Patent Application
20240025815
The present invention generally relates to the use of a specific aluminosilicate glass as a source of silicon to provide a plant with silicon in assimilable form. It also relates to a method for treating a plant using this aluminosilicate glass. Finally, it relates, as a new product, to powders of this aluminosilicate glass.
The invention finds application in particular in the agricultural field.
Silicon is an element that promotes the good vegetative development of plants, such as Solanaceae, Asteraceae, Poaceae and Sinapis Albae. Generally speaking, silicon can only be assimilated by plants in the form of silicic acid. It is generally transported in the transpiratory flow from the roots to the aerial organs where it is accumulated and precipitated to form biogenic opals called phytoliths.
Research over the past several years has shown that absorbed silicon increases the productivity and quality of agricultural crops. In particular, silicon has been shown to improve drought tolerance and slow the wilting of certain plants when irrigation is delayed.
It can also increase the strength of rice or wheat stems, preventing them from collapsing in times of heavy rain or strong winds.
Given these advantages, research has been undertaken to develop compositions to provide silicon to a plant, in an assimilable form.
For example, in document WO 2010/040176, it is proposed to use, as a source of plant-assimilable silicon, soda-lime glass particles containing a level of at least 50% by weight of silica (SiO2) and at least 2% by weight of sodium oxide (Na2O). However, to obtain a satisfactory effect, these particles must be very fine and have a median size generally less than 37 μm.
The process described in this earlier document for the manufacture of these glass particles is relatively expensive to implement on an industrial scale, since it requires prolonged grinding and the use of a confined space and specific means of personal protection to obtain and use the particles in question.
Furthermore, it has been observed that soda-lime-silica glass particles in accordance with the teaching of this earlier document release practically no silicon in the presence of the acids usually released by plants and that the quantities of phytoliths formed in plants treated with these soda-lime glass particles remain relatively low, reflecting limited silicon uptake.
In document FR 3051463, it was shown that silicon stimulates the uptake of nitrogen, in particular in the form of urea, in plants. Many sources of silicon are mentioned in this document, such as solid or liquid mineral forms, vitreous products or organic silicas. In the examples highlighting the stimulation of nitrogen absorption, sodium silicate is used with a nickel contribution.
However, it has been observed that, despite nearly immediate dissolution in the presence of acids that can be generated by the soil, sodium silicate leads to limited phytolith formation in plants, again reflecting limited silicon uptake.
In this context, the purpose of the present invention is to solve the technical problem of providing a source of silicon assimilable by plants and leading to the formation of a large amount of phytoliths, which can be obtained and used in a simple and inexpensive manner on an industrial scale.
It has been discovered, and this constitutes the basis of the present invention, that specific aluminosilicate glasses, used in particular in the form of particles, are particularly effective in providing a plant with silicon in an assimilable form. It has been shown, in particular, that these glasses lead to the formation of high quantities of phytoliths, unlike the silicon sources described in the related art. In addition, it has been observed that this silicon input can be obtained with particles of larger sizes than those described in document WO 2010/040176 and is therefore cheaper to obtain on an industrial scale. Finally, these aluminosilicate particles can be formulated without difficulty in fertilizer compositions, in particular in the form of granules, making them particularly easy to use in agriculture.
Without being bound by a theoretical interpretation, the inventors believe that the improved absorption of silicon in assimilable form, demonstrated by the presence of a significant amount of phytoliths in the plant, is the consequence of the ability of aluminosilicate glass to dissolve congruently under the action of organic acids released by plants.
Thus, it has been observed that silica, although a structural constituent of glass, dissolves along with the other constituents in acidic media identical to the organic acids released by plants. Therefore, the silicon supply to plants is done in a progressive and controlled way.
Moreover, because of its particular composition, and in particular its high alumina content, this aluminosilicate glass dissolves little if at all in an aqueous medium close to a neutral pH, which makes it possible to formulate it in fertilizer compositions, in particular in the form of granules.
