Patent Application
20110144203
The present application relates to a novel use of cationic surfactants.
Cationic surfactants are known as preservatives used in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry. Cationic surfactants have turned out to be highly effective against microbial proliferation and at the same time safe for intake in humans and mammals in general. For all of this, cationic surfactants are an attractive tool in the industry.
It has been demonstrated that cationic surfactants according to formula (1) derived from the condensation of fatty acids and esterified dibasic amino acids are highly effective protective substances against microorganisms.
where:
X− is a counter ion derived from an organic or inorganic acid, preferably Br−, Cl− or HSO4−, or an anion on the basis of a phenolic compound;
R1: is a straight alkyl chain from a saturated fatty acid or hydroxyl acid having from 8 to 14 atoms linked to the α-amino acid group via an amidic bond;
R2: is a straight or branched alkyl chain from 1 to 18 carbon atoms or an aromatic group;
where n is from 0 to 4.
The organic acids which may be the source of the counter ion X− can be citric acid, lactic acid, acetic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, gluconic acid, propionic acid, sorbic acid, benzoic acid, carbonic acid, glutamic acid or other amino acids, lauric acid and fatty acids such as oleic acid and linoleic acid, whereas the inorganic acids can be phosphoric acid, nitric acid and thiocyanic acid.
The phenolic compound which may be the basis of the anion X— is for instance butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and the related butylated hydroxytoluene, tertiary butyl hydroquinone and parabens such as methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben and butylparaben.
The most preferred compound of the above class of compounds is the ethyl ester of the lauramide of the arginine monohydrochloride, hereafter referred to as LAE (CAS No. 60372-77-2). This compound is now well-known for its use as an antimicrobial agent. In practical use LAE turned out to be well tolerated and to display a very low toxicity to human beings. LAE has the chemical structure of formula (2) displayed hereafter.
The compound LAE is remarkable for its activity against different microorganisms, like bacteria, moulds and yeasts which can be present in food products (WO 03/034842) and also in cosmetic formulations and preparations (WO 03/013453, WO 03/013454 and WO 03/043593).
The general preparation of the cationic surfactants is described in Spanish patent ES 512643 and international patent applications WO 96/21642, WO 01/94292 and WO 03/064669.
LAE, also known as lauric arginate, is manufactured by Laboratorios Miret, S.A. (LAMIRSA, Spain). Lauric arginate is listed by the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) as being a GRAS substance (Generally Recognized As Safe) under GRN 000164. The USDA (United States Department of Agriculture) has approved its use in meat and poultry products (FSIS Directive 7120.1)) and also as a processing aid for fresh meat and poultry products.
The metabolism of the above cationic surfactant of formula (2) in rats has been studied; these studies have shown a fast absorption and metabolisation into naturally-occurring amino acids and the fatty acid lauric acid, which are eventually excreted as carbon dioxide and urea. Toxicological studies have demonstrated that LAE is completely harmless to animals and humans.
Therefore, LAE and related compounds are particularly suitable to be used in the preservation of all perishable food products. LAE and related compounds are equally suitable for use in cosmetic products.
As has been remarked above, the cationic surfactants are remarkable for their inhibitory action over the proliferation of different microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi and yeasts. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of LAE are shown in the following table 1.
Arthrobacter oxydans ATCC 8010
Bacillus cereus var mycoide ATCC 11778
Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633
Clostridium perfringens ATCC 77454
Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 7644
Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538
Micrococcus luteus ATCC 9631
Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp lactis CECT 372
Leuconostoc mesenteroides CETC 912
Alcaligenes faecalis ATCC 8750
Bordetella bronchiseptica ATCC 4617
Citrobacter freundii ATCC 22636
Enterobacter aerogenes CECT 689
Escherichia coli ATCC 8739
Escherichia coli 0157H7
Klebsiella pneumoniae var pneumoniae CECT 178
Proteus mirabilis CECT 170
Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027
Salmonella typhimurium ATCC16028
Serratia marcenses CECT 274
Mycobacterium phlei ATCC 41423
Aspergillus niger ATCC 14604
Aureobasidium pullulans ATCC 9348
Gliocadium virens ATCC 4645
Chaetonium globosum ATCC 6205
Penicillium chrysogenum CECT 2802
Penicillium funiculosum CECT 2914
Candida albicans ATCC 10231
Rhodotorula rubra CECT 1158
Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 9763
It is preferred to dissolve the compound directly before use in one of the following preferred solvents of food grade: water, ethanol, propylene glycol, isopropyl alcohol, other glycols, mixtures of glycols and mixtures of glycols and water, diacetin, triacetin, glycerol, sorbitol, mannitol and xylitol. If the treatment shall be performed at a specific pH value the use of a corresponding buffer solution may be recommendable. On the other hand the compound can be easily used in its solid form or formulated with solid carriers such as salt, sugar, maltodextrine, hydrocolloids and sorbitol.
