Patent Application
20130123107
The present invention relates to the use of selected adjuvants or nitrogen containing fertilizer to improve the performance of abscisic acid (ABA) or its salts thereof by increasing the extent and/or extending the duration of desired biological activity.
Abscisic acid (ABA) is a natural occurring hormone found in all higher plants (Cutler and Krochko 1999, Trends in Plant Science, 4:472-478; Finkelstein and Rock 2002, The Arabidopsis Book, ASPB, Monona, Md., 1-52). ABA is involved in many major processes during plant growth and development including dormancy, germination, bud break, flowering, fruit set, general growth and development, stress tolerance, ripening, maturation, organ abscission, and senescence. ABA also plays an important role in plant tolerance to environmental stresses, such as drought, cold, and excessive salinity.
One key role of ABA in regulating physiological responses of plants is to act as a signal of reduced water availability to reduce water loss, inhibit growth and induce adaptive responses. All these functions are related to stomatal closure (Raschke and Hedrich 1985, Planta, 163: 105-118). When stomata close, plants conserve water to survive environmental stresses. However, stomatal closure also can result in reduced photosynthesis, respiration and growth. Stomatal closure is a rapid response of plants to ABA. The mechanism of this effect has been studied and has been shown to be due primarily to ABA effects on guard cell ion channels. Specifically, ABA blocks H+ extrusion and K+ influx from guard cells and promotes K+, Cl−, and malate extrusion and Ca2+ influx. The net effect of ABA is to reduce the total osmotica in the guard cells, which in turn decreases the water content in the cell. This causes the guard cells to lose turgor and thus close the stomata (Assmann 2004, in: Plant Hormones Biosynthesis, Signal Transduction, Action, ed. Davies, p 391-412). The closing of the stomata results in reduced transpiration. The reduction of transpiration caused by stomatal closure is widely used as an experimental technique to indirectly identify and quantify ABA activity. The ability of ABA to reduce water use can not only extend the display shelf life of ornamentals or the postharvest shelf life of leafy plants, or promote drought tolerance, but it also can lead to a reduction in cold stress injury (Aroca et al. 2003, Plant Sci., 165: 671-679), ABA-induced reduction of stomatal conductance can lead to a decrease in photosynthesis (Downton et al. 1988 New Phytol., 108: 263-266) which in turn can lead to growth control. Improving the performance of ABA may be useful not only for improving the reduction of transpiration and water loss, but also for other uses of foliar applied ABA such as maintaining dormancy of buds and seeds, controlling fruit set, accelerating defoliation, and enhancing color development of fruit such as grapes.
Surfactants or adjuvants have long been used with pesticides and plant growth regulators to increase the absorption or uptake by plants and thus improve the performance of the applied chemicals. Adjuvants include wetter-spreaders, stickers, penetrants, compatibility agents and fertilizers. However, there is little prior art information about adjuvant effects on ABA efficacy. In the patent application of Quaghebeur (2005, US20050198896 A1) it is noted that “ethoxylated sorbitan esters and siloxanes have proved to be particularly suitable for the application of ABA”, but there is no mention of adjuvant effects on ABA efficacy. Lee et al. (1997, Kor. Soc. Hort. Sci. J., 38:717-721) reported that the addition of 0.05% Tween 20 (a commercially available ethoxylated sorbitan ester) improved ABA effect. However. Tween 20 is used for academic research and not packaged and distributed for the agricultural market.
The pH of an exogenously applied ABA solution may play a role in determining the efficiency of ABA uptake by plants. At an acidic pH, ABA is in its neutral undissociated form. This form is more lipophilic, and its penetration of the plant cuticle would be favored relative to the charged, dissociated form of ABA present at higher pHs (Blumenfeld and Bukovac 1972, Planta, 107:261-268). The uncharged undissociated form of ABA would more easily cross cell membranes from the relatively acidic apoplast into the cytosol.
Foliar applied nitrogen fertilizers, such as urea or ammonium nitrate, have been used in combination with plant growth regulators (PGRs) to improve the performance of the PGR. For example, the combination of the PGRs benzyladenine (Naito et al. 1974. J. Japan. Soc. Hort. Sci, 43: 215-223) or gibberellic acid (Shulman et al. 1987, Plant Growth Regul., 5: 229.234) with urea increased the grape berry sizing effect compared to the sizing effect achieved with the PGR alone. Ammonium salts have been reported to increase the absorption of pesticides (Wang and Liu 2007, Pestic, Biochem., Physiol., 87: 1-8). Nooden (1986, U.S. Pat. No. 4,581,057) claims the use of ABA to increase fertilizer performance. However, there are no reports of the use of urea (H2NCONH2) or ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) to improve ABA performance.
