a particular source. Thus, it is necessary to also have a means to verify and/or identify the sender of the information. Otherwise an individual could just send the information to the bank and transfer money into their account at will. Likewise, it is also desirable to hide, or encrypt, the information being sent so that other parties cannot view the data. All of these desirable characteristics for transmitted data tend to have equal importance for secure data transmissions in today's digital environment.
One way to ensure that data arrives exactly as it was sent is to provide information along with the transmitted data that provides a method to double check that all of the data bits have been received and, sometimes, even that they are in a particular order. This is often accomplished with a “checksum” value that is sent or appended to the transmitted data. This checksum can be as simple as the value of adding up all the bits or as complicated as a value that can indicate, to a high degree of probability, the order and value of all the digital bits. Thus, checksum methods can be quite complex, depending on the depth of checking required in a given circumstance. Critical data, for example, such as airplane flight control information, can require extremely thorough checksum values. Other means of ensuring data integrity can include sending redundant copies of the data and doing a data comparison at the receiving end. This is valid as long as the attacks to the data tend to be non-malicious and random. A malicious attack or a reoccurring error can affect all redundant copies of the data, yielding no means to adequately decide which data set is correct.
It is also desirable to be able to authenticate that data was sent by a particular party. Thus, when an email is received, for example, one assumes that it was sent from the party in the “from-line” of the email. However, as is common with email viruses, the virus sends emails to users in an address book of an infected computer and alters the from-line so that the emails appear to be from someone other than the virus program. Therefore, if the received communication is of a highly critical nature, the receiving party would like to be ensured that the email originated from the sender and not from anyone else. This is especially important in a business environment where the digital information is utilized to make business decisions and to conduct business transactions. It is also critical in medical settings such as transmitting drug prescriptions and medical information and the like.
As the digital age has progressed, it has become very easy to send, receive, and manipulate digital data. Although this digitally-provided power is typically utilized to enhance and enrich society, it can also be utilized to maliciously alter and/or intercept data. People, along with businesses, often tend to send information that is of a sensitive nature, and they do not want it to be disseminated to parties other than those to which the data was sent. Therefore, if the data is intercepted by a third party, they would like the data to be meaningless to that third party. This is typically done by encrypting data utilizing a “key.” The data can then only be unlocked by possessing and utilizing the digital unlock key. Generally, to gain more security, the encryption key is lengthened to contain more digital bits. The encrypting method can also become extremely complex in order to provide even more security for the transmitted data.
As technology has progressed in the aforementioned data protection areas, it has tended to somewhat merge into overlapping methods that provide data protection in multiple facets. Thus, an authentication method that verifies who the data was sent from is often also combined with an encryption scheme to hide the data from third parties. Likewise, an encryption scheme might also provide a data integrity scheme, and a data integrity scheme might also be utilized to verify who sent the digital data. Some current authentication schemes utilize “public keys” and “secret” or private keys to facilitate authentication. These methods often incorporate a “message authentication code” or
As society creates more and more digital information, the sizes of transmitted data also increase dramatically. Thus, despite advances in technology with regard to faster processors and better data management, the amount of digital information being sent can be immense. This creates a workload for digital protection schemes that can become overwhelming for a particular process. Typically, users will not tolerate lengthy delays after they command data to be transmitted. This additional time for providing data protection is seen as an encumbrance to this method of data transmission. Although a user deems the protection necessary, time constraints may cause a user to by-pass data protection in order to timely send out large amounts of data, exposing the data to interception/disclosure, spoofing, and alterations. Efficient, secure, and adjustable data protection schemes can provide businesses and individual users alike with the capability to expand beyond their current data size limitations without limiting their data protection due to intolerance of data protection overhead costs.
The following presents a simplified summary of the invention in order to provide a basic understanding of some aspects of the invention. This summary is not an extensive overview of the invention. It is not intended to identify key/critical elements of the invention or to delineate the scope of the invention. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts of the invention in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later.