Thus, according to a first aspect, the subject matter of the present invention is the use of an aluminosilicate glass comprising the following constituents, in a weight content varying within the limits defined below:
According to a second aspect, the subject-matter of the present invention is a method for treating a plant, characterized in that, with a view to providing this plant with silicon in assimilable form, an aluminosilicate glass as defined in the following description is applied to said plant, or to the growth medium of said plant.
According to a third aspect, the subject-matter of the present invention is an aluminosilicate glass powder as defined above, said powder having a particle size distribution such that the volume median diameter of these particles “D50” is comprised between 60 and 250 microns, preferably between 75 and 180 microns.
For the purposes of the present description:
General definition of an aluminosilicate glass within the meaning of the invention.
In general, the aluminosilicate glass used according to the invention comprises the following constituents, in a weight content varying within the limits defined hereafter:
Preferred contents according to the invention.
The SiO2 content is preferably comprised in a range from 35 to 49%, in particular from 36 to 45% or even from 38 to 44%.
The Al2O3 content is preferably comprised in a range from 12 to 25%, in particular from 14 to 24% or even from 15 to 23%.
It has been found that an aluminosilicate glass with SiO2 and Al2O3 contents falling within the general and preferred ranges defined above has the advantageous property of being able to dissolve congruently under the action of organic acids released by the plants and thus release silicon that can be directly assimilated by the plants. It has also been found that such a glass dissolves little if at all in aqueous media close to neutral pH, which is particularly advantageous from an industrial point of view since this glass can be used without any particular constraints in the preparation of fertilizers, particularly in the form of granules.
The sum of the contents of CaO, MgO, Na2O and K2O (denoted CaO+MgO+Na2O+K2O) is preferably comprised in a range from 20 to 40%, in particular from 25 to 35%. The presence of these alkaline earth and alkali oxides facilitates the melting of the glass and also contributes favorably to the dissolution of the glass in contact with organic acids.
The CaO content is preferably comprised in a range from 8 to 30%, preferably from 10 to 30%, in particular from 12 to 28%. The MgO content is preferably comprised in a range from 1 to 15%, in particular from 1 to 12% or even from 1 to 11%.
The Na2O content is preferably comprised in a range from 0 to 12%, in particular from 1 to 10%. The K2O content is preferably comprised in a range from 0 to 8%, preferably from 1 to 8%, in particular from 1 to 7%, or even from 1 to less than 5%.
According to an embodiment, the sum of the CaO and MgO contents is comprised in a range from 25 to 40%, in particular from 27 to 35%, and the sum of the Na2O and K2O contents is comprised in a range from 0 to 6%, in particular from 0 to 5%, or even from 1 to 5%.
According to another embodiment, the sum of the CaO and MgO contents is comprised in a range from 10 to 25%, in particular from 12 to 20%, and the sum of the Na2O and K2O contents is comprised in a range from 8 to 15%, in particular from 9 to 13%.
The total iron oxide content, expressed as Fe2O3, is preferably comprised in a range from 0 to 13%, in particular from 2 to 12%, or even from 4 to 12%. Iron oxide may be present in the form of ferrous oxide FeO and/or ferric oxide Fe2O3. Redox, defined as the ratio of the ferrous oxide content, expressed as FeO, to the total molar iron oxide content, expressed as Fe2O3, is preferably comprised in a range from 0.1 to 0.9, in particular from 0.2 to 0.9.
Preferably the total content of SiO2, Al2O3, CaO, MgO, Na2O, K2O, and Fe2O3 is at least 94%, in particular at least 95% and even at least 96% or at least 97%.
The P2O5 content is preferably less than or equal to 4%, in particular to 3%, or even to 2% and even to 1%. It is advantageously at most 0.5% and even zero, except for unavoidable impurities.
The BaO content is preferably less than or equal to 5%, in particular to 4%, or even to 3% and even to 2% or to 1%. It is advantageously at most 0.5% and even zero, except for unavoidable impurities.
