Use of GAL3 antagonist for treatment of depression

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] Throughout this application, various publications are referenced in parentheses by author and year. Full citations for these references may be found at the end of the specification immediately preceding the claims. The disclosures of these publications in their entireties are hereby incorporated by reference into this application to describe more fully the art to which this invention pertains.

[0003] Depression is the most common of mental disorders and yet is often underdiagnosed and undertreated, inflicting substantial morbidity and psychosocial impairment on its sufferers. Depression is mainly characterized by sadness, flatness, loss of feeling, anhedonia (lack of pleasure), tearfulness, agitation or retardation, thoughts of guilt, and worthlessness; in severe cases, suicide, hallucinations and delusions.

[0004] Depression can be mainly categorized into bipolar disorders, identifying wide swings of mood; major depressive illness, marked by severe depressive symptoms but without manic swings; and less defined milder forms of bipolar and major depression that fall short of the specific diagnostic criteria e.g. dysthymic disorder (formerly called depressive neurosis). The symptomatology and diagnostic criteria for depression are set out in the DSMIV guidelines (American Psychiatric Association (1994) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders). Although many patients have single episodes of major depressive illness, the condition also can be repetitive, and this recurrent condition is frequently called unipolar depressive illness.

[0005] The key features of depressive illness are a markedly gloomy mood in which there is a loss of interest in life, and general feelings of hopelessness and worthlessness. Depressive symptoms range in severity from mild mood swings to severe delusions about self-worth, accomplishments, and the future.

[0006] The “blackness” of the presentation in the depressed patient is most often accompanied by severe motor retardation with profound sleep and appetite disturbance and suicidal ideation. Furthermore, depressive illness can also present in a highly anxious or agitated state.

[0007] The degree to which the underlying brain mechanisms in anxiety and depression differ or overlap remains unknown. The fact, however, that to some extent the same neurotransmitter systems are involved in depression and anxiety does not mean that the mechanisms are identical. However, the majority of people in an episode of either depression or anxiety also meet criteria for at least one other psychiatric disorder. But by far the strongest comorbidities in both cases are between depression and anxiety disorders. Therefore, it is now becoming common clinical practice to treat both indications with antidepressants such as SSRIs.

[0008] The key clinical features of anxiety disorders relate to various combinations of psychological and physical manifestations of anxiety, not attributable to real danger and occurring either in attacks (panic disorder PD) or as a persisting state (generalized anxiety disorder -GAD). Other neurotic features may be present (obsessional or hysterical symptoms) but do not dominate the clinical picture.

The Pathophysiology of Depression

[0009] Theories underlying the pathophysiology of depression have developed from several lines of evidence including: 1) changes in neurotransmitter monoamine levels; 2)endocrine imbalance; and 3) electrophysiological studies on sleep functions.

[0010] Evidence implicating the role of neurotransmitters in depression, in particular the monoamines serotonin, noradrenaline and dopamine, include the success of pharmacological agents in treating depressive disorders. Many of the tricylic antidepressants (TCAs), selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) effective in the treatment of depression increase the availability of the catecholamines (noradrenaline and dopamine) and indolamines (serotonin) in the central nervous system (CNS). The clinical efficacy of these agents has given rise to the catecholamine-indolamine hypothesis of depression. This theory postulates that a certain level of amines and/or receptor sensitivity to catecholamines functions to generate a normal mood. A receptor insensitivity, a depletion of monoamines, or a decrease in their release, synthesis or storage have been postulated to lead to depression.

Current Treatments for Depression

[0011] A variety of pharmacological agents have been employed to treat depression based on the catecholamine-indolamine hypothesis of depression. Drugs used to treat depression include MAOIs, atypical antipsychotics, lithium, TCAs, and SSRIs. In addition, a number of off-label agents such as antiepileptics are used to treat depression in treatment-resistant patients.

[0012] Tricyclic antidepressants are about equal to SSRIs in effectiveness against depression thus providing supporting evidence for the catecholamine-indolamine hypothesis of depression. However, SSRIs have largely displaced TCAs because of side effects associated with TCAs and the need to monitor EKG and plasma drug concentration. Although the SSRIs are viewed as an improvement over other antidepressants, they are not without their clinical problems. Adverse effects on sexual function, primarily anorgasmia and delayed ejaculation, have been consistently reported. Other, common side-effects include sleep disorders, yawning, weight changes, suicidal ideation and extrapyramidal-like side-effects such as dystonic reactions. Thus, there clearly remains a medical need for new treatments of depression, without the adverse side-effect profile of existing agents and with improved efficacy.

Current Treatments for Anxiety

[0013] There is now considerable direct evidence for the efficacy of the SSRIs both in depression and in anxiety disorders.

[0014] Of the current SSRIs approved for marketing in the USA all have shown sufficient efficacy to be further approved for the treatment of at least one anxiety disorder, for example; obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Compounds such as paroxetine and sertraline are also indicated for the treatment of panic disorder (PD).

[0015] However, it is clear from the issues raised earlier relating to the efficacy and side- effect profile of SSRIs and for that matter the more widely prescribed benzodiazapines, there still exists a real medical need for novel approaches for the treatment of anxiety and depression.

Discovery of GAL3 Receptor Subtype and its Role in Depression and Anxiety

[0016] The investigations leading to the present invention arose from the discovery that mRNA for the GAL3 receptor is localized to areas of the rat brain associated with mood and emotion (see PCT International Publication No. WO 98/15570, published Apr. 16, 1998), thus supporting the expression of GAL3 in those regions. Protein for the GAL3 receptor is also shown to localize to areas of the rat brain associated with mood and emotion (see Table 11 and discussion herein).

[0017] This discovery led to the hypothesis that the GAL3 receptor may play a role in controlling the activity of catecholamine and indolamine neurons in the CNS. Galanin is known to hyperpolarize neurons, including monoaminergic neurons (Seutin, et al., 1989) and to have inhibitory effects on 5-HT neurons (Xu, et al., 1998), and dopamine neurons (Gopalan, et al., 1993; De Weille, et al., 1989; Jansson, et al., 1989; Nordstrom, et al., 1987; Weiss, et al., 1998). In light of these reports, a series of in vivo behavioral experiments were carried out to evaluate the antidepressant properties of a selective GAL3 receptor antagonist. The rat Forced Swim Test and the rat Social Interaction Test were employed to evaluate the use of selective GAL3 receptor antagonists to treat depression and anxiety. These models are considered by experts in the field to reflect the potential of agents to treat depression and anxiety.

Rat Forced Swim Test (FST)

[0018] The rat Forced Swim Test (FST) is a behavioral test that is used to screen compounds for antidepressant efficacy (Porsolt et al., 1977, 1978; Porsolt, 1981). This test is widely used as it is reliable across laboratories, relatively easy to perform and is sensitive to the effects of some of the major classes of antidepressant drugs, including TCAs and MAOIs, and various atypical antidepressants. Furthermore, this test is relatively selective for antidepressant drugs, as few psychoactive drugs produce similar behavioral actions in the FST.

[0019] In the rat FST, animals are placed in a cylinder of water, from which there is no escape, for an extended period of time. Typically, animals will display a range of behaviors such as immobility, climbing, swimming, and diving, with immobility being predominant after several minutes of immersion in the water. Consequently, many past studies have only measured or scored immobility after the administration of the test agent. Unfortunately, this method does not score any other active behaviors that may be produced by potential antidepressants. Thus, if a particular class of antidepressant were to have very little effect on immobility, yet produce characteristic behaviors during the FST, these behaviors would not be scored and the conclusion would be that the compound in question does not possess antidepressant action.

[0020] Recently, however, a sampling technique was developed to score active behaviors in the FST, such as swimming, climbing and diving, in addition to immobility (Detke, et al., 1995; Lucki, 1997; Page, et al., 1999; Reneric and Lucki, 1998). This modified sampling technique has indicated that SSRIs, such as fluoxetine, paroxetine and sertraline, significantly decrease immobility and increase swimming time (Detke, et al., 1995; Page, et al., 1999). In contrast, selective reuptake inhibitors of norepinephrine (NE) increase climbing behavior but do not alter swimming time (Detke, et al., 1995; Page, et al., 1999).

Rat Social Interaction Test (SIT)

[0021] There are a number of paradigms that have been used to determine whether a compound possesses anxiolytic action. A number of these tests involve food or water deprivation, punishment or measurement of consummatory behavior (see File, et al., 1980; File, 1985; Rodgers, et al., 1997; and Treit, 1985, for review). In addition, in these models, prior conditioning reduces the uncertainty or anxiety. In general, these tests lack ethological validity.

[0022] One model that is based upon an unconditioned response that does not involve punishment or deprivation is the Social Interaction Test (SIT) (File and Hyde, 1978, 1979). In this model, rats previously housed singly are placed in a familiar, dimly lit, test arena with weight-matched, novel partners. The principal anxiogenic stimulus under these conditions is the partner novelty, which involves an unconditioned response to a potential threat. After pharmacological treatments, the following behaviors are scored as active social interaction: grooming, sniffing, biting, boxing, wrestling, following, crawling over and crawling under. A wide range of psychoactive drugs have been examined in this paradigm and it has been shown that the social interaction test can distinguish anxiolytics from antidepressants, antipsychotics, analeptics and sedative agents (File, 1985; Guy and Gardner, 1985) This test can detect anxiolytic agents such as the benzodiazepines (File and Hyde, 1978; File and Hyde, 1979; File, 1980), in addition to non-benzodiazepines, including paroxetine and other SSRIs (Lightowler, et al., 1994). Finally, the social interaction test can detect anxiogenic agents, including the inverse benzodiazepine receptor agonists (File, et al., 1982; File and Pellow, 1983; File and Pellow, 1984; File, 1985).

[0023] In an embodiment of the present invention the synthesis of novel pyrimidines which bind selectively to the cloned human GAL3 receptor, compared to other cloned human G-protein coupled receptors, as measured in in vitro assays, is disclosed. In a further embodiment of the present invention the synthesis of indolones which bind selectively to the cloned human GAL3 receptor, compared to other cloned human G-protein coupled receptors, as measured in in vitro assays, is disclosed. The in vitro receptor assays described hereinafter were performed using various cultured cell lines, each transfected with and expressing only a single galanin-type receptor.