The present invention relates generally to data protection, and more particularly to systems and methods for providing a message authentication code based on unimodular matrices. The invertibility of determinants of these types of matrices is leveraged to provide a universal hash function means with reversible properties and high speed performance. This provides, in one instance of the present invention, length controllable hash values comprised of vector pairs that can be processed as one instruction in a SIMD (single instruction, multiple data) equipped computational processor, where the vector pair is treated as a double word. By providing single instruction processible hash values, one instance of the present invention can compute the hash values at a 500 megabyte per second input data rate on a 1.06 gigahertz processor. The characteristics of the present invention permit its utilization in streaming cipher applications, and it can be utilized to provide key data to seed the ciphering process. Additionally, the present invention can utilize smaller key lengths than comparable mechanisms via inter-block chaining, can be utilized to double hash values via performing independent hash processes in parallel, and can be employed in applications that require its unique processing characteristics. Thus, the present invention provides a high performance hash value generation means that can also be utilized to facilitate cipher key seeding and utilized to facilitate other data protection schemes, such as, for example, checksumming and the like.
To the accomplishment of the foregoing and related ends, certain illustrative aspects of the invention are described herein in connection with the following description and the annexed drawings. These aspects are indicative, however, of but a few of the various ways in which the principles of the invention may be employed and the present invention is intended to include all such aspects and their equivalents. Other advantages and novel features of the invention may become apparent from the following detailed description of the invention when considered in conjunction with the drawings.
The present invention is now described with reference to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals are used to refer to like elements throughout. In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. It may be evident, however, that the present invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form in order to facilitate describing the present invention.
As used in this application, the term “component” is intended to refer to a computer-related entity, either hardware, a combination of hardware and software, software, or software in execution. For example, a component may be, but is not limited to being, a process running on a processor, a processor, an object, an executable, a thread of execution, a program, and/or a computer. By way of illustration, both an application running on a server and the server can be a computer component. One or more components may reside within a process and/or thread of execution and a component may be localized on one computer and/or distributed between two or more computers. A “thread” is the entity within a process that the operating system kernel schedules for execution. As is well known in the art, each thread has an associated “context” which is the volatile data associated with the execution of the thread. A thread's context includes the contents of system registers and the virtual address belonging to the thread's process. Thus, the actual data comprising a thread's context varies as it executes.
The present invention provides a
In
Referring to
Looking at
Turning to
The unique qualities of the present invention are better perceived by understanding the context of the present invention. Algorithms to compute message authentication codes (
Recent
After the mapping is completed, h is encrypted utilizing a block cipher. If the cipher acts as a random permutation, the encryptions of the hash values hi, . . . , hq of q distinct inputs X1, . . . , Xq can not be distinguished from truly random outputs of the corresponding length, if the hash values hi=HK(Xi) are distinct. Thus, if a secure cipher is utilized, the collision properties of the hash function determine the security of the h and its collision probability is a focal point, and it is assumed for simplicity that all inputs have the same length and can be subdivided into blocks evenly.
To better understand the present invention's construction, it is helpful to review some earlier construction techniques. In one such technique, an evaluation Σi xiαi for a random α. Bernstein's hash 127 (D. Bernstein; Floating-point Arithmetic and Message Authentication; Draft available at http://cr.yp.to/papers/hash127.dvi) implements a polynomial evaluation hash utilizing floating-point operations in an efficient and platform independent manner.
Many
The chain and sum method (Jakubowski and Venkatesan, 1998) doubles the length of the hash in a one-pass computation by outputting the pair (yi, Σyi) . It is similar to the evaluation ax+b. That is, fi=f for odd i, and fi=g for even i. To improve the present invention's collision probabilities, the summing method is utilized, which was employed in The Chain and Sum Primitive and Its Applications to MACs and Stream Ciphers (Jakubowski and Venkatesan, 1998) to obtain a pseudo-random permutation on X by further encrypting y1, . . . yt-2 with a one-time pad derived from (yt, Σ yi) utilizing a stream cipher and encrypting (yt, Σ yi) with a block cipher.
These methods work over a field, where operations are typically expensive on standard processors. Working instead with modulo 2l is advantageous and the fastest
Klimov and Shamir (see, A. Klimov and A. Shamir; A New Class of Invertible Mappings; Crypto 2001 Rump Session) constructed an elegant family of invertible mappings (modulo 2l) that combine arithmetic and boolean operations to get non-linear maps for utilization in cryptographic primitives. The present invention can incorporate these functions after they have been randomized and modified per the present invention to have suitable differential properties.
