Patent Grant
8425657
The present invention relates to the problem of mist or fog on roads, airfields, etc.
Fog on airports and on freeways, highways and other roads form a serious risk and safety problem. Besides the safety aspect, there is also a traffic control problem on airports and on roads. The Dutch airport Schiphol normally transacts about 120 planes per hour. However, in case of fog this may reduce up to about 20 planes per hour, or even less in case of very heavy fog. The reduction of 100 planes per hour is a serious income loss and a problem for travellers. The problem may not only be the landing or take off, but may especially be the transfer of airplanes on the airport self: i.e. airplanes traffic control on the airport itself. If airports would be fog free, this would provide extreme business opportunities. Further, this would help travellers and transport and would provide a more economic use of time, fuels and money.
EP 1010810 describes an applying means in a discharge means which includes a set of electrodes, and the electrodes face the ground level, which are aligned along one continuous plane, are separated from each other at specified intervals in the horizontal direction, and are set to the same electrical potential. When the direct current high voltage is supplied from a power supply means, electric force lines are directed upward in the air above the applying means, producing charged particles based on corona discharge from the applying means. The charged particles absorb water in the air, condensing and binding into water, and dispersing the fog.
WO 2007086091 describes a crown effect apparatus with acceleration means for fog abatement which comprises means for ionising water vapour particles and means for collecting ionised water vapour particles. The ionising means are at a negative potential relative to the collecting means with consequent generation of a field of Coulomb forces between said means and determination of a displacement of the ionised particles and of their encounter with non ionised water particles and with the collecting means until the formation of water droplets is obtained. Means for accelerating the ionised particles are provided, such as a diffuser with fan, able to increase their relative speed in their displacement towards the collecting means (11). The accelerating means can also be constituted by a vehicle whereon the apparatus is mounted.
Uchiyama et al (J. of Electrostatics 35 (1995) 133-143, state that fog particles charged by corona discharge are attracted toward the inversely polarized electrode and instantaneously liquefied.
Fog abatement apparatus, seem not to be used in practice, or, if any is used at all, on a very limited scale. A reason may be that fog apparatus known from the prior art may not be effective in reducing fog in an economical way. For instance, apparatus proposed in the art use the principle of electrostatic precipitation, wherein large amounts of air have to be led through such apparatus, which is highly energy consuming. An apparatus, wherein air movement is not necessary, is therefore highly preferable.
Hence, it is an aspect of the invention to provide an alternative method for the removal of droplets in a gaseous fluid as well as an apparatus therefore, which preferably further at least partly obviate one or more of above-described drawbacks.
It is an aspect of the invention to provide the use of an electric field, especially in the range of about 0.1-100 kV/m, for the removal of droplets in a gaseous fluid. It is especially an aspect of the invention to provide the use of an electric field in the range of 0.1-100 kV/m for the removal of droplets in a gaseous fluid, wherein the electric field is applied between a first electrode, especially being a positive electrode arranged to generate a corona discharge, and a second electrode, especially being an earthed electrode, preferably comprising an air permeable electrically conductive sieve (also indicated as “conductive sieve” or “air-permeable conductive sieve”) of preferably a air permeable conductive sieve of a plurality of conductive strands It is another aspect of the invention to provide a method for the removal of droplets in a gaseous fluid comprising applying an electric field to the gaseous fluid, especially a method wherein the electric field is an electric field in the range of about 0.1-100 kV/m. Especially, a method for the removal of droplets in a gaseous fluid is provided comprising applying an electric field in the range of 0.1-100 kV/m to the gaseous fluid, wherein the electric field is applied between a first electrode, being a positive electrode arranged to generate a corona discharge, and a second electrode being an earthed electrode, comprising an air permeable conductive sieve of a plurality of conductive strands having a shortest distance between adjacent conductive strands in the range of 0.01-500 mm. In a specific embodiment, the electric field is in the range of about 0.5-100 kV/m, even more especially in the range of about 2-100 kV/m, yet even more especially in the range of about 4-100 kV/m. Especially, the electric field may be smaller than about 50 kV/m, more especially smaller than 20 kV/m.
Preferably, the first electrode comprises a plurality of conductive needles (herein also indicated as “needles”). The first electrode comprising a plurality of needles can also be indicated as first electrode comprising a plurality of electrodes, since the plurality of needles are conductive needles, and thereby electrodes. Especially, the method further comprises arranging the plurality of conductive needles to point in the direction of the second electrode.
