Patent Grant
11901168
The present invention relates to a night vision device, to a power supply for a night vision device, and, more specifically, to digital and software techniques to maintain the performance of a night vision device subjected to extended usage and temperature extremes.
A night vision device may be used in many industrial and military applications. For example, such a device may be used for enhancing the night vision of aviators, for photographing astronomical bodies and for providing night vision to soldiers or sufferers of retinitis pigmentosa (night blindness). The device often incorporates an image intensifier that is used to amplify low intensity light or to convert non-visible light into readily viewable images. One such image intensifier is an image intensifier tube.
An image intensifier tube typically includes a photocathode with for example, a gallium arsenide (GaAs) active layer and a microchannel plate (MCP) positioned within a vacuum housing. Visible and infrared energy, for example, may impinge upon the photocathode and be absorbed in the cathode active layer, thereby resulting in generation of electron/hole pairs. The generated electrons are then emitted into the vacuum cavity and amplified by the MCP.
More specifically, when electrons exit the photocathode, the electrons are accelerated toward an input surface of the MCP by a difference in potential between the input surface of the MCP and the photocathode of approximately 200 to 900 volts depending on the MCP to cathode spacing and MCP configuration (filmed or un-filmed). As the electrons bombard the input surface of the MCP, secondary electrons are generated within the MCP. That is, the MCP may generate several hundred electrons for each electron entering the input surface. The MCP is also subjected to a difference in potential between its input surface and its output surface that is typically about 700-1200 volts. This potential difference enables electron multiplication in the MCP.
As the multiplied electrons exit the MCP, the electrons are accelerated through the vacuum cavity toward a phosphor screen (or other anode surface) by yet another difference in potential between the phosphor screen and the output surface of the MCP. This latter potential may be on the order of approximately 4200-5400 volts.
A power supply integrated, or potted, with the image intensifier tube is generally used to generate and provide the various potential differences noted above, and to still further provide control voltages for various components of the image intensifier tube. The power supply and intensifier tube are expected to operate under a variety of lighting conditions, including, e.g., relatively low light or relatively high light conditions, over varying temperature ranges and over long periods of time. Configuring and controlling a power supply to handle all these conditions is a challenge.
Described herein are methods of controlling the performance of a night vision device. The method includes supplying, by a power supply, to a microchannel plate of an image intensifier tube, a control voltage that controls the gain of the microchannel plate, determining an amount of compensation to apply to the control voltage based on a change to the control voltage attributed to a change in temperature of an operating environment of the night vision device, adjusting the control voltage in accordance with the amount of compensation to obtain a compensated control voltage, and supplying, by the power supply, the compensated control voltage to the microchannel plate of the image intensifier tube. The method may further include determining whether the night vision device has been used for a predetermined amount of time, and only after that predetermined amount of time, is the method configured to supply an algorithmically determined compensating control voltage to the microchannel plate.
In another embodiment, a method is provided for controlling the performance of a night vision device. The night vision device includes a power supply and an image intensifier tube in communication with the power supply. The method includes supplying, by the power supply, to a microchannel plate of the image intensifier tube, a second control voltage that controls the gain of the microchannel plate, determining whether a difference between the second control voltage and a first control voltage supplied at a time earlier than the second control voltage is less than a predetermined value, when the difference is less than the predetermined value, determining whether the night vision device has been used for a predetermined amount of time, and only after the night division device has been used for the predetermined amount of time, adjusting the second control voltage to compensate for a change to the second control voltage resulting from time of use to obtain a third control voltage; and supplying, by the power supply, the third control voltage to the microchannel plate of the light intensifier tube.
