Patent Application
20220119518
The present invention relates to an immune-enhancing agent comprising an antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof specifically binding to CD66c which is expressed in myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC), and a use of prevention, improvement or treatment for MDSC-related diseases using the immune-enhancing agent. Specifically, the present invention provides a use of prevention, improvement or treatment, or a use of diagnosis for MDSC-related diseases, by regulating production, death, or activity with a monoclonal antibody, so as to reduce an immunosuppressive activity of MDSC.
The studies on immunotherapy using antibodies or immune cell vaccines have been actively conducted in the treatment of cancer recently. However, the immune evasion and suppression action of cancer cells inhibit the therapeutic effects. Cancer cells reduce the activity of various immune cells for the purpose of preventing an immune response to themselves, and induce cells with immune suppression functions such as inactive dendritic cells, regulatory T cells (Treg), and Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM). As one of the immunosuppressive cells, the role of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) has been recently gained great attention.
MDSC is defined as a collection of bone marrow-derived immature bone marrow cells with immunosuppressive function. It is reported that they are accumulated in peripheral blood, lymphatic organs, spleen, and cancer tissues in pathological conditions such as chronic/acute infections and cancer, although the number of MDSC is limited in healthy individuals.
MDSC can also promote the growth of cancer cells, and induce remote metastasis of cancer cells, by inhibiting the immune response of T cells and NK cells and inducing the generation of Treg cells which are immunosuppressive cells.
The immunosuppression mechanisms of MDSC known so far can be divided into four major types. The first is to be deficient in nutrients required by lymphocytes. The second is to generate oxidative stress, which inhibits various steps such as of proliferation to function of T cell by making active oxygen or active nitrogen. The third is to affect the trafficking and survival of lymphocytes. Specifically, the mechanisms such as inhibiting the recirculation process of T cells to lymph nodes, preventing the movement of T cells to the center of a tumor, and inducing T cell death are known. Fourth, it is known to proliferate antigen-specific natural Treg cells and promote the process of converting naïve CD4+ T cells to Tregs.
One of the greatest features of MDSC is its diversity in form, phenotype, and function. As the markers for MDSC, Lineage(−), HLA-DRLOW/(−), CD11b(+), and CD33(+) are known. Since these markers are commonly expressed in several different types of myeloid cells such as dendritic cells, macrophages, and precursor cells of granular leukocytes, MDSC has been defined as a group of myeloid-derived cells with immune suppression functions. This diversity of MDSC has led to different analyzes in studying the origins and characteristics of MDSCs, thereby causing great confusion of the study. Accordingly, a study has been conducted to clarify the subgroups of MDSC, to currently find that MDSC consists of 80% of granulocytic MDSCs and 20% of monocytic MDSCs. These two cell types differ not only in shape and phenotype, but also in the mechanism of suppressing immunity. The granulocytic MDSC induces antigen-specific immunosuppression through contact between T cells via active oxygen. The monocytic MDSC exhibits immunosuppressive function mainly by using high expression of arginase and various immunosuppressive cytokines.
Recent studies have reported that the accumulation of MDSC is involved in the immunosuppressive environment occurred in cancer patients, which is common in almost all cancer types. It is supported by many studies that the degree of increase in MDSC becomes higher as the stage of cancer progresses. Accordingly, studies to use the increase degree of MDSC as a prognostic marker for the low survival rate and treatment response rate of cancer patients are actively underway. It seems clear that MDSC plays an important role in the pathophysiology of cancer.
An embodiment of the present invention is an immune-enhancing agent, and immune-activating agent, or a composition for reducing or eliminating an immunosuppressive activity of MDSC, comprising an antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof specifically binding to CD66c which is expressed in myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC).
An embodiment of the present invention is a pharmaceutical composition or a use for prevention, improvement or treatment of MDSC-related diseases comprising an antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof specifically binding to CD66c which is expressed in MDSC.
An embodiment of the present invention is a method of enhancing or activating an immune response of a subject, comprising administering an antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof specifically binding to CD66c which is expressed in MDSC, to the subject in need of.
An additional embodiment of the present invention is a method of inhibiting an activity of MDSC, comprising contacting MDSC with an antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof specifically binding to CD66c which is expressed in MDSC.
In addition, an embodiment of the present invention is a method of prevention, improvement or treatment of MDSC-related diseases, comprising administering an immune-enhancing agent, and immune-activating agent comprising an antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof specifically binding to CD66c which is expressed in myeloid-derived suppressor cell, to a subject with MDSC-related diseases.
The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof specifically binding to CD66c which is expressed in myeloid-derived suppressor cell in accordance with the present invention, eliminates or reduces an immunosuppressive activity of MDSC, decreases the number of MDSC, regulates an activity, production or cell death of MDSC, or induces the cell death.
The present invention relates a use of immune-enhancement, immune-activation, or reduction or elimination of an immunosuppressive activity of MDSC, comprising an antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof specifically binding to CD66c which is expressed in MDSC.
An further embodiment of the present invention relates to a use of prevention, improvement or treatment of MDSC-related diseases, for examples cancers, infective diseases, and the like, comprising an antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof specifically binding to CD66c which is expressed in MDSC.
Specifically, the present invention relates a use of prevention, treatment or diagnosis of MDSC-related diseases, by inducing the reduction of immunosuppressive activity of MDSC.
The antibody may be a monoclonal antibody or a monoclonal antibody, and may be a mouse antibody, chimeric antibody, or humanized antibody.
Another embodiment provides a nucleic acid molecule encoding the anti-CD66c antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof.
Another embodiment provides a recombinant vector comprising the nucleic acid molecule. The recombinant vector may be used as an expression vector for expressing the nucleic acid molecule in a host cell.
Further embodiment provides a recombinant cell comprising the nucleic acid molecule or the recombinant vector. The recombinant cell may be obtained by transforming the nucleic acid molecule or the recombinant vector into a host cell.
Another embodiment provides a method of preparing the anti-CD66c antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof. The preparing method may include a step of expressing the nucleic acid molecule in a host cell. The step of expressing may include culturing the recombinant cells, and optionally, may further include separating and/or purifying the antibody from the obtained cell culture. The method may include the following steps:
(a) preparing a recombinant cell transformed with the nucleic acid molecule or the recombinant vector;
(b) culturing the recombinant cell under conditions and/or a period for sufficient expression of the nucleic acid molecule; and
(c) separating and/or purifying the anti-CD66c antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof from the culture obtained in step (c).
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail.
In one embodiment, the preparing method relates to a composition for reducing or eliminating an immune-suppressing ability of MDSC, an immune-enhancing agent, or an immune activating agent, including an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that binds to CD66c expressed in MDSC.
MDSC promotes the growth of cancer cells, and can also induce remote metastasis of cancer cells by inhibiting the immune response of T cells and NK cells, and inducing the generation of Treg cells, which are immunosuppressive cells. The immunosuppression mechanisms of MDSC known so far are to deficient nutrients required by lymphocytes, to affect the trafficking and survival of lymphocytes, to generate oxidative stress, which inhibits various steps such as of proliferation to function of T cell by making active oxygen or active nitrogen, and to induce the cell death of T cells. In addition, MDSC has been known to proliferate antigen-specific natural Treg cells and promote the process of converting naïve CD4+ T cells to Tregs.
MDSC is defined as a collection of bone marrow-derived immature bone marrow cells with immunosuppressive function. Although the number is limited in healthy individuals, it is accumulated in peripheral blood, lymphatic organs, spleen, and cancer tissues in pathological conditions such as chronic/acute infections and cancer. MDSC accumulation and immunosuppressive function in carcinoma have been reported in colon cancer, fibrosarcoma, thymoma, lung cancer, mesothelioma, lymphoma, prostate cancer, head and neck cancer, melanoma and the like (Gabrilovich D I, et al., Coordinated regulation of myeloid cells by tumors, Nat Rev Immunol. 12(4):253-68 (2012)). Besides the cancers, MDSC accumulation has been known to induce immunosuppression in infections such as Trypanosoma cruzi, Listeria monocytogenes, Leishmania major, helminths, Candida albicans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and the like, or diseases of toxoplasmosis and polymicrobic sepsis (Garbrilovich D I, et al. al., Myeloid-derived suppressor cells as regulators of the immune systems. Nat Rev Immunol. 9(3):162-74 (2009)).