The SrO content is preferably less than or equal to 5%, in particular to 4%, or even to 3% and even to 2% or to 1%. It is advantageously at most 0.5% and even zero, except for unavoidable impurities.
The ZnO content is preferably less than or equal to 5%, in particular to 4%, or even to 3% and even to 2% or to 1%. It is advantageously at most 0.5% and even zero, except for unavoidable impurities.
The B2O3 content is preferably less than or equal to 5%, in particular to 4%, or even to 3% and even to 2% or to 1%. It is advantageously at most 0.5% and even zero, except for unavoidable impurities.
The TiO2 content is preferably less than or equal to 5%, in particular to 4%, or even to 3% and even to 2% or to 1%.
The ZrO2 content is preferably less than or equal to 5%, in particular to 4%, or even to 3% and even to 2% or to 1%. It is advantageously at most 0.5% and even zero, except for unavoidable impurities.
Other components may be present in the chemical composition of the aluminosilicate glass used according to the invention, either voluntarily or as impurities present in the raw materials or coming from the refractories of the furnace. These may be, in particular, SO3, resulting from the addition of sodium or calcium sulfate as a glass refiner.
It goes without saying that the various preferred ranges described above can be freely combined with each other, as not all combinations can be listed for reasons of brevity.
Several preferred combinations are described below.
According to a preferred embodiment, the aluminosilicate glass used according to the invention has a chemical composition comprising the following constituents in a weight content varying within the limits defined below:
According to a particularly preferred embodiment, this glass has a chemical composition comprising the following constituents in a weight content varying within the limits defined below:
The different preferred ranges listed above for the other oxides are of course applicable to these preferred embodiments. In particular, the P2O5 content is preferably less than or equal to 4%, in particular to 3%, the BaO content is preferably less than or equal to 5%, in particular to 4%, the SrO content is preferably less than or equal to 5%, in particular to 4%, the ZnO content is preferably less than or equal to 5%, in particular to 4%, the B2O3 content is preferably less than or equal to 5%, in particular to 4%, the TiO2 content is preferably less than or equal to 5%, in particular to 4%, the ZrO2 content is preferably less than or equal to 5%, in particular to 4%.
The aluminosilicate glass used according to the invention can be manufactured by all known melting methods. A vitrifiable mixture containing natural and/or artificial raw materials is heated to a temperature of at least 1300° C., in particular between 1400 and 1600° C., in order to obtain a molten glass mass. The raw materials are selected from, among others, silica sand, feldspar, basalt, bauxite, blast furnace slag, nepheline, nepheline syenite, limestone, dolomite, phonolite, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, iron oxide, gypsum, sodium sulfate, calcium phosphate. The vitrifiable mixture is heated in particular in a glass furnace, by means of flames from aerial or immersed burners and/or electrodes, or in a cupola, by the combustion of coke.
Aluminosilicate glass is obtained after cooling the vitrified mixture thus prepared.
In the context of the present invention, the aluminosilicate glass defined above is preferably used in the form of particles, in particular particles having a size distribution such that the volume median diameter of these particles “D50” is comprised between 60 and 250 microns, preferably between 75 and 180 microns.
Advantageously, these particles will also have a D90 value comprised between 150 and 600 microns, preferably between 150 and 350 microns, and even more preferably between 150 and 300 microns.
Advantageously, these particles will also have a D10 value comprised between 10 and 40 microns, preferably between 15 and 30 microns.
These particles can be obtained by grinding the glass prepared as indicated above, for example by means of a pendulum mill associated with an aerodynamic selector, or a ball mill. These particles can also be obtained by grinding glass fibers.
The aluminosilicate glass just described can be advantageously used in a method for treating a plant by applying an effective amount of said glass to said plant. Advantageously this method will be applied to a plant in a suboptimal nitrogen condition as will be understood below in this description.