In still another embodiment, a power supply for an image intensifier of a night vision device is provided. The power supply includes power supply circuitry that is configured to supply a control voltage to the image intensifier; a chronometer; a temperature sensor, a memory configured to store control logic, and a processor that is in communication with the chronometer, the temperature sensor and the memory. The processor is configured to execute the control logic to: supply, by the power supply circuitry, to a microchannel plate of the image intensifier, a control voltage that controls the gain of the microchannel plate, determine, based on a value of the chronometer, whether the night vision device has been used for a predetermined amount of time under stress conditions, when the night division device has been used for the predetermined amount of time under stress, determine an amount of compensation to apply to the control voltage based on stress exposure. Additionally, a change to the control voltage attributed to a change in temperature of an operating environment of the night vision device based on a value of the temperature sensor may be present with or without past stress exposure, and the power supply is configured to adjust the control voltage in accordance with the amount of compensation to obtain a compensated control voltage, and supply, by the power supply circuitry, the compensated control voltage to the microchannel plate of the light intensifier.
Like reference numerals have been used to identify like elements throughout this disclosure.
Digitally controlled power supply (or simply “power supply”) 150 includes a battery 155, or other energy source, that supplies power that is used by the power supply 150 itself and that is delivered to the intensifier tube 110. The power supply 150 further includes a central processing unit (CPU) 160 and memory 170, which stores, among other things, control logic 180 and state variables (or settings) 185 (discussed further below). Battery 155 supplies power for each of the control voltages V1, V2, and V3, which are respectively applied to components of the intensifier tube 110. The values of these control voltages may be set by CPU 160 in accordance with instructions received from control logic 180 and/or values stored as state variables or settings 185.
In one possible implementation, CPU 160 controls circuitry that controls the application of voltages V1, V2, V3 to the photocathode 112, MCP 114 and anode 116, respectively. An operational amplifier 195 is configured to sense current I3 flowing in anode 116. Current I3 is representative of the brightness of the light 10 being received at photocathode 112 particularly where V1 and V2 are not being modified to control the output brightness of the phosphor screen. A value of current I3 can be used by control logic 180 and CPU 160 to, for example, adjust the value of V1 or V2 (e.g., higher V1 or V2 for higher brightness, and lower V1 or V2 for lower brightness). Power supply 150 also includes temperature sensor 164 and chronometer 165.
An advantage of a digitally controlled power supply 150 is that the control scheme which adjusts the output brightness of the intensifier tube 110, as a function of input light 10, can be selected after the power supply is built, unlike a conventional analog power supply where the control scheme is built into the hardware. Digital control of the power supply 150 allows adjustment of different parameters or settings to activate certain features and/or to ensure that the night vision device complies with, e.g., export restrictions. Digital control of the power supply 150 can also be used to compensate performance parameters in view of temperature and/or usage.
Fixed Brightness Control
One function of the power supply 150 and control logic 180 is to control the output brightness of the intensifier tube 110 as a function of input light level to protect the user from the intensified scene becoming overly bright. In this regard,
On the other hand, with digital control, embodiments of the present invention can generate an output brightness versus light level curve 220 similar to curve 210 but, without the slow rise of curve 210. That is, curve 220 shows that brightness remains truly fixed after about 2×10−5 fc (foot candle). This steady brightness output is a result of the control logic 180 that drives control voltages (e.g., photocathode control voltage V1) to create a zero differential between the screen current (I3) and a fixed value to achieve the desired screen brightness. A discussion of control voltage manipulation is provided below.
Temperature Compensation
Under an extreme range of operating conditions, e.g., from −50° C. to +50° C., the intensifier tube 110 and power supply 150 are expected to maintain a consistent gain at low light levels and limit the output brightness at higher light levels. As noted above, some of the parameters and control processes in power supply 150 are achieved through adjustments to the voltages (V1 and V2) as well as the I3 current settings. Under certain conditions. In one embodiment, a gain correction algorithm has two operational ranges which correspond to light levels <2×10−4 fc and >2×10−4 fc. At lower levels of illumination (<2×10−4 fc), the output of intensifier tube 110 may be controlled by varying the MCP voltage (V2). However, when the intensifier is subjected to a high enough light level, the image becomes too bright (>2×10−4 fc illumination) and the total light output is capped by limiting the I3 value. As explained in connection with
Under levels of illumination where ABC is not active, gain temperature compensation is carried out by modifying the MCP voltage or V2. At all higher light levels, instead of changing V2 to modify output brightness, the permissible screen current is altered to control luminous output in environments hotter or colder than room temperature. Control logic 180 in power supply 150 is configured to control supply voltages that might change with temperature. In this regard, temperature sensor 164 is provided and can be part of CPU 160 or, as shown, can be a separate component that is in communication with CPU 160 (
Voltage output changes seen over temperature are driven by changes in the light intensifier components, the intensifier tube to power supply interface (non-ideal but sometimes present) and changes in the power supply's provided voltages. For instance,
The dependency of the phosphor light intensity as a function of temperature is shown below:
Depending on the activation energy (Eα), the intensity of the phosphor may increase as the temperature is reduced or it might be close to being a constant. With phosphor systems in accordance with one implementation, the intensity of the phosphor increases as temperature is reduced. In accordance with one embodiment, data related to phosphor efficiency change is collected and then used by control logic 180 to compensate the power supply 150 over a range of operating temperatures.