The present invention's inputs are broken into blocks of length t words, each of size l-bits. A given l-bit input xi is embedded into a 3×3 matrix Bi over the ring of integers modulo 2l by xi
where vi=fi(xi) is a vector with two elements, and Ai is a 2×2 matrix with det(Ai)=±1; here the sequence of Ai's is fixed independent of the input xi. The Ai sequence utilized by the present invention is periodic, so that the implementation can be unrolled and have a small code footprint. The function, fi(x), is defined by multiplication with random odd ai where ai and x are l bits, and the 2l bit result is viewed as a vector of two l-bit numbers. Thus fi(x) is invertible modulo 22l and can be implemented in one instruction utilizing the usual 2l-bit result of multiplication of two l-bit quantities.
For each block of input, the product
of these matrices Bi is computed. The output of the present invention's hash value is the pair
The collision probability is substantially near 2−2l by utilizing the invertibility of Ai and the arithmetic properties of the determinants of the matrices of the form
over (and not modulo 2l). The present invention offers simplicity and can also facilitate applications other than
The present invention's construction can be viewed in a more general manner.
Let G=SL2 and
so that G is the group of unimodular matrices over multiplication, and H is the group of 2-dimensional vectors modulo 2l over addition. The natural homomorphism taking elements of G to automorphisms of H via the matrix-vector product defines a semidirect product G
H. The present invention's block hash is then an embedding of the input into G
H by mapping xi to (Ai, fi(xi)). The product of these elements is that over G
H. Given appropriate fi, the present invention's construction can be generalized to larger matrices.
Many efficient
Even though the present invention is slower than the fastest algorithm,
The present invention's methods also provide a model for checksumming. Detailed infra, it is shown that any two inputs that collide within a block must differ in at least two locations. The collision probability of the present invention's
In order to fully appreciate the present invention, several conventions are utilized as follows. Fix a modulus m=2l, for example, l=32. A word refers to an element of and a double word to an element of
Hence, words can be thought of as l bit integers and double words as 2l bit integers. All operations take place over words, that is, over
unless otherwise specified. The ability of modern processors to multiply two words to produce a double word in a single instruction is exploited; this operation is denoted as ×*. For x, y ε
x×*y is in
that is, the result is viewed as a two word vector. If necessary, the input is padded to consist of an integral number of words. For simplicity, an input consists of b blocks, each of which has a fixed block length of t words.
Typically data is processed by blocks. Thus, the present invention's construction is described for a map v that sends an input block X=x1, . . . , xt into l-bit hash value v=v(X). The block key consists of l-bit words ai, for 1≦i≦t; the same key is reused with each block. fi: is defined by fi(x)=ai×*x. The present invention's algorithm utilizes fixed public matrices A1, . . . , At. These can contain very small entries so that matrix products can be implemented very efficiently by addition and subtraction of words.
Let vi be the column vector of two words equal to fi(xi). Define matrices Bi, B and B0, which have the form
where
and for i>0,
It is clear that B can be written as above; z is the first two components of the third column of B and A has determinant ±1. z0 is an initial value for the block. Also computed is:
where σ0 is another initial value for the block. The hash value is v(X)=(z, σ).
Other instances of the present invention can be employed to provide inter-block chaining. For example, assume the kth block is associated with two uniform hash functions F1(k) and F2(k) mapping double words to double words (the superscript is dropped if the block number is clear from the context). If (z′, σ′) is the output of a hashed block, this is chained to the next block by setting σ0=F2(σ′) and:
as the initial values for the next block. These inter-block functions can be repeated to save on key length, at some cost of security, which is detailed infra. The exact definition of these functions is not extremely important for these applications.
In other instances of the present invention, a hash value length can be doubled by performing an independent hash in parallel. Key words bi, 1≦i≦t are utilized, which are independent of the ai and set the functions gi, i≦t, to g(x)=bi×*x. ui=gi(xi) is defined and, as above, gets a map XH u(X) with the hash value u utilizing:
Also computed is
The overall hash is now:
(v(X), u(X))=(z, σ, w, v).