[0024] From the binding information described hereinafter, it has unexpectedly been discovered that compounds which are specific for the human GAL3 receptor with a binding affinity greater than ten-fold higher than the binding affinity with which the compounds bind to a human GAL1 receptor, are effective in animal models of depression and anxiety which are predictive of efficacy in humans. Thus, we demonstrate that the GAL3 receptor antagonists, which may be classified as neutral antagonists, inverse agonists or allosteric modulators, provide a novel method to treat depressive disorders and/or anxiety.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0025] The present invention provides a method of treating a subject suffering from depression which comprises administering to the subject an amount of compound effective to treat the subject's depression wherein the compound has the structure:

[0026] wherein W is H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, CN, methyl, ethyl, propyl, methoxy or ethoxy;

[0027] wherein X is; NR11R12;

[0028] wherein R11 is H, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, aryl, or aryl (C1-C6)alkyl;

[0029] wherein R12 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, or —(CH2)m—Z;

[0030] wherein R13 is a bicyclic alkyl ring system, adamantyl, noradamantyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, aryl, aryl(C1-C6)alkyl, Q1 or Q2;

[0031] wherein aryl may be substituted with one or more C1-C10 straight chained or branched alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or N(R19)—Z;

[0032] wherein Q1 is

[0033] wherein Q2 is

[0034] wherein each J is independently O, S, C(R22)2 or NR4;

[0035] wherein R4 is H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl or aryl;

[0036] wherein Y is NR14R15;

[0037] wherein R14 is H, straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or (C(R19)2)m—Z;

[0038] wherein R15 is straight chained or branched C3-C6 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, (C(R19)2)mN(R16)2 or (C(R19)2)m—Z;

[0039] wherein R16 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0040] wherein each R17 is independently H; —OR21, —OCOR21, —COR21, —NCOR21, —N(R21)2, —CON(R21)2, —COOR21, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0041] wherein R18 is straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0042] wherein each R19 is independently H, or straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl;

[0043] wherein each R20 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl or C5-C7 cycloalkenyl; —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I; —NO2; —N3; —CN; —OR21, —OCOR21, —COR21, —NCOR21, —N(R21)2, —CON(R21)2, or —COOR21; aryl or heteroaryl; or two R20 groups present on adjacent carbon atoms can join together to form a methylenedioxy group;

[0044] wherein each R21 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, aryl, or aryl(C1-C6) alkyl;

[0045] wherein each R22 is independently H, F, Cl or C1-C4 straight chained or branched alkyl;

[0046] wherein each m is an integer from 0 to 4 inclusive;

[0047] wherein each n is an integer from 1 to 4 inclusive;

[0048] wherein p is an integer from 0 to 2 inclusive;

[0049] wherein q is an integer from 2 to 4 inclusive;

[0050] wherein t is 1 or 2;

[0051] wherein U is O, —NR16, S, C(R17)2, or —NSO2R16;

[0052] wherein Z is C3-C10 cycloalkyl, C4-C7 cyclic ether, C4-C7 cyclic thioether, aryl, or heteroaryl; or

[0053] a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0054] The present invention provides a method of treating a subject suffering from depression which comprises administering to the subject an amount of compound effective to treat the subject's depression wherein the compound has the structure:

[0055] wherein W is H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, CN, methyl, ethyl, propyl, methoxy or ethoxy;

[0056] wherein X is NR11R12;

[0057] wherein R11 is H, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, aryl or aryl(C1-C6)alkyl;

[0058] wherein R12 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, or —(CH2)m—Z;

[0059] wherein R13 is a bicyclic alkyl ring system, aryl or aryl (C1-C6) alkyl;

[0060] wherein Y is NR14R15;

[0061] wherein R14 is H, straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or (C(R19)2)m—Z;

[0062] wherein R15 is straight chained or branched C3-C6 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or (C(R19)2)m—Z;

[0063] wherein U is O, —NR16, S, C(R17)2, or —NSO2R16;

[0064] wherein Z is C3-C10 cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl;

[0065] wherein R16 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0066] wherein each R17 is independently H; —OR21, —OCOR21, —COR21, —NCOR21, —N(R21)2, —CON(R21)2, —COOR21, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0067] wherein R18 is straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0068] wherein each R19 is independently H, or straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl;

[0069] wherein each R20 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl or C5-C7 cycloalkenyl; —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I; —NO2; —N3; —CN; —OR21, —OCOR21, —COR21, —NCOR21, —N(R21)2, —CON(R21)2, or —COOR21; aryl or heteroaryl; or two R20 groups present on adjacent carbon atoms can join together to form a methylenedioxy group;

[0070] wherein each R21 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, aryl or aryl(C1-C6) alkyl;

[0071] wherein each m is an integer from 0 to 4 inclusive;

[0072] wherein each n is an integer from 1 to 4 inclusive;

[0073] wherein p is an integer from 0 to 2 inclusive;,

[0074] wherein q is an integer from 2 to 4 inclusive;

[0075] wherein t is 1 or 2; or

[0076] a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0077] The present invention provides a method of treating a subject suffering from depression which comprises administering to the subject an amount of compound effective to treat the subject's depression wherein the compound has the structure:

[0078] wherein W is H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, CN, methyl, ethyl, propyl, methoxy or ethoxy;

[0079] wherein X is N(CH3)2 or

[0080] wherein R13 is an aryl, adamantyl, noradamantyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, Q1 or Q2;

[0081] wherein aryl may be substituted with one or more C1-C10 straight chained or branched alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or N(R19)—Z;

[0082] wherein Q1 is

[0083] wherein Q2 is

[0084] wherein each J is independently O, S, C(R22)2 or NR4;

[0085] wherein R4 is —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl or aryl;

[0086] wherein Y is NR14R15;

[0087] wherein R14 is H, straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or (C(R19)2)m—Z;

[0088] wherein R15 is straight chained or branched C3-C6 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or (C(R19)2)m—Z;

[0089] wherein U is O, —NR16, S, C(R17)2, or —NSO2R16;

[0090] wherein Z is C3-C10 cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl;

[0091] wherein R16 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0092] wherein each R17 is independently H; —OR21, —OCOR21, —COR21, —NCOR21, —N(R21)2, —CON(R21)2, —COOR21, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0093] wherein R18 is straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0094] wherein each R19 is independently H, or straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl;

[0095] wherein each R20 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl or C5-C7 cycloalkenyl; —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I; —NO2; —N3; —CN; —OR21, —OCOR21, —COR21, —NCOR21, —N(R21)2, —CON(R21)2, or —COOR21; aryl or heteroaryl; or two R20 groups present on adjacent carbon atoms can join together to form a methylenedioxy group;

[0096] wherein each R21 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, aryl or aryl(C1-C6) alkyl;

[0097] wherein each R22 is independently H, F, Cl or C1-C4 straight chained or branched alkyl;

[0098] wherein each m is an integer from 0 to 4 inclusive;

[0099] wherein each n is an integer from 1 to 4 inclusive;

[0100] wherein p is an integer from 0 to 2 inclusive;

[0101] wherein q is an integer from 2 to 4 inclusive;

[0102] wherein t is 1 or 2; or

[0103] a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0104] The present invention provides a method of treating a subject suffering from depression which comprises administering to the subject an amount of compound effective to treat the subject's depression wherein the compound has the structure:

[0105] wherein W is H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, CN, methyl, ethyl, propyl, methoxy or ethoxy;

[0106] wherein X is N(CH3)2 or

[0107] wherein R13 is a bicyclic alkyl ring system, aryl or aryl (C1-C6)alkyl;

[0108] wherein Y is NR14R15;

[0109] wherein R14 is H, straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or (C(R19)2)m—Z;

[0110] wherein R15 is (C(R19)2)m—N(R16)2;

[0111] wherein Z is C3-C10 cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl;

[0112] wherein R16 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0113] wherein each R17 is independently H; —OR21, —OCOR21, —COR21, —NCOR21, —N(R21)2, —CON(R21)2, —COOR21, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0114] wherein each R19 is independently H, or straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl;

[0115] wherein each R21 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, aryl or aryl(C1-C6)alkyl;

[0116] wherein each m is an integer from 0 to 4 inclusive;

[0117] wherein each n is an integer from 1 to 4 inclusive;

[0118] wherein q is an integer from 2 to 4 inclusive; or

[0119] a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0120] The present invention also provides a method of treating a subject suffering from anxiety which comprises administering to the subject an amount of compound effective to treat the subject's anxiety wherein the compound has the structure:

[0121] wherein W is H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, CN, methyl, ethyl, propyl, methoxy or ethoxy;

[0122] wherein X is; NR11R12;

[0123] wherein R11 is H, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, aryl, or aryl (C1-C6)alkyl;

[0124] wherein R12 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, or —(CH2)m—Z;

[0125] wherein R13 is a bicyclic alkyl ring system, adamantyl, noradamantyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, aryl, aryl(C1-C6)alkyl, Q1 or Q2;

[0126] wherein aryl may be substituted with one or more C1-C10 straight chained or branched alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or N(R19)—Z;

[0127] wherein Q1 is

[0128] wherein Q2 is

[0129] wherein each J is independently O, S, C(R22)2 or NR4;

[0130] wherein R4 is H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl or aryl;

[0131] wherein Y is NR14R15;

[0132] wherein R14 is H, straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or (C(R19)2)m—Z;

[0133] wherein R15 is straight chained or branched C3-C6 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, (C(R19)2)mN(R16)2 or (C(R19)2)m—Z

[0134] wherein R16 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0135] wherein each R17 is independently H; —OR21, —OCOR21, —COR21, —NCOR21, —N(R21)2, —CON(R21)2, —COOR21, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0136] wherein R18 is straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0137] wherein each R19 is independently H, or straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl;

[0138] wherein each R20 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl or C5-C7 cycloalkenyl; —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I; —NO2; —N3; —CN; —OR21, —OCOR21, —COR21, —NCOR21, —N(R21)2, —CON(R21)2, or —COOR21; aryl or heteroaryl; or two R20 groups present on adjacent carbon atoms can join together to form a methylenedioxy group;

