Use of ethyl 2-[4-(3,5-difluorophenoxy)phenoxy]ethylcarbamate for controlling cicadas which damage rice crops

Abstract

Use of ethyl 2-[4-(3,5-difluorophenoxy)phenoxy]ethylcarbamate for controlling cicadas which damage rice crops.

Description

The present invention relates to the use of ethyl 2-[4-(3,5-difluorophenoxy)phenoxy]ethylcarbamate for controlling cicadas which damage rice crops.

EP Application No. 0,004,334 discloses the preparation of alkyl 2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)ethylcarbamates which are monosubstituted on the phenoxy group, and their use for controlling phytopathogenic insects. GB Patent Specification No. 2,084,574 furthermore describes 2-[4-phenoxyphenoxy]ethylcarbamic esters which are alkyl-substituted on the N atom or in the 2-position of the ethylene group, and which are said to be effective, inter alia, as insecticides for controlling phytopathogenic Lepidoptera and Homoptera. U.S. Pat. No. 4,608,389 teaches alkyl 2-[4-(3,5-difluorophenoxy)phenoxy]ethylcarbamates as insecticides, including ethyl 2-[4-(3,5-difluorophenoxy)phenoxy]ethylcarbamate used according to the invention.

In contrast, it has now been found surprisingly that ethyl 2-[4-(3,5-difluorophenoxy)phenoxy]ethylcarbamate, which is known per se from U.S. Pat. No. 4,608,389, in particular is extremely effective in the control of cicadas which attack rice crops, for example cicadas of the families of the Delphacidae (including the genera Nilaparvata and Laodelphax) and Cicadellidae (including the genus Nephotettix), for example the species Nilaparvata lugens, Laodelphax striatellus and Nephotettix cincticeps. The carbamic ester used according to the invention is especially suitable for controlling rice cicadas of the genus Nilaparvata, in particular Nilaparvata lugens.

Ethyl 2-[4-(3,5-difluorophenoxy)phenoxy]ethylcarbamate used according to the invention acts on the abovementioned pests essentially as a chemosterilant, an ovicide and a population or metamorphosis inhibitor.

The carbamic ester used according to the invention can be prepared analogously to the process described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,608,389 (cf. Example 1 below): ##STR1## The insecticidal action of ethyl 2-[4-(3,5-difluorophenoxy)phenoxy]ethylcarbamate can be considerably broadened and adapted to given circumstances by adding other insecticides and/or acaricides. Examples of suitable additions are organophosphorus compounds; nitrophenols and their derivatives; formamides; ureas; pyrethrin-type compounds, and also carbamates and chlorinated hydrocarbons.

The good pesticidal action of ethyl 2-[4-(3,5-difluorophenoxy)phenoxy]ethylcarbamate corresponds to an achieved killing rate (mortality) of at least 50-60% of the above-mentioned harmful insects to be controlled.

Ethyl 2-[4-(3,5-difluorophenoxy]ethylcarbamate used according to the invention is employed in unaltered form or, preferably, together with the auxiliaries conventionally used in the art of formulation, and it is therefore processed in a known manner to give, for example, emulsion concentrates, directly sprayable or dilutable solutions, dilute emulsions, wettable powders, soluble powders, dust, granules, and also encapsulations, for example in polymeric substances. The application methods, such as spraying, misting, atomizing, scattering or watering, as well as the nature of the agents, are selected to suit the intended aims and the prevailing circumstances.

The formulations to be used according to the invention, i.e. the agents, preparations or compositions containing the insecticidal active substance and, if desired, a solid or liquid additive, are prepared in a known manner, for example by intimately mixing and/or grinding the active substances with extenders, for example with solvents, solid carriers, and, if desired, surface-active compounds (surfactants).

The following may be suitable as solvents: aromatic hydrocarbons, preferably the fraction C.sub.8 to C.sub.12, for example xylene mixtures or substituted naphthalenes, phthalic esters, such as dibutyl phthalate or dioctyl phthalate, aliphatic hydrocarbons, such as cyclohexane or paraffins, alcohols and glycols, as well as their ethers and esters, such as ethanol, ethylene glycol, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether or ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethyl acetate, propyl myristate or propyl palmitate, ketones, such as cyclohexanone, strongly polar solvents, such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, dimethyl sulfoxide or dimethylformamide, and epoxidized or unepoxidized vegetable oils, such as epoxidized coconut oil or soya oil; silicon oils or water.