Thus, the present invention provides a lengthened transformation value or hash value with a collision probability that can be based on the following theorem.
Theorem 1: For t≦50, if H=(z, σ, w, v) and H′=(z′, σ′, w′, v′) are the hash values computed from two distinct inputs, then:
Pr[H=H′]≦2−4l+20,
The analysis of the hash of a single block is focused upon first, and it is assumed that B0=I for a 3×3 identity matrix. By repeated utilization of the identity:
in Equation (1):
z=v1+A1v2+A1A2v3+ . . . +A1A2 . . . At−1vi. (Eq. 3)
For two (not necessarily distinct) input blocks X and X′, X=x1, . . . , xt and X′=x′1, . . . . , x′t is written and v′i=fi(x′i) is defined. z′ and σ′ are defined analogously to z and σ.
The following technical lemma relating the distributive law of ×* over vector subtraction is needed. In general, it is not true that a×*x−a×*x′=a×* (x−x′), and, thus, the operation is not linear. However, assuming x≠x′, a×*x−a×*x′ is nearly as likely to collide with any fixed value as a×*(x−x′).
Lemma 1. Given any fixed words x≠x′ and any fixed double word α=(α1, α2),
where the probability is taken over uniformly chosen odd words a ε
Proof: For this proof, let · denote the usual multiplication over double words. By abusing notation, a·x=y is written for a,x ε and y ε
it is noted also in this case that there is no overflow, so that y=ax as integers. The crux of this lemma is the difference between subtraction over double words as integers modulo m2 and subtraction over two-dimensional vectors modulo m. To make this distinction explicit, for an element x ε
[x] is written as the vector corresponding x, so that [x] ε
Then for double words y and z, if [y]−[z]=(w1, w2), then [y−z]=(w1−c, w2), where c is either 0 and 1 depending on whether there is a carry between the low and high words or not.
Let A be the set of all odd a that cause a collision, that is, for the fixed α=(α1, α2), all a such that [a·x]−[a·x′]=α for x and x′ as in the statement of the lemma. Then for any a ε A, [a·x−a·x′]=(α1−ca, α2), for ca=0 or 1. Given a, a′ ε A with ca=ca′a·(x−x′)=a′·(x−x′) exists over the integers, so that as x≠x′, a=a′. Thus, A contains at most two elements, possibly one with carry 0 and possibly one with carry 1. As there are 2l−1 choices for odd a, the chance of choosing one in A is at most 2·2−l+1=2−l+2, as required.
The hash function proper is now analyzed.
Lemma 2: If (z, σ)=(z′, σ′) for distinct inputs X and X′, then X and X′ differ in at least two locations.
Proof: Suppose not, so that xi=x′i for all i≠j, and xj≠x′j for some j. Then σ−σ′=aj×*xj−aj×*x′j. As aj is odd and hence an invertible map from σ≠σ′, contradicting (z, σ)=(z′, σ′).
It is now known that colliding inputs have at least two distinct words—however, which words these are, is not known. This is where computing the hash as a matrix product and sum helps. For example, if x and y are independently distributed over then 2x+y and 2y−x are independently distributed as well. Note, however, that x+y and x−y are not independently distributed; for example, they have the same parity. The difference between these two examples is that the former arises from the matrix
which is invertible over while the matrix of the latter is
has determinant −2, and so is not invertible over The relationship between the two components of the present invention's hash pair, z and σ, is similar, so that if the present invention's matrices are picked carefully, z and σ are independent.
Definition 1: A sequence of matrices (A1, . . . , At) is k-invertible if for any i<j, and Δ defined as:
Δ=det(Ai . . . Aj−1−1),
then Δ is nonzero, and if 2k′|Δ, then k′≦k.
For any interval I=(i, j), the matrix B=ΠI Ai−I of k-invertible Ai is nearly invertible in the following sense. Let det(B)=s2k′ for odd, nonzero s and k′≦k. Then Bx=α can be solved modulo 2l−k uniquely and then there are 2k solutions modulo 2l. Thus the value k should be as small as possible.