Plants have an absolute need for nitrogen. Indeed, nitrogen is the pivot of their growth and a determining nutrient of the yield because it is the main factor limiting the development of the plant. For this reason, crop growth, yield and quality depend on substantial nitrogen inputs.
Today, nitrogen use in agriculture accounts for more than 80 million tons per year worldwide, and crop production must continue to grow with the growing demand of the world's population. However, the increasing use of nitrogen in agriculture poses ecological problems. As a result, improving yields, while preserving the environment through sustainable agricultural production, is a major challenge for today's agriculture.
The use of fertilizers specifically developed to better meet plant nitrogen requirements has led to a considerable improvement in agricultural production. However, these fertilizers are expensive to produce and their use can be environmentally problematic because of the loss to the environment of excess nitrogen that is not properly assimilated by the plant. It is therefore absolutely necessary to maximize the efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer use. This efficiency corresponds to the ratio between production (yield) and the units of fertilizer applied. It depends on several complex processes linked to the development of the plant, the variety (genetic factor) and the environmental conditions (climate, type of soil, etc.).
Although applying more nitrogen results in higher yields, it is not a linear relationship. There is an “optimal” rate of application that will achieve the optimum yield, i.e., beyond which the yield will not increase, so excess nitrogen will be lost to the environment. This results in poor nitrogen efficiency.
As shown in
Thus, in order to limit nitrogen losses to the environment, and to reduce the impact of fertilization on the environment, while generating financial gain, it is essential to achieve optimum yield with less than the optimum amount of nitrogen (nitrogen inputs).
In this context, the method conforming to the invention is particularly advantageous since it has been shown that the use of the above-mentioned aluminosilicate glass makes it possible to increase the yield under suboptimal nitrogen supply conditions to a level close to or even identical to the level obtained under optimal nitrogen supply conditions, thus perfectly meeting the growth requirements of the crop.
For the purposes of the present description, “suboptimal nitrogen dose” means a dose corresponding to a reduction of at least 20%, preferably at least 30%, of the optimum dose calculated to achieve optimum yield.
The optimal nitrogen dose needed to maximize production is calculated according to the plant's needs. As shown in Table 1, these requirements may vary depending on the variety and soil-climatic conditions, among other things.
Thus, by making it possible to reduce the doses of nitrogen applied while maintaining yields at their optimal level, the treatment method according to the invention provides a response to the undesirable effects on the environment of fertilization by nitrates (leaching problem) or by urea (volatilization problem).
In a particular embodiment, the treated plant is chosen from rice, grassland, rapeseed, sunflower, wheat, oats, sugar cane, barley, soya, maize, preferably grassland.
The aluminosilicate glass used according to the invention therefore acts as a stimulant of growth and yield mechanisms, particularly under suboptimal nitrogen supply conditions, in a plant. The present invention thus covers the use of an aluminosilicate glass as previously defined to increase the yield under suboptimal nitrogen supply conditions in a plant.
For the purposes of the invention, “yield stimulant under suboptimal nitrogen input conditions” means the activity that results in an increased yield increase of at least 10% under low nitrogen input conditions.
The aluminosilicate glass used according to the invention also acts as a stimulant of nitrogen efficiency, particularly under suboptimal nitrogen supply conditions, in a plant. The present invention thus also covers the use of an aluminosilicate glass as previously defined to increase the nitrogen efficiency under suboptimal nitrogen supply conditions in a plant.
For the purposes of the invention, “nitrogen efficiency stimulant under suboptimal nitrogen input conditions” means the activity that results in an increased increase of at least 10% in nitrogen efficiency under low nitrogen input conditions.
In the method of the invention, an effective amount of an aluminosilicate glass is provided to the plant to stimulate nitrogen yield and efficiency under suboptimal nitrogen conditions.
The expression “effective amount” means an amount to increase the yield and nitrogen efficiency of a plant under suboptimal nitrogen supply conditions by at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, advantageously by at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, advantageously by at least 50%, at least 55%.
