The present invention relates to insect pest control and, in particular, to the use of clethodim as a control agent against certain insects of the order Hemiptera, specifically to the control of whitefly species.
Whiteflies present a major threat to agricultural and horticultural crops globally, resulting in significant annual economic losses to farmers. White fly damage to agricultural and horticultural crops may mainfest itself through several means, including through their feeding habit as sucking pests which may deprive the plant of water and nutrients, their secretion of honeydew on the crop plant which may act as a support medium for harmful fungal phytopathogens, and as well as a transmission vector for harmful plant viruses (eg, cotton leaf curl virus). Common economically important species of whitefly include citrus blackfly (Aleurocanthus woglumi), cabbage whitefly (Aleyrodes proletella), silverleaf whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) and the glasshouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum).
Accordingly, there is an on-going need for effective solutions in controlling whitefly infestation in commercially valuable crop plants.
WO 2004/060058 discloses the use of certain herbicides inhibiting the action of Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) for controlling pests.
Clethodim ((5RS)-2-[(1EZ)-N-{[(2E)-3-chloroallyl]oxy}propanimidoyl]-5-[(2RS)-2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxycyclohex-2-en-1-one (C17H26CINO3S). CAS Reg. no. 99129-21-2) is a member of the cyclohexanedione family of selective grass herbicides (see, eg, Rendina A R et al, Plant Physiol (1988), 86, 983-986). Clethodim is a viscous oil at ambient temperature. The structure of clethodim is as follows:
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It has now surprisingly been found that the herbicide clethodim is highly effective in controlling certain insect pests, in particular whitefly. This effect is clearly enhanced compared to the application of clethodim in other agriculturally relevant insect pests, such as aphids and thrips.
According to the present invention, there is provided a method for controlling a whitefly pest on a crop plant by applying an insecticidally effective amount of the active ingredient clethodim, or a composition thereof, to the pest, to a locus of the pest, to a crop plant susceptible to attack by the pest, or to a plant propagation material thereof. According to a second aspect of the invention, there is provided the use of clethodim as an insecticide for the treatment of whitefly infestation on a crop plant.
Control of whitefly in accordance with the present invention may be as a preventative control or a curative control. By effective control, it is meant that pesticidal compositions used in accordance with the invention comprising clethodim are capable of killing or controlling whitefly, retarding the growth or reproduction of whitefly, reducing a whitefly population, and/or reducing damage to crop plants caused by whitefly.
Typically, the clethodim active ingredient is applied as a liquid composition further comprising one or more agrochemically-acceptable diluents or carriers. Preferably, the liquid composition is a dilution of a concentrated active ingredient composition in water. The liquid composition may comprise an adjuvant (built-in or tank mixed), preferably an adjuvant selected from a mineral oil, a vegetable oil, an esterified vegetable oil, a methylated vegetable oil or an alkyl ester phosphate-based adjuvant, and most preferably, an alkyl ester phosphate-based adjuvant.
The concentration of the active ingredient compound for the use or method according to the invention may be from 10 to 80 grams of clethodim per 100 L, preferably 20 to 60 grams of clethodim per 100 L, and more preferably 30 to 45 grams of clethodim per 100 L. Typical treatment rates of application per plant may be 1 to 20 mg of clethodim, and preferably 2 to 10 mg of clethodim per treatment. The rates of application vary within wide limits and depend on the method of application, the crop plant, the specific pest to be controlled, the prevailing climatic conditions, and other factors governed by the method of application, the time of application and the target crop. Doses may be in the range of 5 to 500 g ai (clethodim)/hectare (ha), 10 to 300 g ai/ha, 20 to 200 g ai/ha, or 30 to 150 g ai/ha, which may be applied as a single or dual application at an appropriate interval. Other doses may be at 30 to 80 g ai/ha or 100 to 150 g ai/ha.
Preferably, the use and method of the invention may be applied to a crop of a useful plant selected from:
- the order Solanacea (including tomato, potato, aubergine, chilli, peppers, tobacco);
- the order Cucurbitaceae (including squash, pumpkin, watermelon, melon, cucumber);
- the order Alliaceae (including onion, garlic, leek);
- the order Asparagacea (including asparagus);
- a perennial plant selected from coffee, banana, citrus, or grape vine;
- soybean;
- cotton.
Preferably, the use and method of the invention may be applied to a crop of a useful plant selected from soybean, cotton, chilli, cucumber, melon, watermelon, squash, pepper, tomato, onion, potato, coffee, grapes, citrus, banana.
Of particular preference, the use and method of the invention may be applied to soybean plants, including transgenic soybean plants such as transgenic soybean plants expressing toxins, for example insecticidal proteins such as delta-endotoxins, e.g. Cry1Ac (Cry1Ac Bt protein). Accordingly, this may include transgenic soybean plants comprising event MON87701 (see U.S. Pat. No. 8,049,071 and related applications and patents, as well as WO 2014/170327 A1 (eg, see paragraph [008] reference to Intacta RR2 PRO™ soybean)), event MON87751 (US. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0373191) or event DAS-81419 (U.S. Pat. No. 8,632,978 and related applications and patents).
Other transgenic soybean plants may comprise event SYHT0H2-HPPD tolerance (U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0201860 and related applications and patents), event MON89788-glyphosate tolerance (U.S. Pat. No. 7,632,985 and related applications and patents), event MON87708-dicamba tolerance (U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2011/0067134 and related applications and patents), event DP-356043-5-glyphosate and ALS tolerance (U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2010/0184079 and related applications and patents), event A2704-12-glufosinate tolerance (U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2008/0320616 and related applications and patents), event DP-305423-1-ALS tolerance (U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2008/0312082 and related applications and patents), event A5547-127-glufosinate tolerance (U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2008/0196127 and related applications and patents), event DAS-40278-9-tolerance to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and aryloxyphenoxypropionate (see WO 2011/022469, WO 2011/022470, WO 2011/022471, and related applications and patents), event 127-ALS tolerance (WO 2010/080829 and related applications and patents), event GTS 40-3-2-glyphosate tolerance, event DAS-68416-4-2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and glufosinate tolerance, event FG72-glyphosate and isoxaflutole tolerance, event BPS-CV127-9-ALS tolerance and GU262-glufosinate tolerance or event SYHT04R-HPPD tolerance.
There are also known in the scientific literature certain Elite soybean plant varieties where R-gene stacks, conferring a degree of immunity or resistance to specific Phakopsora pachyrhizi, have been been introgressed in the plant genome, see for example: “Fighting Asian Soybean Rust”, Langenbach C, et al, Front Plant Science 7(797) 2016).
An elite plant is any plant from an elite line, such that an elite plant is a representative plant from an elite variety. Non-limiting examples of elite soybean varieties that are commercially available to farmers or soybean breeders include: AG00802, A0868, AG0902, A1923, AG2403, A2824, A3704, A4324, A5404, AG5903, AG6202 AG0934; AG1435; AG2031; AG2035; AG2433; AG2733; AG2933; AG3334; AG3832; AG4135; AG4632; AG4934; AG5831; AG6534; and AG7231 (Asgrow Seeds, Des Moines, Iowa, USA); BPR0144RR, BPR 4077NRR and BPR 4390NRR (Bio Plant Research, Camp Point, Ill., USA); DKB17-51 and DKB37-51 (DeKalb Genetics, DeKalb, Ill., USA); DP 4546 RR, and DP 7870 RR (Delta & Pine Land Company, Lubbock, Tex., USA); JG 03R501, JG 32R606C ADD and JG 55R503C (JGL Inc., Greencastle, Ind., USA); NKS 13-K2 (NK Division of Syngenta Seeds, Golden Valley, Minnesota, USA); 90M01, 91M30, 92M33, 93M11, 94M30, 95M30, 97B52, P008T22R2; P16T17R2; P22T69R; P25T51R; P34T07R2; P35T58R; P39T67R; P47T36R; P46T21R; and P56T03R2 (Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Johnston, Iowa, USA); SG4771NRR and SG5161NRR/STS (Soygenetics, LLC, Lafayette, Ind., USA); S00-K5, S11-L2, S28-Y2, S43-B1, S53-A1, S76-L9, S78-G6, S0009-M2; S007-Y4; S04-D3; S14-A6; S20-T6; S21-M7; S26-P3; S28-N6; S30-V6; S35-C3; S36-Y6; S39-C4; S47-K5; S48-D9; S52-Y2; S58-Z4; S67-R6; S73-S8; and S78-G6 (Syngenta Seeds, Henderson, Ky., USA); Richer (Northstar Seed Ltd. Alberta, CA); 14RD62 (Stine Seed Co. Ia., USA); or Armor 4744 (Armor Seed, LLC, Ar., USA).
In the context of the present invention, clethodim may be applied to transgenic cotton events expressing useful traits including BXN10211, BXN10215, BXN10222, BXN10224, COT102, COT67B, GHB614, GHB119, LLCotton25, MON531, MON757, MON15985, MON1445, MON88913, MON1076, MON1698, MON88701, T304-40, 281-24-236, 3006-210-23, 31707, 31803, 31808, 42317, and the like.