It is again another aspect of the invention to provide an apparatus for removing droplets from a gaseous fluid, wherein the apparatus comprises a first electrode and optionally a second electrode, wherein in a specific embodiment the first electrode is arranged to generate a corona discharge and arranged to generate an electric field in the range of about 0.1-100 kV/m. Especially, an apparatus for removing droplets from a gaseous fluid is provided, the apparatus comprising a first electrode arranged as positive electrode, especially arranged to generate a corona discharge, and arranged to generate an electric field in the range of 0.1-100 kV/m, and a second electrode being an earthed electrode, comprising an air permeable conductive sieve of preferably a plurality of conductive strands having a shortest distance between adjacent conductive strands in the range of 0.01-500 mm. In a specific embodiment, the second electrode comprises a conductive wire (including in an embodiment a cable) (especially a plurality of conductive wires; preferably arranged substantially parallel to each other), especially a conductive wire gauze (i.e. conductive gauze).
In yet another embodiment, the second electrode comprises a devices like a electrically conductive crash barrier, or a plurality of electrically conductive streetlamps, or a plurality of electrically conductive antennas, or in yet another embodiment reinforced concrete. Such devices may also function or be arranged as an air permeable conductive sieve.
Preferably, the first electrode comprises a plurality of conductive needles. Especially, the plurality of conductive needles are arranged to point in the direction of the second electrode.
The invention therefore surprisingly provides the use, a method, and an apparatus to reduce and remove liquid droplets in air, such as fog, mist, or haze, although the invention in specific embodiments might also be used to reduce and remove liquid droplets from a spray or steam. Hence, the invention provides a method to reduce or even remove gaseous fluids such as fog or mist.
The invention of the mist and/or air borne water or other liquid droplets catching and collection apparatus creates an “electric wind”, especially enforced by charged needle points, or line arranged constructions, and/or wires of the first electrode and an electric charging of mist and/or air borne water or other liquid droplets, which will be directed by the “electric wind” and the electric field between the electric source and the opposite grounded or opposite charged counter electrode (second electrode), which is especially a (fine) gauze electrode.
Embodiments of the invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying schematic drawings in which corresponding reference symbols indicate corresponding parts, and in which:
a and 2b schematically depict in more detail the first and the second electrodes, respectively, of embodiments of the apparatus according to the invention;
c schematically depicts an embodiment of the second electrode;
a-4d schematically depict some other embodiments related to the invention.
In a specific embodiment, the electric field is applied between a first electrode 110, especially arranged to generate a corona discharge and especially arranged to generate an electric field in the range of about 0.1-100 kV/m, and a second electrode 120, comprising a conductive wire, here especially comprising a conductive wire gauze 125. In an embodiment, the second electrode is earthed 121 (as depicted). However, in another embodiment, the second electrode 120 may be isolated and may be neutral or negatively charged. Especially in such embodiments, the first electrode 110 and the second electrode 120 are electrically connected, as indicated in the schematic
The electric field is indicated with reference number 30. The first and the second electrodes 110,120 are part of the apparatus of the invention, which is indicated with reference 100. In general, the second electrode 120 comprises an air permeable conductive sieve 200 (herein also indicated as “sieve”) of a plurality of conductive strands 201 (see also
This especially means that a plurality of conductive strands 201, be it conductive wires, be it conductive bars, be it a conductive gauze, etc., which strands 201 may be regularly or irregularly arranged (or a combination thereof), form a kind of sieve, be it a 1D sieve (like a “comb”), a 2D sieve (like a gauze) or a 3D sieve (like a 3D gauze or 3D frame work of wires), with a shortest distance between adjacent conductive strands (see also below, which are large enough to allow air and fog pass through. However, due to the electric field 30, droplets present in a gaseous fluid may condense (or accumulate) at the strands 201, and the gaseous fluid, reduced in humidity, passes through the sieve 200. Preferably, in a 1D sieve, the strands are arranged substantially parallel. In a 2D sieve, in an embodiment subsets of strands may be arranged substantially parallel, but the subsets may be arranged under an angle. In yet another embodiment, the 2D sieve is arranged to provide square or rectangular meshes. In yet another embodiment, the 2D sieve is arranged to provide pentagonal, hexagonal, heptagonal or octagonal meshes, especially hexagonal meshes. Crossing strands may be knotted or fused. The person skilled in the art know types of different gauzes. 3D gauzes can be similar as 2D gauzes, but than in 3 directions.