The increase in yield is measured by determining the biomass produced by the plant. The term “increase” refers to the plant having received no input from an aluminosilicate glass.
The increase in nitrogen efficiency is measured by determining the ratio between the yield and the amount of nitrogen applied to the plant. The term “increase” refers to a plant that has not received any input from a glass of aluminosilicate.
In the method of treating a plant according to the invention, the aluminosilicate glass is advantageously provided to the plant by the roots.
This treatment can be applied in particular in the field but also in greenhouses, possibly in off-ground substrates (hydroponics).
In a particular embodiment, the aluminosilicate glass is provided to the plant in an amount ranging from 2 Kg/ha (kilograms/hectare) to 1000 Kg/ha. In this embodiment, the aluminosilicate glass is advantageously spread evenly over a field or a crop of plants.
In another particular embodiment, the aluminosilicate glass is provided to the plant in solid form in powder/pulverulent or granular fertilizers, preferably in an amount ranging from 5 to 800 Kg/Ton of fertilizer (T) and preferably in the order of 50 to 300 Kg/Ton of fertilizer (T).
Aluminosilicate glass can thus be used as a supplement in fertilizer compositions, such as fertilizers, as a yield and nitrogen efficiency booster under suboptimal nitrogen supply conditions in a plant. In particular, this glass can be combined with other fertilizing substances conventionally used in fertilizer compositions.
In a particular embodiment of the invention, an effective amount of an aluminosilicate glass is used in a fertilizer composition in association with one or more fertilizing substances. The fertilizing substances which may be used in association with the aluminosilicate glass may be of various kinds and selected for example from urea, a nitrogen solution, ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, rock phosphate, potassium chloride, ammonium sulfate, magnesium nitrate, manganese nitrate, zinc nitrate, copper nitrate, phosphoric acid, boric acid. Advantageously, this additional fertilizer substance is selected from urea, ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, nitrogen solution and/or potassium nitrate.
The invention also relates to a method for stimulating the yield and nitrogen efficiency under suboptimal nitrogen supply conditions in a plant, characterized in that it comprises supplying to said plant or to the soil, an effective amount of the aluminosilicate glass as previously defined.
The aluminosilicate glass according to the invention may be incorporated in formulations intended for the preparation of fertilizers in granular form.
These granules can be prepared in the usual way, either dry, for example by compacting the powder mixture between two cylindrical rollers, or wet, for example by wetting the powder mixture with a liquid binder, followed by drying and grading and/or sieving.
These granules may in particular have the following weight compositions:
These granules will preferably be obtained by the wet process by mixing urea, ammonium sulfate, potassium chloride, calcium carbonate and a granulation binder.
The present invention will now be illustrated by the following non-limiting examples, with reference to the appended
In these examples, unless otherwise stated, percentages are by weight and the temperature is room temperature.
The following abbreviations were used:
Two aluminosilicate glass compositions illustrative of the invention were prepared by melting a suitable vitrifiable mixture in accordance with a usual method of obtaining a molten glass mass.
The compositions of these two aluminosilicate glasses are given in Table 2 below.
After cooling, the mass of glass obtained was crushed by means of a pendulum mill associated with an aerodynamic selector (mill in which the crushing is obtained by crushing the glass between a fixed cylindrical ring with a vertical axis and centrifugal rollers by the rotation of their support).
The particle size of the glass particles thus obtained was measured by laser diffraction sizing and
In this example, the following operating conditions were used:
Device Used:
Operating Parameters:
The powder obtained had the following characteristic values:
Plants have the particularity of releasing various organic acids through their roots, such as in particular citric acid, lactic acid, malic acid, oxalic acid, succinic acid, formic acid, acetic acid, pyruvic acid, maleic acid, oxaloacetic acid, ascorbic acid, isocitric acid.