In the present disclosure, MDSC which is a phenotype of a non-lymphatic HLA-DRLow/(−), CD11b+, and CD33+, and expresses CD66c, can be a target of the anti-CD66c antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof according to the present invention. Particularly, the present invention can target for the accumulation of CD66c positive MDSCs among MDSCs which is a phenotype of a non-lymphatic HLA-DRLow/(−), CD11b+ and CD33+, and thus present a plan for improvement or treatment of immunity deficiency, immunity decrease, immunity damage caused by MDSC. For example, MDSC can be designated by designating monocytic region and granulocytic regions in reference to the cell size in dot plot, except lymphocyte, selecting groups of no or lower expression level of HLA-DR, and selecting groups of CD11b and CD33 positive.
The present invention can provide a pharmaceutical composition or a use thereof for prevention, improvement or treatment of MDSC-related diseases, using an antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof specifically binding to CD66c which is expressed in MDSC.
The lysis effect of MDSC by the anti-CD66c antibody according to the present invention can induce a decreased number of MDSC cells or apoptosis in CEACAM6-positive cells in both whole blood and PMBC. Preferably, the anti-CD66c antibody can induce a decreased number or cell death in a ADCC manner. In whole blood, neutrophils positive for CEACAM6 target antigen and MDSC are mixed, and thus it is difficult to say that only MDSCs are selectively lysed. However, it is possible to perform selective lysis of MDSC by using anti-CD66c antibody, in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) obtained after removing the neutrophil.
The MDSC-related diseases is a disease that exhibits immunosuppressive activity by MDSC, and is a disease in which the level of CD66c-positive MDSCs are increased compared to those of normal cells, which is a criterion used for determining the disease. For example, the number or the activity of CD66c-positive MDSCs in a subject with a specific disease is about 200% or more, about 300% or more, about 500% or more, about 700% or more, about 1,000% or more, or about 1,500% or more, for example, about 200 to 5,000%, or 200% to 3,000%, 200 to 1,500%, and the like, based on 100% of the number or activity of CD66c-positive MDSCs per unit volume of the corresponding normal subject sample. For example, the increase in the number of MDSCs can be determined by taking samples, such as bloods from a subject suspected of having MDSC-related diseases and a normal subject, analyzing the number of MSDCs in sample with a flow cytometer, and comparing the number of MDSCs of the subject suspected of having MDSC-related diseases, with that of normal subject. Specifically, in the subject having MDSC-related diseases, the number of MSDCs per unit volume of a sample (e.g. blood) may be increased compared to that of a normal subject, and for example, it may be about 200% or more, about 300% or more, about 500% or more, about 700% or more, about 1,000% or more, about 1,500% or more, for example, about 200 to 5,000%, or 200% to 3,000%, 200 to 1,500%, and the like, based on 100% of the number or activity of MDSCs per unit volume of the sample of corresponding normal subject.
Specifically, the MDSC-related diseases are for example, diseases which are accumulated MDSCs showing the phenotype of non-lymphatic HLA-DRLow/(−), CD11b+, and CD33+, and expressing CD66c among MDSCs, and the increased number of the MDSC compared to that of normal cells. The examples of MDSC-related diseases include chronic/acute infections, cancers and the like, specifically chronic/acute infections, cancers and the like which shows the immunosuppressive activity of MDSC. For example, the diseases may be chronic/acute infections, cancers and the like in which CD66c-positive MDSC among the MDSCs showing the phenotype of non-lymphatic HLA-DRLow/(−), CD11b+, and CD33+ are accumulated.
The MDSC-related infective diseases may be infections such as Trypanosoma cruzi, Listeria monocytogenes, Leishmania major, helminths, Candida albicans, or Porphyromonas gingivalis, or diseases of toxoplasmosis or polymicrobic sepsis.
For example, the MDSC-related cancer may be a cancer with increased CD66c-positive MDSC, and includes solid cancer and hematologic cancer. The examples of the solid cancer include colon cancer, fibrosarcoma, thymoma, lung cancer, mesothelioma, lymphoma, prostate cancer, head and neck cancer, melanoma, stomach cancer, liver cancer, or breast cancer, or preferably colon cancer, stomach cancer, or liver cancer. The use of the prevention, inhibition, or treatment of cancer and cancer metastasis can, for example, inhibit cancer cell growth. Example of the hematopoietic malignancy includes acute myeloid leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute monocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's lymphoma, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
The present invention relates to an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that binds to CD66c expressed in MDSC. CD66c (Cluster of Differentiation 66c) is also known as CEACAM 6 (carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 6) or NCA (non-specific cross—It is a protein also known as reacting glycoprotein antigen)-90, and is known as an important protein associated with cell adhesion. CD66c may preferably be represented by the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 (Genbank Protein No. AAH05008), but is not limited thereto.
As used herein, the term, “antibody” means a substance produced by stimulation of an antigen in the immune system, and the kind thereof is not particularly limited. The antibody may be generated in a non-natural manner, for example, recombinantly or synthetically generated. The antibody may be an animal antibody (e.g., mouse antibody, etc.), a chimeric antibody, a humanized antibody or a human antibody. The antibody may be a monoclonal antibody or a polyclonal antibody.
The anti-CD66c antibody or antigen-binding fragment specifically binds to a specific epitope of CD66c described above, and can be selected from the group consisting of animal antibodies (e.g., mouse antibodies), chimeric antibodies, humanized antibodies, and antigen-binding fragments thereof. The animal antibody may be derived from an animal species other than human, for example, rat, mouse, goat, guinea pig, donkey, rabbit, horse, llama, camel, bird (e.g., chicken, duck, etc.), but not limited thereto. Techniques for producing chimeric antibodies and/or humanized antibodies from such animal antibodies are well known in the art. The humanized antibody may be any suitable isotype such as IgG (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4), IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE or any subclass, preferably IgG1 or IgG2 isotype, or more preferably de-fucosylated IgG1 or IgG2 isotype.
In addition, herein, an antibody can be understood to include an antigen-binding fragment of an antibody having antigen-binding ability, unless otherwise specified. In the present specification, the term, “complementarity determining regions (CDR)” refers to a region of antibody that imparts the binding specificity of antibody to an antigen among variable regions of the antibody. The antigen-binding fragment of the antibody described above may be an antibody fragment comprising at least one of the complementarity determining regions. The term, “CDR (complementarity determining region)” means an amino acid sequence of the hypervariable region of the heavy chain sand light chain of an immunoglobulin. Each of the heavy chain and light chain may comprise three CDRs (CDRH1, CDRH2, CDRH3 and CDRL1, CDRL2, CDRL3). The CDRs can provide key contact residues for the antibody to bind to an antigen or epitope. On the other hand, in the present disclosure, the terms “specifically bind” or “specifically recognize” means the same as those commonly known to those skilled in the art.
The term “antigen-binding fragment” refers to a fragment thereof for the entire structure of an immunoglobulin, and refers to a portion of a polypeptide including a portion to which an antigen can bind. For examples, the fragments may be scFv, (scFv)2, scFv-Fc, Fab, Fab′ or F(ab′)2, but not limited thereto.