The second electrode 120, especially the air permeable conductive sieve 200, is a device having in an embodiment a substantially flat front (1D sieve or 2D sieve, etc.), formed by a plurality of strands 201, that is arranged to be directed to the first electrode 110. More especially, the curved features (see below) of the first electrode 110, such as the needles, substantially point in the direction of the second electrode 120, more especially the air permeable conductive sieve 200. Preferably, the needles and the second electrode 120 are arranged to be perpendicular to each other (see also a number of accompanying drawings).
The electric field 30 is especially a static electric field. In a further embodiment, there may be a modulation on the electric field 30. Such modulation may be an on-off modulation, or may be a modulation on a constant value (for instance a sinusoidal modulation). However, the modulation is essentially not such, that the direction of the electric field 30 is inverted. Hence, referring to
In another specific embodiment, a shortest distance between the first electrode 110 and the second electrode 120 is in the range of about 0.05-500 m, such as especially 5-500 m, especially in the range of about 5-50 m, more especially in the range of about 5-25 m. In
Referring to
Referring to
Hence, in this way, the electric field 30 is applied between the first electrode 110 arranged to generate a corona discharge, and the second electrode 120 comprising a conductive wire, especially a conductive wire gauze 125, wherein in an embodiment the first electrode 110 comprises a plurality of first electrodes (110a, 110b, . . . ) (see also
In a specific embodiment, the first electrode 110 is arranged on a motorized vehicle 1110, or the second electrode 120 is arranged on a motorized vehicle 1120, or both the first electrode 110 and the second electrode 120 are arranged on motorized vehicles (1110, 1120). Hence, in a specific embodiment, the apparatus 100 further comprises one or more motorized vehicles, wherein the first electrode 110 is arranged on first motorized vehicle 1110, or the second electrode 120 is arranged on motorized vehicle 1120, or both the first electrode 110 and the second electrode 120 are arranged on motorized vehicles 1110,1120, as schematically depicted in the embodiment of
The invention may especially be applied for reducing fog or mist over one or more geographical objects selected from the group consisting of a road, an open place, a runway, an airstrip and a built-on area; more especially a road, an open place, a runway, and an airstrip. However, the invention may also be applied for other applications, such as reduction or removal over small distances of the gaseous fluid, such as one or more gaseous fluids selected from the group consisting of fog, mist, haze, spray and steam. The schematic drawings 1 and 3 show an airstrip 10; but the invention is not limited to only applications to gaseous fluids over airstrips. Herein, the term “road” especially relates to paved roads which are designed for transport of motorized vehicles such as cars, automobiles, trucks, or motors. Herein the terms “runway” or “airstrip” (indicated with reference 10) especially relate to paved roads which are designed for take-off and/or landing of airplanes or aircrafts (indicated in
Referring to
In a specific embodiment, the gaseous fluid comprises one or more gaseous fluid selected from the group consisting of fog, mist, haze, spray and steam. In the figures, the gaseous fluid is indicated with reference 20, and especially comprises fog, mist or haze. Herein, the term “removal of droplets in a gaseous fluid” may relate to the effective removal of fog, mist or haze, etc. With the method of the invention, the humidity in the fluid may be reduced, thereby effectively reducing or even removing the fog, mist or haze, and improving transmission of visible light through the gaseous fluid. The fog, mist or haze may be reduced and the gaseous fluid, such as air, may clear up.
In a specific embodiment, the first electrode 110 comprises a plurality of electrodes, such as a plurality of electrically conductive needles, wherein the plurality of electrodes are arranged to generate corona discharges. In
In a preferred embodiment, the first electrode 110 comprises one or more conductive curved features or conductive needles (indicated with reference 115) having one or more dimensions in the range of for instance about 0.1 μm-0.5 mm. The curved feature may for instance comprise a wire, a wire mesh, an antenna or a needle, especially with the above defined dimensions. Especially needle like features are applied. Conductive needles are herein further indicated as needles. Needles are especially conductive protrusions or pins having mean aspect ratios (mean: i.e. mean over the length of the needle) in the range of about 5-2000 (i.e. length/(mean thickness or mean diameter)), especially 10-2000, even more especially 20-2000. Hence, in a specific embodiment, the first electrode 110 comprises one or more, especially a plurality, such as 4-10,000, curved features 115, especially needles. The curved features 115, especially the needles, may have one or more dimensions, i.e. especially thickness, in the range of about 0.1 μm-0.5 mm, especially 1 μm-0.5 mm, more especially 10 μm-0.5 mm, even more especially 100 μm-0.5 mm, such as 10 μm-0.1 mm. Hence, the first electrode 110 especially comprises sharp points or needles. In general, the sharper the needle, the better.