In order to demonstrate the special dissolution properties of an aluminosilicate glass according to the invention in these organic acids, particles of glass 1 prepared according to example 1 were treated with the following protocol.
Preparation of Media with Different Organic Acids
Several media were prepared, and their composition is presented in the following table 3:
Dissolution Test
100 mg of each product was placed in a 60 ml pill box. 50 ml of each dissolution medium was added and then put under continuous stirring with a rotary shaker (Heidolph reax 2). After 48 h of stirring, the samples were filtered with filter paper with a pore diameter of 15 μm. The silicon was measured to determine the percentage of dissolution in each medium.
Silicon Measurement
The determination of the silicon (Si) content of the samples was carried out for each sample and for each sampling time by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy using ICP-OES (Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy, Thermo Elemental Co. Iris Intrepid II XDL).
The results are shown in
As can be seen, the aluminosilicate glass according to the invention is solubilized in the presence of the organic acids usually released by plants.
On the other hand, it is noted that no silicon release occurs in aqueous media close to neutral pH.
This figure also shows that the solubility effect of aluminosilicate glass is not related to pH alone, since the dissolution of silicon is relatively weak in strong acids such as sulfuric, nitric or hydrochloric acid.
Other tests showed that the release of silicon is congruent with the release of the other constituents of the glass.
In order to demonstrate the particular dissolution properties of an aluminosilicate glass according to the invention in certain organic acids, and to be able to compare this dissolution with that of other forms of silicon, particles of glass 1 prepared according to example 1, calcium silicate, diatomaceous earth and a soda-lime-silica glass illustrating the teaching of document WO 2010/040176 were treated according to the following protocol:
Preparation of Media with Different Organic Acids
4 media each containing a phosphate buffer and an organic acid were prepared:
Dissolution Test
100 mg of each product was placed in a 60 ml pill box. 50 ml of dissolution medium was added and then put under continuous stirring with a rotary shaker (Heidolph reax 2). Successive samples of solution are then taken after 1, 2, 5, 8, 24 and 48 h of stirring. The samples taken are filtered with a filter paper with a pore diameter of 15 μm. The silicon assay was carried out for each sample to determine its dissolution kinetics in the medium.
Silicon Measurement
The determination of the silicon (Si) content of the samples was carried out for each sample and for each sampling time by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy using ICP-OES (Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy, Thermo Elemental Co. Iris Intrepid II XDL).
The results are shown in
As can be seen, the aluminosilicate glass according to the invention is gradually solubilized in the presence of the organic acids usually released by plants, such as malic acid A, oxalic acid B, citric acid C or succinic acid D). On the other hand, no release of silicon occurs in these media for diatomaceous earth or soda-lime-silica glass products.
Preparation of Plant Material
Oryza sativa L. Var ARELATE rice seeds were placed at +4° C. the day before germination to ensure a homogeneous emergence. They were then sown on a perlite layer in tanks containing demineralized water and left in the dark for 10 days before being provided to light. After 7 days, the seedlings were transplanted into 2 L pots containing a mixture of clay beads and vermiculite (50%/50%; V/V) and then received the various treatments at the time of transplanting. The plants were watered three times a week with a Hoagland solution of: KNO3 (0.2 mM); Ca(NO3)2, 4H2O (0.4 mM); KH2PO4 (0.2 mM); MgSO4, 7H2O (0.6 mM), (NH4)2SO4 (0.4 mM); H3BO3 (20 μM); MnSO4, H2O (5 μM); ZnSO4, 7H2O (3 μM); CuSO4, 5H2O (0.7 μM); (NH4)6Mo7O24, 4H2O (0.7 μM) and Fe-EDTA (200 μM). The experiment was conducted in a growing greenhouse at 22° C. with a photoperiod of 12 h day/12 h night. The plants were harvested 48 days after application of the treatment.