The anti-CD66c antibody according to the present invention specifically recognizes and/or binds to CD66c, and the antibody includes a mouse antibody, chimeric antibody or humanized antibody. The chimeric antibody in the present invention is an antibody that the sequence of the variable region is derived from one species and the sequence of the constant region is derived from other species, for example, that the variable region is derived from mouse and the constant region is derived from human. The humanized antibody in the present invention is an antibody which has a low immunogenicity in human and an activity of non-human antibody. For example, it can be prepared by keeping non-human CDR region and substituting the rest of the region with human counterparts. For example, the literature is referenced: Morrison et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. ScL USA, 81:6851-6855(1984); Morrison and Oi, Adv. Immunol., 44:65-92 (1988); Verhoeyen et al, Science, 239:1534-1536 (1988); Padlan, Molec. Immun., 28:489-498 (1991); Padlan, Molec. Immun., 31(3):169-217 (1994).
The antibody fragment in the present invention is not limited, as long as it recognizes specifically CD66c epitope and includes variable region of a light chain (VL) and variable region of a heavy chain (VH). It can be selected from a group consisting of Fab, Fab′, F(ab′)2, scFv, dsFv and CDR. Especially, scFv is an antibody fragment prepared as a single chain by connecting the variable region of a heavy chain (VH) and variable region of a light chain (VL) with a linker polypeptide.
The term “hinge region” is a region included in the heavy chain of an antibody, exists between the CH1 and CH2 regions, and refers to a region to provide flexibility of the antigen binding site in the antibody. For example, the hinge may be derived from a human antibody, and specifically, may be derived from IgA, IgE, or IgG, such as IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, or IgG4.
The anti-CD66c antibody may be a monoclonal antibody or a polyclonal antibody, such as a monoclonal antibody. Monoclonal antibodies can be prepared according to methods well known in the art. For example, it can be manufactured using a phage display technique.
Unlike mouse antibodies or chimeric antibodies, the humanized antibodies showed 10 times higher stability than chimeric 8F5 antibodies in terms of stability in addition to the different characteristic that significantly reduces the cause of immunogenicity when administered to humans. Specifically, at a high temperature, for example, 62° C., the antibody has a high stability because the fluorescence variability against the ANS reagent was less than 200%.
The chimeric 8F5 and the humanized antibody increase the activation of T cells, which is also shown in increased activity of T cell caused by T cell activator and T cell activity conditions due to mixing of allogeneic dendritic cells and T cells of different people. This induction of T cell activation induces the death of cancer cells when co-cultured with cancer cells, and T cell activation under co-culture conditions with various cancer cells.
The antibody or fragment thereof according to the present invention has a tumor regression activity and a direct inhibitory effect on tumor cell lines. In the present disclosure, the tumor regression includes inducing or promoting a decrease in the size of a tumor and/or inhibiting, stopping or reducing the growth of tumor cells. For example, the reduction in tumor size means that the tumor size obtained by administering the composition comprising the antibody or fragment thereof is 97% or less, 95% or less, 90% or less, 85% or less, 80% or less, and 75% or less, based on 100% before treatment of the composition comprising the antibody or fragment thereof of the present invention.
The antibody according to the present invention has antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), and preferably ADCC characteristics.
The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof according to the present invention can improve or treat MDSC-related diseases by using a combination of natural killer cell or NK cell-derived cell therapy.
Specifically, the anti-CD66c antibody according to the present invention increases cancer cell killing ability by combination with natural killer cells, and thus, has an excellent effect of NK cells or NK cell therapeutic agents for effective removal of not only CEACAM6-positive cancer cells, but also CEACAM6-positive MDSCs.
In a specific experiment, as a result of measuring cell viability using the EZ-cytox enhanced cell viability kit (Daeil Lab), it was confirmed that the apoptosis effect by the combination of natural killer cells was higher in two types of cancer cell lines compared to the case of single treatment. It was confirmed (
By using the selective lysis of MDSC by the anti-CD66c antibody according to the present invention and the combined effect of NK cells or NK cell therapeutic agents, both CEACAM6-positive cancer cells and CEACAM6-positive MDSCs can be targeted and eliminated. The anti-CD66c antibody according to the present invention shows ADCC against different target cells, such as MDSC and cancer cells, respectively. In the case of cancer patients in which two types of cells are actually increased together, the anti-CD66c antibody of the present invention can remove the two types of targets together, and shows increased efficacy of simultaneous removal of cancer cells and MDSC targets, in combination with NK cell therapeutics.
The antibody according to the present invention may remove partially or completely fucose as a sugar residue bound to the antibody. The fucose-removing antibody of the present invention has an apoptosis activity of MDSC, and in one embodiment, the antibody of the present invention has an apoptosis activity of MDSC as a low fucose form or afucose form compared to a fucose form of antibody, so as to have high immunity enhancement. As used herein, “normal fucose” or “normal fucose content” refers to an antibody having a fucose content of at least 90% typically. The low fucose or afucose form of the antibody according to the present invention may be an antibody having a fucose content of about 10% or less, about 7% or less, or about 5% or less, for example, 0 to about 10%, 0 To about 7%, or 0 to about 5%.
Specifically, the antibody of the present invention can comprises the following complementarity determining regions (CDRs):
CDR-H1 comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 9,
CDR-H2 comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 10,
CDR-H3 comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3,
CDR-L1 comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 11 or SEQ ID NO: 12,
CDR-L2 comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5 and
CDR-L3 comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6 or SEQ ID NO: 13.
The heavy chain variable region of the antibody comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of framework sequence (V-FR1) including the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 22, 23, 24, 25, 26 or 27, framework sequence (V-FR2) including the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 32, 33, 34, 35, 36 or 37, framework sequence (V-FR3) including the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 42, 43, 44, 45, 46 or 47, and framework sequence (V-FR4) including the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 52, 53, 54, 55, 56 or 57.
The light chain variable region of the antibody comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of framework sequence (L-FR1) including the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 28, 29, 30 or 31, framework sequence (L-FR2) including the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 38, 39, 40 or 41, framework sequence (L-FR3) including the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 48, 49, 50, or 51, and framework sequence (L-FR1) including the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 58, 59, 60 or 61.
The antibody comprises a heavy chain variable region including the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 7, 14, 15, 16, 17 or 18, and a light chain variable region including the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 8, 19, 20, or 21.
An example of a mouse antibody or a chimeric antibody according to the present invention can be an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof including at least one selected from the group consisting of an amino acid sequence of VH CDR comprising the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 1 to 3 and an amino acid sequence of VL CDR comprising amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 4 to 6. The CDRs and the variable regions of an example of the mouse antibody or chimeric antibody are summarized in Table 1 below.
Specifically, an example of the antibody of the present invention may include SEQ ID NO: 1 (CDR1), SEQ ID NO: 2 (CDR2) and SEQ ID NO: 3 (CDR3) as VH CDR and/or SEQ ID NO: 4 (CDR1), SEQ ID NO: 5 (CDR2), and SEQ ID NO: 6 (CDR3) as VL CDR.
The mouse antibody or chimeric antibody may comprise a VH region including the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7 and a VL region including the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8.
The present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition, a kit or a method of prevention or treatment of a MDSC-related disease and a symptom thereof, comprising a mouse antibody or chimeric antibody as an active ingredient.
The present invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition for prevention or treatment of a MDSC-related disease and a symptom thereof, comprising a mouse antibody or chimeric antibody as an active ingredient, for example an anti-CD66c antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof including CDR-H1, CDR-H2, CDR-H3, CDR-L1, CDR-L2, and CDR-L3 of the antibody produced by a hybridoma cell deposited as an accession number of KCLRF-BP-00230. The hybridoma cell was deposited with the Korean Cell Line Research Foundation (KCLRF) as ‘8F5’ on Feb. 22, 2010 and received an accession number of KCLRF-BP-00230, which has been described in detail in KR 10-1214177.