Endospores are resistant to most agents which would normally kill the vegetative cells they are formed from. Household cleaning products generally have no effect, nor do most alcohols, quaternary compounds and detergents. Alkylating agents however, such as ethylene oxide, are effective against endospores.
Whilst resistant to extreme heat and radiation, endospores can be destroyed by burning or autoclaving. Exposure to extreme heat for a long enough period will generally have some effect, though many endospores can survive hours of boiling or cooking. Prolonged exposure to high energy radiation, such as X-rays and gamma rays, will also kill most endospores.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a further agent for killing endospores.
The activity of the cationic surfactants is observed against spores of bacteria and moulds, such as against the endospores of bacteria and moulds.
It has been a further surprising observation made by the present inventors, that the cationic surfactants also display a sporicidal activity against endospores generated by fungi.
This enables a highly active treatment of any object which may be infected with the presence of spores from different sources.
The cationic surfactant which is used in the present invention is derived from the condensation of fatty acids and esterified dibasic amino acids, having the above formula (1), the most preferred species of the cationic surfactants of formula (1) being the ethyl ester of lauric arginate of above formula (2).
The cationic surfactants may be administered most conveniently as a solution in a suitable solvent, but it is also possible to perform the treatment of the object which shall be cleaned through the application of the solid form or the solid formulation.
If the cationic surfactants are applied as a solution, and the object to be cleaned is any product which is intended for consumption by humans or animals, the liquid basis of the solution may be any liquid which is suitable for use in the preparation of food. Such liquids are water, propylene glycol, ethanol, or glycerine. Mixtures of these liquids are possible as well.
Water may refer to tap water, demineralised water, distilled water, or solutions of any suitable salt in water.
Dissolution of the cationic surfactants in aqueous solutions is preferred. As the vehicle for the solution, water, such as tap water or demineralised water, is the most suitable, solutions in brine are also possible.
Addition of further solvents is possible, such as any organic solvent, as long as this further added solvent has no negative effect on later consumption by human consumers. In general, there is no specific advantage in adding further solvents and the administration of a solution in tap water is sufficient for usual purposes.
If the treatment is directed to an object which is not intended directly for consumption by humans or animals, the composition is not subject to the same strict requirements and more aggressive solutions may be chosen. Such objects may be surfaces in an industrial environment which may be contaminated with endospore producing bacteria and moulds.
For the wanted effect on the spores a sufficient concentration of the cationic surfactant of the formula (1) needs to be achieved. It has been observed that such sufficient concentration is achieved when the solution contains the cationic surfactant of the formula (1), more in particular according to the preferred embodiment LAE, in a concentration of 0.001 to 5% by weight. A more preferred concentration is in the range of 0.01 to 2.5% by weight and the most preferable concentration in the range of 0.05 to 0.1% by weight.
Application of the solid form onto a surface should lead to a concentration on the treated surface of the cationic surfactants of the formula (1), more in particular according to the preferred embodiment of LAE, of a level which is sufficient to achieve the wanted biological action at such surfaces. Such a sufficient level of concentration would be expected in the range of 10 to 20,000 ppm, more preferred 200 to 15,000 ppm and even more preferred 500 to 12,000 ppm. These concentrations are given in terms of the concentration of a solution containing the cationic surfactant which is applied to the surfaces to be treated. If surfaces are treated with a solid preparation of the cationic surfactant of formula (1), the amount which is applied shall be such, that the amount of the cationic surfactant of formula (1) is in the range of 0.05 to 200 mg/dm2, preferably an amount of 0.5 to 150 mg/dm2, more preferably an amount of 1 to 100 mg/dm2 and most preferably an amount of 5 to 80 mg/dm2.
A combination with other products is possible, for example with phosphates, polysorbates, chelating agents, nisine, lysozyme, and other products already recognised as sporicides. For instance the aqueous composition for the sporicidal treatment may contain a suitable amount of sodium tripolyphosphate. Such a suitable amount is between 10 and 10,000 ppm and the preferred range is between 100 and 1,000 ppm. When the combination is with polysorbates, the suitable amount is between 10 and 100,000 ppm, with polysorbate 20 being the preferred polysorbate. When the combination is with nisine, the suitable amount is between 10 and 600 ppm and when the combination is done with lysozyme the suitable amount is on the range from 20 to 400 ppm.