[0139] wherein each R21 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, aryl, or aryl(C1-C6)alkyl;

[0140] wherein each R22 is independently H, F, Cl or C1-C4 straight chained or branched alkyl;

[0141] wherein each m is an integer from 0 to 4 inclusive;

[0142] wherein each n is an integer from 1 to 4 inclusive;

[0143] wherein p is an integer from 0 to 2 inclusive;wherein

[0144] wherein q is an integer from 2 to 4 inclusive;

[0145] wherein t is 1 or 2;

[0146] wherein U is O, —NR16, S, C(R17)2, or —NSO2R16;

[0147] wherein Z is C3-C10 cycloalkyl, C4-C7 cyclic ether, C4-C7 cyclic thioether, aryl, or heteroaryl; or

[0148] a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0149] The invention provides a method of treating a subject suffering from anxiety which comprises administering to the subject an amount of compound effective to treat the subject's anxiety wherein the compound has the structure:

[0150] wherein W is H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, CN, methyl, ethyl, propyl, methoxy or ethoxy;

[0151] wherein X is NR11R12;

[0152] wherein R11 is H, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, aryl or aryl(C1-C6) alkyl;

[0153] wherein R12 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, or —(CH2)m—Z;

[0154] wherein R13 is a bicyclic alkyl ring system, aryl or aryl(C1-C6)alkyl;

[0155] wherein Y is NR14R15;

[0156] wherein R14 is H, straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or (C(R19)2)m—Z;

[0157] wherein R15 is straight chained or branched C3-C6 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or (C(R19)2)m—Z;

[0158] wherein U is O, —NR16, S, C(R17)2, or —NSO2R16;

[0159] wherein Z is C3-C10 cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl;

[0160] wherein R16 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0161] wherein each R17 is independently H; —OR21, —OCOR21, —COR21, —NCOR21, —N(R21)2, —CON(R21)2, —COOR21, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0162] wherein R18 is straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0163] wherein each R19 is independently H, or straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl;

[0164] wherein each R20 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl or C5-C7 cycloalkenyl; —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I; —NO2; —N3; —CN; —OR21, —OCOR21, —COR21, —NCOR21, —N(R21)2, —CON(R21)2, or —COOR21; aryl or heteroaryl; or two R20 groups present on adjacent carbon atoms can join together to form a methylenedioxy group;

[0165] wherein each R21 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, aryl or aryl(C1-C6)alkyl;

[0166] wherein each m is an integer from 0 to 4 inclusive;

[0167] wherein each n is an integer from 1 to 4 inclusive;

[0168] wherein p is an integer from 0 to 2 inclusive;

[0169] wherein q is an integer from 2 to 4 inclusive;

[0170] wherein t is 1 or 2; or

[0171] a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0172] The invention provides a method of treating a subject suffering from anxiety which comprises administering to the subject an amount of compound effective to treat the subject's anxiety wherein the compound has the structure:

[0173] wherein W is H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, CN, methyl, ethyl, propyl, methoxy or ethoxy;

[0174] wherein X is N(CH3)2 or

[0175] wherein R13 is an aryl, adamantyl, noradamantyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, Q1 or Q2;

[0176] wherein aryl may be substituted with one or more C1-C10 straight chained or branched alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or N(R19)—Z;

[0177] wherein Q1 is

[0178] wherein Q2 is

[0179] wherein each J is independently O, S, C(R22)2 or NR4;

[0180] wherein R4 is —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl or aryl;

[0181] wherein Y is NR14R15;

[0182] wherein R14 is H, straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or (C(R19)2)m—Z;

[0183] wherein R15 is straight chained or branched C3-C6 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or (C(R19)2)m—Z;

[0184] wherein U is O, —NR16, S, C(R17)2, or —NSO2R16;

[0185] wherein Z is C3-C10 cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl;

[0186] wherein R16 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0187] wherein each R17 is independently H; —OR21, —OCOR21, —COR21, —NCOR21, —N(R21)2, —CON(R21)2, —COOR21, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0188] wherein R18 is straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0189] wherein each R19 is independently H, or straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl;

[0190] wherein each R20 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl or C5-C7 cycloalkenyl; —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I; —NO2; —N3; —CN; —OR21, —OCOR21, —COR21, —NCOR21, —N(R21)2, —CON(R21)2, or —COOR21; aryl or heteroaryl; or two R20 groups present on adjacent carbon atoms can join together to form a methylenedioxy group;

[0191] wherein each R21 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, aryl or aryl(C1-C6)alkyl;

[0192] wherein each R22 is independently H, F, Cl or C1-C4 straight chained or branched alkyl;

[0193] wherein each m is an integer from 0 to 4 inclusive;

[0194] wherein each n is an integer from 1 to 4 inclusive;

[0195] wherein p is an integer from 0 to 2 inclusive;

[0196] wherein q is an integer from 2 to 4 inclusive;

[0197] wherein t is 1 or 2; or

[0198] a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0199] The invention provides a method of treating a subject suffering from anxiety which comprises administering to the subject an amount of compound effective to treat the subject's anxiety wherein the compound has the structure:

[0200] wherein W is H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, CN, methyl, ethyl, propyl, methoxy or ethoxy;

[0201] wherein X is N(CH3)2 or

[0202] wherein R13 is a bicyclic alkyl ring system, aryl or aryl(C1-C6)alkyl;

[0203] wherein Y is NR14R15;

[0204] wherein R14 is H, straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or (C(R19)2)m—Z;

[0205] wherein R15 is (C(R19)2)m—N(R16)2;

[0206] wherein Z is C3-C10 cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl;

[0207] wherein R16 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0208] wherein each R17 is independently H; —OR21, —OCOR21, —COR21, —NCOR21, —N(R21)2, —CON(R21)2, —COOR21, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0209] wherein each R19 is independently H, or straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl;

[0210] wherein each R21 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, aryl or aryl(C1-C6)alkyl;

[0211] wherein each m is an integer from 0 to 4 inclusive;

[0212] wherein each n is an integer from 1 to 4 inclusive;

[0213] wherein q is an integer from 2 to 4 inclusive; or

[0214] a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0215] The invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a compound having the structure:

[0216] wherein W is H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, CN, methyl, ethyl, propyl, methoxy or ethoxy;

[0217] wherein X is; NR11R12;

[0218] wherein R11 is H, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, aryl, or aryl (C1-C6)alkyl;

[0219] wherein R12 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, or —(CH2)m—Z;

[0220] wherein R13 is a bicyclic alkyl ring system, adamantyl, noradamantyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, aryl, aryl(C1-C6)alkyl, Q1 or Q2;

[0221] wherein aryl may be substituted with one or more C1-C10 straight chained or branched alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or N(R19)—Z;

[0222] wherein Q1 is

[0223] wherein Q2 is

[0224] wherein each J is independently O, S, C(R22)2 or, NR4;

[0225] wherein R4 is H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl or aryl;

[0226] wherein Y is NR14R15;

[0227] wherein R14 is H, straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or (C(R19)2)m—Z;

[0228] wherein R15 is straight chained or branched C3-C6 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, (C(R19)2)mN(R16)2 or (C(R19)2)m—Z;

[0229] wherein R16 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0230] wherein each R17 is independently H; —OR21, —OCOR21, —COR21, —NCOR21, —N(R21)2, —CON(R21)2, —COOR21, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0231] wherein R18 is straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0232] wherein each R19 is independently H, or straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl;

[0233] wherein each R20 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl or C5-C7 cycloalkenyl; —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I; —NO2; —N3; —CN; —OR21, —OCOR21, —COR21, —NCOR21, —N(R21)2, —CON(R21)2, or —COOR21; aryl or heteroaryl; or two R20 groups present on adjacent carbon atoms can join together to form a methylenedioxy group;

[0234] wherein each R21 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, aryl, or aryl(C1-C6) alkyl;

[0235] wherein each R22 is independently H, F, Cl or C1-C4 straight chained or branched alkyl;

[0236] wherein each m is an integer from 0 to 4 inclusive;

[0237] wherein each n is an integer from 1 to 4 inclusive;

[0238] wherein p is an integer from 0 to 2 inclusive;

[0239] wherein q is an integer from 2 to 4 inclusive;

[0240] wherein t is 1 or 2;

[0241] wherein U is O, —NR16, S, C(R17)2, or —NSO2R16;

[0242] wherein Z is C3-C10 cycloalkyl, C4-C7 cyclic ether, C4-C7 cyclic thioether, aryl, or heteroaryl; or

[0243] a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0244] The invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a compound having the structure:

[0245] wherein W is H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, CN, methyl, ethyl, propyl, methoxy or ethoxy;

[0246] wherein X is NR11R12;

[0247] wherein R11 is H, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, aryl or aryl(C1-C6)alkyl;

[0248] wherein R12 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, or —(CH2)m—Z;

[0249] wherein R13 is a bicyclic alkyl ring system, aryl or aryl (C1-C6) alkyl;

[0250] wherein Y is NR14R15;

[0251] wherein R14 is straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or (C(R19)2)m—Z;

[0252] wherein U is O, —NR16, S, C(R17)2, or —NSO2R16;

[0253] wherein Z is C3-C10 cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl;

[0254] wherein R16 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0255] wherein each R17 is independently H; —OR21, —OCOR21, —COR21, —NCOR21, —N(R21)2, —CON(R21)2, —COOR21, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0256] wherein R18 is straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0257] wherein each R19 is independently H, or straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl;

[0258] wherein each R20 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl or C5-C7 cycloalkenyl; —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I; —NO2; —N3; —CN; —OR21, —OCOR21, —COR21, —NCOR21, —N(R21)2, —CON(R21)2, or —COOR21; aryl or heteroaryl; or two R20 groups present on adjacent carbon atoms can join together to form a methylenedioxy group;

[0259] wherein each R21 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, aryl or aryl(C1-C6) alkyl;

[0260] wherein each m is an integer from 0 to 4 inclusive;

[0261] wherein each n is an integer from 1 to 4 inclusive;