Food that Did not Include Aluminosilicate Glass (Control)
These plants received only the nutrient solution described above at a frequency of three times a week. The plants were grown in a growing greenhouse at 22° C. with a photoperiod of 12 h day/12 h night.
Food that Included Aluminosilicate Glass According to Example 1
These plants received the nutrient solution described above three times a week. The aluminosilicate glass was added during transplanting at a dose of 50 Kg·ha−1 (corresponding to 21 Kg·ha−1 of SiO2). The plants were grown in a culture greenhouse at 22° C. with a photoperiod of 12 h day/12 h night.
Food that Included Sodium Silicate
These plants received the nutrient solution described above three times a week. Sodium silicate was added during transplanting at a dose of 42.6 Kg·ha−1, in order to have the same SiO2 equivalent (21 Kg·ha−1). The plants were grown in a culture greenhouse at 22° C. with a photoperiod of 12 h day/12 h night.
Observation and Quantification of Phytoliths in the Plant
For each of the culture conditions (control, aluminosilicate glass and sodium silicate), four batches of four harvested plants were formed (1 batch=1 biological replicate). The phytolith observation method is based on the autofluorescence of phytoliths developed by Dabney III et al. Plant Methods (2016) 12:3 A novel method to characterize silica bodies in grasses.
A median section of each leaf blade was cut along the leaf of each plant, placed between two microscope slides, and then placed in a muffle furnace at 500° C. for 3 hours for complete charring of the leaf samples. After a cooling time, the slides were placed under a fluorescence microscope (Zeiss Axio Observer Z1) at ×10 magnification. The autofluorescence of the phytoliths was measured using a GFP filter, with excitation between 450-490 nm and emission between 500-550 nm. Quantification of the phytoliths was performed using “Zen 2 Pro” software. By preselecting an area of the same air on the image and for each modality, the number of phytoliths is calculated using software in “number of phytoliths. mm−2”.
The data obtained were presented as photos (for the observation of phytoliths) or means (for the number of phytoliths) and the variability of the results was given as a standard error of the mean for n=4. A statistical analysis of the results was performed using Student's test.
The accumulation of phytoliths in the plant is shown in
Conclusion: plants treated with aluminosilicate glass show a greater accumulation of phytoliths in the leaves. The number of phytoliths in the presence of aluminosilicate glass increases by +86%, compared to the control, and by +93%, compared to sodium silicate. This reflects a better absorption of silicon by the plant in the presence of the aluminosilicate glass according to the invention.
Additional tests, the results of which are not reported here, have shown that a soda-lime glass illustrating the teaching of WO 2010/040176 also leads to limited phytolith formation.
Preparation of Plant Material
Lolium perenne L. Var Abys ryegrass seeds were sown at a density of 240 Kg·ha−1 (corresponding to 2 g of seeds per pot) in 2 L pots containing a mixture of soil and sand (50/50—V/V) and then placed in a glasshouse under the following conditions: daytime temperature of 25° C. and a photoperiod of 12 h/nighttime temperature of 20° C. and a photoperiod of 12 h. The soil used had the following characteristics: sandy loamy soil, pH 7.1 and contained 1.6% organic matter. Throughout the trial period, the plants were watered by weight to maintain the soil at 70% of its capacity in the field.
The term “watered by weight”, as used in this description, means that the watering is done in an amount to compensate for water losses that may occur through evapotranspiration. In this case, water is added in an amount that will bring the weight of the pot back to its original weight.
In order to draw residual nitrogen from the soil to obtain a nitrogen response curve, the plants were cultivated for 24 days before making the first cut. This first cut was not analyzed because no treatment was applied at this stage, the objective being to take up the residual nitrogen initially present in the soil. Subsequent treatments were applied 28 days after sowing (4 days after the first cut), varying the amount of nitrogen applied (0, 60, 100, 140 Kg·ha−1):
The biomass of the plants harvested in the second and third cut were then added together to give the total biomass.
The following observations were made.