Lemma 3: Assume that (A1, . . . , At) is k-invertible. Then for distinct inputs X≠X′, Pr{a
Proof: Let δxi=xi−x′i and δvi=f(xi)−f(x′i)=ai×*x′i. By the Lemma 2, it can be assumed that there exists i<j such that δxi≠0 and δxj≠0. The analysis is now in terms of matrix equations over involving Ai's and δvi; the inputs xi and x′i are involved implicitly in a non-linear way which will by Lemma 1 will cost a factor of 2. By fixing all ar for r≠i,j:
for appropriate fixed α and β. Rearranging (Eq. 4) for some fixed α′, it is equivalent to:
Let B=(Ai. . . Aj−1−I), and let Δ=det B. As (Ai, . . . , Aj−1) are k-invertible, Δ=s·2k′ for some odd s and k′≦k. As remarked above, Bδvj=α′ iff 2k′δvj=α* in for some fixed α* depending on α and B. As from Lemma 1 Pra
).
Finally, if the event 2kδvj=α* occurs, then Pra
The operation of the hash over several blocks is now considered. Let (zk, σk) be the output of the kth block, so that the initial values for the k+1 block are F1(k)(zk) and F2(k)(σk). If the keys for the pair (F1(k), F2(k)) are new at each block, then the initial positions at each block are independent, utilizing the uniformity of the Fi. Given two messages X1, . . . , Xn and X′1, . . . , X′n, let i be the largest index of different blocks, so that Xi≠X′i and Xj=X′j for j>i. Then H(X1, . . . , Xn)=H(X′1, . . . , X′n) iff (zi, σi)=(z′i, σ′i). If H(X1, . . . , Xi−1)=H(X′1, . . . , X′i−1), then the probability that (zi, σi)=(z′i, σ′i) is given in Lemma 3. Otherwise, by fixing all key bits but those for Fr(i−1), r=1,2, the probability that (zi, σi)=(z′i, σ′i) is equal to that of a collision in the Fr(i−1), which is smaller than that of Lemma 3. If it is desirable to save on key size, the Fj(i) can be reused. A standard union-bound shows that the bit-security of the hash decreases linearly with the frequency of reuse.
The choice of the sequence A1, . . . , At can be tailored to implementation requirements. Obviously there is a trade-off between finding k-invertible matrices for minimum k while ensuring that the matrix-vector products of the hashing algorithm can be efficiently computed. The implementations described infra utilize the families below. It should be noted that if the order of the matrices is changed, the determinants of interest may be identically zero.
Lemma 4. Define the following integer matrices of determinant ±1.
This is now extended periodically into a longer sequence: At=(A1, . . . , At) where Ai+3s=A′i. Then A19 is 4-invertible, and A50 is 6-invertible.
Proof: This can be verified by direct computation. A graph 500 of the k-invertibility of A50 is shown in
Another family of matrices is now considered whose near-invertibility is not as good. However, these matrices have entries from {±1, 0}, yielding more efficient implementations. Some implementations of instances of the present invention suggest a 15% speed-up when utilizing these simpler matrices. It can also be shown that the determinants of interest are non-zero, if not nearly odd.
Lemma 5. Define the following matrices.
Proof: For a matrix A, A≧0 if each entry of A is at least 0. A≦0 if −A≧0 and A≧A′ if A−A′≧0. |A| denotes the matrix whose entries are the absolute value of those of A.
In the notation of Lemma 5, note that:
By examination, for all 1≦s≦4, det(B′s−I)ε{−1,4} and hence nonzero, and Tr(B′s)ε{1,−1} and is at least 1 in absolute value. For r=1,2, det(Xr−I)=2≠0 and Tr(Xr)=−2. Finally, det (B′sXr−I)ε{−4,−3,6}. Hence, the analysis can proceed by induction and assume j−i>2. Set
and fix r so that M=M′ Xr, and, by induction, it can be assumed that |Tr(M′)|≧2.
Since det(M)=±1, det(M−I)=det(M)+1−Tr(M), and det(M)+1=0 or 2, it will be enough to show that |Tr(M)|>2. Note that M≧0 or M≦0, for Bs=±1·|Bs|, so that M=±1·Πij|Bs|, and Π|Bs|≧0. As M′≧0 or M′≦0, utilizing the same argument as for M, by examining Xr, it can be seen that |M|≧|M′|.