[0262] wherein p is an integer from 0 to 2 inclusive;

[0263] wherein q is an integer from 2 to 4 inclusive;

[0264] wherein t is 1 or 2; or

[0265] a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0266] The invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a compound having the structure:

[0267] wherein W is H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, CN, methyl, ethyl, propyl, methoxy or ethoxy;

[0268] wherein X is N(CH3)2 or

[0269] wherein R13 is an aryl, adamantyl, noradamantyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, Q1 or Q2;

[0270] wherein aryl may be substituted with one or more C1-C10 straight chained or branched alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or N(R19)—Z;

[0271] wherein Q1 is

[0272] wherein Q2 is

[0273] wherein each J is independently O, S, C(R22)2 or NR4;

[0274] wherein R4 is —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl or aryl;

[0275] wherein Y is NR14R15;

[0276] wherein R14 is H, straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or (C(R19)2)m—Z;

[0277] wherein R15 is straight chained or branched C3-C6 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or (C(R19)2)m—Z;

[0278] wherein U is O, —NR16, S, C(R17)2, or —NSO2R16;

[0279] wherein Z is C3-C10 cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl;

[0280] wherein R16 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0281] wherein each R17 is independently H; —OR21, —OCOR21, —COR21, —NCOR21, —N(R21)2, —CON(R21)2, —COOR21, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0282] wherein R18 is straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0283] wherein each R19 is independently H, or straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl;

[0284] wherein each R20 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl or C5-C7 cycloalkenyl; —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I; —NO2; —N3; —CN; —OR21, —OCOR21, —COR21, —NCOR21, —N(R21)2, —CON(R21)2, or —COOR21; aryl or heteroaryl; or two R20 groups present on adjacent carbon atoms can join together to form a methylenedioxy group;

[0285] wherein each R21 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, aryl or aryl(C1-C6) alkyl;

[0286] wherein each R22 is independently H, F, Cl or C1-C4 straight chained or branched alkyl;

[0287] wherein each m is an integer from 0 to 4 inclusive;

[0288] wherein each n is an integer from 1 to 4 inclusive;

[0289] wherein p is an integer from 0 to 2 inclusive;

[0290] wherein q is an integer from 2 to 4 inclusive;

[0291] wherein t is 1 or 2; or

[0292] a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0293] The invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a compound having the structure:

[0294] wherein W is H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, CN, methyl, ethyl, propyl, methoxy or ethoxy;

[0295] wherein X is N(CH3)2 or

[0296] wherein R13 is a bicyclic alkyl ring system, aryl or aryl (C1-C6) alkyl;

[0297] wherein Y is NR14R15;

[0298] wherein R14 is H, straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or (C(R19)2)m—Z;

[0299] wherein R15 is (C(R19)2)m—N(R16)2;

[0300] wherein Z is C3-C10 cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl;

[0301] wherein R16 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, (CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0302] wherein each R17 is independently H; —OR21, —OCOR21, —COR21, —NCOR21, —N(R21)2, —CON(R21)2, —COOR21, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0303] wherein each R19 is independently H, or straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl;

[0304] wherein each R21 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, aryl or aryl(C1-C6) alkyl;

[0305] wherein each m is an integer from 0 to 4 inclusive;

[0306] wherein each n is an integer from 1 to 4 inclusive;

[0307] wherein q is an integer from 2 to 4 inclusive; or

[0308] a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0309] The invention provides a compound having the structure:

[0310] wherein W is H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, CN, methyl, ethyl, propyl, methoxy or ethoxy;

[0311] wherein X is; NR11R12;

[0312] wherein R11 is H, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, aryl, or aryl (C1-C6)alkyl;

[0313] wherein R12 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, or —(CH2)m—Z;

[0314] wherein R13 is a bicyclic alkyl ring system, adamantyl, noradamantyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, aryl, aryl(C1-C6)alkyl, Q1 or Q2;

[0315] wherein aryl may be substituted with one or more C1-C10 straight chained or branched alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or N(R19)—Z;

[0316] wherein Q1 is

[0317] wherein Q2 is

[0318] wherein each J is independently O, S, C(R22)2 or NR4;

[0319] wherein R4 is H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl or aryl;

[0320] wherein Y is NR14R15;

[0321] wherein R14 is H, straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or (C(R19)2)m—Z;

[0322] wherein R15 is straight chained or branched C3-C6 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, (C(R19)2)mN(R16)2 or (C(R19)2)m—Z;

[0323] wherein R16 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0324] wherein each R17 is independently H; —OR21, —OCOR21 —COR21, —NCOR21, —N(R21)2, —CON(R21)2, —COOR21, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0325] wherein R18 is straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0326] wherein each R19 is independently H, or straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl;

[0327] wherein each R20 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl or C5-C7 cycloalkenyl; —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I; —NO2; —N3; —CN; —OR21, —OCOR21, —COR21, —NCOR21, —N(R21)2, —CON(R21)2, or —COOR21; aryl or heteroaryl; or two R20 groups present on adjacent carbon atoms can join together to form a methylenedioxy group;

[0328] wherein each R21 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, aryl, or aryl(C1-C6) alkyl;

[0329] wherein each R22 is independently H, F, Cl or C1-C4 straight chained or branched alkyl;

[0330] wherein each m is an integer from 0 to 4 inclusive;

[0331] wherein each n is an integer from 1 to 4 inclusive;

[0332] wherein p is an integer from 0 to 2 inclusive;

[0333] wherein q is an integer from 2 to 4 inclusive;

[0334] wherein t is 1 or 2;

[0335] wherein U is O, —NR16, S, C(R17)2, or —NSO2R16;

[0336] wherein Z is C3-C10 cycloalkyl, C4-C7 cyclic ether, C4-C7 cyclic thioether, aryl, or heteroaryl; or

[0337] a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0338] The invention provides a compound having the structure:

[0339] wherein W is H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, CN, methyl, ethyl, propyl, methoxy or ethoxy;

[0340] wherein X is NR11R12;

[0341] wherein R11 is H, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, aryl or aryl (C1-C6) alkyl;

[0342] wherein R12 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, or —(CH2)m—Z;

[0343] wherein R13 is a bicyclic alkyl ring system, aryl or aryl (C1-C6) alkyl;

[0344] wherein Y is NR14R15;

[0345] wherein R14 is H, straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or (C(R19)2)m—Z;

[0346] wherein R15 is straight chained or branched C3-C6 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or (C(R19)2)m—Z;

[0347] wherein U is O, —NR16, S, C(R17)2, or —NSO2R16;

[0348] wherein Z is C3-C10 cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl;

[0349] wherein R16 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0350] wherein each R17 is independently H; —OR21, —OCOR21, —COR21, —NCOR21, —N(R21)2, —CON(R21)2, —COOR21, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0351] wherein R18 is straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl, (CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0352] wherein each R19 is independently H, or straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl;

[0353] wherein each R20 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl or C5-C7 cycloalkenyl; —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I; —NO2; —N3; —CN; —OR21, —OCOR21, —COR21, —NCOR21, —N(R21)2, —CON(R21)2, or —COOR21; aryl or heteroaryl; or two R20 groups present on adjacent carbon atoms can join together to form a methylenedioxy group;

[0354] wherein each R21 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, aryl or aryl(C1-C6) alkyl;

[0355] wherein each m is an integer from 0 to 4 inclusive;

[0356] wherein each n is an integer from 1 to 4 inclusive;

[0357] wherein p is an integer from 0 to 2 inclusive;

[0358] wherein q is an integer from 2 to 4 inclusive;

[0359] wherein t is 1 or 2; or

[0360] a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0361] The invention provides a compound having the structure:

[0362] wherein W is H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, CN, methyl, ethyl, propyl, methoxy or ethoxy;

[0363] wherein X is N(CH3)2 or

[0364] wherein R13 is an aryl, adamantyl, noradamantyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, Q1 or Q2;

[0365] wherein aryl may be substituted with one or more C1-C10 straight chained or branched alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or N(R19)—Z;

[0366] wherein Q1 is

[0367] wherein Q2 is

[0368] wherein each J is independently O, S, C(R22)2 or NR4;

[0369] wherein R4 is —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl or aryl;

[0370] wherein Y is NR14R15;

[0371] wherein R14 is H, straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or (C(R19)2)m—Z;

[0372] wherein R15 is straight chained or branched C3-C6 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or (C(R19)2)m—Z;

[0373] wherein U is O, —NR16, S, C(R17)2, or —NSO2R16;

[0374] wherein Z is C3-C10 cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl;

[0375] wherein R16 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0376] wherein each R17 is independently H; —OR21, —OCOR21, —COR21, —NCOR21, —N(R21)2, —CON(R21)2, —COOR21, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0377] wherein R18 is straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl, (CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0378] wherein each R19 is independently H, or straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl;

[0379] wherein each R20 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl or C5-C7 cycloalkenyl; —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I; —NO2; —N3; —CN; —OR21, —OCOR21, —COR21, —NCOR21, —N(R21)2, —CON(R21)2, or —COOR21; aryl or heteroaryl; or two R20 groups present on adjacent carbon atoms can join together to form a methylenedioxy group;

[0380] wherein each R21 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, aryl or aryl(C1-C6)alkyl;

[0381] wherein each R22 is independently H, F, Cl or C1-C4 straight chained or branched alkyl;

[0382] wherein each m is an integer from 0 to 4 inclusive;

[0383] wherein each n is an integer from 1 to 4 inclusive;

[0384] wherein p is an integer from 0 to 2 inclusive;

[0385] wherein q is an integer from 2 to 4 inclusive;

[0386] wherein t is 1 or 2; or

[0387] a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0388] The invention provides a compound having the structure:

[0389] wherein W is H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, CN, methyl, ethyl, propyl, methoxy or ethoxy;

[0390] wherein X is N(CH3)2 or

[0391] wherein R13 is a bicyclic alkyl ring system, aryl or aryl (C1-C6) alkyl;

[0392] wherein Y is NR14R15;

[0393] wherein R14 is H, straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or (C(R19)2)m—Z;

[0394] wherein R15 is (C(R19)2)m—N(R16)2;