Solid carriers, for example dusts and dispersible powders, which are generally used are natural ground minerals, such as calcite, talc, kaolin, montmorillonite or attapulgite. To improve the physical properties, it is also possible to add highly-disperse silica or highly-disperse absorptive polymers. Suitable particulate absorptive granulate carriers are porous types, for example pumice, brick grits, sepiolite or bentonite, and examples of non-sorptive carriers are calcite or sand. In addition, a large number of pregranulated materials of inorganic or organic nature can be used, such as, in particular, dolomite or comminuted plant residues.

Possible surface-active compounds, depending on the type of the intended formulation, are non-ionic, cationic and/or anionic surfactants having good emulsifying, dispersing and wetting properties. Surfactants are also understood as meaning mixtures of surfactants.

Suitable anionic surfactants can be so-called water-soluble soaps as well as water-soluble synthetic surface-active compounds.

Soaps which are suitable are the alkali metal salts, alkaline earth metal salts or substituted or unsubstituted ammonium salts of higher fatty acids (C.sub.10 -C.sub.22), for example the Na or K salts of oleic or stearic acid, or of natural mixtures of fatty acids, as can be obtained, for example, from coconut oil or tall oil. Furthermore, mention must also be made of the fatty acid methyltaurinates.

However, so-called synthetic surfactants are used more frequently, in particular fatty sulfonates, fatty sulfates, sulfonated benzimidazole derivatives or alkylarylsulfonates.

The fatty sulfonates or fatty sulfates are generally present in the form of alkali metal salts, alkaline earth metal salts or substituted or unsubstituted ammonium salts and have an alkyl radical having 8 to 22 C atoms, alkyl also including the alkyl moiety of acyl radicals, for example the Na or Ca salt of ligninsulfonic acid, of the dodecylsulfuric ester or of a fatty alcohol sulfate mixture prepared from natural fatty acids. This section also includes the salts of the sulfuric esters and sulfonic acids of fatty alcohol/ethylene oxide adducts. The sulfonated benzimidazole derivatives preferably contain 2 sulfonyl groups and one fatty acid radical having 8-22 C atoms. Examples of alkylarylsulfonates are the Na, Ca or triethanolamine salts of dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, of dibutylnaphthalenesulfonic acid, or of a naphthalenesulfonic acid/formaldehyde condensation product.

Other suitable substances are also the corresponding phosphates, for example salts of the phosphoric ester of a p-nonylphenol/(4-14)-ethylene oxide adduct, and phospholipids.

Suitable non-ionic sufactants are mainly polyglycol ether derivatives of aliphatic or cycloaliphatic alcohols, of saturated or unsaturated fatty acids and of alkylphenols, and these derivatives can contain 3 to 30 glycol ether groups and 8 to 20 carbon atoms in the (aliphatic) hydrocarbon radical and 6 to 18 carbon atoms in the alkyl radical of the alkylphenols.

Other suitable non-ionic surfactants are the water-soluble polyethylene oxide adducts with polypropylene glycol, ethylene diaminopolypropylene glycol and alkylpolypropylene glycol which have 1 to 10 carbon atoms in the alkyl chain and which contain 20 to 250 ethylene glycol ether groups and 10 to 100 propylene glycol ether groups. The compounds mentioned generally contain 1 to 5 ethylene glycol units per propylene glycol unit.

Examples of non-ionic surfactants which may be mentioned are nonylphenol polyethoxyethanols, castor oil polyglycol ether, castor oil thioxilate, polypropylene/polyethylene oxide adducts, tributylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol, polyethylene glycol and octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol.

Fatty acid esters of polyoxyethylene sorbitan, such as polyoxyethylene sorbitan trioleate, are furthermore also suitable.

The cationic surfactants are mainly quaternary ammonium salts which contain at least one alkyl radical having 8 to 22 C atoms as the N substituent and which have lower, halogenated or free alkyl radicals, benzyl radicals or lower hydroxyalkyl radicals as further substituents. The salts are preferably in the form of halides, methylsulfates or ethylsulfates, for example stearyltrimethylammonium chloride or benzyldi(2-chloroethyl)ethylammonium bromide.