In the figures, the curved features 115 are indicated as (sharp) needles, although also wires (optionally including cables), a wire gauze, etc. could be used. It is preferred the curved features have one or more dimensions in the range of about 0.1 μm-0.5 mm, which dimensions allow corona discharges. In
Hence, the figures also schematically show an embodiment of the apparatus 100, wherein the first electrode 110 comprises a plurality of conductive needles. Especially, the plurality of conductive needles are arranged to point in the direction of the second electrode 120 (as for instance shown in
A corona is a process by which a current, perhaps sustained, develops from an electrode with a high potential in a neutral fluid, usually air, by ionizing that fluid so as to create a plasma around the electrode. The ions generated eventually pass charge to nearby areas of lower potential, or recombine to form neutral gas molecules. When the potential gradient is large enough at a point in the fluid, the fluid at that point ionizes and it becomes conductive. If a charged object has a sharp point, the air around that point will be at a much higher gradient than elsewhere. Air near the electrode can become ionized (partially conductive), while regions more distant do not. When the air near the point becomes conductive, it has the effect of increasing the apparent size of the conductor. Since the new conductive region is less sharp (or curved), the ionization may not extend past this local region. Outside of this region of ionization and conductivity, the charged particles slowly find their way to an oppositely charged object and are neutralized. If the geometry and gradient are such that the ionized region continues to grow instead of stopping at a certain radius, a completely conductive path may be formed, resulting in a momentary spark, or a continuous arc. Corona discharge usually involves two asymmetric electrodes; one highly curved (such as the tip of a needle, or a small diameter wire) and one of low curvature (such as a plate, or the ground, or the herein indicated gauze). The high curvature ensures a high potential gradient around one electrode, for the generation of a plasma.
Electric charges on conductors reside entirely on their external surface (see Faraday cage), and tend to concentrate more around sharp points and edges than on flat surfaces. This means that the electric field generated by charges on a curved conductive point is much stronger than the field generated by the same charge residing on a large smooth spherical conductive shell. When this electric field strength exceeds what is known as the corona discharge inception voltage (CIV) gradient, it ionizes the air about the tip, and a small faint purple jet of plasma can be seen in the dark on the conductive tip. Ionization of the nearby air molecules result in generation of ionized air molecules having the same polarity as that of the charged tip. Subsequently, the tip repels the like-charged ion cloud, and the ion cloud immediately expands due to the repulsion between the ions themselves. This repulsion of ions creates an “electric wind” that emanates from the tip.
This “electric wind” is especially directed in the direction of the second electrode 120. Hence, even if grounded, the electric wind may be directed to the second electrode 120. Hence, the second electrode 120 is especially an electrode that allows on the one hand propagation of the gaseous fluid, but on the other hands allows condensation or collection of the droplets in the gaseous fluid 20. Hence, the second electrode 120 is especially in an embodiment a wire, more especially a plurality of wires or bars, which are arranged substantially parallel, like a 1D raster, or a plurality of wires or bars arranged as a gauze 125 (which may be indicated as 2D raster). The distance between the wires or bars, or the maze of the gauze 125, which may be used as second electrode 120, may especially between 0.01-500 mm, such as about 0.05-50 mm (or for instance 0.1 μm up to 0.5 mm), so that the charged and/or uncharged droplets may aggregate on the wires or gauze and flow or wash down because of the gravity force into for instance a gutter or any other drain or water catch system.
Herein, in an embodiment, the term “wire” or “conductive wire” may also relate to “cable” or “conductive cable”, respectively.