One can label the off-diagonal elements of M′ by x and y, so that
Tr(M)=Tr(M′Xr)=−(|Tr(M′)|+2|x|+|y|),
if necessary by exchanging x and y. In a similar way as showing |M|≧|M′|, one can show |M′|>0, so thus |Tr(M)|≧|Tr(M′)|+1≧3, utilizing the inductive assumption on M′. Hence det(M−I)≠0, as required.
The present invention's hash methods can be adjusted to account for operating constraints of modern processors. In particular, instances of the present invention incorporate parallelization which is useful in processors that have SIMD operations. For example, the MMX™ brand type instruction set standard on Intel Pentium II™ brand and later processors can operate simultaneously on 32-bit words with a throughput of 2 per cycle. For brevity, a hash or
The present invention's methods are also competitive with
This information is summarized with context from other algorithms in Table 1, where “P.I.” denotes an instance of the present invention. Data for other algorithms was taken from (Black, Halevi, Krawczyk, Krovetz, and Rogaway, 1999) and (Black, Halevi, Krawczyk, Krovetz, and Rogaway, 2000).
The proof k-invertibility of the present invention's matrix sequences is computational. However, it is not necessary for such sequences to be periodic. More complex families can improve the speed and the security of the present invention's hash. For example, a periodic sequence of 4×4 matrices of length 80 which is 4-invertible exists. The larger matrices can be utilized to consume twice as much input per iteration, and the longer sequence length means the inter-block chaining is less frequent, improving efficiency. Instances of the present invention with these implementations show this is 17% faster than the matrices of Lemma 4, and 2% faster than the matrices of Lemma 5, while providing more security than the other sequences.
Both the present invention's construction and
Since the present invention's operations are invertible, they can be combined with authentication and encryption with stream ciphers. The idea is rather simple: utilize the final hash value to define a key for a stream cipher to generate a one-time pad. Instead of encrypting the input sequence xi, one encrypts yi=aixi+bi, where ai and bi are random key words (the first quantity is the lower half of a vi in a step of the present invention's
The inter-block chaining can be further optimized by exploiting existing slack in the utilization of key. Almost twice as much key is utilized in inter-block hashing as is utilized for the blocks. Key reuse techniques such as a Toplitz shift (see, Black, Halevi, Krawczyk, Krovetz, and Rogaway, 1999) could address this problem. The utilization of a single pairwise independent hash could be sufficient.
In view of the exemplary systems shown and described above, methodologies that may be implemented in accordance with the present invention will be better appreciated with reference to the flow charts of
The invention may be described in the general context of computer-executable instructions, such as program modules, executed by one or more components. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, objects, data structures, etc., that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Typically, the functionality of the program modules may be combined or distributed as desired in various instances of the present invention.
The present invention's construction can be viewed in a general manner. In ) 706. Let H represent a group of 2-dimensional vectors modulo 2l over addition
708. Define G
H as the natural homomorphism taking elements of G to automorphisms of H via matrix vector products 710. Input data X is then embedded into G
H via mapping xi to (Ai, fi(xi)) (product of elements over G
H) to calculate the block hash, where Ai is a 2×2 matrix with det(Ai)=±1 and 1≦i≦t 712. The block hash value is then output for input data X 714, ending the flow 716. Given an appropriate transformation function, fi, the present invention's construction can also be generalized to larger matrices.