The determination of the sporicidal activity of LAE has been carried out according to the European standard EN 13704:2002 “Chemical disinfectant—Quantitative suspension test for the evaluation of sporicidal activity of chemical disinfectants used in food, industrial, domestic and institutional areas—Test method and requirements”.
The purpose of the example is to demonstrate the activity of LAE on bacterial endospores from the test organism Bacillus subtilis.
A test suspension containing endospores from Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 was prepared from a culture grown on a nutrient agar, to which additional sporulation enhancement ingredients were added. Plates were harvested with sterile water and endospores were purified by repeated centrifugations and resuspensions in water.
Neutralizer. The neutralizer mixture consisted of 12.7% polysorbate 80, 6.0% Tamol® SN (brand of sodium salt of naphthalene-formaldehyde condensate), 1.7% lecithin, 1% peptone and 0.1% cystine. The solution was intended to neutralize any chemicals so that these would not affect subsequent growth of the bacteria.
The sporicidal activity of a given product is defined by its capacity to reduce at least by 103 the amount of Bacillus subtilis bacterial spores in suspension, in the conditions established in the method.
LAE is produced by Lamirsa.
The product was in contact with a suspension of bacterial spores during an established period of time of 60 minutes. An interfering substance can be added to the suspension, in this case 0.3% bovine serum albumin in distilled water. Next, the effect of the product is neutralized by adding a neutralizer previously chosen, preceding to the surviving spores count.
Results are expressed as the reduction of viability of the spore suspension in regards to:
Validation of the neutralization of the product,
Validation of the non toxicity of the neutralizer,
Sporicidal activity of the product.
The results drawn from the validation test indicate, that the used neutralizer (Polysorbate 80 in water solution at 2%) is not toxic and neutralizes the effect of the product, because in both cases the viable spore count is similar to the used solution in the respective tests.
The sporicidal activity is calculated as follows:
R=N×0.1/Na
N is cfu/mL of the spore suspension.
Na is cfu/mL of the sporicidal activity.
The calculated reduction of a solution of:
The data show, that from a LAE concentration of 50 ppm there is inhibition of spore germination.
A product is considered sporicidal if its use results in a reduction in the number of Bacillus subtilis bacterial spores equal or above 103 after being in contact for 60 minutes in the conditions set in EN 13704:2000.
Therefore, LAE displays a sporicidal activity against endospores of Bacillus subtilis at concentrations equal to or above 250 ppm. The species is the usual species in testing of sporicidal activity. The species belongs to the same genus as the bacterial organism which causes anthrax. Due to their genetic similarities, B. subtilis spores have been used as a non-pathogenetic replacement for spores of Bacillus anthracis, the anthrax bacterium. The present results are expected to be applicable to anthrax.
The determination of the fungicide activity of LAE has been carried out according to the European standard UNE-EN 1275: “Chemical disinfectant and antiseptic. Fungicide activity. Test method and requirements”.
The fungicide activity of a given product is defined by its capacity to reduce at least by 104 the amount of Aspergillus niger fungical spores in suspension, in the conditions established in the method.
LAE is produced by Lamirsa.
The product is in contact with a suspension of fungical spores during an established period of time (60 minutes). After this time, the effect of the product is neutralized by adding Polysorbate 80 in water solution at 2%, preceding to the surviving spores count.
Results are expressed as the reduction of viability of the spore suspension in regards to:
Validation of the neutralization of the product,
Validation of the non toxicity of the neutralizer,
Fungicide activity of the product.
Fungicide activity is calculated as follows:
R=N×0.1/Na
N cfu/mL of the fungical spore suspension
Na cfu/mL of the fungicide activity
The calculated reduction of a solution of:
As seen, from 100 ppm there is inhibition of fungical spore germination.
From 500 ppm, a total inhibition of fungical spore germination has been observed.
A product is considered fungicide if its use results in a reduction in the number of Aspergillus niger fungical spores equal to or above 104 after being in contact for 60 minutes in the conditions set in UNE-EN 1275.
Therefore, LAE is fungicide active at concentrations equal to or above 500 ppm.
The determination of the sporicidal activity of LAE has been carried out according to the European standard EN 13704:2002: “Chemical disinfectant—Quantitative suspension test for the evaluation of sporicidal activity of chemical disinfectants used in food, industrial, domestic and institutional areas—Test method and requirements”.