Hence, in a specific embodiment, the electrically conductive air permeable conductive sieve 200, such as in an embodiment the wire gauze 125 comprises meshes with one or more dimensions (such as length, width or diameter) in the range of about 0.01-500 mm, such as preferably 0.01-10 mm, especially in the range of about 0.05-5 mm, even more especially 0.1 μm up to 0.5 mm. These dimensions let the fluid 20 pass through the sieve 200, and allow the droplets accumulate at the conductive strands 201. The dimensions are schematically depicted in
Hence, in a specific embodiment, wherein the second electrode 120 comprises a plurality of wires, be it arranged substantially parallel or be it arranged in a wire gauze, the longest distance between two adjacent substantially parallel arranged wires is preferably in the range of 0.01-500 mm, especially 0.01-10 mm, especially in the range of about 0.05-5 mm, such as especially 0.5-5 mm, such as especially about 0.05-50 mm, even more especially 0.5-10 mm (even more especially 0.1 μm up to 0.5 mm).
Therefore, the second electrode comprises conductive strands, wherein a shortest distance between adjacent (substantially parallel arranged) strands is 0.01-500 mm, especially 0.05-500 mm, even more especially 0.05-500 mm, such as 0.5-50 mm, or 0.5-10 mm, preferably 0.5 50 mm.
In a 1D sieve, a shortest distance may be the shortest distance between two adjacent strands 201, such as indicated with d3 in
In systems wherein meshes are present, such as in 2D gauzes, such meshes may have any shape, and in such systems, as a shortest length between adjacent strands, the mesh diameter may be chosen.
The dimensions of the conductive strands 201, indicated with reference d4, which may, dependent upon the type of conductive strands 201 be the diameter, or the mean diameter, or the width(s), are preferably in the range of about 0.05-50 mm, especially in the range of about 1-20 mm.
In an embodiment, not depicted, the air permeable electrically conductive sieve comprises a plurality of substantially parallel arranged electrically conductive plates. Again, this may be a 1D arrangement or a 2D arrangement. The distances between substantially parallel plates (i.e. d2 and d3), or the maze of the “plate” gauze 125, which may be used as second electrode 120, may especially between 0.01-500 mm, such as about 0.05-50 mm. The invention is further herein described by using a plurality of strands. Therefore, in an embodiment, the invention also provides an apparatus for removing droplets from a gaseous fluid, comprising a first electrode arranged as positive electrode, arranged to generate a corona discharge and arranged to generate an electric field in the range of 0.1-100 kV/m, and a second electrode being an earthed electrode, comprising an air permeable conductive sieve of a plurality of electrically conductive plates having a shortest distance between adjacent conductive plates in the range of 0.01-500 mm.
c schematically depicts a 1D (array) of conductive strands 201, arranged as a kind of fence, as sieve 200. The meshes are indicated with reference d3. The meshes may vary over the sieve 200.
As mentioned above, the “electric wind” is especially directed in the direction of the second electrode 120. Hence, in a specific embodiment, the first electrode 110 and the second electrode 120 are arranged to generate an electric wind in the direction of the second electrode 120. Amongst other, this may be done by providing an isolated second electrode 120 with especially a negative charge (during use of the apparatus 100). Further, this might also be done by directing the curved features 115, especially the needles, in the direction of the second electrode 120. Especially in the case of shorter distances such as about 1-25 m, especially 5-25 m, arranging the curved features 115 in such a way that the tips 116 are aligned in the direction of the second electrode 120, may allow generating an electric wind in the direction of the second electrode 120, thereby driving the gaseous fluid 20 in the direction of the second electrode 120, where droplets condense on the (plurality of) wires of the electrode 120 or the wires 126 of the gauze 125 (see
The droplets, especially water droplets, will in general be in the order of about 0.01 μm-3 mm, more especially about 0.1 μm-0.1 mm. As indicated above, the second electrode 120 may be arranged to allow the gaseous fluid 20 flow through the second electrode 120 but substantially block a major part of the droplets comprised by the gaseous fluid.
Herein, the term conductive is known in the art, but especially refers to a resistivity of about 1·10−9 Ω·m (at 20° C.) or less.
In yet another embodiment, the first electrode 110 or the second electrode 120 or the first electrode 110 and the second electrode 120 of apparatus 100 is part of or integrated with an object comprising street furniture, for instance a sound barrier, a crash barrier, a tunnel wall, a road sign, a traffic information system, a street lamp, and a traffic light. In such embodiments, the first electrode 110, or the second electrode 120, respectively, are not arranged to be movable.