In accordance with the invention, preferably the active ingredient compound clethodim is applied in an agrochemical composition as the sole insecticidal active ingredient. However, it may also be applied in combination with one or more additional pesticidal active ingredients. This may include pesticidal active ingredient compositions comprising clethodim (represented by “TX”) and another active ingredient as follows:
- an adjuvant selected from the group of substances consisting of petroleum oils (alternative name) (628)+TX;
- an insect control active substance selected from Abamectin+TX, Acequinocyl+TX, Acetamiprid+TX, Acetoprole+TX, Acrinathrin+TX, Acynonapyr+TX, Afidopyropen+TX, Afoxolaner+TX, Alanycarb+TX, Allethrin+TX, Alpha-Cypermethrin+TX, Alphamethrin+TX, Amidoflumet+TX, Aminocarb+TX, Azocyclotin+TX, Bensultap+TX, Benzoximate+TX, Benzpyrimoxan+TX, Betacyfluthrin+TX, Beta-cypermethrin+TX, Bifenazate+TX, Bifenthrin+TX, Binapacryl+TX, Bioallethrin+TX, Bioallethrin S)-cyclopentylisomer+TX, Bioresmethrin+TX, Bistrifluron+TX, Broflanilide+TX, Brofluthrinate+TX, Bromophos-ethyl+TX, Buprofezine+TX, Butocarboxim+TX, Cadusafos+TX, Carbaryl+TX, Carbosulfan+TX, Cartap+TX, CAS number: 1632218-00-8+TX, CAS number: 1808115-49-2+TX, CAS number: 2032403-97-5+TX, CAS number: 2044701-44-0+TX, CAS number: 2128706-05-6+TX, CAS number: 2246757-58-2 (or 2249718-27-0)+TX, CAS number: 2095470-94-1+TX, CAS number: 2377084-09-6+TX, CAS number: 1445683-71-5+TX, CAS number: 2408220-94-8+TX, CAS number: 2408220-91-5+TX, CAS number: 1365070-72-9+TX, CAS number: 2171099-09-3+TX, CAS number: 2396747-83-2+TX, CAS number: 2032403-97-5+TX, CAS number: 1680187-98-7+TX, CAS number: 1680188-04-8+TX, CAS number: 1680188-06-0+TX, CAS number: 1680188-09-3+TX, CAS number: 1680188-56-0+TX, CAS number: 1680188-55-9+TX, CAS number: 1680188-65-1+TX, CAS number: 1680188-68-4+TX, CAS number: 1680188-69-5+TX, CAS number: 1680188-91-3+TX, CAS number: 2002416-18-2+TX, CAS number: 2408908-90-5+TX, CAS number: 2408908-91-6+TX, CAS number: 2408908-92-7+TX, CAS number: 2408908-93-8+TX, CAS number: 2133042-31-4+TX, CAS number: 2133042-44-930 TX, Chlorantraniliprole+TX, Chlordane+TX, Chlorfenapyr+TX, Chloroprallethrin+TX, Chromafenozide+TX, Clenpirin+TX, Cloethocarb+TX, Clothianidin+TX, 2-chlorophenyl N-methylcarbamate (CPMC)+TX, Cyanofenphos+TX, Cyantraniliprole+TX, Cyclaniliprole+TX, Cyclobutrifluram+TX, Cycloprothrin+TX, Cycloxaprid+TX, Cycloxaprid+TX, Cyenopyrafen+TX, Cyetpyrafen+TX, Cyflumetofen+TX, Cyfluthrin+TX, Cyhalodiamide+TX, Cyhalothrin+TX, Cypermethrin+TX, Cyphenothrin+TX, Cyproflanilide+TX, Cyromazine+TX, Deltamethrin+TX, Diafenthiuron+TX, Dialifos+TX, Dibrom+TX, Dicloromezotiaz+TX, Diflovidazine+TX, Diflubenzuron+TX, dimpropyridaz+TX, Dinactin+TX, Dinocap+TX, Dinotefuran+TX, Dioxabenzofos+TX, Emamectin (or Emamectin Benzoate)+TX, Empenthrin+TX, Epsilon-momfluorothrin+TX, Epsilon-metofluthrin+TX, Esfenvalerate+TX, Ethion+TX, Ethiprole+TX, Etofenprox+TX, Etoxazole+TX, Famphur+TX, Fenazaquin+TX, Fenfluthrin+TX, Fenitrothion+TX, Fenobucarb+TX, Fenothiocarb+TX, Fenoxycarb+TX, Fenpropathrin+TX, Fenpyroximate+TX, Fensulfothion+TX, Fenthion+TX, Fentinacetate+TX, Fenvalerate+TX, Fipronil+TX, Flometoquin+TX, Flonicamid+TX, Fluacrypyrim+TX, Fluazaindolizine+TX, Fluazuron+TX, Flubendiamide+TX, Flubenzimine+TX, Flucitrinate+TX, Flucycloxuron+TX, Flucythrinate+TX, Fluensulfone+TX, Flufenerim+TX, Flufenprox+TX, Flufiprole+TX, Fluhexafon+TX, Flumethrin+TX, Fluopyram+TX, Flupentiofenox+TX, Flupyradifurone+TX, Flupyrimin+TX, Fluralaner+TX, Fluvalinate+TX, Fluxametamide+TX, Fosthiazate+TX, Gamma-Cyhalothrin+TX, Gossyplure™ +TX, Guadipyr+TX, Halofenozide+TX, Halofenozide+TX, Halfenprox+TX, Heptafluthrin+TX, Hexythiazox+TX, Hydramethylnon+TX, Imicyafos+TX, Imidacloprid+TX, Imiprothrin+TX, Indoxacarb+TX, lodomethane+TX, Iprodione+TX, Isocycloseram+TX, Isothioate+TX, Ivermectin+TX, Kappa-bifenthrin+TX, Kappa-tefluthrin+TX, Lambda-Cyhalothrin+TX, Lepimectin+TX, Lufenuron+TX, Metaflumizone+TX, Metaldehyde+TX, Metam+TX, Methomyl+TX, Methoxyfenozide+TX, Metofluthrin+TX, Metolcarb+TX, Mexacarbate+TX, Milbemectin+TX, Momfluorothrin+TX, Niclosamide+TX, Nicofluprole+TX; Nitenpyram+TX, Nithiazine+TX, Omethoate+TX, Oxamyl+TX, Oxazosulfyl+TX, Parathion-ethyl+TX, Permethrin+TX, Phenothrin+TX, Phosphocarb+TX, Piperonylbutoxide+TX, Pirimicarb+TX, Pirimiphos-ethyl+TX, Pirimiphos-methyl+TX, Polyhedrosis virus+TX, Prallethrin+TX, Profenofos+TX, Profenofos+TX, Profluthrin+TX, Propargite+TX, Propetamphos+TX, Propoxur+TX, Prothiophos+TX, Protrifenbute+TX, Pyflubumide+TX, Pymetrozine+TX, Pyraclofos+TX, Pyrafluprole+TX, Pyridaben+TX, Pyridalyl+TX, Pyrifluquinazon+TX, Pyrimidifen+TX, Pyriminostrobin+TX, Pyriprole+TX, Pyriproxyfen+TX, Resmethrin+TX, Sarolaner+TX, Selamectin+TX, Silafluofen+TX, Spinetoram+TX, Spinosad+TX, Spirodiclofen+TX, Spiromesifen+TX, Spiropidion+TX, Spirotetramat+TX, Spidoxamat+TX, Sulfoxaflor+TX, Tebufenozide+TX, Tebufenpyrad+TX, Tebupirimiphos+TX, Tefluthrin+TX, Temephos+TX, Tetrachlorantraniliprole+TX, Tetradiphon+TX, Tetramethrin+TX, Tetramethylfluthrin+TX, Tetranactin+TX, Tetraniliprole+TX, Theta-cypermethrin+TX, Thiacloprid+TX, Thiamethoxam+TX, Thiocyclam+TX, Thiodicarb+TX, Thiofanox+TX, Thiometon+TX, Thiosultap+TX, Tioxazafen+TX, Tolfenpyrad+TX, Toxaphene+TX, Tralomethrin+TX, Transfluthrin+TX, Triazamate+TX, Triazophos+TX, Trichlorfon+TX, Trichloronate+TX, Trichlorphon+TX, Triflumezopyrim+TX, Tyclopyrazoflor+TX, Zeta-Cypermethrin+TX, Extract of seaweed and fermentation product derived from melasse+TX, Extract of seaweed and fermentation product derived from melasse comprising urea+TX, amino acids+TX, potassium and molybdenum and EDTA-chelated manganese+TX, Extract of seaweed and fermented plant products+TX, Extract of seaweed and fermented plant products comprising phytohormones+TX, vitamins+TX, EDTA-chelated copper+TX, zinc+TX, and iron+TX, Azadirachtin+TX, Bacillus aizawai+TX, Bacillus chitinosporus AQ746 (NRRL Accession No B-21 618)+TX, Bacillus firmus+TX, Bacillus kurstaki+TX, Bacillus mycoides AQ726 (NRRL Accession No. B-21664)+TX, Bacillus pumilus (NRRL Accession No B-30087)+TX, Bacillus pumilus AQ717 (NRRL Accession No. B-21662)+TX, Bacillus sp. AQ178 (ATCC Accession No. 53522)+TX, Bacillus sp. AQ175 (ATCC Accession No. 55608)+TX, Bacillus sp. AQ177 (ATCC Accession No. 55609)+TX, Bacillus subtilis unspecified+TX, Bacillus subtilis AQ153 (ATCC Accession No. 55614)+TX, Bacillus subtilis AQ30002 (NRRL Accession No. B-50421)+TX, Bacillus subtilis AQ30004 (NRRL Accession No. B- 50455)+TX, Bacillus subtilis AQ713 (NRRL Accession No. B-21661)+TX, Bacillus subtilis AQ743 (NRRL Accession No. B-21665)+TX, Bacillus thuringiensis AQ52 (NRRL Accession No. B-21619)+TX, Bacillus thuringiensis BD #32 (NRRL Accession No B-21530)+TX, Bacillus thuringiensis subspec. kurstaki BMP 123+TX, Beauveria bassiana+TX, D-limonene+TX, Granulovirus+TX, Harpin+TX, Helicoverpa armigera Nucleopolyhedrovirus+TX, Helicoverpa zea Nucleopolyhedrovirus+TX, Heliothis virescens Nucleopolyhedrovirus+TX, Heliothis punctigera Nucleopolyhedrovirus+TX, Metarhizium spp.+TX, Muscodor albus 620 (NRRL Accession No. 30547)+TX, Muscodor roseus A3-5 (NRRL Accession No. 30548)+TX, Neem tree based products+TX, Paecilomyces fumosoroseus+TX, Paecilomyces lilacinus+TX, Pasteuria nishizawae+TX, Pasteuria penetrans+TX, Pasteuria ramosa+TX, Pasteuria thornei+TX, Pasteuria usgae+TX, P-cymene+TX, Plutella xylostella Granulosis virus+TX, Plutella xylostella Nucleopolyhedrovirus+TX, Polyhedrosis virus+TX, pyrethrum+TX, QRD 420 (a terpenoid blend)+TX, QRD 452 (a terpenoid blend)+TX, QRD 460 (a terpenoid blend)+TX, Quillaja saponaria+TX, Rhodococcus globerulus AQ719 (NRRL Accession No B-21663)+TX, Spodoptera frugiperda Nucleopolyhedrovirus+TX, Streptomyces galbus (NRRL Accession No. 30232)+TX, Streptomyces sp. (NRRL Accession No. B-30145)+TX, Terpenoid blend+TX, and Verticillium spp.; an algicide selected from the group of substances consisting of bethoxazin [CCN]+TX, copper dioctanoate (IUPAC name) (170)+TX, copper sulfate (172)+TX, cybutryne [CCN]+TX, dichlone (1052)+TX, dichlorophen (232)+TX, endothal (295)+TX, fentin (347)+TX, hydrated lime [CCN] +TX, nabam (566)+TX, quinoclamine (714)+TX, quinonamid (1379)+TX, simazine (730)+TX, triphenyltin acetate (IUPAC name) (347) and triphenyltin hydroxide (IUPAC name) (347)+TX;