Referring to
where vi=fi(xi) is a vector with two elements, Ai is a 2×2 matrix with det(Ai)=±1, and 1≦i≦t 808. Here the sequence of Ai's is fixed independent of the input xi. The Ai sequence utilized by this instance of the present invention is periodic, so that the implementation can be unrolled and have a small code footprint. The function, fi(x), is defined by multiplication with random odd ai, where ai and x are l bits, and the 2l bit result is viewed as a vector of two l-bit numbers. Thus, fi(x) is invertible modulo 22l and can be implemented in one instruction utilizing a 2l-bit result of multiplication of two l-bit quantities. For each block of input data X, the product
of these matrices Bi is then computed 810. The present invention then outputs a hash value pair
812, ending the flow 814. The collision probability is substantially near 2−2l by utilizing the invertibility of Ai and the arithmetic properties of the determinants of the matrices of the form
over (and not modulo 2l). The present invention offers simplicity and can facilitate other applications besides
Turning to is then defined by fi(x)=ai×*x 908. This instance of the present invention's algorithm utilizes fixed public matrices A1, . . . , At. These can contain very small entries so that matrix products can be implemented very efficiently by addition and subtraction of words. Let embedded vector, vi, be a column vector of two words equal to fi(xi) 910. Initialize 3×3 matrix, B0, with vector, z0, such that
912. Embed a unimodular 2×2 matrix, Ai, and the embedded vector, vi, into a 3×3 matrix, Bi such that
914. Calculate a 3×3 matrix, B, utilizing
916. This provides a matrix in the form of
where A has determinant ±1. Let vector, z, be defined as the first two components of the third column of matrix, B 918. Define a hash value component, σ, by
where σ0 is an initial value for the input data block X 920. Determine a hash value, v(X), utilizing v(X)=(z, σ) 922. Output the hash value for the input data block X 924, ending the flow 926.
Moving on to
1012. Embed a unimodular 2×2 matrix, Ai, and the embedded vector, ui, into a 3×3 matrix, Ci such that
1014. Calculate a 3×3 matrix, C, utilizing
1016. This provides a matrix in the form of
where A has determinant ±1. Let vector, w, be defined as the first two components of the third column of matrix, C 1018. Define a hash value component, v, by
1020, where v0 is an initial value for the input data block X. Determine a first hash value, u(X), utilizing u(X)=(w, v) 1022. Obtain a second hash value v(X)=(z, σ) via an instance of the present invention 1024 such as, for example, 20 the method described supra for
In
1110 for the kth input data block. A hash value for the kth input data block is then determined 1112, ending the flow 1114. The hash value for the kth input data block can then be utilized to chain a subsequent block and so forth. These inter-block functions can be repeated to save on key length, at some cost of security. The inter-block chaining can be further optimized by exploiting existing slack in the utilization of key. Almost twice as much key is utilized in inter-block hashing as is utilized for the blocks. Key reuse techniques such as a Toplitz shift (see, Black, Halevi, Krawczyk, Krovetz, and Rogaway, 1999) could address this aspect. The utilization of a single pairwise independent hash could be sufficient.
Looking at
In order to provide additional context for implementing various aspects of the present invention,
As used in this application, the term “component” is intended to refer to a computer-related entity, either hardware, a combination of hardware and software, software, or software in execution. For example, a component may be, but is not limited to, a process running on a processor, a processor, an object, an executable, a thread of execution, a program, and a computer. By way of illustration, an application running on a server and/or the server can be a component. In addition, a component may include one or more subcomponents.
With reference to
The system bus 1308 may be any of several types of bus structure including a memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus, and a local bus using any of a variety of conventional bus architectures such as PCI, VESA, Microchannel, ISA, and EISA, to name a few. The system memory 1306 includes read only memory (ROM) 1310 and random access memory (RAM) 1312. A basic input/output system (BIOS) 1314, containing the basic routines that help to transfer information between elements within the computer 1302, such as during start-up, is stored in ROM 1310.
The computer 1302 also may include, for example, a hard disk drive 1316, a magnetic disk drive 1318, e.g., to read from or write to a removable disk 1320, and an optical disk drive 1322, e.g., for reading from or writing to a CD-ROM disk 1324 or other optical media. The hard disk drive 1316, magnetic disk drive 1318, and optical disk drive 1322 are connected to the system bus 1308 by a hard disk drive interface 1326, a magnetic disk drive interface 1328, and an optical drive interface 1330, respectively. The drives 1316-1322 and their associated computer-readable media provide nonvolatile storage of data, data structures, computer-executable instructions, etc. for the computer 1302. Although the description of computer-readable media above refers to a hard disk, a removable magnetic disk and a CD, it should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that other types of media which are readable by a computer, such as magnetic cassettes, flash memory cards, digital video disks, Bernoulli cartridges, and the like, can also be used in the exemplary operating environment 1300, and further that any such media may contain computer-executable instructions for performing the methods of the present invention.