[0395] wherein Z is C3-C10 cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl;

[0396] wherein R16 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained ox branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0397] wherein each R17 is independently H; —OR21, —OCOR21, —COR21, —NCOR21, —N(R21)2, —CON(R21)2, —COOR21, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0398] wherein each R19 is independently H, or straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl;

[0399] wherein each R21 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, aryl or aryl(C1-C6) alkyl;

[0400] wherein each m is an integer from 0 to 4 inclusive;

[0401] wherein each n is an integer from 1 to 4 inclusive;

[0402] wherein q is an integer from 2 to 4 inclusive; or

[0403] a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0404] The invention also provides a method of treating a subject suffering from depression which comprises administering to the subject an amount of compound effective to treat, the subject's depression wherein the compound has the structure:

[0405] wherein each of Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4 is independently H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, or C5-C7 cycloalkenyl; —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I; —NO2; —N3; —CN; —OR4, —SR4, —OCOR4, —COR4, —NCOR4, —N(R4)2, —CON(R4)2, or —COOR4; aryl or heteroaryl; or any two of Y1, Y2, Y3 and Y4 present on adjacent carbon atoms can constitute a methylenedioxy group;

[0406] wherein each R4 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, aryl or aryl (C1-C6) alkyl;

[0407] wherein A is A′, Q3, Q4, Q5, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aryl(C1-C6) alkyl, heteroaryl (C1-C6) alkyl, aryl substituted with an aryl or heteroaryl, heteroaryl substituted with an aryl or heteroaryl; or (CHR17)—(CHR17)n—Z;

[0408] wherein A′ is

[0409] wherein Q3 is

[0410] wherein Q4 is

[0411] wherein Q5 is

[0412] wherein R1 and R2 are each independently H, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —NO2, or —CN;

[0413] wherein R3 is H, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —NO2, —CN, —OR6, aryl or heteroaryl;

[0414] wherein R5 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, —N(R4)2, —OR6 or aryl;

[0415] wherein R6 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl or aryl;

[0416] wherein each R17 is independently H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0417] wherein each R20 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl or C5-C7 cycloalkenyl; —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I; —NO2; —N3; —CN; —OR21, —OCOR21, —COR21, —NCOR21, —N(R21)2, —CON(R21)2, or —COOR21; aryl or heteroaryl; or two R20 groups present on adjacent carbon atoms can join together to form a methylenedioxy group;

[0418] wherein each R21 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, aryl or aryl(C1-C6)alkyl;

[0419] wherein each m is an integer from 0 to 4 inclusive;

[0420] wherein each n is an integer from 1 to 4 inclusive;

[0421] wherein each p is an integer from 0 to 2 inclusive;

[0422] wherein U is O, —NR16, S, C(R17)2, or —NSO2R16;

[0423] wherein Z is C3-C10 cycloalkyl, C4-C7 cyclic ether, C4-C7 cyclic thioether, aryl, or heteroaryl;

[0424] wherein R16 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0425] wherein q is an integer from 2 to 4 inclusive;

[0426] wherein B is aryl, heteroaryl, aryl substituted with an aryl or heteroaryl, heteroaryl substituted with an aryl or heteroaryl, tricyclic heteroaryl or Q6; provided however, if B is aryl or heteroaryl the carbon atom or carbon atoms ortho to the nitrogen atom of the imine bond may only be substituted with one or more of the following —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CN, methyl, ethyl or methoxy;

[0427] wherein a tricyclic heteroaryl is a fused three member aromatic system in which one or more of the rings is heteroaryl; carbazole; or acridine;

[0428] wherein Q6 is

[0429] wherein each R22 is independently H, F,

[0430] Cl, or straight chained or branched C1-C4 alkyl;

[0431] or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0432] The invention provides a method of treating a subject suffering from depression which comprises administering to the subject an amount of compound effective to treat the subject's depression wherein the compound has the structure:

[0433] wherein each of Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4 is independently H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, or C5-C7 cycloalkenyl; —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I; —NO2; —N3; —CN; —OR4, —SR4, —OCOR4, —COR4, —NCOR4, N(R4)2, —CON(R4)2, or —COOR4; aryl or heteroaryl; or any two of Y1, Y2, Y3 and Y4 present on adjacent carbon atoms can constitute a methylenedioxy group;

[0434] wherein each R4 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, aryl or aryl(C1-C6)alkyl;

[0435] wherein A is A′, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aryl(C1-C6)alkyl or heteroaryl (C1-C6)alkyl;

[0436] wherein A′ is

[0437] wherein R1 and R2 are each independently H, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, NO2, or —CN;

[0438] wherein R3 is H, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —NO2, —CN, —OR6 aryl or heteroaryl;

[0439] wherein R5 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, —N(R4)2, —OR6 or aryl;

[0440] wherein R6 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl or aryl;

[0441] wherein B is aryl, or heteroaryl; provided however, if B is aryl or heteroaryl the carbon atom or carbon atoms ortho to the nitrogen atom of the imine bond may only be substituted with one or more of the following —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CN, methyl, ethyl or methoxy;

[0442] wherein n is an integer from 1 to 4 inclusive;

[0443] or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0444] The invention provides a method of treating a subject suffering from depression which comprises administering to the subject an amount of compound effective to treat the subject's depression wherein the compound has the structure:

[0445] wherein each of Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4 is independently H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, or C5-C7 cycloalkenyl; —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I; —NO2; —N3; —CN ; —OR4, —SR4, —OCOR4, —COR4, —NCOR4, —N(R4)2, —CON(R4)2, or —COOR4; aryl or heteroaryl; or any two of Y1, Y2, Y3 and Y4 present on adjacent carbon atoms can constitute a methylenedioxy group;

[0446] wherein each R4 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, aryl or aryl (C1-C6) alkyl;

[0447] wherein A is A′, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aryl(C1-C6)alkyl or heteroaryl (C1-C6) alkyl;

[0448] wherein A′ is

[0449] wherein B is aryl substituted with an aryl or heteroaryl, heteroaryl substituted with an aryl or heteroaryl, tricyclic heteroaryl or Q6;

[0450] wherein a tricyclic heteroaryl is a fused three ring aromatic system in which one or more of the rings is heteroaryl; carbazole; or acridine;

[0451] wherein Q6 is

[0452] wherein n is an integer from 1 to 4 inclusive;

[0453] wherein each R22 is independently H, F, Cl, or straight chained or branched C1-C4 alkyl;

[0454] or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0455] The invention provides a method of treating a subject suffering from depression which comprises administering to the subject an amount of compound effective to treat the subject's depression wherein the compound has the structure:

[0456] wherein each of Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4 is independently H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, or C5-C7 cycloalkenyl; —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I; —NO2; —N3; —CN; —OR4, —SR4, —OCOR4, —COR4, —NCOR4, —N(R4)2, —CON(R4)2, or —COOR4; aryl or heteroaryl; or any two of Y1, Y2, Y3 and Y4 present on adjacent carbon atoms can constitute a methylenedioxy group;

[0457] wherein each R4 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, aryl or aryl(C1-C6)alkyl;

[0458] wherein A is Q3, Q4, Q5, aryl substituted with an aryl or heteroaryl, heteroaryl substituted with an aryl or heteroaryl, or (CHR17)—(CHR17)n—Z;

[0459] wherein Q3 is

[0460] wherein Q4 is

[0461] wherein Q5 is

[0462] wherein each R17 is independently H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0463] wherein each R20 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl or C5-C7 cycloalkenyl;. —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I; —NO2; —N3; —CN; —OR21, —OCOR21, —COR21, —NCOR21, —N(R21)2, —CON(R21)2, or —COOR21; aryl or heteroaryl; or two R20 groups present on adjacent carbon atoms can join together to form a methylenedioxy group;

[0464] wherein each R21 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl or aryl;

[0465] wherein each R22 is independently H, F, Cl, or straight chained or branched C1-C4 alkyl;

[0466] wherein each m is an integer from 0 to 4 inclusive;

[0467] wherein each n is an integer from 1 to 4 inclusive;

[0468] wherein each p is an integer from 0 to 2 inclusive;

[0469] wherein U is O, —NR16, S, C(R17)2, or —NSO2R16;

[0470] wherein Z is C3-C10 cycloalkyl, C4-C7 cyclic ether, C4-C7 cyclic thioether, aryl, or heteroaryl;

[0471] wherein R16 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0472] wherein q is an integer from 2 to 4 inclusive;

[0473] wherein B is aryl, or heteroaryl; provided however, if B is aryl or heteroaryl the carbon atom or carbon atoms ortho to the nitrogen atom of the imine bond may only be substituted with one or more of the following —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CN, methyl, ethyl or methoxy;

[0474] or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0475] The invention provides a method of treating a subject suffering from anxiety which comprises administering to the subject an amount of compound effective to treat the subject's anxiety wherein the compound has the structure:

[0476] wherein each of Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, or C5-C7 cycloalkenyl; —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I; —NO2; —N3; —CN; —OR4, —SR4, —OCOR4, —COR4, —NCOR4, —N(R4)2, —CON(R4)2, or —COOR4; aryl or heteroaryl; or any two of Y1, Y2, Y3 and Y4 present on adjacent carbon atoms can constitute a methylenedioxy group;

[0477] wherein each R4 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, aryl or aryl(C1-C6)alkyl;

[0478] wherein A is A′, Q3, Q4, Q5, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aryl(C1-C6)alkyl, heteroaryl(C1-C6)alkyl, aryl substituted with an aryl or heteroaryl, heteroaryl substituted with an aryl or heteroaryl; or (CHR17)—(CHR17)n—Z;

[0479] wherein A′ is

[0480] wherein Q3 is

[0481] wherein Q4 is

[0482] wherein Q5 is

[0483] wherein R1 and R2 are each independently H, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —NO2, or —CN;

[0484] wherein R3 is H, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —NO2, —CN, —OR6, aryl or heteroaryl;

[0485] wherein R5 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, —N(R4)2, —OR6 or aryl;

[0486] wherein R6 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl or aryl;