- an anthelmintic selected from the group of substances consisting of abamectin (1)+TX, crufomate (1011)+TX, Cyclobutrifluram+TX, doramectin (alternative name) [CCN]+TX, emamectin (291)+TX, emamectin benzoate (291)+TX, eprinomectin (alternative name) [CCN]+TX, ivermectin (alternative name) [CCN]+TX, milbemycin oxime (alternative name) [CCN]+TX, moxidectin (alternative name) [CCN]+TX, piperazine [CCN]+TX, selamectin (alternative name) [CCN]+TX, spinosad (737)+TX and thiophanate (1435)+TX;
- a chemosterilant selected from the group of substances consisting of apholate [CCN]+TX, bisazir (alternative name) [CCN]+TX, busulfan (alternative name) [CCN]+TX, diflubenzuron (250)+TX, dimatif (alternative name) [CCN]+TX, hemel [CCN]+TX, hempa [CCN]+TX, metepa [CCN]+TX, methiotepa [CCN]+TX, methyl apholate [CCN]+TX, morzid [CCN]+TX, penfluron (alternative name) [CCN]+TX, tepa [CCN]+TX, thiohempa (alternative name) [CCN]+TX, thiotepa (alternative name) [CCN]+TX, tretamine (alternative name) [CCN] and uredepa (alternative name) [CCN]+TX;
- an insect pheromone selected from the group of substances consisting of (E)-dec-5-en-1-yl acetate with (E)-dec-5-en-1-ol (IUPAC name) (222)+TX, (E)-tridec-4-en-1-yl acetate (IUPAC name) (829)+TX, (E)-6-methylhept-2-en-4-ol (IUPAC name) (541)+TX, (E,Z)-tetradeca-4,10-dien-1-yl acetate (IUPAC name) (779)+TX, (Z)-dodec-7-en-1-yl acetate (IUPAC name) (285)+TX, (Z)-hexadec-11-enal (IUPAC name) (436)+TX, (Z)-hexadec-11-en-1-yl acetate (IUPAC name) (437)+TX, (Z)-hexadec-13-en-11-yn-1-yl acetate (IUPAC name) (438)+TX, (Z)-icos-13-en-10-one (IUPAC name) (448)+TX, (Z)-tetradec-7-en-1-al (IUPAC name) (782)+TX, (Z)-tetradec-9-en-1-ol (IUPAC name) (783)+TX, (Z)-tetradec-9-en-1-yl acetate (IUPAC name) (784)+TX, (7E,9Z)-dodeca-7,9-dien-1-yl acetate (IUPAC name) (283)+TX, (9Z,11E)-tetradeca-9,11-dien-1-yl acetate (IUPAC name) (780)+TX, (9Z,12E)-tetradeca-9,12-dien-1-yl acetate (IUPAC name) (781)+TX, 14-methyloctadec-1-ene (IUPAC name) (545)+TX, 4-methylnonan-5-ol with 4-methylnonan-5-one (IUPAC name) (544)+TX, alpha-multistriatin (alternative name) [CCN]+TX, brevicomin (alternative name) [CCN]+TX, codlelure (alternative name) [CCN]+TX, codlemone (alternative name) (167)+TX, cuelure (alternative name) (179)+TX, disparlure (277)+TX, dodec-8-en-1-yl acetate (IUPAC name) (286)+TX, dodec-9-en-1-yl acetate (IUPAC name) (287)+TX, dodeca-8+TX, 10-dien-1-yl acetate (IUPAC name) (284)+TX, dominicalure (alternative name) [CCN]+TX, ethyl 4-methyloctanoate (IUPAC name) (317)+TX, eugenol (alternative name) [CCN]+TX, frontalin (alternative name) [CCN]+TX, gossyplure (alternative name) (420)+TX, grandlure (421)+TX, grandlure I (alternative name) (421)+TX, grandlure II (alternative name) (421)+TX, grandlure III (alternative name) (421)+TX, grandlure IV (alternative name) (421)+TX, hexalure [CCN]+TX, ipsdienol (alternative name) [CCN]+TX, ipsenol (alternative name) [CCN]+TX, japonilure (alternative name) (481)+TX, lineatin (alternative name) [CCN]+TX, litlure (alternative name) [CCN]+TX, looplure (alternative name) [CCN]+TX, medlure [CCN]+TX, megatomoic acid (alternative name) [CCN]+TX, methyl eugenol (alternative name) (540)+TX, muscalure (563)+TX, octadeca-2,13-dien-1-yl acetate (IUPAC name) (588)+TX, octadeca-3,13-dien-1-yl acetate (IUPAC name) (589)+TX, orfralure (alternative name) [CCN]+TX, oryctalure (alternative name) (317)+TX, ostramone (alternative name) [CCN]+TX, siglure [CCN]+TX, sordidin (alternative name) (736)+TX, sulcatol (alternative name) [CCN]+TX, tetradec-11-en-1-yl acetate (IUPAC name) (785)+TX, trimedlure (839)+TX, trimedlure A (alternative name) (839)+TX, trimedlure B1 (alternative name) (839)+TX, trimedlure B2 (alternative name) (839)+TX, trimedlure C (alternative name) (839) and trunc-call (alternative name) [CCN]+TX;
- an insect repellent selected from the group of substances consisting of 2-(octylthio)ethanol (IUPAC name) (591)+TX, butopyronoxyl (933)+TX, butoxy(polypropylene glycol) (936)+TX, dibutyl adipate (IUPAC name) (1046)+TX, dibutyl phthalate (1047)+TX, dibutyl succinate (IUPAC name) (1048)+TX, diethyltoluamide [CCN]+TX, dimethyl carbate [CCN]+TX, dimethyl phthalate [CCN]+TX, ethyl hexanediol (1137)+TX, hexamide [CCN]+TX, methoquin-butyl (1276)+TX, methylneodecanamide [CCN]+TX, oxamate [CCN] and picaridin [CCN]+TX;
- a molluscicide selected from the group of substances consisting of bis(tributyltin) oxide (IUPAC name) (913)+TX, bromoacetamide [CCN]+TX, calcium arsenate [CCN]+TX, cloethocarb (999)+TX, copper acetoarsenite [CCN]+TX, copper sulfate (172)+TX, fentin (347)+TX, ferric phosphate (IUPAC name) (352)+TX, metaldehyde (518)+TX, methiocarb (530)+TX, niclosamide (576)+TX, niclosamide-olamine (576)+TX, pentachlorophenol (623)+TX, sodium pentachlorophenoxide (623)+TX, tazimcarb (1412)+TX, thiodicarb (799)+TX, tributyltin oxide (913)+TX, trifenmorph (1454)+TX, trimethacarb (840)+TX, triphenyltin acetate (IUPAC name) (347) and triphenyltin hydroxide (IUPAC name) (347)+TX, pyriprole [394730-71-3]+TX;
- a nematicide selected from the group of substances consisting of AKD-3088 (compound code)+TX, 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (IUPAC/Chemical Abstracts name) (1045)+TX, 1,2-dichloropropane (IUPAC/Chemical Abstracts name) (1062)+TX, 1,2-dichloropropane with 1,3-dichloropropene (IUPAC name) (1063)+TX, 1,3-dichloropropene (233)+TX, 3,4-dichlorotetrahydrothiophene 1,1-dioxide (IUPAC/Chemical Abstracts name) (1065)+TX, 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-methylrhodanine (IUPAC name) (980)+TX, 5-methyl-6-thioxo-1,3,5-thiadiazinan-3-ylacetic acid (IUPAC name) (1286)+TX, 6-isopentenylaminopurine (alternative name) (210)+TX, abamectin (1)+TX, acetoprole [CCN]+TX, alanycarb (15)+TX, aldicarb (16)+TX, aldoxycarb (863)+TX, AZ 60541 (compound code)+TX, benclothiaz [CCN]+TX, benomyl (62)+TX, butylpyridaben (alternative name)+TX, cadusafos (109)+TX, carbofuran (118)+TX, carbon disulfide (945)+TX, carbosulfan (119)+TX, chloropicrin (141)+TX, chlorpyrifos (145)+TX, cloethocarb (999)+TX, Cyclobutrifluram+TX, cytokinins (alternative name) (210)+TX, dazomet (216)+TX, DBCP (1045)+TX, DCIP (218)+TX, diamidafos (1044)+TX, dichlofenthion (1051)+TX, dicliphos (alternative name)+TX, dimethoate (262)+TX, doramectin (alternative name) [CCN]+TX, emamectin (291)+TX, emamectin benzoate (291)+TX, eprinomectin (alternative