The present invention can prepare a humanized antibody by using the amino acid sequence of anti-CD66c antibody 8F5 in the mouse antibody or chimeric antibody and the framework sequences of human. From the candidates of recombinant humanized antibodies are selected on the basis of expression degree, aggregation, and degree of cell binding, where the expression occurs normally, the protein aggregation is very little due to the instability of the protein itself is small, and of similar binding ability to the target antigen-positive cell. Specifically, the cell binding profile is similar to that of the chimeric antibody and is obtained by multiplying positive rate of antibody positivity (% gated) with the average fluorescence (mean), then is compared with the chimeric antibody to select the candidate antibodies within the range of ±20% (Example 2). Therefore, when CDR region sequences of the mouse antibody are inserted into the framework region of human antibody at the time of preparing the humanized antibody, the binding ability of prepared antibody is rapidly decreased due to the change of the original protein structure. In consideration of the decrease of the binding ability of prepared antibody, the selected humanized antibodies of the present invention are very excellent antibody.
Preferably, five types of recombinant humanized antibodies exhibiting a high binding affinity based on the cell binding ability as compared to the chimeric antibody are selected and subjected to binding assay for CD66c antigen and similar antigen to CD66 antigen by ELISA.
In addition, the humanized antibody according to the present invention exhibits excellent stability compared to the chimeric antibody, for example, an antibody having stability which is reflected as ANS reactivity variation of less than 200%. The ANS reactivity variation of less than 200% is regarded as a very small variation and the higher variation value than 200% can be interpreted as observing ANS reactivity due to the significant structural change of protein. Accordingly, the humanized antibody according to the present invention has similar antigen binding activity and cell binding ability to the chimeric antibody, and the increased physical stability of the antibody protein itself, which can be very excellent in terms of druggability of the therapeutic antibody.
The fluorescence variation of the antibody against the ANS reagent can be measured by dividing the difference between the fluorescence value measured at low temperature conditions (e.g, 4° C.) and the fluorescence value measured at high temperature conditions (e.g, 62° C.) with the fluorescence value measured at low temperature conditions.
[Mathematic Equation]
Fluorescence variation=(fluorescence value measured at high temperature condition−fluorescence value measured at low temperature condition)/(fluorescence value measured at low temperature condition)
As a method for obtaining a specific fluorescence variation of antibody, the reactivity of ANS reagent was measured by a fluorescent reader after being left for 4 hours at a refrigeration condition (4° C.) and a temperature of 62° C., and expressed as a fluorescence value, and the fluorescence variation can be obtained using the equation.
Examples of the humanized antibody according to the present invention may include one or more amino acid sequences selected from the group consisting of amino acid sequences that determine the CDRs of the heavy chain variable region or light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 9 to 13. The examples of mouse antibody and the chimeric antibody ma include one or more amino acid sequences selected from the group consisting of amino acid sequences that determine the CDRs of the heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 3 or light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 4 to 6.
Specifically, an example of a humanized antibody includes an amino acid sequence determining the CDR1 of the VH region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or 9, an amino acid sequence determining the CDR2 of the VH region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 or 10, and the CDR3 of the VH region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3.
Examples of the humanized antibody include an amino acid sequence determining the CDR1 of the VL region including the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4, 11 or 12, an amino acid sequence determining the CDR2 of the VL region including the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5, and an amino acid sequence determining the CDR3 of the VL region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6 or 13.
Examples of the humanized antibody include a heavy chain variable region selected from the group consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7 and SEQ ID NOs: 14 to 18 and a light chain variable region selected from the group consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8 and SEQ ID Nos: 19-21, but does not include the antibody comprising SEQ ID NO: 7 and SEQ ID NO: 8.
The CDR sequences and variable region sequences according to an example of the humanized antibody are summarized in Table 1 below.
R
ASENVYGTLN
F
ATYYCQNVLSAPYT
The framework sequences of one example of a humanized antibody according to the present invention are shown in Tables 2 and 3 below, wherein said antibody may include at least one selected from the group consisting of frameworks 1 to 4 of the heavy chain variable region and frameworks 1 to 4 of the light chain variable region And may be an antibody comprising one or more frameworks.
Specifically, the amino acid sequence of framework 1 of in the heavy chain variable region may comprise SEQ ID NOS: 23 to 27, the amino acid sequence of framework 2 may comprise SEQ ID NOS: 32 to 37, and the amino acid sequence of framework 3 43 to 47, and the amino acid sequence of Framework 4 may include SEQ ID NOS: 53 to 57.
In the light chain variable region, the amino acid sequence of Framework 1 may comprise SEQ ID Nos: 29 to 31, the amino acid sequence of Framework 2 may comprise SEQ ID NOs: 39 to 41, and the amino acid sequence of Framework 3 may correspond to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 49-51, and the amino acid sequence of Framework 4 may comprise SEQ ID NOs: 59 to 61. The framework sequences according to examples of the humanized antibody are shown in the following table.
Q
VQLVQSGAEVKKPGA
Q
VQLVQSGAEVKKPGA
Q
VQLVQSGAEVKKPGA
Q
VQLVQSGAEVKKPGA
Q
VQLVQSGAEVKKPGA
R
VTITC
R
VTITC
R
VTITC
A
QKFKGRVTMTRDTST
T
ISSLQPDD
T
ISSLQPDD
The humanized antibody may comprise a VH region selected from the group consisting of the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 14 to 18 and a VL region selected from the group consisting of the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 19 to 21. Specifically, the examples of the humanized antibody include an antibody (Vk8+VH6) comprising a VH region including the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15 and a VL region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 21, an antibody (Vk8+VH11) comprising a VH region including an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18 and a VL region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 21, an antibody (Vk5+VH7) comprising a VH region including the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16, and a VL region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19, an antibody (Vk7+VH6) comprising a VH region including the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17 and a VL region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20, an antibody (Vk7+VH10) comprising a VH region including the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15, and a VL region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20, an antibody (Vk7+VH7) comprising a VH region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16 and a VL region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20, an antibody (Vk7+VH5) comprising a VH region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14 and a VL region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20, and an antibody (Vk8+VH7) comprising a VH region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16 and a VL region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 21. Specific combinations and amino acid sequences of the antibodies are shown in Table 6 below. The preferred examples of antibody include an antibody (Vk8+VH6) comprising a VH region including the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15 and a VL region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 21, an antibody (Vk8+VH11) comprising a VH region including an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18 and a VL region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 21, an antibody (Vk5+VH7) comprising a VH region including the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16, and a VL region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19, an antibody (Vk7+VH6) comprising a VH region including the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17 and a VL region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20, and an antibody (Vk7+VH10) comprising a VH region including the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15, and a VL region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20.
The anti-CD66c antibody or fragment thereof may be coupled to various labeling agents, toxins, or anti-tumor drugs. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the antibody of the invention can be coupled to a labeling agent, a toxin, or an anti-tumor drug by a method well known in the art. Such coupling may be chemically conducted on the site of attachment after expression of the antibody or antigen. Alternatively, the coupling product may be engineered into the antibody or antigen of the invention at the DNA level. Subsequently, the product may be expressed in a suitable host system as described herein below, and the expressed proteins are collected and, if necessary, renatured. The coupling may be performed via a linker that has been known in the art. In particular, various linkers that release a toxin or an anti-tumor drug under acidic or reductive conditions or upon exposure to specific proteases may be used with this technology. In some embodiments, it may be desirable that the linker is attached to the labeling agent, toxin, or anti-tumor drug via spacer arms in various lengths to reduce potential steric hindrance.
An antibody to an antigen-determining region of CD66c or a fragment thereof, may be produced using a typical method with a CD66c protein, an antigen-determining region of CD66c, a portion of CD66c containing an antigen-determining region of CD66c, or a cell expressing an antigen-determining region of CD66c serving as an antigen. For example, a method for producing an anti-CD66c antibody can be achieved through a method for producing a cell line producing an anti-CD66c antibody, comprising (a) injecting and immunizing an animal with a CD66c protein, an antigen-determining region of CD66c, a portion of CD66c containing an antigen-determining region of CD66c, or a cell expressing an antigen-determining region of CD66c, (b) obtaining splenocytes producing an antibody specific for CD66c, and (c) fusing the splenocytes with myeloma cells to give hybridoma cells and selecting a hybridoma cell producing an antibody to CD66c. The antibody can be isolated by culturing the cell line in vitro or by introducing the cell line in vivo. For example, the cell line may be intraperitoneally injected into mice, followed by isolating and purifying the antibody from the ascites. Isolation and purification of monoclonal antibodies may be achieved by subjecting the culture supernatant and ascites to ion exchange chromatography (DEAE or DE52) or affinity chromatography using an anti-immunoglobulin column or protein A column.