In order maximize the performance of ABA in its various agricultural and horticultural applications; there is a need to improve the extent and duration of ABA efficacy.
The present invention is directed toward the incorporation of an effective amount of an adjuvant selected from the group consisting of polyoxyethylene fatty alcohol ethers, nonylphenyl ethoxylates and phthalic/glycol alkyl resins into an ABA or ABA salt-containing end-use solution composition or into a liquid or solid formulation composition intended for preparation of such an end-use solution in order to increase the effectiveness of ABA by increasing the extent and/or extending the duration of its desired biological activity. This is then accomplished by applying said end-use solution composition directly to target plants or the locus thereof by spraying or drenching.
The present invention is also directed to the incorporation of an effective amount of an adjuvant selected from the group consisting of polyoxyethylene fatty alcohol ethers, nonylphenyl ethoxylates and phthalic/glycol alkyl resins into an ABA or ABA salt-containing end-use solution composition in order to decrease the ABA application rate required to attain a targeted degree or duration of ABA biological activity.
The present invention is also directed to the incorporation of an effective amount of an adjuvant selected from the group consisting of polyoxyethylene fatty alcohol ethers, nonylphenyl ethoxylates and phthalic/glycol alkyl resins into an ABA or ABA salt-containing in bottle formulation in order to decrease the ABA application rate required to attain a targeted degree or duration of ABA biological activity.
The presently preferred polyoxyethylene fatty alcohol ethers useful in the present invention are members of the Brij family of surfactants. The most preferred member of the Brij family of surfactants is Brij 9.8 (polyoxyethylene (20) oleyl ether).
A presently preferred nonylphenol ethoxylate is Agral 90.
A presently preferred phthalic/glycol alkyl resin is Latron B1956.
The present invention is also directed to the incorporation of an effective amount of Brij 98 (polyoxyethylene (20) oleyl ether) and a nitrogen containing fertilizer, such as urea into an ABA-containing end-use solution or formulation that is diluted to produce an end-use solution, and to the application of said solution to a plant or plants or to the locus of a plant or plants.
The compositions of the present invention improve ABA effectiveness by incorporating a surfactant, and optionally a nitrogen-containing fertilizer together with an effective amount of the plant growth regulator abscisic acid (S-ABA; ABA; S-(+)-abscisic acid; +-ABA, (+)-(S)-cis, trans-abscisic acid, (+)-(S)-cis,trans-ABA; S-ABA; (S)-5-(1-hydroxy-2,6,6,-trimethyl-4-oxo-2-cyclohexen-1-yl)-3-methyl-(2Z,4E)-pentadienoic acid; CAS registry no, [21293-29-8]). ABA effectiveness may be measured experimentally by quantifying the inhibition of transpiration in tomato leaves. This is a reliable laboratory bioassay of the level of ABA activity.
The compositions of the present invention comprise ABA or a salt thereof, together with a polyoxyethylene fatty alcohol ether, nonylphenol ethoxylate or phthalic/glycol alkyl resin adjuvant, and may be used to form to a ready-to-apply liquid solution, a mixture prepared by the end user of the ABA or a solid or liquid formulation concentrate. The effectiveness of the compositions of the present invention was demonstrated by tomato leaf transpiration inhibition. The response of tomato plants to ABA is representative of the response of other plant species, such as nursery plants, to ABA. Other physiological processes regulated by ABA such as the promotion of drought tolerance of bedding plants, fruit coloration, dormancy of buds and seeds, plant growth control, defoliation, and chilling and freeze stress protection are expected to respond to the combinations of ABA or ABA salts with adjuvants of this invention.