name) [CCN]+TX, ethoprophos (312)+TX, ethylene dibromide (316)+TX, fenamiphos (326)+TX, fenpyrad (alternative name)+TX, fensulfothion (1158)+TX, fosthiazate (408)+TX, fosthietan (1196)+TX, furfural (alternative name) [CCN]+TX, GY-81 (development code) (423)+TX, heterophos [CCN]+TX, iodomethane (IUPAC name) (542)+TX, isamidofos (1230)+TX, isazofos (1231)+TX, ivermectin (alternative name) [CCN]+TX, kinetin (alternative name) (210)+TX, mecarphon (1258)+TX, metam (519)+TX, metam-potassium (alternative name) (519)+TX, metam-sodium (519)+TX, methyl bromide (537)+TX, methyl isothiocyanate (543)+TX, milbemycin oxime (alternative name) [CCN]+TX, moxidectin (alternative name) [CCN]+TX, Myrothecium verrucaria composition (alternative name) (565)+TX, NC-184 (compound code)+TX, oxamyl (602)+TX, phorate (636)+TX, phosphamidon (639)+TX, phosphocarb [CCN]+TX, sebufos (alternative name)+TX, selamectin (alternative name) [CCN]+TX, spinosad (737)+TX, terbam (alternative name)+TX, terbufos (773)+TX, tetrachlorothiophene (IUPAC/Chemical Abstracts name) (1422)+TX, thiafenox (alternative name)+TX, thionazin (1434)+TX, triazophos (820)+TX, triazuron (alternative name)+TX, xylenols [CCN]+TX, YI-5302 (compound code) and zeatin (alternative name) (210)+TX, fluensulfone [318290-98-1]+TX, fluopyram+TX;
a nitrification inhibitor selected from the group of substances consisting of potassium ethylxanthate [CCN] and nitrapyrin (580)+TX;
- a plant activator selected from the group of substances consisting of acibenzolar (6)+TX, acibenzolar-S-methyl (6)+TX, probenazole (658) and Reynoutria sachalinensis extract (alternative name) (720)+TX;
- a biologically active substance selected from 1,1-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-2-ethoxyethanol+TX, 2,4-dichlorophenyl benzenesulfonate+TX, 2-fluoro-N-methyl-N-1-naphthylacetamide+TX, 4-chlorophenyl phenyl sulfone+TX, acetoprole+TX, aldoxycarb+TX, amidithion+TX, amidothioate+TX, amiton+TX, amiton hydrogen oxalate+TX, amitraz+TX, aramite+TX, arsenous oxide+TX, azobenzene+TX, azothoate+TX, benomyl+TX, benoxafos+TX, benzyl benzoate+TX, bixafen+TX, brofenvalerate+TX, bromocyclen+TX, bromophos+TX, bromopropylate+TX, buprofezin+TX, butocarboxim+TX, butoxycarboxim+TX, butylpyridaben+TX, calcium polysulfide+TX, camphechlor+TX, carbanolate+TX, carbophenothion+TX, cymiazole+TX, chinomethionat+TX, chlorbenside+TX, chlordimeform+TX, chlordimeform hydrochloride+TX, chlorfenethol+TX, chlorfenson+TX, chlorfensulfide+TX, chlorobenzilate+TX, chloromebuform+TX, chloromethiuron+TX, chloropropylate+TX, chlorthiophos+TX, cinerin I+TX, cinerin II+TX, cinerins+TX, closantel+TX, coumaphos+TX, crotamiton+TX, crotoxyphos+TX, cufraneb+TX, cyanthoate+TX, DCPM+TX, DDT+TX, demephion+TX, demephion-O+TX, demephion-S+TX, demeton-methyl+TX, demeton-O+TX, demeton-O-methyl+TX, demeton-S+TX, demeton-S-methyl+TX, demeton-S-methylsulfon+TX, dichlofluanid+TX, dichlorvos+TX, dicliphos+TX, dienochlor+TX, dimefox+TX, dinex+TX, dinex-diclexine+TX, dinocap-4+TX, dinocap-6+TX, dinocton+TX, dinopenton+TX, dinosulfon+TX, dinoterbon+TX, dioxathion+TX, diphenyl sulfone+TX, disulfiram+TX, DNOC+TX, dofenapyn+TX, doramectin+TX, endothion+TX, eprinomectin+TX, ethoate-methyl+TX, etrimfos+TX, fenazaflor+TX, fenbutatin oxide+TX, fenothiocarb+TX, fenpyrad+TX, fenpyroximate+TX, fenpyrazamine+TX, fenson+TX, fentrifanil+TX, flubenzimine+TX, flucycloxuron+TX, fluenetil+TX, fluorbenside+TX, FMC 1137+TX, formetanate+TX, formetanate hydrochloride+TX, formparanate+TX, gamma-HCH+TX, glyodin+TX, halfenprox+TX, hexadecyl cyclopropanecarboxylate+TX, isocarbophos+TX, jasmolin I+TX, jasmolin II+TX, jodfenphos+TX, lindane+TX, malonoben+TX, mecarbam+TX, mephosfolan+TX, mesulfen+TX, methacrifos+TX, methyl bromide+TX, metolcarb+TX, mexacarbate+TX, milbemycin oxime+TX, mipafox+TX, monocrotophos+TX, morphothion+TX, moxidectin+TX, naled+TX, 4-chloro-2-(2-chloro-2-methyl-propyl)-5-[(6-iodo-3-pyridyl)methoxy]pyridazin-3-one+TX, nifluridide+TX, nikkomycins+TX, nitrilacarb+TX, nitrilacarb 1:1 zinc chloride complex+TX, omethoate+TX, oxydeprofos+TX, oxydisulfoton+TX, pp′-DDT+TX, parathion+TX, permethrin+TX, phenkapton+TX, phosalone+TX, phosfolan+TX, phosphamidon+TX, polychloroterpenes+TX, polynactins+TX, proclonol+TX, promacyl+TX, propoxur+TX, prothidathion+TX, prothoate+TX, pyrethrin I+TX, pyrethrin II+TX, pyrethrins+TX, pyridaphenthion+TX, pyrimitate+TX, quinalphos+TX, quintiofos+TX, R-1492+TX, phosglycin+TX, rotenone+TX, schradan+TX, sebufos+TX, selamectin+TX, sophamide+TX, SSI-121+TX, sulfiram+TX, sulfluramid+TX, sulfotep+TX, sulfur+TX, diflovidazin+TX, tau-fluvalinate+TX, TEPP+TX, terbam+TX, tetradifon+TX, tetrasul+TX, thiafenox+TX, thiocarboxime+TX, thiofanox+TX, thiometon+TX, thioquinox+TX, thuringiensin+TX, triamiphos+TX, triarathene+TX, triazophos+TX, triazuron+TX, trifenofos+TX, trinactin+TX, vamidothion+TX, vaniliprole+TX, bethoxazin+TX, copper dioctanoate+TX, copper sulfate+TX, cybutryne+TX, dichlone+TX, dichlorophen+TX, endothal+TX, fentin+TX, hydrated lime+TX, nabam+TX, quinoclamine+TX, quinonamid+TX, simazine+TX, triphenyltin acetate+TX, triphenyltin hydroxide+TX, crufomate+TX, piperazine+TX, thiophanate+TX, chloralose+TX, fenthion+TX, pyridin-4-amine+TX, strychnine+TX, 1-hydroxy-1H-pyridine-2-thione+TX, 4-(quinoxalin-2-ylamino)benzenesulfonamide+TX, 8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate+TX, bronopol+TX, copper hydroxide+TX, cresol+TX, dipyrithione+TX, dodicin+TX, fenaminosulf+TX, formaldehyde+TX, hydrargaphen+TX, kasugamycin+TX, kasugamycin hydrochloride hydrate+TX, nickel bis(dimethyldithiocarbamate)+TX, nitrapyrin+TX, octhilinone+TX, oxolinic acid+TX, oxytetracycline+TX, potassium hydroxyquinoline sulfate+TX, probenazole+TX, streptomycin+TX, streptomycin sesquisulfate+TX, tecloftalam+TX, thiomersal+TX, Adoxophyes orana GV+TX, Agrobacterium radiobacter+TX, Amblyseius spp.+TX, Anagrapha falcifera NPV+TX, Anagrus atomus+TX, Aphelinus abdominalis+TX, Aphidius colemani+TX, Aphidoletes aphidimyza+TX, Autographa californica NPV+TX, Bacillus sphaericus Neide+TX, Beauveria brongniartii+TX, Chrysoperla carnea+TX, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri+TX, Cydia pomonella GV+TX, Dacnusa sibirica+TX, Diglyphus isaea+TX, Encarsia formosa+TX, Eretmocerus eremicus+TX, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and H. megidis+TX, Hippodamia convergens+TX, Leptomastix dactylopii+TX, Macrolophus caliginosus+TX, Mamestra brassicae NPV+TX, Metaphycus helvolus+TX, Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum+TX, Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae+TX, Neodiprion sertifer NPV and N. lecontei NPV+TX, Orius spp.+TX, Paecilomyces fumosoroseus+TX, Phytoseiulus persimilis+TX, Steinernema bibionis+TX, Steinernema carpocapsae+TX, Steinernema feltiae+TX, Steinernema glaseri+TX, Steinernema riobrave+TX, Steinernema riobravis+TX, Steinernema scapterisci+TX, Steinernema spp.+TX, Trichogramma spp.