The antigen-determining region to which the antibody of the present invention binds exhibits MDSC-specific expression. Hence, the anti-CD66c antibody can not only be effectively used to detect MDSC, but can also exert cytotoxicity only on tumor cells when it carries a toxic substance.
Another embodiment provides a use of the anti-CD66c antibody according to the present invention as a marker for detection of MDSC, or specifically a use of detecting MDSC, diagnosing MDSC-related diseases, or providing information on diagnosis of MDSC-related diseases, using the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof against CD66c.
For example, it provides a composition for detection of MDSC containing a substance that interacts with the antigen-determining region of the antibody by using the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof against CD66c. The interacting substance includes all substances being capable of interact with the antigen-determining region CD66c, and can be at least one selected from small molecular chemicals, antibodies, antigen-binding fragments of antibodies, aptamers, and the like.
The diagnostic composition of the present invention is useful in the detection of undesired expression or over-expression of CD66c in various cells, tissues or another suitable sample, by contacting a sample with an antibody of the present invention and determining the presence of a CD66c in the sample. Accordingly, the diagnostic composition of the invention may be available for assessing the onset or status of disease, as defined herein below. In particular, MDSC being capable of expressing CD66c can be targeted with the antibody of the present invention, or a fragment or derivative thereof. The cells which have bound the antibody of the present invention might be attacked by immune system functions such as the complement system or by cell-mediated cytotoxicity, and thus reduces the number of or completely eradicating the cells showing undesired expression or over-expression of CD66c.
As a specific example, a method or a composition for diagnosis MDSC-related diseases using the antibody or antigen-binding fragment for CD66c according to the present invention is provided.
In the case of diagnosing MDSC-related diseases, for example cancer, the antibody against CD66c or antigen-binding fragment thereof according to the present invention can be used for diagnosis and treatment by targeting MDSC infiltrated around cancer tissues regardless of the expression of CEACAM 6 antigen in cancer tissues or cancer cells. The antibody against CD66c according to the present invention not only binds to CD66c expressed in solid cancer cells, but also binds to CD66c expressed in MDSC, and thus, can detect the cancer by targeting the increased state of MDSC caused by cancer, even in cancers that do not express CD66c in solid cancer cells. Specifically, in cancer tissues of lung adenocarcinoma which is CEACAM6 positive in cancer cells, and lung squamous cell carcinoma, urinary bladder cancer, and melanoma malignancy which are CEACAM6 negative in cancer cells, the result of staining the cancer tissue confirmed that CEACAM 6-positive MDSC were in the non-tumor site of the cancer tissue (
Accordingly, the patients with cancer show the increased level of MDSCs regardless of the CEACAM 6 positivity in the surface of cancer cells, and thus, as shown in the result of Example 8, MDSC infiltrated into the cancer microenvironment can be detected and confirmed. When considered together with the results of Example 5.2 showing that MDSC can be selectively dissolved, this indicates that MDSC can be used as a target for diagnosis and treatment purposes regardless of the CEACAM6 positivity on cancer cells. Although the presence or absence of CEACAM6 expression on the surface of cancer cells may vary depending on the cancer type, MDSCs are increased in most cancer types regardless of CEACAM6 expression. Thus, the anti-CD66c antibody according to the present invention can target MDSC and can be used for diagnostic and therapeutic purpose in various applications.
In another embodiment, the antibody of the present invention, or a fragment or derivative thereof is coupled to a labeling agent. Such antibodies are particularly suitable for diagnostic applications.
The composition of the invention can be administered as an active agent alone or in combination with other agents.
A still further embodiment of the present invention relates to a method for detecting MDSC, which comprises (a) reacting the anti-CD66c antibody with a sample including MDSC, and (b) determining that the sample is MDSC if the sample is positive to the antibody. The sample may include, but is not limited to, lymphoid fluid, bone marrow, blood, and blood corpuscles. When used for screening MDSC, the anti-CD66c antibody may be conjugated with a label capable of indicating antigen-antibody reactivity. The label useful for this purpose may include a radioisotope, a fluorescent, a luminescent, a chromogen, and a dye.
Also, the anti-CD66c antibody of the present invention may be provided for a kit for diagnosing MDSC-related diseases. The diagnostic kit may comprise a means for detecting an antigen-antibody reaction in addition to the anti-CD66c antibody. The detecting means may be an agent useful for performing a technique selected from the group consisting of flow cytometry, immunohistochemical staining, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), radioimmunoassay (RIA), enzyme immunoassay (EIA), fluorescence immunoassay (FIA), and luminescence immunoassay (LIA).
The therapeutic effect of the solid cancer are the effects of suppressing the cancer exacerbation including not only the growth inhibition (quantitative reduction) and apoptosis effect of cancer cells (especially cancer stem cells) or cancer tissues including the same, as well as migration, invasion, metastasis, etc. In order to maximize the effect of the antibody according to the present invention, the antibody can be treated in combination with STING agonist or 5-Fu, which can be expected to obtain a higher effect in combination treatment.
As used herein the term “subject” or “patient” refers to a mammal, including a primate such as a human, a monkey, etc., and a rodent such as a mouse, a rat, etc., that is afflicted with, or has the potential to be afflicted with MDSC-related diseases or symptom and thus which is in need of alleviation, prevention, and/or treatment of the MDSC.
The administration of the antibody or its fragment according to the present invention may be conducted in any acceptable manner. For example, a therapeutic agent including the anti-CD66c antibody as an active ingredient is administered orally or parenterally, and preferably parenterally, to a subject, e.g., a human or an animal that has MDSC-related diseases. The therapeutic agent may include a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, and the dose of the therapeutic agent may vary depending on the condition of the patient, and may range from, for example, 3 mg to 6,000 mg per day. The therapeutic agent may take such forms as liquids, powders, emulsions, suspensions or injections, but is not limited thereto.
Further, the present invention provides a method for treating MDSC-related diseases, using at least one selected from among an antibody to an antigen-determining region of CD66c, a fragment of the antibody (F(ab′)2, Fab, Fv, etc.), and a ligand to an antigen-determining region of CD66c. An antibody or a fragment thereof may be monoclonal or polyclonal, and may be derived from humans or animals. The anti-CD66c antibody or its fragment may further comprise the toxin described above. The toxin may be fused, coupled, conjugated or linked to the antibody using a well-known technique.
The pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may be administered as a single active agent or in combination with any other agents that are preferable for the treatment of the disease of interest. In addition, the antibody of the present invention may be used in conjunction with other anticancer therapies, such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, cytotherapy, etc. The well-known various anticancer agents may be used in chemotherapy or cytotherapy.
The present invention provides to an immune-enhancing agent comprising an antibody specifically binding to CD66c which is expressed in myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) or an antigen-binding fragment thereof, and a use of the immune-enhancing agent for prevention, improvement or treatment of MDSC-related diseases.
A better understanding of the present invention may be obtained through the following examples which are set forth to illustrate, but are not to be construed as limiting the present invention.
1.1. Gene Sequence Cloning of Anti-CD66c Antibody
The 8F5 antibody gene was cloned using Mouse Ig-Primer Set (Millipore, Cat. #: 69831). The RNA isolated from the 8F5 hybridoma was PCR using the mouse Ig-primer set, inserted into a pGem-T vector (Promega, Cat. #: A3600), sequenced to confirm the DNA sequence, and the mouse antibody gene was identified through the IMGT site (www.imgt.org). The heavy chain variable region sequences and light chain variable region sequences of the analyzed 8F5 antibody are as follows.