The presently preferred surfactants for incorporation into the ABA compositions of the present invention are members of the Brij family (polyoxyethylene fatty alcohol ethers), available from Uniqema (Castle, Del.), including Brij 58 (polyoxyethylene (20) cetyl ether), Brij 76 (polyoxyethylene (10) stearyl ether). Brij 78 (polyoxyethylene (20) stearyl ether), Brij 98 (polyoxyethylene (20) oleyl ether) and Brij 700 (polyoxyethylene(100) stearyl ether); Agral 90 (Nonylphenol ethoxylate) available from Norac Concept. Inc. (Orleans, Ontario, Canada) and Latron B-1956 (77.0% modified phthalic/glycerol alkyl resin and 23.0% Butyl alcohol) available from Rohm & Haas (Philadelphia, Pa.). The presently most preferred surfactant for incorporation into the ABA compositions of the present invention is Brij 98 (polyoxyethylene (20) oleyl ether), optionally in combination with nitrogen-containing fertilizers or other adjuvants.
The presently preferred combination of nonionic surfactant and anionic wetting agent for improving ABA performance is Brij 98 plus Monawet MO-84R2W (84% sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate anionic wetting agent in propylene glycol solvent) in a suitable solvent such as ethyl lactate.
The presently preferred combination of surfactant and nitrogen-containing fertilizer for improving ABA performance is Brij 98 and urea.
As used herein, the term “salt” refers to the water soluble salts of ABA or ABA analogs or derivatives, as appropriate. Representative such salts include inorganic salts such as the ammonium, lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium salts and organic amine salts such as the triethanolamine, dimethylethanolamine and ethanolamine salts.
Depending on the target plant species, physiological processes of interest, and environmental conditions, the effective concentration of ABA can vary, but it is generally in the range of about 0.1 ppm to about 10,000 ppm, and preferably from about 1 to about 1000 ppm.
The preferred concentration of nonionic surfactant or/and anionic wetting agent surfactant in the end-use solutions of the present invention is about 0.001% to about 25% w/v, preferably from about 0.01% to about 5.0%.
Thus, a presently preferred composition of the present invention comprises from about 0.1 ppm to about 10,000 ppm ABA, from about 0.05 to about 5.0% weight of a surfactant or/and wetting agent, optionally from about 0.1 mM to about 1000 mM of a nitrogen-containing fertilizer, with the balance of the composition consisting of water.
The effective concentration range of ABA depends on the water volume applied to plants as well as other factors such the plant age and size, the plant species and varietal sensitivity to ABA, and the targeted physiological process.
The invention is illustrated by, but is not limited by, the following representative examples.
All treatment solutions were prepared with distilled water, ABA (95% active ingredient) is available from Lomon BioTechnology Co., Ltd. (Shichuan, China). Twenty L of 250 ppm ABA solution was prepared and stored in the dark at 20-25° C. This 250-ppm ABA solution was used for all studies to eliminate the possibility of applying an incorrect concentration of ABA.
Brij 98, Monawet MO-84R2W, Tween 20 and Tween 60 are available from Uniqema New Castle, Del.). Ethyl lactate used to solubilize Brij 98 is available from Fluka Chemie GmbH (Buchs, Germany). Silwet L-77 is available from GE Silicones (Wilton, Conn.).
Agral 90 is available from Norac Concept. Inc. (Orleans, Ontario, Canada),
Latron B-1956 is available from Robin & Haas (Philadelphia, Pa.).
Unless otherwise specified, when a surfactant was employed, it was incorporated into the 250-ppm ABA treatment solution at a concentration of 0.05% to 0.5% (v/v).
ABA solutions and blank treatments were applied to the aerial parts of tomato plant leaves at the rate of 20 mL per 6 plants. Plants were then placed in a transparent chamber with humidity controlled within the range of 40 to 60% relative humidity. Leaf transpiration rates were measured at 1, 2 and 3 days; at 1, 2, 3 and 4 days; or at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 7 days after treatment. Measurements were conducted using a LI-1600 Steady State Porameter (LI-Cor, Lincoln, Nebr.). Each day the transpiration rate of the plants of each treatment group was normalized to the percentage of the transpiration rate of untreated plants (plants sprayed with water only) in order to control for day-to-day variability caused by changes of environmental conditions such as light intensity and temperature. In some cases, data of each plant was averaged over a 3-day period to balance the short term and long-term effect of ABA on tomato leaf transpiration as well as to control for experimental variability.
A grape coloring field study was conducted at Caruthers, Calif. ABA alone at 100 or 200 ppm or its combination with 0.05% Brij 98 was foliar applied to Crimson seedless grapes. Number of clusters with color was counted on a weekly basis, beginning at 21 days after treatment. Percentage of clusters with color was calculated. Grape yield was harvested at 64 days after treatment.