+TX, Typhlodromus occidentalis+TX , Verticillium lecanii+TX, apholate+TX, bisazir+TX, busulfan+TX, dimatif+TX, hemel+TX, hempa+TX, metepa+TX, methiotepa+TX, methyl apholate+TX, morzid+TX, penfluron+TX, tepa+TX, thiohempa+TX, thiotepa+TX, tretamine+TX, uredepa+TX, (E)-dec-5-en-1-yl acetate with (E)-dec-5-en-1-ol+TX, (E)-tridec-4-en-1-yl acetate+TX, (E)-6-methylhept-2-en-4-ol+TX, (E,Z)-tetradeca-4,10-dien-1-yl acetate+TX, (Z)-dodec-7-en-1-yl acetate+TX, (Z)-hexadec-11-enal+TX, (Z)-hexadec-11-en-1-yl acetate+TX, (Z)-hexadec-13-en-11-yn-1-yl acetate+TX, (Z)-icos-13-en-10-one+TX, (Z)-tetradec-7-en-1-al+TX, (Z)-tetradec-9-en-1-ol+TX, (Z)-tetradec-9-en-1-yl acetate+TX, (7E,9Z)-dodeca-7,9-dien-1-yl acetate+TX, (9Z,11E)-tetradeca-9,11-dien-1-yl acetate+TX, (9Z,12E)-tetradeca-9,12-dien-1-yl acetate+TX, 14-methyloctadec-1-ene+TX, 4-methylnonan-5-ol with 4-methylnonan-5-one+TX, alpha-multistriatin+TX, brevicomin+TX, codlelure+TX, codlemone+TX, cuelure+TX, disparlure+TX, dodec-8-en-1-yl acetate+TX, dodec-9-en-1-yl acetate+TX, dodeca-8+TX, 10-dien-1-yl acetate+TX, dominicalure+TX, ethyl 4-methyloctanoate+TX, eugenol+TX, frontalin+TX, grandlure+TX, grandlure I+TX, grandlure II+TX, grandlure III+TX, grandlure IV+TX, hexalure+TX, ipsdienol+TX, ipsenol+TX, japonilure+TX, lineatin+TX, litlure+TX, looplure+TX, medlure+TX, megatomoic acid+TX, methyl eugenol+TX, muscalure+TX, octadeca-2,13-dien-1-yl acetate+TX, octadeca-3,13-dien-1-yl acetate+TX, orfralure+TX, oryctalure+TX, ostramone+TX, siglure+TX, sordidin+TX, sulcatol+TX, tetradec-11-en-1-yl acetate+TX, trimedlure+TX, trimedlure A+TX, trimedlure B1+TX, trimedlure B2+TX, trimedlure C+TX, trunc-call+TX, 2-(octylthio)ethanol+TX, butopyronoxyl+TX, butoxy(polypropylene glycol)+TX, dibutyl adipate+TX, dibutyl phthalate+TX, dibutyl succinate+TX, diethyltoluamide+TX, dimethyl carbate+TX, dimethyl phthalate+TX, ethyl hexanediol+TX, hexamide+TX, methoquin-butyl+TX, methylneodecanamide+TX, oxamate+TX, picaridin+TX, 1-dichloro-1-nitroethane+TX, 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-ethylphenyl)ethane+TX, 1,2-dichloropropane with 1,3-dichloropropene+TX, 1-bromo-2-chloroethane+TX, 2,2,2-trichloro-1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl acetate+TX, 2,2-dichlorovinyl 2-ethylsulfinylethyl methyl phosphate+TX, 2-(1,3-dithiolan-2-yl)phenyl dimethylcarbamate+TX, 2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethyl thiocyanate+TX, 2-(4,5-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)phenyl methylcarbamate+TX, 2-(4-chloro-3,5-xylyloxy)ethanol+TX, 2-chlorovinyl diethyl phosphate+TX, 2-imidazolidone+TX, 2-isovalerylindan-1,3-dione+TX, 2-methyl(prop-2-ynyl)aminophenyl methylcarbamate+TX, 2-thiocyanatoethyl laurate+TX, 3-bromo-1-chloroprop-1-ene+TX, 3-methyl-1-phenylpyrazol-5-yl dimethylcarbamate+TX, 4-methyl(prop-2-ynyl)amino-3,5-xylyl methylcarbamate+TX, 5,5-dimethyl-3-oxocyclohex-1-enyl dimethylcarbamate+TX, acethion+TX, acrylonitrile+TX, aldrin+TX, allosamidin+TX, allyxycarb+TX, alpha-ecdysone+TX, aluminium phosphide+TX, aminocarb+TX, anabasine+TX, athidathion+TX, azamethiphos+TX, Bacillus thuringiensis delta endotoxins+TX, barium hexafluorosilicate+TX, barium polysulfide+TX, barthrin+TX, Bayer 22/190+TX, Bayer 22408+TX, beta-cyfluthrin+TX, beta-cypermethrin+TX, bioethanomethrin+TX, biopermethrin+TX, bis(2-chloroethyl) ether+TX, borax+TX, bromfenvinfos+TX, bromo-DDT+TX, bufencarb+TX, butacarb+TX, butathiofos+TX, butonate+TX, calcium arsenate+TX, calcium cyanide+TX, carbon disulfide+TX, carbon tetrachloride+TX, cartap hydrochloride+TX, cevadine+TX, chlorbicyclen+TX, chlordane+TX, chlordecone+TX, chloroform+TX, chloropicrin+TX, chlorphoxim+TX, chlorprazophos+TX, cis-resmethrin+TX, cismethrin+TX, clocythrin+TX, copper acetoarsenite+TX, copper arsenate+TX, copper oleate+TX, coumithoate+TX, cryolite+TX, CS 708+TX, cyanofenphos+TX, cyanophos+TX, cyclethrin+TX, cythioate+TX, d-tetramethrin+TX, DAEP+TX, dazomet+TX, decarbofuran+TX, diamidafos+TX, dicapthon+TX, dichlofenthion+TX, dicresyl+TX, dicyclanil+TX, dieldrin+TX, diethyl 5-methylpyrazol-3-yl phosphate+TX, dilor+TX, dimefluthrin+TX, dimetan+TX, dimethrin+TX, dimethylvinphos+TX, dimetilan+TX, dinoprop+TX, dinosam+TX, dinoseb+TX, diofenolan+TX, dioxabenzofos+TX, dithicrofos+TX, DSP+TX, ecdysterone+TX, EI 1642+TX, EMPC+TX, EPBP+TX, etaphos+TX, ethiofencarb+TX, ethyl formate+TX, ethylene dibromide+TX, ethylene dichloride+TX, ethylene oxide+TX, EXD+TX, fenchlorphos+TX, fenethacarb+TX, fenitrothion+TX, fenoxacrim+TX, fenpirithrin+TX, fensulfothion+TX, fenthion-ethyl+TX, flucofuron+TX, fosmethilan+TX, fospirate+TX, fosthietan+TX, furathiocarb+TX, furethrin+TX, guazatine+TX, guazatine acetates+TX, sodium tetrathiocarbonate+TX, halfenprox+TX, HCH+TX, HEOD+TX, heptachlor+TX, heterophos+TX, HHDN+TX, hydrogen cyanide+TX, hyquincarb+TX, IPSP+TX, isazofos+TX, isobenzan+TX, isodrin+TX, isofenphos+TX, isolane+TX, isoprothiolane+TX, isoxathion+TX, juvenile hormone I+TX, juvenile hormone II+TX, juvenile hormone III+TX, kelevan+TX, kinoprene+TX, lead arsenate+TX, leptophos+TX, lirimfos+TX, lythidathion+TX, m-cumenyl methylcarbamate+TX, magnesium phosphide+TX, mazidox+TX, mecarphon+TX, menazon+TX, mercurous chloride+TX, mesulfenfos+TX, metam+TX, metam-potassium+TX, metam-sodium+TX, methanesulfonyl fluoride+TX, methocrotophos+TX, methoprene+TX, methothrin+TX, methoxychlor+TX, methyl isothiocyanate+TX, methylchloroform+TX, methylene chloride+TX, metoxadiazone+TX, mirex+TX, naftalofos+TX, naphthalene+TX, NC-170+TX, nicotine+TX, nicotine sulfate+TX, nithiazine+TX, nornicotine+TX, O-5-dichloro-4-iodophenyl O-ethyl ethylphosphonothioate+TX, O,O-diethyl O-4-methyl-2-oxo-2H-chromen-7-yl phosphorothioate+TX, O,O-diethyl O-6-methyl-2-propylpyrimidin-4-yl phosphorothioate+TX, O,O,O′,O′-tetrapropyl dithiopyrophosphate+TX, oleic acid+TX, para-dichlorobenzene+TX, parathion-methyl+TX, pentachlorophenol+TX, pentachlorophenyl laurate+TX, PH 60-38+TX, phenkapton+TX, phosnichlor+TX, phosphine+TX, phoxim-methyl+TX, pirimetaphos+TX, polychlorodicyclopentadiene isomers+TX, potassium arsenite+TX, potassium thiocyanate+TX, precocene I+TX, precocene II+TX, precocene III+TX, primidophos+TX, profluthrin+TX, promecarb+TX, prothiofos+TX, pyrazophos+TX, pyresmethrin+TX, quassia+TX, quinalphos-methyl+TX, quinothion+TX, rafoxanide+TX, resmethrin+TX, rotenone+TX, kadethrin+TX, ryania+TX, ryanodine+TX, sabadilla)+TX, schradan+TX, sebufos+TX, SI-0009+TX, thiapronil+TX, sodium arsenite+TX, sodium cyanide+TX, sodium fluoride+TX, sodium hexafluorosilicate+TX, sodium pentachlorophenoxide+TX, sodium selenate+TX, sodium thiocyanate+TX, sulcofuron+TX, sulcofuron-sodium+TX, sulfuryl fluoride+TX, sulprofos+TX, tar oils+TX, tazimcarb+TX, TDE+TX, tebupirimfos+TX, temephos+TX, terallethrin+TX, tetrachloroethane+TX, thicrofos+TX, thiocyclam+TX, thiocyclam hydrogen oxalate+TX, thionazin+TX, thiosultap+TX, thiosultap-sodium+TX, tralomethrin+TX, transpermethrin+TX, triazamate+TX, trichlormetaphos-3+TX, trichloronat+TX, trimethacarb+TX, tolprocarb+TX, triclopyricarb+TX, triprene+TX, veratridine+TX, veratrine+TX, XMC+TX, zetamethrin+TX, zinc phosphide+TX, zolaprofos+TX, and meperfluthrin+TX, tetramethylfluthrin+TX, bis(tributyltin) oxide+TX, bromoacetamide+TX, ferric phosphate+TX, niclosamide-olamine+TX, tributyltin oxide+TX, pyrimorph+TX, trifenmorph+TX, 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane+TX, 1,3-dichloropropene+TX, 3,4-dichlorotetrahydrothiophene 1,1-dioxide+TX, 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-methylrhodanine+TX, 5-methyl-6-thioxo-1,3,5-thiadiazinan-3-ylacetic acid+TX, 6-isopentenylaminopurine+TX, anisiflupurin+TX, benclothiaz+TX, cytokinins+TX, DCIP+TX, furfural+TX, isamidofos+TX, kinetin+TX, Myrothecium verrucaria composition+TX, tetrachlorothiophene+TX, xylenols+TX, zeatin+TX, potassium ethylxanthate+TX , acibenzolar+TX, acibenzolar-S-methyl+TX, Reynoutria sachalinensis extract+TX, alpha-chlorohydrin+TX, antu+TX, barium carbonate+TX, bisthiosemi+TX, brodifacoum+TX, bromadiolone+TX, bromethalin+TX, chlorophacinone+TX, cholecalciferol+TX, coumachlor+TX, coumafuryl+TX, coumatetralyl+TX, crimidine+TX, difenacoum+TX, difethialone+TX, diphacinone+TX, ergocalciferol+TX, flocoumafen+TX, fluoroacetamide+TX, flupropadine+TX, flupropadine hydrochloride+TX, norbormide+TX, phosacetim+TX, phosphorus+TX, pindone+TX, pyrinuron+TX, scilliroside+TX, sodium fluoroacetate+TX, thallium sulfate+TX, warfarin+TX, 2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethyl piperonylate+TX, 5-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-3-hexylcyclohex-2-enone+TX, farnesol with nerolidol+TX, verbutin+TX, MGK 264+TX, piperonyl butoxide+TX, piprotal+TX, propyl isomer+TX, S421+TX, sesamex+TX, sesasmolin+TX, sulfoxide+TX, anthraquinone+TX, copper naphthenate+TX, copper oxychloride+TX, dicyclopentadiene+TX, thiram+TX, zinc naphthenate+TX, ziram+TX, imanin+TX, ribavirin+TX, chloroinconazide+TX, mercuric oxide+TX, thiophanate-methyl+TX, azaconazole+TX, bitertanol+TX, bromuconazole+TX, cyproconazole+TX, difenoconazole+TX, diniconazole+TX, epoxiconazole+TX, fenbuconazole+TX, fluquinconazole+TX, flusilazole+TX, flutriafol+TX, furametpyr+TX, hexaconazole+TX, imazalil+TX, imibenconazole+TX, ipconazole+TX, metconazole+TX, myclobutanil+TX, paclobutrazole+TX, pefurazoate+TX, penconazole+TX, prothioconazole+TX, pyrifenox+TX, prochloraz+TX, propiconazole+TX, pyrisoxazole+TX, simeconazole+TX, tebuconazole+TX, tetraconazole+TX, triadimefon+TX, triadimenol+TX, triflumizole+TX, triticonazole+TX, ancymidol+TX, fenarimol+TX, nuarimol+TX, bupirimate+TX, dimethirimol+TX, ethirimol+TX, dodemorph+TX, fenpropidin+TX, fenpropimorph+TX, spiroxamine+TX, tridemorph+TX, cyprodinil+TX, mepanipyrim+TX, pyrimethanil+TX, fenpiclonil+TX, fludioxonil+TX, benalaxyl+TX, furalaxyl+TX, metalaxyl-+TX, Rmetalaxyl+TX, ofurace+TX, oxadixyl+TX, carbendazim+TX, debacarb+TX, fuberidazole+TX, thiabendazole+TX, chlozolinate+TX, dichlozoline+TX, myclozoline+TX, procymidone+TX, vinclozoline+TX, boscalid+TX, carboxin+TX, fenfuram+TX, flutolanil+TX, mepronil+TX, oxycarboxin+TX, penthiopyrad+TX, thifluzamide+TX, dodine+TX, iminoctadine+TX, azoxystrobin+TX, dimoxystrobin+TX, enestroburin+TX, fenaminstrobin+TX, flufenoxystrobin+TX, fluoxastrobin+TX, kresoxim-methyl+TX, metominostrobin+TX, trifloxystrobin+TX, orysastrobin+TX, picoxystrobin+TX, pyraclostrobin+TX, pyrametostrobin+TX, pyraoxystrobin+TX, ferbam+TX, mancozeb+TX, maneb+TX, metiram+TX, propineb+TX, zineb+TX, captafol+TX, captan+TX, fluoroimide+TX, folpet+TX, tolylfluanid+TX, bordeaux mixture+TX, copper oxide+TX, mancopper+TX, oxine-copper+TX, nitrothal-isopropyl+TX, edifenphos+TX, iprobenphos+TX, phosdiphen+TX, tolclofos-methyl+TX, anilazine+TX, benthiavalicarb+TX, blasticidin-S+TX, chloroneb+TX, chlorothalonil+TX, cyflufenamid+TX, cymoxanil+TX, cyclobutrifluram+TX, diclocymet+TX, diclomezine+TX, dicloran+TX, diethofencarb+TX, dimethomorph+TX, flumorph+TX, dithianon+TX, ethaboxam+TX, etridiazole+TX, famoxadone+TX, fenamidone+TX, fenoxanil+TX, ferimzone+TX, fluazinam+TX, flumetylsulforim+TX, fluopicolide+TX, fluoxytioconazole+TX, flusulfamide+TX, fluxapyroxad+TX, fenhexamid+TX, fosetyl-aluminium+TX, hymexazol+TX, iprovalicarb+TX, cyazofamid+TX, methasulfocarb+TX, metrafenone+TX, pencycuron+TX, phthalide+TX, polyoxins+TX, propamocarb+TX, pyribencarb+TX, proquinazid+TX, pyroquilon+TX, pyriofenone+TX, quinoxyfen+TX, quintozene+TX, tiadinil+TX, triazoxide+TX, tricyclazole+TX, triforine+TX, validamycin+TX, valifenalate+TX, zoxamide+TX, mandipropamid+TX, flubeneteram+TX, isopyrazam+TX, sedaxane+TX, benzovindiflupyr+TX, pydiflumetofen+TX, 3-difluoromethyl-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid (3′,4′,5′-trifluoro-biphenyl-2-yl)-amide+TX, isoflucypram+TX, isotianil+TX, dipymetitrone+TX, 6-ethyl-5,7-dioxo-pyrrolo[4,5][1,4]dithiino[1,2-c]isothiazole-3-carbonitrile+TX, 2-(difluoromethyl)-N-[3-ethyl-1,1-dimethyl-indan-4-yl]pyridine-3-carboxamide+TX, 4-(2,6-difluorophenyl)-6-methyl-5-phenyl-pyridazine-3-carbonitrile+TX, (R)-3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-[1,1,3-trimethylindan-4-yl]pyrazole-4-carboxamide+TX, 4-(2-bromo-4-fluoro-phenyl)-N-(2-chloro-6-fluoro-phenyl)-2,5-dimethyl-pyrazol-3-amine+TX, 4-(2-bromo-4-fluorophenyl)-N-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-5-amine+TX, fluindapyr+TX, coumethoxystrobin (jiaxiangjunzhi)+TX, Ivbenmixianan+TX, dichlobentiazox+TX, mandestrobin+TX, 3-(4,4-difluoro-3,4-dihydro-3,3-dimethylisoquinolin-1-yl)quinolone+TX, 2-[2-fluoro-6-[(8-fluoro-2-methyl-3-quinolyl)oxy]phenyl]propan-2-ol+TX, oxathiapiprolin+TX, tert-butyl N-[6-[(1-methyltetrazol-5-yl)-phenyl-methylene]amino]oxymethyl]-2-pyridyl]carbamate+TX, pyraziflumid+TX, inpyrfluxam+TX, trolprocarb+TX, mefentrifluconazole+TX, ipfentrifluconazole+TX, 2-(difluoromethyl)-N-[(3R)-3-ethyl-1,1-dimethyl-indan-4-yl]pyridine-3-carboxamide+TX, N′-(2,5-dimethyl-4-phenoxy-phenyl)-N-ethyl-N-methyl-formamidine+TX, N′-[4-(4,5-dichlorothiazol-2-yl)oxy-2,5-dimethyl-phenyl]-N-ethyl-N-methyl-formamidine+TX, [2-[3-[2-[1-[2-[3,5-bis(difluoromethyl)pyrazol-1-yl]acetyl]-4-piperidyl]thiazol-4-yl]-4,5-dihydroisoxazol-5-yl]-3-chloro-phenyl] methanesulfonate+TX, but-3-ynyl N-[6-[(Z)-[(1-methyltetrazol-5-yl)-phenyl-methylene]amino]oxymethyl]-2-pyridyl]carbamate+TX, methyl N-[5-[4-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)triazol-2-yl]-2-methyl-phenyl]methyl]carbamate+TX, 3-chloro-6-methyl-5-phenyl-4-(2,4,6-trifluorophenyl)pyridazine+TX, pyridachlometyl+TX, 3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-[1,1,3-trimethylindan-4-yl]pyrazole-4-carboxamide+TX, 1-[2-[1-(4-chlorophenyl)pyrazol-3-yl]oxymethyl]-3-methyl-phenyl]-4-methyl-tetrazol-5-one+TX, 1-methyl-4-[3-methyl-2-[2-methyl-4-(3,4,5-trimethylpyrazol-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl]phenyl]tetrazol-5-one+TX, aminopyrifen+TX, ametoctradin+TX, amisulbrom+TX, penflufen+TX, (Z,2E)-5-[1-(4-chlorophenyl)pyrazol-3-yl]oxy-2-methoxyimino-N,3-dimethyl-pent-3-enamide+TX, florylpicoxamid+TX, fenpicoxamid+TX, metarylpicoxamid+TX, tebufloquin+TX, ipflufenoquin+TX, quinofumelin+TX, isofetamid+TX, N-[2-[2,4-dichloro-phenoxy]phenyl]-3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-pyrazole-4-carboxamide+TX, N-[2-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]phenyl]-3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-pyrazole-4-carboxamide+TX, benzothiostrobin+TX, phenamacril+TX, 5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-thiol zinc salt (2:1)+TX, fluopyram+TX, flufenoxadiazam+TX, flutianil+TX, fluopimomide+TX, pyrapropoyne+TX, picarbutrazox+TX, 2-(difluoromethyl)-N-(3-ethyl-1,1-dimethyl-indan-4-yl)pyridine-3-carboxamide+TX, 2-(difluoromethyl)-N-((3R)-1,1,3-trimethylindan-4-yl) pyridine-3-carboxamide+TX, 4-[6-[2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-2-hydroxy-3-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)propyl]-3-pyridyl]oxy]benzonitrile+TX, metyltetraprole+TX, 2-(difluoromethyl)-N-((3R)-1,1,3-trimethylindan-4-yl) pyridine-3-carboxamide+TX, α-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-α-[4′-(trifluoromethoxy) [1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl]-5-pyrimidinemethanol+TX, fluoxapiprolin+TX, enoxastrobin+TX, 