The surfactants customary in the art of formulation are described, inter alia, in the following publications: "McCutcheon's Detergents and Emulsifiers Annual" MC Publishing Corp., Ridgewood, N.J., 1979; Dr. Helmut Stache "Tensid Taschenbuch" [Surfactant Guide], Carl Hanser Verlag Munich/Vienna 1981.

The insecticidal preparations used according to the invention generally contain 0.1 to 99%, in particular 0.1 to 95%, of ethyl 2-[4-(3,5-difluorophenoxy)phenoxy]ethylcarbamate, 1 to 99.9% of a solid or liquid additive and 0 to 25%, in particular 0.1 to 25%, of a surfactant, % meaning percent by weight. While concentrated agents tend to be preferred as commercially available goods, the end user generally uses dilute agents or preparations having considerably lower concentrations of active substance, for example 0.1 to 1,000 ppm. The application rate of the active substance to be used according to the invention is--in particular for agricultural areas--generally 0.025 to 1.0 kg/ha, preferably 0.1 to 0.5 kg/ha, for example 0.1 to 0.25 kg/ha.

The abovementioned agents can also contain further additions, such as stabilizers, defoamers, viscosity regulators, binders, tackifiers as well as fertilizers or other active substances for obtaining specific effects.

EXAMPLE 1

Preparation of ethyl 2-[4-(3,5-difluorophenoxy)phenoxy]ethylcarbamate

27.6 g of finely-pulverulent potassium carbonate, 18.2 g of ethyl chloroethylcarbamate and 1 g of powdered potassium iodide are added to a solution of 22.2 g of 4-(3,5-difluorophenoxy)phenol in 80 ml of dimethylformamide. The reaction mixture is heated for 16 hours at 95.degree. C., with stirring. After this, the reaction mixture is filtered, the filtrate is poured into 400 ml of water, and the mixture is extracted repeatedly with diethyl ether. The combined organic phases are washed with water and dried over sodium sulfate, and the solvent is distilled off. The residue is purified by chromatography over silica gel (eluent: n-hexane/diethyl ether 3:1), which gives the pure ethyl 2-[4-(3,5-difluorophenoxy)phenoxy]ethylcarbamate as a colourless substance which soon crystallizes and has a melting point of 54.degree.-56.degree. C. The .sup.1 H-NMR spectrum agrees with the indicated structure.

EXAMPLE 2

Population-inhibiting effect on Nilaparvata lugens

The test is carried out on growing plants. Batches of 20 rice plants (stem thickness 1 mm, height about 20 cm) are planted in pots (8 cm diameter).

On a rotating plate, the plants are sprayed to runoff point with an aqueous emulsion preparation containing 12 ppm of the active substance. After the spray coating has dried on, each plant is infested with 4 newly hatched adult females and two newly hatched adult males of Nilaparvata. To prevent the animals from escaping, a glass cylinder is put over each infested plant, and the cylinder is covered with a gauze lid. The adult animals remain on the treated plant for 5 days to lay eggs, after which they are removed.

The rice plants together with the deposited eggs are then incubated for 14 days at 28.degree. C., 70% relative humidity and a 14-hour photoperiod (10,000 lux). The young nymphs (F.sub.1 generation) which have hatched in this period are counted. The reduction in percent of the progeny (% population inhibition) is determined by comparing the number of hatched nymphs on the treated plants with the animals hatched on the untreated control plants.

In the above test, ethyl 2-[4-(3,5-difluorophenoxy)phenoxy]ethylcarbamate shows a 100% action.

EXAMPLE 3

Population-inhibiting action on Nephotettix cincticeps

The test is carried out on growing rice plants. Batches of 20 rice plants (stem thickness 1 mm, height about 20 cm) are planted in porcelain pots of diameter 8 cm.

On a rotating plate, the plants are sprayed to runoff point with an aqueous emulsion preparation containing 400 ppm of the active substance. After the spray coating has dried on, each pot is infested with 4 adult females and 2 adult males (newly hatched). To prevent the animals from escaping, a plexiglass cylinder is put over each infested pot, and the cylinder is covered with a gauze lid. The adult animals remain on the treated plants for 5 days to lay eggs, after which they are removed. The rice plants together with the deposited eggs are incubated for 14 days at 28.degree. C., 70% relative humidity and a 14-hour photoperiod (10,000 lux). The young nymphs (F.sub.1 generation) which have hatched in this period are counted. The reduction in percent of the progeny (% population inhibition) is determined by comparing the number of hatched nymphs on the treated plants with the animals hatched on untreated control plants.