A grape coloring field study was conducted at Caruthers, Calif., ABA alone at 100 or 200 ppm or its combination with 0.05% Latron B-1956 was foliar applied to Crimson seedless grapes. Number of clusters, with color was counted on a weekly basis, beginning at 21 days after treatment. Percentage of clusters with color was calculated. Grape yield was harvested at 64 days after treatment.
All experiments were conducted using a randomized complete block experimental design. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance. Duncan's new multiple range tests at α-005 were used for mean separations.
Tomato plants treated with various concentrations of ABA alone or in combination with 0.05% Brij 98 were studied (Table 1), ABA alone significantly reduced tomato leaf transpiration when applied at 250, 500 and 1000 ppm, but not at 125 ppm over the 3 day period. Transpiration inhibition increased with increasing ABA concentrations. Transpiration inhibition from the ABA application was greater when the ABA was applied with 0.05% Brij 98 compared to the same ABA concentration applied without adjuvant.
The relationship between relative transpiration and the base-10 logarithm of ABA concentration was linear with or without 0.05% Brij 98 (Table 1). ABA concentrations for 50% inhibition of transpiration were calculated to be 3328 ppm without Brij 98 and 191 ppm with 0.05% Brij 98. These results demonstrate that the addition of Brij 98 surfactant increases ABA performance as measured by the tomato leaf transpiration inhibition bioassay.
The effect of varying Brij 98 concentrations on the efficacy of 250-ppm ABA treatment was examined (Table 2). The addition of Brij 98 significantly improved ABA performance. The transpiration rate decreased with the increasing concentrations of Brij 98. Transpiration inhibition lasted longer at higher concentrations of Brij compared to that achieved with lower concentrations Brij 98. Results demonstrate that a higher concentration of Brij 98 applied with ABA improves ABA performance as compared to a lower concentration of Brij 98.
The effect of 0.05% Tween 60 to improve ABA performance was examined and compared to the effect of 0.05% Brij 98 to improve ABA performance (Table 3). Both 0.05% Tween 60 and 0.05% Brij 98 significantly improved ABA performance as measured by the tomato leaf transpiration inhibition bioassay. However, the transpiration rates of plants treated with ABA alone and plants treated with ABA plus Tween 60 were much higher than the transpiration rates of plants treated with ABA plus Brij 98. These results demonstrate that Brij 98 is much more effective than Tween 60 in improving ABA performance for leaf transpiration inhibition.
The effect of 0.05% Silwet L-77 to improve ABA performance was examined and compared to the effect of 0.05% Brij 98 to improve ABA performance (Table 4). Both 0.05% Silwet L-77 and 0.05% Brij 98 significantly improved ABA performance as measured by the tomato leaf transpiration inhibition bioassay. However, the transpiration rates of plants treated with either ABA alone or with ABA plus Silwet L-77 were much higher than those of plants treated with ABA plus Brij 98. Results indicate that Brij 98 is much more effective in improving ABA performance than Silwet L-77,
Three Brij family surfactants with the same polyoxyethylene oligomer length, Brij 58, Brij 78, and Brij 98 were tested for their effect on ABA performance as measured by the tomato leaf transpiration inhibition bioassay (Table 5). Each of the three surfactants was tested at 0.05% and 0.5% concentrations. Brij 58, Brij 78 and Brij 98 at either concentration significantly improved ABA performance. For each surfactant, ABA applied with the higher surfactant concentration was more effective than ABA applied with the lower surfactant concentration. Of the three surfactants, Brij 98 improved ABA performance best.
Brij 76 was examined and compared to Brij 98 for its effect on ABA performance as measured by inhibition of tomato leaf transpiration (Table 6). Inclusion of Brij 76 at 0.05% or 0.5% significantly improved ABA performance. ABA applied with 0.5% Brij reduced transpiration more than ABA applied with 0.05% Brij 76 did. At the same ABA concentration, ABA applied in conjunction with Brij 98 as more effective than ABA applied with Brij 76.
In a 600 mL beaker, 55 g of (S)-(+)-abscisic acid of 95% purity was added, followed by 500 μL of Tween 20 and 200 mL of water. Then, 10 mL of concentrated aqueous ammonia was added with stirring until the mixture came to equilibrium. Then, additional concentrated ammonia was added dropwise until all the solid was dissolved. A homogenous solution vas achieved when a total of about 13.5 mL of ammonia has been added. At this point, potassium sorbate (1.25 g) was added to the composition, it quickly dissolved. The mixture was transferred to a 500 ml volumetric flask and was brought up to 500 mL total volume with deionized water. The mixture was stored in a brown glass bottle. The pH was measured to be 6.50.