4-[6-[2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-2-hydroxy-3-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)propyl]-3-pyridyl]oxy] benzonitrile+TX, 4-[6-[2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-2-hydroxy-3-(5-sulfanyl-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)propyl]-3-pyridyl]oxy] benzonitrile+TX, 4-[6-[2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-2-hydroxy-3-(5-thioxo-4H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)propyl]-3-pyridyl]oxy]benzonitrile+TX, trinexapac+TX, coumoxystrobin+TX, zhongshengmycin+TX, thiodiazole copper+TX, zinc thiazole+TX, amectotractin+TX, iprodione+TX, seboctylamine+TX; N′-[5-bromo-2-methyl-6-[(1S)-1-methyl-2-propoxy-ethoxy]-3-pyridyl]-N-ethyl-N-methyl-formamidine+TX, N′-[5-bromo-2-methyl-6-[(1R)-1-methyl-2-propoxy-ethoxy]-3-pyridyl]-N-ethyl-N-methyl-formamidine+TX, N′-[5-bromo-2-methyl-6-(1-methyl-2-propoxy-ethoxy)-3-pyridyl]-N-ethyl-N-methyl-formamidine+TX, N′-[5-chloro-2-methyl-6-(1-methyl-2-propoxy-ethoxy)-3-pyridyl]-N-ethyl-N-methyl-formamidine+TX, N′-[5-bromo-2-methyl-6-(1-methyl-2-propoxy-ethoxy)-3-pyridyl]-N-isopropyl-N-methyl-formamidine+TX (these compounds may be prepared from the methods described in WO2015/155075); N′-[5-bromo-2-methyl-6-(2-propoxypropoxy)-3-pyridyl]-N-ethyl-N-methyl-formamidine+TX (this compound may be prepared from the methods described in IPCOM000249876D); N-isopropyl-N′-[5-methoxy-2-methyl-4-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-hydroxy-1-phenyl-ethyl)phenyl]-N-methyl-formamidine+TX, N′-[4-(1-cyclopropyl-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-hydroxy-ethyl)-5-methoxy-2-methyl-phenyl]-N-isopropyl-N-methyl-formamidine+TX (these compounds may be prepared from the methods described in WO2018/228896); N-ethyl-N′-[5-methoxy-2-methyl-4-[(2-trifluoromethyl)oxetan-2-yl]phenyl]-N-methyl-formamidine+TX, N-ethyl-N′-[5-methoxy-2-methyl-4-[(2-trifuoromethyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl]phenyl]-N-methyl-formamidine+TX (these compounds may be prepared from the methods described in WO2019/110427); N-[(1R)-1-benzyl-3-chloro-1-methyl-but-3-enyl]-8-fluoro-quinoline-3-carboxamide+TX, N-[(1S)-1-benzyl-3-chloro-1-methyl-but-3-enyl]-8-fluoro-quinoline-3-carboxamide+TX, N-[(1R)-1-benzyl-3,3,3-trifluoro-1-methyl-propyl]-8-fluoro-quinoline-3-carboxamide+TX, N-[(1S)-1-benzyl-3,3,3-trifluoro-1-methyl-propyl]-8-fluoro-quinoline-3-carboxamide+TX, N-[(1R)-1-benzyl-1,3-dimethyl-butyl]-7,8-difluoro-quinoline-3-carboxamide+TX, N-[(1S)-1-benzyl-1,3-dimethyl-butyl]-7,8-difluoro-quinoline-3-carboxamide+TX, 8-fluoro-N-[(1R)-1-[(3-fluorophenyl)methyl]-1,3-dimethyl-butyl]quinoline-3-carboxamide+TX, 8-fluoro-N-[(1S)-1-[(3-fluorophenyl)methyl]-1,3-dimethyl-butyl]quinoline-3-carboxamide+TX, N-[(1R)-1-benzyl-1,3-dimethyl-butyl]-8-fluoro-quinoline-3-carboxamide+TX, N-[(1S)-1-benzyl-1,3-dimethyl-butyl]-8-fluoro-quinoline-3-carboxamide+TX, N-((1R)-1-benzyl-3-chloro-1-methyl-but-3-enyl)-8-fluoro-quinoline-3-carboxamide+TX, N-((1S)-1-benzyl-3-chloro-1-methyl-but-3-enyl)-8-fluoro-quinoline-3-carboxamide+TX (these compounds may be prepared from the methods described in WO2017/153380);
1-(6,7-dimethylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)-4,4,5-trifluoro-3,3-dimethyl-isoquinoline+TX, 1-(6,7-dimethylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)-4,4,6-trifluoro-3,3-dimethyl-isoquinoline+TX, 4,4-difluoro-3,3-dimethyl-1-(6-methylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)isoquinoline+TX, 4,4-difluoro-3,3-dimethyl-1-(7-methylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)isoquinoline+TX, 1-(6-chloro-7-methyl-pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)-4,4-difluoro-3,3-dimethyl-isoquinoline+TX (these compounds may be prepared from the methods described in WO2017/025510); 1-(4,5-dimethylbenzimidazol-1-yl)-4,4,5-trifluoro-3,3-dimethyl-isoquinoline+TX, 1-(4,5-dimethylbenzimidazol-1-yl)-4,4-difluoro-3,3-dimethyl-isoquinoline+TX, 6-chloro-4,4-difluoro-3,3-dimethyl-1-(4-methylbenzimidazol-1-yl)isoquinoline+TX, 4,4-difluoro-1-(5-fluoro-4-methyl-benzimidazol-1-yl)-3,3-dimethyl-isoquinoline+TX, 3-(4,4-difluoro-3,3-dimethyl-1-isoquinolyl)-7,8-dihydro-6H-cyclopenta[e]benzimidazole+TX (these compounds may be prepared from the methods described in WO2016/156085); N-methoxy-N-[4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]phenyl]methyl]cyclopropanecarboxamide+TX, N,2-dimethoxy-N-[4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]phenyl]methyl]propanamide+TX, N-ethyl-2-methyl-N-[4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]phenyl]methyl]propanamide+TX, 1-methoxy-3-methyl-1-[4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]phenyl]methyl]urea+TX, 1,3-dimethoxy-1-[4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]phenyl]methyl]urea+TX, 3-ethyl-1-methoxy-1-[4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]phenyl]methyl]urea+TX, N-[4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]phenyl]methyl]propanamide+TX, 4,4-dimethyl-2-[4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]phenyl]methyl]isoxazolidin-3-one+TX, 5,5-dimethyl-2-[4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]phenyl]methyl]isoxazolidin-3-one+TX, ethyl 1-[4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]phenyl]methyl]pyrazole-4-carboxylate+TX, N,N-dimethyl-1-[4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]phenyl]methyl]-1,2,4-triazol-3-amine+TX. The compounds in this paragraph may be prepared from the methods described in WO 2017/055473, WO 2017/055469, WO 2017/093348 and WO 2017/118689; 2-[6-(4-chlorophenoxy)-2-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pyridyl]-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)propan-2-ol+TX (this compound may be prepared from the methods described in WO 2017/029179); 2-[6-(4-bromophenoxy)-2-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pyridyl]-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)propan-2-ol+TX (this compound may be prepared from the methods described in WO 2017/029179); 3-[2-(1-chlorocyclopropyl)-3-(2-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxy-propyl]imidazole-4-carbonitrile+TX (this compound may be prepared from the methods described in WO 2016/156290); 3-[2-(1-chlorocyclopropyl)-3-(3-chloro-2-fluoro-phenyl)-2-hydroxy-propyl]imidazole-4-carbonitrile+TX (this compound may be prepared from the methods described in WO 2016/156290); (4-phenoxyphenyl)methyl 2-amino-6-methyl-pyridine-3-carboxylate+TX (this compound may be prepared from the methods described in WO 2014/006945); 2,6-Dimethyl-1H,5H-[1,4]dithiino[2,3-c:5,6-c′]dipyrrole-1,3,5,7(2H,6H)-tetrone+TX (this compound may be prepared from the methods described in WO 2011/138281); N-methyl-4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]benzenecarbothioamide+TX; N-methyl-4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]benzamide+TX; (Z,2E)-5-[1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)pyrazol-3-yl]oxy-2-methoxyimino-N,3-dimethyl-pent-3-enamide+TX (this compound may be prepared from the methods described in WO 2018/153707); N′-(2-chloro-5-methyl-4-phenoxy-phenyl)-N-ethyl-N-methyl-formamidine+TX; N′-[2-chloro-4-(2-fluorophenoxy)-5-methyl-phenyl]-N-ethyl-N-methyl-formamidine+TX (this compound may be prepared from the methods described in WO 2016/202742); 