1-2. Production of Chimeric Antibody
Based on the amino acid sequence of the constructed anti-CD66c mouse antibody 8F5, an anti-CD66c chimeric antibody was prepared.
1-2-1. Plasmid Production
For expressing the anti-CD66c chimeric antibody, a plasmid for heavy chain and a light chain expression plasmid were respectively prepared. POptiVEC (Invitrogen) vector was used as the light chain expression plasmid, and pcDNA3.3 (Invitrogen) vector was used as the heavy chain expression plasmid.
In order to express the variable region coding cDNA and the constant region coding cDNA of each antibody as a continuous amino acid sequence without additional amino acid insertion, the coding sequence of the cloned variable region and the known human IgG1 constant region (heavy chain) and the kappa constant region (light chain) coding sequences were synthesized (Bioneer). The synthesized heavy gene and light chain gene were cut with restriction enzymes Xho I and Sal I and the light chain gene fragment was ligated to the pOptiVec vector and the heavy chain gene fragment was ligated to the pcDNA3.3 vector, respectively, to construct a complete antibody expression plasmid (pcDNA3.3-anti-CD66c heavy chain expression plasmid and pOptiVEC-anti-CD66c light chain expression plasmid).
1-2-2. Transfection
The prepared pcDNA3.3-anti-CD66c heavy chain expression plasmid and pOptiVEC-anti-CD66c light chain expression plasmid were transfected into CHO cell-derived DG44 cells (Invitrogen).
Three days prior to transfection, DG44 cells in suspension were adapted to MEMS medium containing 5% FBS to convert them into adherent cells and to improve transfection efficiency. Transfection was performed on a 6-well plate using the ViaFect transfection regent (Promega, Cat. #: E4981). On the day before the transfection, DG44 cells adapted to the adhered state were prepared by subculturing at a concentration of 1×105 cells/well. The amount of DNA used for transfection was determined by using pcDNA3.3-anti-CD66c heavy chain expression plasmid and pOptiVEC-anti-CD66c light chain expression plasmids were used at an amount of 2 ug and 1.5 ug respectively at a ratio of 1.5:1. Transfection was carried out for 48 hours. Flow cytometry was used to analyze the transfected cell population. As shown in
2.1 Selection of Recombinant Antibody Sequence by in Silico Humanization
CDRs (CDRH1: ASGYSFTDYTMN) SEQ ID NO: 1, CDRH2: SEQ ID NO: 2 (LINPFHGGTVSNQRFKV); CDRH3: SEQ ID NO: 3 (VRGDPVRHYYALAY); CDRL1: SEQ ID NO: 4 (GASENVYGTL); CDRL2: SEQ ID NO: 5 (GATNLAD); If CDR3: SEQ ID NO: 6 (VATYYCQNVLSAPYT) of the heavy chain of the mouse anti-CD66c antibody, 8F5 (heavy chain amino acid sequence: SEQ ID NO: 7, heavy chain encoding DNA: SEQ ID NO: 62; light chain amino acid sequence: SEQ ID NO: 8; light chain encoding DNA: SEQ ID NO: 63) were maintained as close to the antigen binding affinity as possible, or if the antigen binding affinity is equal or superior, the recombinant humanized antibody sequences based on the sequence of the framework region based on the germline sequence encoding the human antibody gene in silico method. The germline gene of human antibody used as a backbone of the recombinant humanized antibody sequence is most similar to the heavy chain and light chain of the mouse CD66c antibody 8F5, respectively, as shown in Table 5. The amino acid sequence and the nucleic acid sequence of the heavy chain variable region and the light chain variable region of the mouse CD66c antibody and the CDR sequences of the heavy chain variable region and the light chain variable region are shown in Table 6.
Twelve (12) heavy chain variable regions and eight (8) light chain variable regions were selected as the humanized 8F5 antibody sequence selected using the human antibody germline gene sequence, as shown in Table 3. The amino acid sequences of the heavy chain variable region and the light chain variable region, CDR sequences, and the framework sequences of the selected humanized antibody are shown in Tables 6 to 8. The heavy chain variable region and the light chain variable region of the chimeric antibody and the humanized antibody are shown in Table 1. It is preferable that the mouse antibody and the humanized antibody have the same amino acid sequences of heavy chain CDR3 and light chain CDR2. The bold and underlined parts in Table 6 are the CDR sequences of antibody. The bold and underlined parts in Table 7 indicate the modified amino acid.
T
FGGGTKLEIK
T
FGGGTKLEIK
T
FGGGTKLEIK
T
FGGGTKLEIK
T
FGGGTKLEIK
T
FGGGTKLEIK
T
FGGGTKLEIK
T
FGGGTKLEIK
F
ATYYCQNVLS
A
F
ATYYCQNVLS
R
ASENVYGTL
F
ATYYCQNVLS
Q
VQLVQSGAE
VK
KPGASVKIS
Q
VQLVQSGAE
VK
KPGASMKIS
Q
NLEWIG
Q
VQLVQSGAE
VK
KPGASMKIS
Q
G
LEWIG
Q
VQLVQSGAE
VK
KPGASVKV
Q
NLEWIG
Q
VQLVQSGAE
A
QKFKGRVTM
VK
KPGASVKIS
Q
NLEWIG
Q
PDD
Q
PDD
2.2 Expression and Analysis of Recombinant Humanized Antibodies
The sequences of selected antibody were expressed in 293 cells in the form of human IgG1 by connecting the human IgG1 heavy chain constant region and the kappa light chain constant region, respectively. Seven days after the transfection, the recombinant humanized antibody was purified using KanCap A resin (Kaneca).
The purified antibody was quantitated by measuring at OD 280 nm and SDS-PAGE was performed. The purity and the aggregation of the antibody were analyzed by analyzing with 280 nm and 220 nm by HPLC using Sepax Zenix-C SEC-300 size exclusion column (Sepax Technologies) (
2.3 Cell Binding and Antigen Binding Analysis of Recombinant Humanized Antibodies
2-3-1 Cell Binding Assay
Each expressed 96 recombinant humanized antibody was poured and reacted in a test tube containing the same amount (1 ug) of CD66c-positive A549 non-small-cell lung cancer cell line at 4° C. for 30 minutes, washed with PBS, and treated with FITC-conjugated goat anti-Huma IgG (DiNona Inc, Korea) was added and incubated at 4° C. for 15 minutes. After washing with PBS, the cells were analyzed with a flow cytometer (Stratedigm, S1000EXi) and the results are shown below.
Among the 96 recombinant humanized antibody candidates, eight were firstly selected based on the degree of expression, the presence of aggregation, and the degree of cell binding (Table 9 and Table 10,
Table 9 shows the degree of expression, the presence or absence of aggregation, and the degree of cell binding of 8 selected antibodies. Specifically, the expression levels and the molecular weights of the 8 selected antibodies were summarized. In addition, according to the results of flow cytometry in Table 10, it was confirmed that the eight recombinant humanized antibodies exhibited cell binding strengths of ±20% which showed very similar cell binding strength to chimeric antibodies. As a result, the 8 antibody being normally expressed and having few aggregations formed due to the instability of the protein itself, and the similar binding affinity to the target antigen-positive cells to the chimeric antibody were firstly selected from 96 humanized candidate antibodies
As shown in
2-3-2 Antigen Binding Assay
Among the eight selected recombinant humanized antibodies, five kinds of recombinant humanized antibodies exhibiting a high binding affinity as compared to that of the chimeric antibody were selected and analyzed for their binding affinity to CD66c antigen and similar CD66 antigens by ELISA, respectively.