The purpose of the example is to demonstrate the activity of LAE on bacterial endospores from the test organism Geobacillus stearothermophilus.
A test suspension containing endospores from Geobacillus stearothermophilus ATCC 12980 was prepared from a culture grown on a nutrient agar, to which additional sporulation enhancement ingredients were added. Plates were harvested with sterile water and endospores were purified by repeated centrifugations and resuspensions in water.
Neutralizer. The neutralizer mixture consisted of 30 g/L polysorbate 80 in water. The solution was intended to neutralize any chemicals so that these would not affect subsequent growth of the bacteria.
The sporicidal activity of a given product is defined by its capacity to reduce at least by 103 the amount of Geobacillus stearothermophilus bacterial spores in suspension, in the conditions established in the method.
LAE is produced by Lamirsa.
The product was in contact with a suspension of bacterial spores during an established period of time of 60 minutes. An interfering substance can be added to the suspension, in this case water. Next, the effect of the product is neutralized by adding a neutralizer previously chosen, preceding to the surviving spores count.
Results are expressed as the reduction of viability of the spore suspension in regards to:
Validation of the neutralization of the product,
Validation of the non toxicity of the neutralizer,
Sporicidal activity of the product.
The results drawn from the validation test indicate that the used neutralizer (30 g/L polysorbate 80 in water) is not toxic and neutralizes the effect of the product because in both cases the viable spore count is similar to the used solution in the respective tests.
Sporicidal activity is calculated following the criteria of the Standard EN 13704: 2002
R=N×0.1/Na
N is cfu/mL of the spore suspension
Na is cfu/mL of the sporicidal activity
The calculated reduction (R) at different concentration of LAE against G. stearothermophilus is:
A product is considered sporicidal, if its use results in a reduction (R) in the number of Geobacillus stearothermophilus bacterial spores equal to or above 103 after being in contact for 60 minutes in the conditions set in EN 13704:2002.
The determination of the sporicidal activity of LAE has been carried out according to the European standard EN 13704:2002: “Chemical disinfectant—Quantitative suspension test for the evaluation of sporicidal activity of chemical disinfectants used in food, industrial, domestic and institutional areas—Test method and requirements”.
The purpose of the example is to demonstrate the activity of LAE on bacterial endospores from the test organism Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum.
A test suspension containing endospores from Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum ATCC 7956 was prepared from a culture grown on a nutrient agar, to which additional sporulation enhancement ingredients were added. Plates were harvested with sterile water and endospores were purified by repeated centrifugations and resuspensions in water.
Neutralizer. The neutralizer mixture consisted of 30 g/L polysorbate 80 in water. The solution was intended to neutralize any chemicals so that these would not affect subsequent growth of the bacteria.
The sporicidal activity of a given product is defined by its capacity to reduce at least by 103 the amount of Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum bacterial spores in suspension, in the conditions established in the method.
LAE is produced by Lamirsa.
The product was in contact with a suspension of bacterial spores during an established period of time of 60 minutes. An interfering substance can be added to the suspension, in this case water. Next, the effect of the product is neutralized by adding a neutralizer previously chosen, preceding to the surviving spores count.
Results are expressed as the reduction of viability of the spore suspension in regards to:
Validation of the neutralization of the product,
Validation of the non toxicity of the neutralizer,
Sporicidal activity of the product.
Sporicidal activity is calculated following the criteria of the Standard EN 13704:2002:
R=N×0.1/Na
N is cfu/mL of the spore suspension
Na is cfu/mL of the sporicidal activity
The calculated reduction of a solution of:
A product is considered sporicidal if its use results in a reduction (R) in the number of Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum bacterial spores equal to or above 103 after being in contact for 60 minutes in the conditions set in EN 13704:2002.
Therefore, LAE displays a sporicidal activity against endospores on Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum in concentrations equal or above 102 μg/mL.
The determination of the sporicidal activity of LAE has been carried out according to the European standard EN 13704:2002 Chemical disinfectant—Quantitative suspension test for the evaluation of sporicidal activity of chemical disinfectants used in food, industrial, domestic and institutional areas—Test method and requirements”.
The purpose of the example is to demonstrate the activity of LAE on bacterial endospores from the test organism Clostridium sporogenes.
A test suspension containing endospores from Clostridium sporogenes ATCC 7955 was prepared from a culture grown on a nutrient agar, to which additional sporulation enhancement ingredients were added. Plates were harvested with sterile water and endospores were purified by repeated centrifugations and resuspensions in water.