[0487] wherein each R17 is independently H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0488] wherein each R20 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl or C5-C7 cycloalkenyl; —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I; —NO2; —N3; —CN; —OR21, —OCOR21, —COR21, —NCOR21, —N(R21)2, —CON(R21)2, or —COOR21; aryl or heteroaryl; or two R20 groups present on adjacent carbon atoms can join together to form a methylenedioxy group;

[0489] wherein each R21 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, aryl or aryl(C1-C6)alkyl;

[0490] wherein each m is an integer from 0 to 4 inclusive;

[0491] wherein each n is an integer from 1 to 4 inclusive;

[0492] wherein each p is an integer from 0 to 2 inclusive;

[0493] wherein U is O, —NR16, S, C(R17)2, or —NSO2R16;

[0494] wherein Z is C3-C10 cycloalkyl, C4-C7 cyclic ether, C4-C7 cyclic thioether, aryl, or heteroaryl;

[0495] wherein R16 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0496] wherein q is an integer from 2 to 4 inclusive;

[0497] wherein B is aryl, heteroaryl, aryl substituted with an aryl or heteroaryl, heteroaryl substituted with an aryl or heteroaryl, tricyclic heteroaryl or Q6; provided however, if B is aryl or heteroaryl the carbon atom or carbon atoms ortho to the nitrogen atom of the imine bond may only be substituted with one or more of the following —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CN, methyl, ethyl or methoxy;

[0498] wherein a tricyclic heteroaryl is a fused three member aromatic system in which one or more of the rings is heteroaryl; carbazole; or acridine;

[0499] wherein Q6 is

[0500] wherein each R22 is independently H, F, Cl, or straight chained or branched C1-C4 alkyl;

[0501] or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0502] The invention provides a method of treating a subject suffering from anxiety which comprises administering to the subject an amount of compound effective to treat the subject's anxiety wherein the compound has the structure:

[0503] wherein each of Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, or C5-C7 cycloalkenyl; —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I; —NO2; —N3; —CN; —OR4, —SR4, —OCOR4, —COR4, —NCOR4, —N(R4)2, —CON(R4)2, or —COOR4; aryl or heteroaryl; or any two of Y1, Y2, Y3 and Y4 present on adjacent carbon atoms can constitute a methylenedioxy group;

[0504] wherein each R4 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, aryl or aryl(C1-C6)alkyl;

[0505] wherein A is A′, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aryl(C1-C6)alkyl or heteroaryl (C1-C6) alkyl;

[0506] wherein A′ is

[0507] wherein R1 and R2 are each independently H, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —NO2, or —CN;

[0508] wherein R3 is H, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —NO2, —CN, —OR6 aryl or heteroaryl;

[0509] wherein R5 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, —N(R4)2, —OR6 or aryl;

[0510] wherein R6 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl or aryl;

[0511] wherein B is aryl, or heteroaryl; provided however, if B is aryl or heteroaryl the carbon atom or carbon atoms ortho to the nitrogen atom of the imine bond may only be substituted with one or more of the following —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CN, methyl, ethyl or methoxy;

[0512] wherein n is an integer from 1 to 4 inclusive;

[0513] or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0514] The invention provides a method of treating a subject suffering from anxiety which comprises administering to the subject an amount of compound effective to treat the subject's anxiety wherein the compound has the structure:

[0515] wherein each of Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, or C5-C7 cycloalkenyl; —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I; —NO2; —N3; —CN; —OR4, —SR4, —OCOR4, —COR4, —NCOR4, —N(R4)2, —CON(R4)2, or —COOR4; aryl or heteroaryl; or any two of Y1, Y2, Y3 and Y4 present on adjacent carbon atoms can constitute a methylenedioxy group;

[0516] wherein each R4 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, aryl or aryl(C1-C6)alkyl;

[0517] wherein A is A′, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aryl(C1-C6)alkyl or heteroaryl (C1-C6) alkyl;

[0518] wherein A′ is

[0519] wherein B is aryl substituted with an aryl or heteroaryl, heteroaryl substituted with an aryl or heteroaryl, tricyclic heteroaryl or Q6;

[0520] wherein a tricyclic heteroaryl is a fused three ring aromatic system in which one or more of the rings is heteroaryl; carbazole; or acridine;

[0521] wherein Q6 is

[0522] wherein n is an integer from 1 to 4 inclusive;

[0523] wherein each R22 is independently H, F,

[0524] Cl, or straight chained or branched C1-C4 alkyl;

[0525] or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0526] The invention provides a method of treating a subject suffering from anxiety which comprises administering to the subject an amount of compound effective to treat the subject's anxiety wherein the compound has the structure:

[0527] wherein each of Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, or C5-C7 cycloalkenyl; —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I; —NO2; —N3; —CN; —OR4, —SR4, —OCOR4, —COR4, —NCOR4, —N(R4)2, —CON(R4)2, or —COOR4; aryl or heteroaryl; or any two of Y1, Y2, Y3 and Y4 present on adjacent carbon atoms can constitute a methylenedioxy group;

[0528] wherein each R4 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, aryl or aryl(C1-C6)alkyl;

[0529] wherein A is Q3, Q4, Q5, aryl substituted with an aryl or heteroaryl, heteroaryl substituted with an aryl or heteroaryl, or (CHR17)—(CHR17)n—Z;

[0530] wherein Q3 is

[0531] wherein Q4 is

[0532] wherein Q5 is

[0533] wherein each R17 is independently H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0534] wherein each R20 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl or C5-C7 cycloalkenyl; —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I; —NO2; —N3; —CN; —OR21, —OCOR21, —COR21, —NCOR21, —N(R21)2, —CON(R21)2, or —COOR21; aryl or heteroaryl; or two R20 groups present on adjacent carbon atoms can join together to form a methylenedioxy group;

[0535] wherein each R21 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl or aryl;

[0536] wherein each R22 is independently H, F, Cl, or straight chained or branched C1-C4 alkyl;

[0537] wherein q is an integer from 2 to 4 inclusive;

[0538] wherein each m is an integer from 0 to 4 inclusive;

[0539] wherein each n is an integer from 1 to 4 inclusive;

[0540] wherein each p is an integer from 0 to 2 inclusive;

[0541] wherein U is O, —NR16, S, C(R17)2, or —NSO2R16;

[0542] wherein Z is C3-C10 cycloalkyl, C4-C7 cyclic ether, C4-C7 cyclic thioether, aryl, or heteroaryl;

[0543] wherein R1 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0544] wherein B is aryl, or heteroaryl; provided however, if B is aryl or heteroaryl the carbon atom or carbon atoms ortho to the nitrogen atom of the imine bond may only be substituted with one or more of the following —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CN, methyl, ethyl or methoxy;

[0545] or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0546] The invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a compound having the structure:

[0547] wherein each of Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, or C5-C7 cycloalkenyl; —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I; —NO2; —N3; —CN; —OR4, —SR4, —OCOR4, —COR4, —NCOR4, N(R4)2, —CON(R4)2, or —COOR4; aryl or heteroaryl; or any two of Y1, Y2, Y3 and Y4 present on adjacent carbon atoms can constitute a methylenedioxy group;

[0548] wherein each R4 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, aryl or aryl(C1-C6)alkyl;

[0549] wherein A is A′, Q3, Q4, Q5, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aryl(C1-C6)alkyl, heteroaryl(C1-C6)alkyl, aryl substituted with an aryl or heteroaryl, heteroaryl substituted with an aryl or heteroaryl; or (CHR17)—(CHR17)n—Z;

[0550] wherein A′ is

[0551] wherein Q3 is

[0552] wherein Q4 is

[0553] wherein Q5 is

[0554] wherein R1 and R2 are each independently H, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —NO2, or —CN;

[0555] wherein R3 is H, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —NO2, —CN, —OR6, aryl or heteroaryl;

[0556] wherein R5 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, —N(R4)2, —OR6 or aryl;

[0557] wherein R6 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl or aryl;

[0558] wherein each R17 is independently H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0559] wherein each R20 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl or C5-C7 cycloalkenyl; —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I; —NO2; —N3; —CN; —OR21, —OCOR21, —COR21, —NCOR21, —N(R21)2, —CON(R21)2, or —COOR21; aryl or heteroaryl; or two R20 groups present on adjacent carbon atoms can join together to form a methylenedioxy group;

[0560] wherein each R21 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, aryl or aryl(C1-C6)alkyl;

[0561] wherein each m is an integer from 0 to 4 inclusive;

[0562] wherein each n is an integer from 1 to 4 inclusive;

[0563] wherein each p is an integer from 0 to 2 inclusive;

[0564] wherein U is O, —NR16, S, C(R17)2, or —NSO2R16;

[0565] wherein Z is C3-C10 cycloalkyl, C4-C7 cyclic ether, C4-C7 cyclic thioether, aryl, or heteroaryl;

[0566] wherein R16 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0567] wherein q is an integer from 2 to 4 inclusive;

[0568] wherein B is aryl, heteroaryl, aryl substituted with an aryl or heteroaryl, heteroaryl substituted with an aryl or heteroaryl, tricyclic heteroaryl or Q6; provided however, if B is aryl or heteroaryl the carbon atom or carbon atoms ortho to the nitrogen atom of the imine bond may only be substituted with one or more of the following —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CN, methyl, ethyl or methoxy;

[0569] wherein a tricyclic heteroaryl is a fused three member aromatic system in which one or more of the rings is heteroaryl; carbazole; or acridine;

[0570] wherein Q6 is

[0571] wherein each R22 is independently H, F, Cl, or straight chained or branched C1-C4 alkyl;

[0572] or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0573] The invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a compound having the structure:

[0574] wherein each of Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, or C5-C7 cycloalkenyl; —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I; —NO2; —N3; —CN; —OR4, —SR4, —OCOR4, —COR4, —NCOR4, —N(R4)2, —CON(R4)2, or —COOR4; aryl or heteroaryl; or any two of Y1, Y2, Y3 and Y4 present on adjacent carbon atoms can constitute a methylenedioxy group;

[0575] wherein each R4 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, aryl or aryl (C1-C6) alkyl;

[0576] wherein A is A′, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aryl(C1-C6)alkyl or heteroaryl (C1-C6) alkyl;