Antigen CD66c (CEACAM6; Sino Biological, Inc.) and CEACAM1 antigen (Sino Biological, Inc.) were coated on a 96-well plate at a rate of 100 ng per well and then blocked. The primary antibody was diluted 3-fold from 10 ug/ml and bound at 37° C. for 1 hour. The primary antibody was diluted three times from 10 ug/ml at initial concentration and was bound at 37° C. for 1 hour, and goat anti-Human Ig-HRP conjugate (Jackson ImmunoResearch) as a secondary antibody was diluted 1:10,000 and incubated at 37° C. for 30 minutes. The washing was carried out at three times between each step, and the TMB reaction was performed, stopped with 1N H2SO4 solution at the same amount of TMB solution (100 ul) and then OD value was measured at 450 nm.
As a result of the experiment, the binding affinities to CD66c antigen of the five kinds of recombinant humanized antibodies selected from among 96 kinds of recombinant humanized antibodies are shown in
From the binding affinity of antibodies to the antigen in
2.4 Stability Analysis of Recombinant Humanized Antibodies
The experiments were conducted to determine the stability of the antibodies by leaving the five recombinant humanized antibodies of Example 3.3 selected by the binding profile to antigen and cell under high temperature conditions.
The stability was determined by performing the binding experiments using 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid (ANS, Sigma). ANS is a compound that can detect the denaturation of proteins by measuring the change in fluorescence wavelength between the binding to and not binding to hydrophobic sites exposed when protein is denatured.
The recombinant humanized antibody was adjusted to a concentration of 0.2 mg/ml using PBS (phosphate buffered saline), and left at 50° C. for 4 hours under severe conditions. 0.2 μg/ml of ANS solution was mixed at 20 μl with 500 μl of the diluted solution of antibody to be analyzed dilution to be measured, and analyzed after 5 minutes later with a fluorescent reader at 360 nm excitation and 460 nm emission conditions. In addition, the ANS reagent reaction was also measured at a temperature of 70° C. for additional 30 minutes.
In order to measure the change rate of ANS reagent reactivity, ANS reagent reactivity was analyzed with a fluorescent reader in the same manner as above after leaving the antibodies for 4 hours at a refrigeration condition (4±2° C.) and a temperature of 62° C. The fluorescence value variability of the antibody against the ANS reagent can be determined by obtaining the difference between the fluorescence value measured at low temperature conditions (e.g., 4° C.) and the fluorescence value measured at high temperature conditions (e.g., 62° C.) and dividing with the fluorescence value measured at low temperature conditions.
[Mathematical Equation]
Fluorescence value variability=(fluorescence value measured at high temperature condition−fluorescence value measured at low temperature condition)/(fluorescence value measured at low temperature condition)
As shown in
2.5 CHO Cell Expression and Analysis of Recombinant Humanized Antibody
The five recombinant humanized antibodies selected in Example 2.3 were expressed in CHO cells used for expressing most therapeutic antibodies and analyzed. The light chain variable region DNA sequence and heavy chain variable region DNA sequence to construct the selected five recombinant humanized antibodies were performed by the codon optimization, synthesized, and ligated with the human IgG1 constant region gene by overlay PCR method. The product was cut with XhoI and EcoRI and ligated into the pcDNA3.4 vector (Life Technology). Table 11 shows the light chain and heavy chain combinations of humanized antibodies selected for CHO cell expression.
The DNA primer sequences used for PCR on the variable region and constant region gene are shown in Table 14 below.
The five (5) recombinant humanized antibodies were transiently transfected using the ExpiCHO (trademark) Expression System Kit (ThermoFisher, Cat. No. A29133), and the expressed antibodies were transfected with CD66c-positive A549 non-small lung cancer cell line and analyzed by flow cytometer, as shown in
DNP002, a humanized antibody against anti-CD66c was expressed and analyzed in CHO cells used to express most of the therapeutic. In order to test the difference in function according to the subtype of the DNP002 antibody, IgG1 type and IgG2 type antibodies were prepared.
After performing the codon optimization of DNA sequences of the light and heavy chain variable region for constructing humanized recombinant antibodies, they were synthesized and linked with constant region o human IgG1 or IgG2 by overlay PCR method, and XhoI and EcoRI gene fragment was cloned into pcDNA3.4 vector (Life Technology).
To prepare afucosylated DNP002 humanized antibody, when the DNP002 IgG1 type antibody was expressed, 2F-PF (2F-Peracetyl-Fucose; Merck, Cat #: 344827) was added to the culture medium at 50 uM and cultured, and then purified using Mabselect sure Protein A column (GE Healthcare Lifescience, Cat #:11003494). The purified antibody was dialyzed with phosphate buffered saline, and the absorbance at 280 nm was divided by the absorbance coefficient of 1.4 and converted into a concentration unit of “mg/mL”, and then, it was used for the subsequent experiment.
Afucosylation was evaluated by relatively comparing the reactivity of Biotinylated Lens culinaris agglutinin (Vector laboratories, Cat #:B-1045) having a binding property to fucose. Fucose-conjugated IgG1 DNP002 reacted with Biotinylated Lens culinaris agglutinin and were used for TMB color development by SA-HRP (Jackson immunoresearch, Cat #:016-030-084). However, afucosylated DNP002 had relatively little color development (Table 16).
The reactivity of DNP002 antibody against MDSC was evaluated by flow cytometric analysis.
Specifically, after preparing blood from stomach cancer patients, DNP002 with bound with APC and the antibodies (anti-HLA-DR-FITC, CD11b-PE, CD33-PE antibodies) against the labeled antigens of MDSC with different fluorescence together were added to 100 uL of whole blood and reacted at 4° C. for 20 minutes. The product was added with 5 ml of red blood cell (RBC) lysis buffer of 1×RBC Lysis Buffer (ThermoFisher, Cat #:00-4333-57), reacted at room temperature for 30 minutes, centrifuged to remove the decomposed RBC, washed again with PBS, and performed by flow cytometry. The staining intensity was measured as a log of fluorescence intensity and expressed in units of tens.
In the analysis of the results, after only monocytes and granulocyte regions except lymphocyte were designated according to the cell size in the dot plot, the groups with no or low HLA-DR expression were selected, and the groups being positive for CD11b and CD33 were selected from that groups and designated as MDSC. The positive rate of DNP002 in the designated MDSC group was confirmed (
Specifically, from left to right direction in the upper graphs in
As a result of analyzing the blood of 19 stomach cancer patients, the positive rate of DNP002 on MDSC in all PBMCs was 34.3˜76.7%, and the average positive rate was 55.1%. Table 17 below is an analysis result of the reactivity of DNP002 antibody to MDSC with samples of 19 stomach cancer patients.
5.1. Lysis effect of DNP002 on MDSC in whole blood
In order to check the MDSC killing effect by DNP002, erythrocyte lysis buffer of 1×RBC Lysis Buffer (ThermoFisher, Cat #:00-4333-57) was added to the blood of 5 stomach cancer patients to dissolve red blood cells, and then the product was poured 1×105 per a well of 12-well plate. DNP002 antibody was added to each well at a concentration of 10 ug/mL and incubated in an incubator at 37° C. for one day. After incubation, the cells were washed with PBS, and reacted with antibodies (anti-HLA-DR, CD11b, CD33 antibodies) against the MDSC-labeled antigens with different fluorescence at 4° C. for 20 minutes. After washing with PBS, the flow cytometry was performed. The staining intensity was measured as a log of fluorescence intensity and expressed in units of tens.
As a result of the above experiment,
5.2. Lysis Effect of DNP002 on MDSC in PBMC
In order to more clearly clarify the MDSC-targeted killing ability of the DNP002 antibody, MDSC was only obtained with excluding mature neutrophils, and the MDSC killing effect of the DNP002 antibody was tested without the effect of neutrophils.