An aqueous solution composition comprising 10% abscisic acid as the ammonium salt by weight, and further comprising a naturally-occurring antimicrobial preservative, was prepared.
A solution as prepared containing 5.0 g of Brij 98 in approximately 20 mL of water, (S)-(+)-abscisic acid (2.64 g of 95% purity) is added, followed by the theoretical amount of ammonia as the commercial concentrated aqueous solution. All of the abscisic acid quickly dissolved. Preservative (63 mg of potassium sorbate) was added, and it quickly dissolved. The pH of the resulting clear solution was 6.92. It was made up to a final volume of 50 mL to give a concentration of 5% abscisic acid as the ammonium salt and 10% Brij 98 by weight.
An aqueous solution composition comprising 5% abscisic acid by weight as the ammonium salt and further comprising a high concentration of Brij 98 surfactant was prepared.
The difference between ABA and ABA ammonium salt was compared with or without 0.05% Brij 98 (Table 7). Both ABA and its ammonium it at 250 ppm concentration decreased the transpiration rate. The addition of 0.05% Brij 98 into ABA or its ammonium salt significantly improved their performance. The transpiration rate was higher for ABA with or without Brij 98 than ABA ammonium salt with or without Brij 98.
To a solution of 50 mg Tween 20 in 10 mL of water was added 2.64 g of (S)-(+)-abscisic acid (10 mmoles of 95% purity). Triethanolamine (133 mL, 10 mmoles) was added dropwise with good stirring, resulting in a clear, homogeneous solution. This solution was heated to 55° C., and Brij 98, liquified by warming in a 55° C. oven, was added. After stirring to achieve a homogeneous solution, the mixture was diluted with additional water to a final volume of 25 mL.
An aqueous solution composition comprising 10% abscisic acid by weight as the triethanolamine salt and further comprising 20% by weight Brij 98 as a performance enhancing additive was prepared.
The effect of ABA triethanolamine salt with Brij 98 on tomato leaf transpiration was studied (Table 8). ABA triethanolamine salt at a rate equivalent to 250 ppm ABA applied together with Brij 98 significantly improved ABA performance. The result demonstrates that Brij 98 incorporated into at treatment can improve ABA salt performance for transpiration inhibition.
Brij 98 at 0.05% and the combination of 0.05% Brij 98 with 10 or 100 mM urea were examined for improvement of ABA performance (Table 9), ABA applied with Brij 98 and ABA applied with Brij 98 in combination with 10 or 100 mM urea significantly improved ABA performance as measured by tomato leaf transpiration inhibition over a 3-day period. The addition of urea to Brij 98 plus ABA solution provided more transpiration inhibition than ABA applied in conjunction with Brij 98. Inclusion of a high concentration of urea showed a similar effect as the low concentration of urea. Results demonstrate that Brij 98 and urea have positive effects on ABA performance.
A solution of Brij 98 (5.0 g) was prepared in 10 mL warm water. Adding 2.64 g of (S)-(+)-abscisic acid (10 mmoles of 95% purity) and stirring produced a milky suspension. Adding the theoretical amount of concentrated aqueous ammonia caused the abscisic acid to dissolve quickly. Urea (6.01 g, 100 mmoles) dissolved quickly when added. The solution was made up to a final volume of 25 mL by addition of deionized water.
An aqueous solution composition comprising 10% abscisic acid by weight as the ammonium salt and further comprising both 20% by weight Brij 98 and 24% urea as performance enhancing additives was prepared.
Brij 700 (5.0 g) was dissolved in 25 mL of water with the aid of heat and stirring. (S)-(+)-abscisic acid (2.64 g of 95% purity) was added, followed by the theoretical amount of ammonia as the commercial concentrated aqueous solution. All of the abscisic acid quickly dissolved. Antimicrobial preservative (63 mg of potassium sorbate) was added, and it quickly dissolved. The resulting solution was made up to 50 mL by addition of deionized water.
An aqueous solution composition comprising 5% abscisic acid, by weight as the ammonium salt and further comprising a high concentration of Brij 700 surfactant was prepared.