In the above test, ethyl 2-[4-(3,5-difluorophenoxy)phenoxy]ethylcarbamate has an 80-100% action.

EXAMPLE 4

Comparison experiment (action on Nilaparvata lugens)

Example 2 above is repeated with the modification that the compound to be tested is used in increasing concentrations (from 0.2 to 400 ppm) in a test series to determine the limit of activity. For assessment, the specific concentration of active substance is determined which is required for an 80-100% control of the Nilaparvata population:

______________________________________ Concentra- tion required for 80-100%Test compound mortality______________________________________Ethyl 2-[4-(3,5-difluorophenoxy)- according 0.2 ppmphenoxy]ethylcarbamate to the present inventionEthyl 2-[4-(3,5-difluorophenoxy)- according 200 ppmphenoxy]propylcarbamate to U.S.Ethy 2-[4-(3,5-difluorophenoxy)- Pat. Spec- 400 ppmphenoxy]ethylthiolcarbamate ificationIsopropyl 2-[4-(3,5-difluorophenoxy)- No. 12.5 ppmphenoxy]ethylcarbamate 4,608,389______________________________________

EXAMPLE 5

Insecticidal formulations of the active substance ethyl 2-[4-(3,5-difluorophenoxy)phenoxy]ethylcarbamate (%=percent by weight)

______________________________________1. Wettable powder a) b) c)______________________________________Active substance 20% 50% 75%Na ligninsulfonate 5% 5% --Na laurylsulfate 3% -- 5%Na diisobutylnaphthalene- -- 6% 10%sufonateOctylphenol polyethylene glycol -- 2% --ether (7-8 mol of EO)Highly-disperse silica 5% 10% 10%Kaolin 67% 27% --______________________________________

The active substance is mixed with the additives and the mixture is ground thoroughly in a suitable mill. This gives wettable powders which can be diluted with water to give suspensions of any desired concentration.

______________________________________2. Emulsion concentrate a) b)______________________________________Active substance 10% 10%Octylphenol polyethylene glycol 3% --ether (4-5 mol of EO)Ca dodecylbenzenesulfonate 3% --Castor oil polyglycol ether 4% --(35 mol of EO)Castor oil thioxilate -- 25%Cyclohexanone 30% --Butanol -- 15%Xylene mixture 50% --Ethyl acetate -- 50%______________________________________

Emulsions of any desired concentration can be prepared from this concentrate by dilution with water.

______________________________________3. Dusts a) b)______________________________________Active substance 5% 8%Talc 95% --Kaolin -- 92%______________________________________

Ready-to-use dusts are obtained by mixing the active substance with the carrier and grinding the mixture on a suitable mill.

______________________________________4. Extruder granules______________________________________Active substance 10%Na ligninsulfonate 2%Carboxymethylcellulose 1%Kaolin 87%______________________________________

The active substance is mixed with the additives, and the mixture is ground and moistened with water. This mixture is extruded and then dried in a stream of air.

______________________________________5. Coated granules______________________________________Active substance 3%Polyethylene glycol (MW 200) 3%Kaolin 94%______________________________________

In a mixer, the kaolin which is moistened with polyethylene glycol is coated uniformly with the finely-ground active substance. This gives dust-free coated granules.

______________________________________6. Suspension concentrate______________________________________Active substance 40%Ethylene glycol 10%Nonylphenol polyethylene glycol 6%ether (15 mol of EO)Na ligninsulfonate 10%Carboxymethylcellulose 1%37% aqueous formaldehyde 0.2%solutionSilicone oil in the form of a 0.8%75% aqueous emulsionWater 32%______________________________________

The finely ground active substance is mixed intimately with the additives. This gives a suspension concentrate from which suspensions of any desired concentration can be prepared by dilution with water.

Claims

1. A method of controlling pests selected from cicadas of the genus Nilaparvata (family Delphacidae) which damage rice crops, which comprises treating said pests, or various development stages thereof or their habitat, with an insecticidally effective amount of ethyl 2-[4-(3,5-difluorophenoxy)phenoxy]-ethylcarbamate or with a composition containing an insecticidally effective amount of this compound as active ingredient, and a carrier therefor or other adjuvant.

2. A method according to claim 1 for controlling Nilaparvata lugens.