Photocurrent into the input of the MCP 114 is controlled by the V1 voltage effect on the emission probability and the change in material properties as a function of temperature. V1 changes by approximately 20 volts over the temperature range, per
The dependency in
In equation (2), QE is the quantum efficiency, E is the electric field controlled by V1 and the spacing between the cathode output and MCP input. The only other factor in this equation is β which is a measure of the emission probability of the cathode surface. As the temperature changes, the photocathode bandgap also changes, with the bandgap getting larger as the temperature decreases. An increasing bandgap typically leads to a higher emission probability, larger β. However, the increasing bandgap leads to a shift towards a larger spectral cutoff frequency meaning the cathode is less sensitive to longer wavelength photons. These two shifts are shown in the spectral response curves for three operating temperatures below in
The height of the maximum shows the improved emission probability and the spectral shift on the right side shows the shift in the bandgap. Once convoluted with the 2,856K light source spectrum this leads to equivalent photocurrent from the photocathode with a change in temperature if the cathode voltage remains fixed.
Many operational values change with an image intensifier assembly, as temperature changes (as detailed above). In general, power supplies and intensifier tubes operate more efficiently at cold temperatures and less so (and more noisily) at hotter than room temperature. The official U.S. government test for behavior at high and low temperatures, Temperature Extremes, has three functional temperatures at which measurements are taken: Baseline or Room Temperature (˜23° C.), Hot (nominally +50° C.) and Cold (nominally −50° C.). The various shifts combine to cause significant output brightness changes at temperature when left uncorrected. The degree of change in output brightness (gain) is sufficient for an intensifier assembly whose gain is in specification at room temperature to be out of specification at Cold temperatures due to a typical 70% increase in output brightness.
The gain of the MCP 114 is thought to change by 0.1% per degree temperature change. Due to the MCP gain not changing with temperature, but only with the V2(T), the adjustment for this variable is fairly well controlled which is why it is picked as the gain controlling parameter for lower light levels.
In one implementation, the night vision device is configured based on a linear relationship between operating voltages and luminous output called the Imputed Brightness Relationship derived from empirical data to model the changes in output brightness with changes in temperature driven voltage changes.
Where the Brightness, B, is given in foot Lamberts or fL, the relationship between B and V1, V2 and V3 is as shown below. Note that the numerical coefficients represent percentage luminous output changes.
B=0.15 ΔV1+1.5 ΔV2+0.05 ΔV3 (3)
This equation, known as the Imputed Brightness Relationship, shows V2 is the strongest contributor to the output brightness of the three operating voltages. So, for every volt change in V2, there will be a 1.5% change in output brightness but a 0.05% gain change for a volt change in V3. Although the changes to V3 are larger in magnitude (see
In order to control the low light level gain over the temperature range, one algorithm is a linear correction of the V2 as a function of temperature where the slope is larger than the simple slope that would adjust only to compensate for that one change. As mentioned above, there are changes with temperature in the power supply, sometimes the interface and the intensifier tube. The increased slope, m, would account for the all these changes including the V3 change, the phosphor efficiency change, V1 change (which increases the photoresponse and the MCP gain), and the V2 change. This linear relationship is shown below in equation 4:
V2(T)=V2(TRT)+m*(T−TRT) (4)
To compensate for brightness changes in the ABC range (>2×10−4 fc), in the power supply 150 the I3 sense current is decreased as a function of temperature expressed below as a first order linear equation:
I3,ABC(T)=I3,ABC(TRT)+m*(T−TRT) (5)
In equation (5), m is the gain slope of the correction factor that best accounts for the slope of the gain change as the result of efficiency changes from all sources as a function of temperature.