Food that Did not Include Nitrogen—(0 Kg·Ha−1)
No nitrogen fertilization was applied to the seedlings. This condition is considered a nitrogen deficiency condition as it does not allow optimal yield to be achieved. The plants were watered by weight throughout the trial period to maintain the soil at 70% of its field capacity.
Food that Included 60 Kg of Nitrogen Per Hectare—(60 Kg·Ha−1)
These plants received 60 Kg of N·ha−1 at the first fertilization in the form of urea, and no nitrogen was applied at the second nitrogen fertilization. This condition is considered as a nitrogen deficiency condition as it does not allow to reach an optimal yield. Plants were watered by weight throughout the trial period in order to maintain the soil at 70% of its field capacity.
Food that Included 100 Kg of Nitrogen Per Hectare—(100 Kg·Ha−1)
These plants received 60 Kg of N·ha−1 as urea at the first fertilization, and 40 Kg of N·ha−1 as urea at the second nitrogen fertilization. This condition is considered as a suboptimal nitrogen condition as it does not allow to reach an optimal yield. The plants were watered by weight throughout the trial period in order to maintain the soil at 70% of its capacity in the field.
Food that Included 140 Kg of Nitrogen Per Hectare—(140 Kg·Ha−1)
These plants received 60 Kg of N·ha−1 as urea at the first fertilization, and 80 Kg of N·ha−1 as urea at the second nitrogen fertilization. This condition is considered an optimal nitrogen condition because it allows to reach an optimal yield. The plants were watered by weight throughout the trial period in order to maintain the soil at 70% of its capacity in the field.
Food that Included 100 Kg of Nitrogen Per Hectare and 50 Kg·Ha−1 of an Aluminosilicate Glass According to Example 1 (Glass 1)
These plants received 60 Kg of N·ha−1 as urea at the first fertilization, and 40 Kg of N·ha−1 as urea at the second nitrogen fertilization. The aluminosilicate glass was provided during the first fertilization at the dose of 50 Kg·ha−1 and in association with the urea. This condition is considered to be a suboptimal nitrogen condition as it does not allow optimum yield to be achieved. The plants were watered by weight throughout the trial period in order to maintain the soil at 70% of its capacity in the field.
Measurement of Nitrogen Yield and Efficiency
Yield was determined by evaluating leaf biomass according to the following protocol. For each of the growing conditions (0, 60, 100, 140 and 100+100 aluminosilicate glass), and for each cut/harvest (second and third cut/harvest), six batches of harvested plants were formed (1 batch=1 biological replicate). The aerial parts (leaves and stems) of the plants were weighed (fresh biomass) then dried in an oven (at 70° C. for 2 days) to obtain the total dry biomass. Biomasses from the second and third harvest were added to obtain total biomass. Measurements of the dry biomass of the plants that represents the yield are shown in
Conclusion: Under suboptimal nitrogen conditions (i.e. 100 Kg·ha−1), plants treated with the aluminosilicate glass according to the invention show a significant 12% increase in yield, which translates into better ryegrass growth under this low nitrogen condition.
Nitrogen efficiency was subsequently calculated using the following formula, presented by Good et al. 2004; Dawson et al. 2008:
The resulting measures of nitrogen efficiency are shown in
Conclusion: Under suboptimal nitrogen conditions (i.e. 100 Kg·ha−1), plants treated with the aluminosilicate glass according to the invention show a significant 11% increase in nitrogen efficiency, which translates into a better increase in yield per unit of nitrogen supplied under this low nitrogen supply condition. This result also shows that plants having received the suboptimal dose of nitrogen and the aluminosilicate glass have a nitrogen efficiency +42% higher than that obtained with plants having received the optimal dose of nitrogen (140 Kg·ha−2). The aluminosilicate glass according to the invention therefore improves the nitrogen efficiency in suboptimal nitrogen conditions.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1911152 | Oct 2019 | FR | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/FR2020/051744 | 10/6/2020 | WO |