[0577] wherein A′ is

100

[0578] wherein R1 and R2 are each independently H, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —NO2, or —CN;

[0579] wherein R3 is H, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —NO2, —CN, —OR6 aryl or heteroaryl;

[0580] wherein R5 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, —N(R4)2, —OR6 or aryl;

[0581] wherein R6 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl or aryl;

[0582] wherein B is aryl, or heteroaryl; provided however, if B is aryl or heteroaryl the carbon atom or carbon atoms ortho to the nitrogen atom of the imine bond may only be substituted with one or more of the following —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CN, methyl, ethyl or methoxy;

[0583] wherein n is an integer from 1 to 4 inclusive;

[0584] or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0585] The invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a compound having the structure:

101

[0586] wherein each of Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, or C5-C7 cycloalkenyl; —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I; —NO2; —N3; —CN; —OR4, —SR4, —OCOR4, —COR4, —NCOR4, —N(R4)2, —CON(R4)2, or —COOR4; aryl or heteroaryl; or any two of Y1, Y2, Y3 and Y4 present on adjacent carbon atoms can constitute a methylenedioxy group;

[0587] wherein each R4 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, aryl or aryl(C1-C6)alkyl;

[0588] wherein A is A′, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aryl(C1-C6)alkyl or heteroaryl (C1-C6) alkyl;

[0589] wherein A′ is

102

[0590] wherein B is aryl substituted with an aryl or heteroaryl, heteroaryl substituted with an aryl or heteroaryl, tricyclic heteroaryl or Q6;

[0591] wherein a tricyclic heteroaryl is a fused three ring aromatic system in which one or more of the rings is heteroaryl; carbazole; or acridine;

[0592] wherein Q6 is

103

[0593] wherein n is an integer from 1 to 4 inclusive;

[0594] wherein each R22 is independently H, F,

[0595] Cl, or straight chained or branched C1-C4 alkyl;

[0596] or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0597] The invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a compound having the structure:

104

[0598] wherein each of Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, or C5-C7 cycloalkenyl; —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I; —NO2; —N3; —CN; —OR4, —SR4, —OCOR4, —COR4, —NCOR4, —N(R4)2, —CON(R4)2, or —COOR4; aryl or heteroaryl; or any two of Y1, Y2, Y3 and Y4 present on adjacent carbon atoms can constitute a methylenedioxy group;

[0599] wherein each R4 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, aryl or aryl (C1-C6) alkyl;

[0600] wherein A is Q3, Q4, Q5, aryl substituted with an aryl or heteroaryl, heteroaryl substituted with an aryl or heteroaryl, or (CHR17)—(CHR17)n—Z;

[0601] wherein Q3 is

105

[0602] wherein Q4 is

106

[0603] wherein Q5 is

107

[0604] wherein each R17 is independently H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0605] wherein each R20 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl or C5-C7 cycloalkenyl; —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I; —NO2; —N3; —CN; —OR21, —OCOR21, —COR21, —NCOR21, —N(R21)2, —CON(R21)2, or —COOR21; aryl or heteroaryl; or two R20 groups present on adjacent carbon atoms can join together to form a methylenedioxy group;

[0606] wherein each R21 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl or aryl;

[0607] wherein each R22 is independently H, F, Cl, or straight chained or branched C1-C4 alkyl;

[0608] wherein q is an integer from 2 to 4 inclusive;

[0609] wherein each m is an integer from 0 to 4 inclusive;

[0610] wherein each n is an integer from 1 to 4 inclusive;

[0611] wherein each p is an integer from 0 to 2 inclusive;

[0612] wherein U is O, —NR16, S, C(R17)2, or —NSO2R16;

[0613] wherein Z is C3-C10 cycloalkyl, C4-C7 cyclic ether, C4-C7 cyclic thioether, aryl, or heteroaryl;

[0614] wherein R16 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0615] wherein B is aryl, or heteroaryl; provided however, if B is aryl or heteroaryl the carbon atom or carbon atoms ortho to the nitrogen atom of the imine bond may only be substituted with one or more of the following —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CN, methyl, ethyl or methoxy;

[0616] or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0617] The invention provides a compound having the structure:

108

[0618] wherein each of Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, or C5-C7 cycloalkenyl; —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I; —NO2; —N3; —CN; —OR4, —SR4, —OCOR4, —COR4, —NCOR4, —N(R4)2, —CON(R4)2; or —COOR4; aryl or heteroaryl; or any two of Y1, Y2, Y3 and Y4 present on adjacent carbon atoms can constitute a methylenedioxy group;

[0619] wherein each R4 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, aryl or aryl (C1-C6) alkyl;

[0620] wherein A is A′, Q3, Q4, Q5, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aryl(C1-C6)alkyl, heteroaryl (C1-C6) alkyl, aryl substituted with an aryl or heteroaryl, heteroaryl substituted with an aryl or heteroaryl; or (CHR17)—(CHR17)n—Z;

[0621] wherein A′ is

109

[0622] wherein Q3 is

110

[0623] wherein Q4 is

111

[0624] wherein Q5 is

112

[0625] wherein R1 and R2 are each independently H, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —NO2, or —CN;

[0626] wherein R3 is H, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —NO2, —CN, —OR6, aryl or heteroaryl;

[0627] wherein R5 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, —N(R4)2, —OR6 or aryl;

[0628] wherein R6 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl or aryl;

[0629] wherein each R17 is independently H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0630] wherein each R20 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl or C5-C7 cycloalkenyl; —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I; —NO2; —N3; —CN; —OR21, —OCOR21, —COR21, —NCOR21, —N(R21)2, —CON(R21)2, or —COOR21; aryl or heteroaryl; or two R20 groups present on adjacent carbon atoms can join together to form a methylenedioxy group;

[0631] wherein each R21 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, aryl or aryl(C1-C6)alkyl;

[0632] wherein each m is an integer from 0 to 4 inclusive;

[0633] wherein each n is an integer from 1 to 4 inclusive;

[0634] wherein each p is an integer from 0 to 2 inclusive;

[0635] wherein U is O, —NR16, S, C(R17)2, or —NSO2R16;

[0636] wherein Z is C3-C10 cycloalkyl, C4-C7 cyclic ether, C4-C7 cyclic thioether, aryl, or heteroaryl;

[0637] wherein R16 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0638] wherein q is an integer from 2, to 4 inclusive;

[0639] wherein B is aryl, heteroaryl, aryl substituted with an aryl or heteroaryl, heteroaryl substituted with an aryl or heteroaryl, tricyclic heteroaryl or Q6; provided however, if B is aryl or heteroaryl the carbon atom or carbon atoms ortho to the nitrogen atom of the imine bond may only be substituted with one or more of the following —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CN, methyl, ethyl or methoxy;

[0640] wherein a tricyclic heteroaryl is a fused three member aromatic system in which one or more of the rings is heteroaryl; carbazole; or acridine;

[0641] wherein Q6 is

113

[0642] wherein each R22 is independently, H, F, Cl, or straight chained or branched C1-C4 alkyl;

[0643] or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0644] The invention provides a compound having the structure:

114

[0645] wherein each of Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, or C5-C7 cycloalkenyl; —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I; —NO2; —N3; —CN; —OR4, —SR4, —OCOR4, —COR4, —NCOR4, —N(R4)2, —CON(R4)2, or —COOR4; aryl or heteroaryl; or any two of Y1, Y2, Y3 and Y4 present on adjacent carbon atoms can constitute a methylenedioxy group;

[0646] wherein each R4 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, aryl or aryl(C1-C6)alkyl;

[0647] wherein A is A′, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aryl(C1-C6)alkyl or heteroaryl (C1-C6)alkyl;

[0648] wherein A′ is

115

[0649] wherein R1 and R2 are each independently H, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —NO2, or —CN;

[0650] wherein R3 is H, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —NO2, —CN, —OR6 aryl or heteroaryl;

[0651] wherein R5 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, —N(R4)2, —OR6 or aryl;

[0652] wherein R6 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl or aryl;

[0653] wherein B is aryl, or heteroaryl; provided however, if B is aryl or heteroaryl the carbon atom or carbon atoms ortho to the nitrogen atom of the imine bond may only be substituted with one or more of the following —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CN, methyl, ethyl or methoxy;

[0654] wherein n is an integer from 1 to 4 inclusive;

[0655] or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0656] The invention provides a compound having the structure:

116

[0657] wherein each of Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, or C5-C7 cycloalkenyl; —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I; —NO2; —N3; —CN; —OR4, —SR4, —OCOR4, —COR4, —NCOR4, —N(R4)2, —CON(R4)2, or —COOR4; aryl or heteroaryl; —OR any two of Y1, Y2, Y3 and Y4 present on adjacent carbon atoms can constitute a methylenedioxy group;

[0658] wherein each R4 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, aryl or aryl(C1-C6)alkyl;

[0659] wherein A is A′, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aryl(C1-C6)alkyl or heteroaryl(C1-C6)alkyl;

[0660] wherein A′ is

117

[0661] wherein B is aryl substituted with an aryl or heteroaryl, heteroaryl substituted with an aryl or heteroaryl, tricyclic heteroaryl or Q6;

[0662] wherein a tricyclic heteroaryl is a fused three ring aromatic system in which one or more of the rings is heteroaryl; carbazole; or acridine;

[0663] wherein Q6 is

118

[0664] wherein n is an integer from 1 to 4 inclusive;

[0665] wherein each R22 is independently H, F, Cl, or straight chained or branched C1-C4 alkyl;

[0666] or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0667] The invention provides a compound having the structure:

119

[0668] wherein each of Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, or C5-C7 cycloalkenyl; —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I; —NO2; —N3; —CN; —OR4, —SR4, —OCOR4, —COR4, —NCOR4, —N(R4)2, —CON(R4)2, or —COOR4; aryl or heteroaryl; or any two of Y1, Y2, Y3 and Y4 present on adjacent carbon atoms can constitute a methylenedioxy group;

[0669] wherein each R4 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, aryl or aryl(C1-C6)alkyl;

[0670] wherein A is Q3, Q4, Q5, aryl substituted with an aryl or heteroaryl, heteroaryl substituted with an aryl or heteroaryl, or (CHR17)—(CHR17)n—Z;