In a production environment, it is not practical to characterize each component and each power supply for changes in efficiency over temperature. As such, general empirical relationships are used that account for the normal behavior for intensifier tubes and individual power supply specific changes (from the aforementioned power supply level final test data).
Also, the rate of gain change is greater for temperatures over room temp than for lower temperatures. V2 is modulated at light levels <2×10−4 fc and I3max for light levels over 2×10−4 fc. So, four linear gain change coefficients are employed to keep luminous output of an image intensifier assembly output constant over the range of −50° C. to +50° C. and for low and high light levels. Each coefficient, which takes the place of the m value in equations (4) and (5) is as detailed below.
To determine the coefficients, image intensifier assemblies were evaluated at +50° C., 23° C. and −50° C. At these temperatures, the gains are measured (light out/light in fL/fc).
For the model discussed below, the terms employed are as follows:
Gx is the gain at temperature level x, (10).
Gain differences are given as ΔGxy=Gx−Gy where x and y are two temperature levels, (11)
Tx is the temperature at level x, (12)
TR=Room Temperature or 23° C. (12)
TH=Hot Temperature—nominally 50° C. (13)
TC=Cold Temperature or—nominally 50° C. (14)
Temperature differences are given as ΔTxy=Tx−Ty where x and y are two temperature levels (15)
The gain change per volt V2 is given as δv and holds a value of 0.015 (16)
The change in V2 from temperature x to temperature y is ΔVxy, (17)
The normalized gain change per ° C. is given as Θ where the normalizing factor is the Room Temperature gain, GR (18)
The basic form of the model the V2 change for light levels <2×10−6 fc is:
ΔVxy=Cn·ΔTxy (19)
For two temperatures x and y using a linear coefficient Cn.
To derive a low light coefficient, first the 2×10−4 fc gain change at an extreme temperature is calculated. For this example, the −50° C. cold temperature is used.
ΔGCR=GC−GR (20)
And the change in temperature is:
ΔTCR=TC−TR (21)
And the gain change in fL/fc per ° C. (or K) is:
To normalize the gain change with reference to the baseline room temperature gain, this quantity is then divided by the room temperature 2×10−6 fc gain, giving the fractional gain change per degree normalized by the baseline gain yielding at term called Θ.
To give the required V2 change to keep the Cold gain the same as the room temperature gain, Θ is divided by δV. This quantity is the linear coefficient for gain changes between Room and Cold temperatures:
The V2 change is then C2 times the temperature change at a given temperature, T2 such that T2<TR and the light level is <2×10−6 fc.
ΔV2R=C2·(T2−TR)=C2·ΔT2R (26)
Similarly, the expression for the change in V2 for 23° C.<T2<+50° C. where the light level is <2×10−6 fc:
ΔVR2=C1·(TR−T2)=C1·ΔTR2 (27)
For the higher light conditions, >2×10−4 fc, a similar approach is taken except here a change in screen current is involved. Note that luminous gain and screen current values are linearly proportional and so ratios as shown below are assumed to be equal. Here Ix is the screen current at temperature x. In (28) the relationship between screen current at Room Temperature (x=R) and an elevated temperature (x=2) is shown.
And a change in screen current, δI·I, will be of the form:
I2=δ1I1+I1 and δ1=Cn·ΔT2R (29)
I2=I1(Cn·ΔT2R)+I1=I1·[(Cn·ΔT)+1] (30)
Or
IT2=IT1·[Cn(T2−T1)+1] (31)
Here δI is the product of the Screen Current to luminous gain linear coefficient (Cn) and the temperature deviation from TR. ΔT2R is the temperature difference between T2 and TR.