As mentioned above, also a plurality of first 110 and second electrodes 120 may be applied, wherein sets of first and second electrodes 110,120, are arranged opposite of each other, at a distance L1. In between the electrodes 110,120, a geographical object, such as an road, may be arranged. An example thereof is schematically depicted in
Further, preferably, second electrodes 120 accompanying first electrodes, respectively, are arranged at one side of the first electrode 110. Or, in other words, in case the first electrode 110 is arranged to be accompanied by a plurality of second electrodes 120 (especially in order to perform the method of the invention), these second electrodes are preferably arranged at one side of the first electrode 110, and are preferably thus not arranged to enclose or surround the first electrode 110.
Further, the second electrode 120 may also be used as directional electrode, since due to the presence of the second electrode 120, the fluid, or at least the charged droplets therein, are moved in the direction of the second electrode 120. Hence, the fluid may also penetrate the second electrode 120, and for instance, be received by a receiver arranged to receive the charged droplets. Such receiver may be a plate with a collector. An example thereof is schematically depicted in
c schematically depicts preferred arrangements of the first and the second electrodes 110,120. The first electrode 110 comprises a plurality of needles as curved features 115. Note that the “curve features” may have sharp edges as tips. The term “curved feature” especially indicates that surfaces merge together into a tip, such as in the case of a wedge or a needle. Especially needles are preferred. Such needle may comprise a longitudinal axis or “needle axis”, which preferably point in the direction of the second electrode 120. In
In the case of one single needle, θ may larger, but is preferably smaller than 90°.
Alternatively, see
In embodiments wherein a first electrode 110 comprising a plurality of needles is applied, preferably the plurality of needles are aligned substantially parallel (i.e. the longitudinal axes 160 are aligned substantially parallel).
Mist/Fog Removing Tests
A (STYROFOAM) board was used that was punched through with needles. Each needle is at the back connected to a charge of 15.000 Volts in the test. The styrophome is pure used as insulator and to make the needles straight and erect pointed. The needles are charged stepwise in steps of 1 kV. For the experiment an ordinary fog diffuser (electric water boiler) was applied.
At the level of 6 kV, movement of the fog droplets in the air was observed. The observed movement was approximately 0.5 meters per second. At the level of 7 kV, a total movement of all air borne droplets towards to the counter electrode was observed. As counter electrode, a gauze with a maze of 50 mm was used. The counter electrode was grounded. The observed movement was approx. 1 m/s. At 8 kV, a strong movement of all fog droplets directly towards the gauze. The movement was at least about 3 to 4 m/s. Then, at 9 kV, the same result as mentioned by 8 kVolts was observed; the wind was much stronger. The movement seemed even faster than at 8 kV; about 4-5 meters per second at least. All fog, just after air borne situation, got straight directed to the gauze. At 10 kV the same result as at 9 kV was observed, but only a faster movement towards the gauze.
The test repeated gave the same results.
Variation of Mesh Size
The mesh size was varied, see the table below,
Variation of Distance
Fog source 5 cm distance from first electrode (corona electrode) at the following voltages and distances:
Variation of Angle
The angle of the needles was varied (relative to a horizontal).
Results
It should be noted that the above-mentioned embodiments illustrate rather than limit the invention, and that those skilled in the art will be able to design many alternative embodiments without departing from the scope of the appended claims. In the claims, any reference signs placed between parentheses shall not be construed as limiting the claim. Use of the verb “to comprise” and its conjugations does not exclude the presence of elements or steps other than those stated in a claim. The article “a” or “an” preceding an element does not exclude the presence of a plurality of such elements. The invention may be implemented by means of hardware comprising several distinct elements, and by means of a suitably programmed computer. In the device claim enumerating several means, several of these means may be embodied by one and the same item of hardware. The mere fact that certain measures are recited in mutually different dependent claims does not indicate that a combination of these measures cannot be used to advantage. The term “about” herein, may, especially in numerical embodiments, relate to values within a range of +10% and −10% of the indicated value, especially within a range of +5% and −5% of the indicated value, especially within a range of +2% and −2% of the indicated value. Hence, a value of about 100 kV may indicate 100.0 kV, but may also be within the range of 90-110 kV. This may also apply to numerical values in front whereof the word “about” is not added. Slight deviations may be allowable, as will be clear to the person skilled in the art.
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| PCT/NL2008/050805 | 12/17/2008 | WO | 00 | 9/14/2010 |
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