Specifically, only the PBMC layer containing MDSC was separated from the blood of two stomach cancer patients using Ficoll-Paque PLUS (Ge healthcare, Cat #:17-1440-02) solution. The density gradient separation of blood cells through the Ficoll solution effectively excludes mature neutrophils, so that MDSC killing effects can be analyzed more accurately. The prepared PBMC were dispensed at 1×105 per well into a 12 well plate, and DNP002 antibody was added to each well at a concentration of 10 μg/mL, followed by incubation at 37° C. for 48 hours. At this time, the MDSC killing ability was compared using Nivolumab (Bristol-Myers Squibb) of an antibody against PD-1, as a control. After culture, the cells were washed with PBS, and the increase or decrease of the MDSC group was analyzed through flow cytometry (
As a result of the flow cytometry, the group treated with DNP002 showed an average of about 49% apoptosis compared to the group with no treatment of DNP002. On the other hand, Nivolumab used as a control showed only about 24% MDSC killing effect. The MDSC killing effect was the same in both MDSCs isolated from two patients. Therefore, this experiment confirms that the effect of killing MDSC by the DNP002 antibody is significant.
The lysis effect of MDSC by DNP002 was confirmed for whole blood (Example 5.1) and PBMC (peripheral blood mononuclear cells; Example 5.2), respectively. In whole blood and PBMC, NK cells of the patient who can induce ADCC are included, and can lyse CEACAM6-positive cells with ADCC via DNP002. However, in whole blood, neutrophils positive for the CEACAM6 target antigen and MDSC are mixed, and it is difficult to say that only MDSs are selectively lysed. In order to clarify the selective lysis of MDSC by DNP002, an additional experiment was performed on PBMCs in which neutrophils are removed by layer separation with centrifugation (Example 5.2). Accordingly, it was confirmed that the MDSC lysis by DNP002 was evident.
In order to test the ability of the DNP002 antibody to kill the MDSC target, three types of DNP002 antibodies were prepared. The antibodies differ in the affinity to FcrRIII (CD16) expressed on NK cells depending on the isotypes of antibodies, and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) increases in proportional to the affinity. The IgG2 isotype had a very low affinity to FcrRIII and did not have ADCC efficacy, whereas the IgG1 isotype had high affinity for FcrRIII and had excellent ADCC efficacy. It has been reported that the ADCC efficacy of an antibody depends not only on the isotype but also on the sugar chain structure linked to the 297th asparagine of the antibody. In particular, when there is no fucose in the sugar chain, ADCC efficacy increases (Shitara K., et al, J Immunol Methods. 2005 Nov. 30; 306(1-2) IgG subclass-independent improvement of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity by fucose removal from Asn297-linked oligosaccharides).
In vitro tests were performed to test the ability to kill MDSC targets depending on the isotype and the afucosylation of the DNP002 antibody. RBC lysis buffer of 1×RBC Lysis Buffer (ThermoFisher, Cat #:00-4333-57) was added to the blood of five stomach cancer patients to lyse RBC, and then the product was poured at 1×105 per well into a 12-well plate. Three kinds of antibodies such as DNP002 IgG1 type, DNP002 IgG2 type, and aflucosylated IgG1 type were added to each well at a concentration of 10 ug/mL and incubated in an incubator at 37° C. for one day. After incubation, the cells were washed with PBS, and reacted with antibodies (anti-HLA-DR, CD11b, CD33 antibodies) against the MDSC-labeled antigens with different fluorescence at 4° C. for 20 minutes. After washing with PBS, the flow cytometry was performed. The staining intensity was measured as a log of fluorescence intensity and expressed in units of tens.
It was observed that the MDSC killing effect was increased in the order of IgG2, IgG1, and afucosylated IgG1 type in all five stomach cancer patients as test subjects (
As shown in
As shown in
In vitro tests were performed to test the combined effect of the DNP002 antibody and natural killer (NK) cells. After separating PBMC from three normal blood using Ficoll-Paque PLUS (Ge healthcare, Cat #:17-1440-02) solution, only CD56-positive natural killer cells were isolated by using CD56 micro bead (Miltenyi Biotec, Cat #:130-050-401). In
The stomach cancer cell line A549 and the pancreatic cancer cell line AsPC-1 which were positive for CEACAM6 of a target antigen of DNP002, were dispensed in a 96-well plate at 1×104 per well, dispensed with the previously isolated natural killer cells at 2×105 per well, treated with DNP002 antibody at 10 μg/mL, and then was incubated at 37° C. for 6 hours.
As a result of measuring cell viability using the EZ-cytox enhanced cell viability kit (Daeil Lab), it was confirmed that the apoptosis effect by the combination of DNP002 antibody and natural killer cells in both cancer cell lines increased compared to single treatment (
This indicates that the cancer cell killing ability of DNP002 was significantly amplified by the combination with natural killing cells. Through this, it is indicated that combination treatment with NK cells or NK cell therapeutic agents can be excellent for effective removal of CEACAM6-positive MDSCs as well as CEACAM6-positive cancer cells.
The selective lysis of MDSC by DNP002 in Example 5.2 and the combined effect with NK cells or NK cell therapeutic agents in Example 7 confirm that both CEACAM6-positive cancer cells and CEACAM6-positive MDSCs can be eliminated as the targets. Although Example 5.2 and Example 7 showed ADCC for different target cells as MDSC and cancer cells, respectively, in the case of cancer patients in which two types of cells are actually increased together, DNP002 can simultaneously remove both types of targets, and can be used in combination with NK cell therapeutic agent, in order to double the efficacy of simultaneous removal of cancer cells and MDSCs targets.
Since CEACAM6 antigen is expressed not only in cancer cells but also in MDSC, it is possible to detect not only cancer cells but also MDSC using the DNP002 antibody. To test this, MDSC but not cancer cells were detected in cancer patient tissues with positive or negative CEACAM6 antigens, by immunohistochemistry (Immunohistochemistry).
Immunohistochemical staining was performed in the following manner. The tissue was deparaffinized in xylene for 10 minutes at 3 times, 100% alcohol for 10 minutes at 2 times, 80% alcohol for 5 minutes, and 70% alcohol for 3 minutes, and then washed with 3rd distilled water. Then, Peroxidase blocking was carried out by immersing in 0.03% H2O2 for 10 minutes at room temperature, and washed with 3rd distilled water Immediately, the slide was put in 1× citrate buffer (Citrate buffer, pH 6.0), heated in a boiling tap water for 20 minutes, cool it slowly, wash it with 3rd distilled water, and washed it once again with 1×PBS. The monoclonal antibody of DNP002, 8F5 antibody was reacted on the region of tissue at room temperature for 90±5 minutes at 150 ul (10 ug/ml) per slide. After the reaction, the slide was washed with 1×PBS for 5 minutes each at 4 times. The secondary antibody was reacted with 100 ul per slide for 20 minutes at room temperature, and after the reaction, washed 4 times with 1×PBST for 5 minutes each. DAB Chromogen developed 100 ul per slide at room temperature for 3 minutes and the slide was washed with tap water for 10 minutes. Mayer's Hematoxylin was counter-stained at room temperature for 3 minutes at 100 ul per slide and washed under running tap water for 10 minutes. After dehydration, the slide was mounted.
As results of CEACAM6 immunostaining on lung adenocarcinoma which was CEACAM6 positive in cancer cells, and lung squamous cell carcinoma, urinary bladder cancer, and melanoma malignancy which were CEACAM6 negative in cancer cells themselves, it was confirmed that there was CEACAM6-positive MDSC in the non-tumor site of the cancer tissue (
Regardless of the degree of CEACAM6 on the cell surface of cancer cells, MDSC tended to increase in cancer patients, which could detect and confirm MDSCs infiltrating the tumor microenvironment as in Example 8. This indicates that MDSC can be used as a target for diagnosis and treatment purposes regardless of the positivity of CEACAM6 on cancer cells, when considered together with the result of Example 5.2 showing the selective lysis of MDSC. The presence or absence of CEACAM6 expression on the cell surface of cancer cells may differ depending on the cancer type, but regardless of this, MDSC is increased in most cancer types. Accordingly, it indicates that DNP002 can be used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in a most cancers by targeting MDSC.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10-2018-0054977 | May 2018 | KR | national |
| 10-2019-0055950 | May 2019 | KR | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/KR2019/006007 | 5/14/2019 | WO | 00 |