2-(difluoromethyl)-N-[(3S)-3-ethyl-1,1-dimethyl-indan-4-yl]pyridine-3-carboxamide+TX (this compound may be prepared from the methods described in WO 2014/095675); (5-methyl-2-pyridyl)-[4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]phenyl]methanone+TX, (3-methylisoxazol-5-yl)-[4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]phenyl]methanone+TX (these compounds may be prepared from the methods described in WO 2017/220485); 2-oxo-N-propyl-2-[4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]phenyl]acetamide+TX (this compound may be prepared from the methods described in WO 2018/065414); ethyl 1-[[5-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]-2-thienyl]methyl]pyrazole-4-carboxylate+TX (this compound may be prepared from the methods described in WO 2018/158365); 2,2-difluoro-N-methyl-2-[4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]phenyl]acetamide+TX, N-[(E)-methoxyiminomethyl]-4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]benzamide+TX, N-[(Z)-methoxyiminomethyl]-4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]benzamide+TX, N-[N-methoxy-C-methyl-carbonimidoyl]-4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]benzamide+TX (these compounds may be prepared from the methods described in WO 2018/202428);
- a safener, such as benoxacor+TX, cloquintocet (including cloquintocet-mexyl)+TX, cyprosulfamide+TX, dichlormid+TX, fenchlorazole (including fenchlorazole-ethyl)+TX, fenclorim+TX, fluxofenim+TX, furilazole+TX, isoxadifen (including isoxadifen-ethyl)+TX, mefenpyr (including mefenpyr-diethyl)+TX, metcamifen+TX and oxabetrinil+TX.
The weight ratio of clethodim and another pesticidal active ingredient is generally between 1000:1 and 1:100, more preferably between 500:1 and 1:100, for example between 250:1 and 1:66, between 125:1 and 1:33, between 100:1 and 1:25, between 66:1 and 1:10, between 33:1 and 1:5, between 8:1 and 1:3, and between 2:1 to 1:2.
Examples of whitefly pests which may be controlled in accordance with the present invention include, but are not limited to, citrus blackfly (Aleurocanthus woglumi), cabbage whitefly (Aleyrodes proletella), silverleaf whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) and the glasshouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum).
Emulsifiable concentrates are the preferred formulation type for use in accordance with the present invention. These are homogeneous liquid compositions dispersible in water or other liquid and may consist entirely of the clethodim active compound with a liquid or solid emulsifying agent, or may also contain a liquid carrier, such as xylene, heavy aromatic naphthas, isophorone and other non-volatile organic solvents. In use, these concentrates are dispersed in water or other liquid and normally applied as a spray to the area to be treated. The amount of clethodim active ingredient may range from 0.5 to 95% by weight of the concentrate, and preferably 10 to 50% by weight of the concentrate.
A preferred formulation may have the following compositions (weight %):
Emulsifiable Concentrates:
- clethodim: 1 to 95%, preferably 10 to 50%
- surface-active agent: 1 to 30%, preferably 5 to 20%
- liquid carrier: 1 to 80%, preferably 1 to 35%
Suitably, the agrochemical compositions and formulations used according to the present invention may be applied prior to the development of infestation. Rates and frequency of use of the formulations are those conventionally used in the art and will depend on the risk of infestation by the insect pest.
Clethodim (and its compositions) is readily obtainable from commercial sources (eg, in EC formulation as SELECT®) and its preparation well-known to the person skilled in the art.
EXAMPLES
Examples 1 to 3 describe biological tests relating to the curative and preventative control of a series of insects with the spray application of dilutions of a formulation containing clethodim as sole active ingredient (ai) (EC240 formulation (SELECT®)) in combination with OCHIMAR adjuvant (Syngenta—alkyl ester of phosphoric acid (752 g/L EC) formulation) to bean or cabbage plants infested with Bemisia tabaci, Frankliniella occidentalis or Myzus persicae (four replicates). The testing protocols and insect control effects are shown below.
Example 1
Curative control of Bemisia tabaci (Silverleaf whitefly), second nymph stage (N2), treated on French beans (BBCH12):
|
Count on emerging adult whiteflies after treatment of
|
N2 at 8, 9-11 and 12-13 days after application (DAA).
|
8
9-11
12-13
Total
|
DAA
DAA
DAA
counts
|
|
Check
1st replicate
10
25
3
38
|
2nd replicate
22
112
16
150
|
3rd replicate
14
66
3
83
|
4th replicate
12
103
11
126
|
Clethodim
1st replicate
0
0
1
1
|
EC240 at
2nd replicate
1
0
1
2
|
120 g
3rd replicate
0
0
2
2
|
ai/ha
4th replicate
0
0
0
0
|
Clethodim
1st replicate
4
4
1
15
|
EC240 at
2nd replicate
2
2
4
8
|
60 g
3rd replicate
1
0
0
1
|
ai/ha
4th replicate
1
6
2
9
|
|
All treatments (including check) were applied with 250 ml adjuvant (OCHIMA®) per hectare. The above table clearly shows the significant control effect of clethodim against whiteflies at two ai application rates against the check treatment which does not contain clethodim.
Example 2
Frankliniella occidentalis (Western flower thrips), mixed aged population, infested on French beans (BBCH12) three hours after treatment.
|
7 DAA (%
14 DAA (%
|
damage on
damage on
14 DAA (%
|
unifoliate
unifoliate
damage on
|
true leaf)
true leaf)
trifoliates)
|
|
|
check
1st replicate
45
60
50
|
2nd replicate
30
20
40
|
3rd replicate
35
85
80
|
4th replicate
70
90
80
|
Clethodim
1st replicate
35
80
70
|
EC240 at
2nd replicate
25
40
30
|
60 g
3rd replicate
35
35
30
|
ai/ha
4th replicate
90
95
60
|
|
All treatments (including check) were applied with 250 mL adjuvant (OCHIMA®) per hectare. The above table relates to an evaluation of plant damage caused by Western flower thrips feeding on leaf tissue. This clearly shows that the control effect of clethodim against Western flower thrips against the check treatment is at best minor.
Example 3
Curative control of Myzus persicae (Green peach aphids), mixed aged population, on Chinese cabbage (BBCH19).
|
Count of living aphids at 2,
|
5 and 9 days after application (DAA).
|
2 DAA
5 DAA
9 DAA
|
|
untreated check
1st replicate
665
730
1210
|
2nd replicate
400
455
1390
|
3rd replicate
288
375
1220
|
4th replicate
382
275
840
|
check water
1st replicate
211
300
840
|
2nd replicate
310
275
660
|
3rd replicate
423
275
910
|
4th replicate
190
265
660
|
check water
1st replicate
233
233
710
|
plus adjuvant
2nd replicate
216
285
880
|
3rd replicate
114
330
1180
|
4th replicate
310
250
730
|
Clethodim
1st replicate
465
460
1050
|
EC240 at 120 g
2nd replicate
245
195
520
|
ai/ha plus 250
3rd replicate
193
320
695
|
mL adjuvant
4th replicate
198
355
770
|
Clethodim
1st replicate
177
232
555
|
EC240 at 60 g
2nd replicate
212
285
660
|
ai/ha plus 250
3rd replicate
242
420
680
|
mL adjuvant
4th replicate
210
273
605
|
|
All adjuvant containing treatments were applied with 250 mL adjuvant (OCHIMA®) per hectare. The above table clearly shows the control effect of clothodim against aphids against the check treatment is at best minor.
The data in Tables 1 to 3, clearly demonstrate the surprising selective efficacy of a clethodim treatment against whiteflies compared to thrips or aphids.
Patent Application
20240224995