Note that here Cn is of the same form as for coefficients on voltage terms:
And since
For a temperature below TR where the light level is ≥2×10−4 fc the model I2=δII1+I1 becomes,
I2=IR·[C4(T2−TR)+1] (37)
And for a temperature above TR where the light level is >2×10−4 fc:
I2=IR·[C3(TR−T2)+1] (38)
So, for correcting luminous output over temperature at light levels high enough that ABC is invoked, the generalized version of equations 37 and 38 is employed:
IT2=IT1·[Cn(T2−T1)+1] (39)
Again, the above linear control equations are the most basic versions of temperature compensation. More complicated algorithms may be implemented with still more parameters.
Usage Compensation
During operation of light intensifier 110 its response will tend to degrade as the amount of extracted charge from the MCP 114 increases. An accelerated reliability test may be designed to subject the intensifier 110 and its associated power supply 150 to increased temperature and high light conditions to determine a mean time between failure. In this case, the failure is a degradation in performance to a minimum, predetermined, level. Three criteria may be evaluated during reliability testing: gain, SNR, and EBI (Equivalent Background Intensity). Typically, EBI tends to decrease as reliability testing continues and, in most cases, the value is below the specification. The SNR does decrease on reliability testing, although usually not at the same rate as the gain. So, low gain is the typical failure mode for image intensifiers. The temperature compensation of V2 and I3ABC detailed above will aid in controlling to some extent the amount of current extracted from the MCP 114 under different light levels
A first step to developing usage compensation techniques is to realize that over time the gain of the MCP 114 decays as a function of the extracted charge when the intensifier reaches the I3ABC point. Using digitally controlled power supply 150 including chronometer 165, which can be incorporated into CPU 160 or be a separate component, or even be part of control logic 180, the power supply 150 can increment a counter for conditions which put the intensifier under stress, i.e., conditions that force the ABC current limit to be exercised. The next step is to determine how much the MCP V2 voltage must be adjusted as charge is extracted from the MCP 114 and to determine whether temperature plays a role in the gain decay. The final step is the development of algorithms or models which cover the majority of intensifiers fabricated but have limits on the adjustments for the outlying units of the distribution.
In the case of the filmed intensifier tubes the gain could increase or remain the same during the initial phase of testing. The unfilmed intensifier tubes see an almost immediate decrease in the gain as they are put under stress. Again, these curves are from a typical accelerated reliability test which includes high light pulses and elevated temperature. To determine the coefficients of a compensating algorithm, the filmed intensifiers were subjected to the same light levels, with and without temperature, and the V2 voltage was reset to maintain the gain as time progresses. The curve of
The curve of
if (V2(t)−V2(t0))<ΔV2max
if (t≥tdelay)
V2(t)=V2(tprevious)+Δt*ΔV2*δ(T)
endif
endif
Those skilled in the art will appreciate that other algorithms or models are possible with different and/or more parameters.
In sum, the embodiments described herein provide a digitally controlled power supply for a light intensifier tube that provides enhanced control processes for controlling the performance of a night vision device by, among other things, taking into account usage time and operating environment temperature and compensating for the same.
Although the disclosed inventions are illustrated and described herein as embodied in one or more specific examples, it is nevertheless not intended to be limited to the details shown, since various modifications and structural changes may be made therein without departing from the scope of the inventions and within the scope and range of equivalents of the claims. In addition, various features from one of the embodiments may be incorporated into another of the embodiments. Accordingly, it is appropriate that the appended claims be construed broadly and in a manner consistent with the scope of the disclosure as set forth in the following claims.
The present application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 16/227,165, filed on Dec. 20, 2018, the entire content of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein.
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| 4166213 | Hoover | Aug 1979 | A |
| 5218194 | Garbi et al. | Jun 1993 | A |
| 7190636 | Depaola | Mar 2007 | B1 |
| 20020084411 | Yamazaki | Jul 2002 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 2342737 | Dec 2008 | RU |
| Entry |
|---|
| Extended Search Report issued to related EP Application No. 19918340.1, dated Nov. 9, 2022, 11 pages. |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20210343514 A1 | Nov 2021 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 16227165 | Dec 2018 | US |
| Child | 17375734 | US |