A number of program modules may be stored in the drives 1316-1322 and RAM 1312, including an operating system 1332, one or more application programs 1334, other program modules 1336, and program data 1338. The operating system 1332 may be any suitable operating system or combination of operating systems. By way of example, the application programs 1334 and program modules 1336 can include a data transformation scheme in accordance with an aspect of the present invention.
A user can enter commands and information into the computer 1302 through one or more user input devices, such as a keyboard 1340 and a pointing device (e.g., a mouse 1342). Other input devices (not shown) may include a microphone, ajoystick, a game pad, a satellite dish, a wireless remote, a scanner, or the like. These and other input devices are often connected to the processing unit 1304 through a serial port interface 1344 that is coupled to the system bus 1308, but may be connected by other interfaces, such as a parallel port, a game port or a universal serial bus (USB). A monitor 1346 or other type of display device is also connected to the system bus 1308 via an interface, such as a video adapter 1348. In addition to the monitor 1346, the computer 1302 may include other peripheral output devices (not shown), such as speakers, printers, etc.
It is to be appreciated that the computer 1302 can operate in a networked environment using logical connections to one or more remote computers 1360. The remote computer 1360 may be a workstation, a server computer, a router, a peer device or other common network node, and typically includes many or all of the elements described relative to the computer 1302, although, for purposes of brevity, only a memory storage device 1362 is illustrated in
When used in a LAN networking environment, for example, the computer 1302 is connected to the local network 1364 through a network interface or adapter 1368. When used in a WAN networking environment, the computer 1302 typically includes a modem (e.g., telephone, DSL, cable, etc.) 1370, or is connected to a communications server on the LAN, or has other means for establishing communications over the WAN 1366, such as the Internet. The modem 1370, which can be internal or external relative to the computer 1302, is connected to the system bus 1308 via the serial port interface 1344. In a networked environment, program modules (including application programs 1334) and/or program data 1338 can be stored in the remote memory storage device 1362. It will be appreciated that the network connections shown are exemplary, and other means (e.g., wired or wireless) of establishing a communications link between the computers 1302 and 1360 can be used when carrying out an aspect of the present invention.
In accordance with the practices of persons skilled in the art of computer programming, the present invention has been described with reference to acts and symbolic representations of operations that are performed by a computer, such as the computer 1302 or remote computer 1360, unless otherwise indicated. Such acts and operations are sometimes referred to as being computer-executed. It will be appreciated that the acts and symbolically represented operations include the manipulation by the processing unit 1304 of electrical signals representing data bits which causes a resulting transformation or reduction of the electrical signal representation, and the maintenance of F data bits at memory locations in the memory system (including the system memory 1306, hard drive 1316, floppy disks 1320, CD-ROM 1324, and remote memory 1362) to thereby reconfigure or otherwise alter the computer system's operation, as well as other processing of signals. The memory locations where such data bits are maintained are physical locations that have particular electrical, magnetic, or optical properties corresponding to the data bits.
In one instance of the present invention, a data packet transmitted between two or more computer components that facilitates data protection is comprised of, at least in part, information relating to a data transformation system that utilizes, at least in part, at least one unimodular matrix to provide a transformation value for input data to facilitate in protection of the input data.
It is to be appreciated that the systems and/or methods of the present invention can be utilized in data protection transformation facilitating computer components and non-computer related components alike. Further, those skilled in the art will recognize that the systems and/or methods of the present invention are employable in a vast array of electronic related technologies, including, but not limited to, computers, servers and/or handheld electronic devices, and the like.
What has been described above includes examples of the present invention. It is, of course, not possible to describe every conceivable combination of components or methodologies for purposes of describing the present invention, but one of ordinary skill in the art may recognize that many further combinations and permutations of the present invention are possible. Accordingly, the present invention is intended to embrace all such alterations, modifications and variations that fall within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. Furthermore, to the extent that the term “includes” is used in either the detailed description or the claims, such term is intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprising” as “comprising” is interpreted when employed as a transitional word in a claim.