The effect of ABA ammonium salt+Brij 98+Urea and ABA ammonium salt+Brij 700 at rates equivalent, to 250 ppm ABA on tomato transpiration was studied (Table 10). The combination of ABA ammonium salt+Brij 98+Urea decreased transpiration much more effectively than ABA alone or ABA ammonium salt only. The combination of ABA ammonium salt+Brij 98+Urea also decreased transpiration more effectively than 250 ppm ABA with 0.05% Brij 98 except on the first day after treatment. The combination of ABA ammonium salt+Brij 700 decreased transpiration more than ABA or ABA ammonium salt alone. However, the combination of ABA ammonium salt+Brij 700 decreased transpiration less than ABA plus 0.05% Brij 98. These results demonstrate that the incorporation of Brij or the combination of Brij 98 with urea in a treatment with ABA salt improved ABA performance for transpiration inhibition.
The combination of two adjuvants, 0.04% Brij 98 with 0.01% Monawet MO-84R2W, was compared to 0.05% Brij 98 on improving ABA performance for transpiration inhibition (Table 11). The addition of 0.05% Brij 98 or 0.04% Brij 98 with 0.01% Monawet MO-84R2W into 250 ppm ABA significantly decreased the transpiration rate more than 250 ppm ABA alone. However, there was no significant difference between 0.05% Brij 98 and 0.04% Brij 98 with 0.01% Monawet MO-84R2W on improving ABA performance for transpiration inhibition over a 3-day period. These results demonstrate that the combination of Brij 98 with another type of adjuvant such as wetting agent Monawet MO-84R2W had similar effects to those produced by Brij 98 at 40-60% relative humidity. This combination may have advantage over Brij 98 alone at low humidity conditions.
The effect of 0.05% Brij 98 on ABA (100 or 200 ppm) performance in grape coloration was examined in the field (Table 12). Addition of Brij 98 increased the percent of clusters with color for ABA at 100 or 200 ppm after application and increased the harvest yield percent with sufficient color. Treatment with 200 ppm ABA had more colored clusters and yield.
The efficacy of 0.05% or 0.5% Agral 90 for improvement of ABA performance was examined (Table 13). Agral 90 at either 0.05% or 0.5% concentration significantly improved ABA performance as measured by transpiration inhibition. Agral 90 at 0.5% with 250 ppm ABA caused lower transpiration rate than 0.05% Agral 90 with 250 ppm ABA. These results demonstrate that the commercially available surfactant Agral 90 can be used as an effective surfactant to improve ABA performance.
The efficacy of 0.05% or 0.5% Latron 13-1956 for improvement of ABA performance was examined (Table 14). Latron B-1956 at either 0.05% or 0.5% concentration significantly improved ABA performance as measured by transpiration inhibition. Latron B-1956 at 0.5% with 250 ppm ABA reduced the transpiration rate more effectively than 0.05% Latron B-1956 with 250 ppm ABA. These results demonstrate that the commercially available surfactant Latron B-1956 can be used to improve ABA performance.
The effect of 0.05% Latron B-1956 on ABA (100 or 200 ppm) performance in grape coloration was examined (Table 15). Addition of Latron B-1956 increased the percent clusters with color for ABA at 100 or 200 ppm after application and increased the harvest yield percent with sufficient color. ABA at 200 ppm with or without Latron 13-1956 had more color and greater yield than at 100 ppm.
This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/472,115 filed May 15, 2012, which is a continuation to Ser. No. 13/110,183 filed May 18, 2011, which is a continuation to Ser. No. 12/011,820 filed Jan. 30, 2008, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. Nos. 60/898,458, 60/898,588, 60/898,548, 60/898,587, 60/898,600, 60/898,471 all filed Jan. 31, 2007. The entire teachings of the above-referenced applications are incorporated herein by reference.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60898458 | Jan 2007 | US | |
| 60898588 | Jan 2007 | US | |
| 60898548 | Jan 2007 | US | |
| 60898587 | Jan 2007 | US | |
| 60898600 | Jan 2007 | US | |
| 60898471 | Jan 2007 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 13472115 | May 2012 | US |
| Child | 13718459 | US | |
| Parent | 13110183 | May 2011 | US |
| Child | 13472115 | US | |
| Parent | 12011820 | Jan 2008 | US |
| Child | 13110183 | US |