Neutralizer. The neutralizer mixture consisted of 30 g/L polysorbate 80 in water. The solution was intended to neutralize any chemicals so that these would not affect subsequent growth of the bacteria.
The sporicidal activity of a given product is defined by its capacity to reduce at least by 103 the amount of Clostridium sporogenes bacterial spores in suspension, in the conditions established in the method.
LAE is produced by Lamirsa.
The product was in contact with a suspension of bacterial spores during an established period of time of 60 minutes. An interfering substance can be added to the suspension, in this case water. Next, the effect of the product is neutralized by adding a neutralizer previously chosen, preceding to the surviving spores count.
Results are expressed as the reduction of viability of the spore suspension in regards to:
Validation of the neutralization of the product,
Validation of the non toxicity of the neutralizer,
Sporicidal activity of the product.
The results drawn from the validation test indicate that the used neutralizer (30 g/L polysorbate 80 in water) is not toxic and neutralizes the effect of the product because in both cases the viable spore count is similar to the used solution in the respective tests.
Sporicidal activity is calculated following the criteria of the Standard EN 13704: 2002
R=N×0.1/Na
N is cfu/mL of the spore suspension.
Na is cfu/mL of the sporicidal activity.
The calculated reduction (R) of a solution of:
A product is considered sporicidal if its use results in a reduction in the number of Clostridium sporogenes bacterial spores equal or above 103 after being in contact for 60 minutes in the conditions set in EN 13704:2002.
The determination of the sporicidal activity of a combination of LAE with sodium tripolyphosphate has been carried out according to the European standard EN 13704:2002: “Chemical disinfectant—Quantitative suspension test for the evaluation of sporicidal activity of chemical disinfectants used in food, industrial, domestic and institutional areas—Test method and requirements”.
The purpose of the example is to demonstrate the activity of the combination of LAE and sodium tripolyphosphate on bacterial endospores from the test organism Geobacillus stearothermophilus.
A test suspension containing endospores from Geobacillus stearothermophilus ATCC 12980 was prepared from a culture grown on a nutrient agar, to which additional sporulation enhancement ingredients were added. Plates were harvested with sterile water and endospores were purified by repeated centrifugations and resuspensions in water.
Neutralizer. The neutralizer mixture consisted of 30 g/L polysorbate 80 in water. The solution was intended to neutralize any chemicals so that these would not affect subsequent growth of the bacteria.
The sporicidal activity of a given product is defined by its capacity to reduce at least by 103 the amount of Geobacillus stearothermophilus bacterial spores in suspension, in the conditions established in the method.
LAE is produced by Lamirsa.
The products were in contact with a suspension of bacterial spores during an established period of time of 60 minutes. An interfering substance can be added to the suspension; in this case, 0.3% bovine serum albumin in distilled water. Next, the effect of the product is neutralized by adding a neutralizer previously chosen, preceding to the surviving spores count.
Results are expressed as the reduction of viability of the spore suspension in regards to:
Validation of the neutralization of the product,
Validation of the non toxicity of the neutralizer,
Sporicidal activity of the product.
The results drawn from the validation test indicate that the used neutralizer (30 g/L polysorbate 80 in water) is not toxic and neutralizes the effect of the product because in both cases the viable spore count is similar to the used solution in the respective tests.
Following the criteria of the Standard EN 13704:2002, the sporicidal activity is calculated using the following expression:
R=N×0.1/Na
N is cfu/mL number of the spore test suspension.
Na is cfu/mL number of spore test after the test for sporicidal activity of the product.
The reduction in viability found for the products tested at different concentration against G. stearothermophilus were:
According to Standard EN 13704:2002, the sporicidal activity of the product for Geobacillus stearothermophilus ATCC 12980 is assessed when at least a reduction of 103 cfu/mL is found.
F.1 at a concentration of 25.5 mg/mL after 1 hour of contact at 20° C. has sporicidal activity. That is 204 μg/ml of LAE
F.2 at a concentration of 2.56 mg/mL after 1 hour of contact at 20° C. has sporicidal activity. That is 102 μg/ml of tripolyphosphate
F.3 at a concentration of 6.37 mg/mL after 1 hour of contact at 20° C. has sporicidal activity. That is 51 μg/ml of LAE
F.4 at a concentration of 2.56 mg/mL after 1 hour of contact at 20° C. has sporicidal activity. That is 20 μg/ml of LAE
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 08382025.8 | Jul 2008 | EP | regional |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP09/58197 | 6/30/2009 | WO | 00 | 2/21/2011 |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61093787 | Sep 2008 | US |