[0671] wherein Q3 is

120

[0672] wherein Q4 is

121

[0673] wherein Q5 is

122

[0674] wherein each R17 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0675] wherein each R20 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl or C5-C7 cycloalkenyl; —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I; —NO2; —N3; —CN; —OR21, —OCOR21, —COR21, —NCOR21, —N(R21)2, —CON(R21)2, or —COOR21; aryl or heteroaryl; or two R20 groups present on adjacent carbon atoms can join together to form a methylenedioxy group;

[0676] wherein each R21 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl or aryl;

[0677] wherein each R22 is independently H, F, Cl, or straight chained or branched C1-C4 alkyl;

[0678] wherein q is an integer from 2 to 4 inclusive;

[0679] wherein each m is an integer from 0 to 4 inclusive;

[0680] wherein each n is an integer from 1 to 4 inclusive;

[0681] wherein each p is an integer from 0 to 2 inclusive;

[0682] wherein U is O, —NR16, S, C(R17)2, or —NSO2R16;

[0683] wherein Z is C3-C10 cycloalkyl, C4-C7, cyclic ether, C4-C7 cyclic thioether, aryl, or heteroaryl;

[0684] wherein R16 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0685] wherein B is aryl, or heteroaryl; provided however, if B is aryl or heteroaryl the carbon atom or carbon atoms ortho to the nitrogen atom of the imine bond may only be substituted with one or more of the following —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CN, methyl, ethyl or methoxy;

[0686] or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0687] The invention provides a method of treating depression in a subject which comprises administering to the subject a composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a therapeutically effective amount of a GAL3 receptor antagonist, wherein:

[0688] (a) the GAL3Receptor antagonist binds to the human GAL3 Receptor with a binding affinity at least ten-Fold higher than the binding affinity with which it binds to the human GAL1 receptor;

[0689] (b)(1) the GAL3Receptor antagonist does not inhibit. the activity of central monoamine oxidase A greater than 50 percent, at a concentration of 10 μM; and

[0690] (2) the GAL3Receptor antagonist does not inhibit the activity of central monoamine oxidase B greater than 50 percent, at a concentration of 10 μM; and

[0691] (c) the GAL3Receptor antagonist binds to the human GAL3Receptor with a binding affinity at least ten-fold higher than the binding affinity with which it binds to each of the following transporters: serotonin transporter, norepinephrine transporter, and dopamine transporter.

[0692] The invention provides a method of treating anxiety in a subject which comprises administering to the subject a composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a therapeutically effective amount of a GAL3 receptor antagonist, wherein:

[0693] (a) the GAL3Receptor antagonist binds to the human GAL3 receptor with a binding affinity at least ten-Fold higher than the binding affinity with which it binds to the human GAL1 receptor; and

[0694] (b) the GAL3Receptor antagonist binds to the human GAL3 receptor with a binding affinity at least ten-Fold higher than the binding affinity with which it binds to each of the following transporters: serotonin transporter, norepinephrine transporter, and dopamine transporter.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0695]
FIG. 1: Rat Forced Swim Test Results (Immobility: Normal Rats)

[0696] Vehicle (V) and test compounds (F10=fluoxetine at 10 mg/kg ip; C1, C3, C10 or C30=Example 92 at 1, 3, 10 or 30 mg/kg ip) were injected into normal rats by intraperitonal administration (n=5 for each treatment condition). One hour later, rats were examined in a 5 minute forced swim test. For each treatment condition, the number of 5-sec intervals culminating with a display of immobility was derived and plotted as the average +/− S.E.M. A significant decrease in immobility was observed for rats injected with fluoxetine at 10 mg/kg, or with Example 92 at 3 and 10 mg/kg, relative to vehicle injected controls (p<0.01, ANOVA and Student-Nerman-Keuls).

[0697]
FIG. 2: Rat Forced Swim Test Results (Climbing: Normal Rats)

[0698] Vehicle (V) and test compounds (F10=fluoxetine at 10 mg/kg ip; C1, C3, C10 or C30=Example 92 at 1, 3, 10 or 30 mg/kg ip) were injected into normal rats by intraperitonal administration (n=5 for each treatment condition). One hour later, rats were examined in a 5 minute forced swim test. For each treatment condition, the number of 5-sec intervals culminating with a display of climbing was derived and plotted as the average +/− S.E.M. A significant increase in climbing was observed for rats injected with Example 92 at 10 mg/kg, relative to vehicle injected controls (p<0.01, ANOVA and Student-Nerman-Keuls), but not in rats dosed with Example 92 at 30 mg/kg ip.

[0699]
FIG. 3: Rat Forced Swim Test Results (Swimming: Normal Rats)

[0700] Vehicle (V) and test compounds (F10=fluoxetine at 10 mg/kg ip; C1, C3, C10 or C30=Example 92 at 1, 3, 10 or 30 mg/kg ip) were injected into normal rats by intraperitonal administration (n=5 for each treatment condition). One hour later, rats were examined in a 5 minute forced swim test. For each treatment condition, the number of 5-sec intervals culminating with a display of swimming was derived and plotted as the average +/− S.E.M. A significant increase in swimming was observed for rats injected with fluoxetine at 10 mg/kg ip or with Example 92 at 30 mg/kg, relative to vehicle injected controls (p<0.01, ANOVA and Student-Nerman-Keuls).

[0701]
FIG. 4: Social Interaction Test Results (Social Interaction: Unfamiliar Rats)

[0702] Vehicle (V) and test compounds (CLD 5=chlordiazepoxide at 5 mg/kg ip; C10, C30 or C100=Example 92 at 10, 30 or 100 mg/kg ip) were injected into normal rats by intraperitonal administration (n=5 for each treatment condition). One hour later, unfamiliar rats were examined in a 15 minute social interaction test. For each treatment condition, the amount of time spent in social interaction was derived and plotted as the average +/− S.E.M. A significant increase in social interaction was observed for rats injected with chlordiazepoxide at 5 mg/kg i.p. or with Example 92 at 10 mg/kg ip (p<0.05) as well as 30 mg/kg (p<0.01). When the dose of Example 92 was increased to 100 mg/kg, the amount of social interaction time was significantly less than measured after chlordiazepoxide at 5 mg/kg ip or Example 92 at 30 mg/kg ip (p<0.01). Significance in all cases was determined by ANOVA and Student-Nerman-Keuls.

[0703]
FIG. 5: Western Blot Results

[0704] In order to establish the specificity of the anti-GAL3 antiserum, membranes prepared from COS-7 cells transiently transfected with the. rat recombinant GAL3 (Borowsky et al., 1999) (Lane 2) or mock-transfected (vector only) (Lane 3) were applied to an SDS-PAGE gel and blotted using the GAL3Receptor polyclonal antibody. Lane 1 corresponds to molecular weight marker. The anti-GAL3 antiserum labeled proteins in membranes only from rat GAL3-transfected cells (Lane 2); a predominant band was evident with an apparent molecular weight of approximately 56 kDa, (somewhat higher than the amino acid-derived value of 40.4 kDa). The apparently high molecular weight observed for rat GAL3 very likely reflects post-translational processing such as glycosylation; note that rat GAL3 contains multiple N-terminal glycosylation sites (Smith et al., 1998). Relative to the predominant band, additional species of higher molecular weight as well as lower molecular weight were labeled by the GAL3 antiserum. These are interpreted as protein aggregates of C-terminal fragments, as they are absent in mock-transfected cells.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0705] The present invention provides a method of treating a subject suffering from depression which comprises administering to the subject an amount of compound effective to treat the subject's depression wherein the compound has the structure:

123

[0706] wherein W is H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, CN, methyl, ethyl, propyl, methoxy or ethoxy;

[0707] wherein X is; NR11R12;

124

[0708] wherein R11 is H, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, aryl, or aryl (C1-C6)alkyl;

[0709] wherein R12 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3 or —(CH2)m—Z;

[0710] wherein R13 is a bicyclic alkyl ring system, adamantyl, noradamantyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, aryl, aryl(C1-C6) alkyl, Q1 or Q2;

[0711] wherein aryl may be substituted with one or more C1-C10 straight chained or branched alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or N(R19)—z;

[0712] wherein Q1 is

125

[0713] wherein Q2 is

126

[0714] wherein each J is independently O, S, C(R22)2 or NR4;

[0715] wherein R4 is H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl or aryl;

[0716] wherein Y is NR14R15;

127

[0717] wherein R14 is H, straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or (C(R19)2)m—Z;

[0718] wherein R15 is straight chained or branched C3-C6 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, (C(R19)2)mN(R16)2 or (C(R19)2)m—Z ;

[0719] wherein R16 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0720] wherein each R17 is independently H; —OR21, —OCOR21, —COR21, —NCOR21, —N(R21)2, —CON(R21)2, —COOR21, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0721] wherein R18 is straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0722] wherein each R19 is independently H, or straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl;

[0723] wherein each R20 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl or C5-C7 cycloalkenyl; —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I; —NO2; —N3; —CN; —OR21, —OCOR21, —COR21, —NCOR21, —N(R21)2, —CON(R21)2, or —COOR21; aryl or heteroaryl; or two R20 groups present on adjacent carbon atoms can join together to form a methylenedioxy group;

[0724] wherein each R21 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, aryl, or aryl(C1-C6) alkyl;

[0725] wherein each R22 is independently H, F, Cl or C1-C4 straight chained or branched alkyl;

[0726] wherein each m is an integer from 0 to 4 inclusive;

[0727] wherein each n is an integer from 1 to 4 inclusive;

[0728] wherein p is an integer from 0 to 2 inclusive;

[0729] wherein q is an integer from 2 to 4 inclusive;

[0730] wherein t is 1 or 2;

[0731] wherein U is O, —NR16, S, C(R17)2, or —NSO2R16;

[0732] wherein Z is C3-C10 cycloalkyl, C4-C7 cyclic ether, C4-C7 cyclic thioether, aryl, or heteroaryl; or

[0733] a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0734] The invention provides a method of treating a subject suffering from depression which comprises administering to the subject an amount of compound effective to treat the subject's depression wherein the compound has the structure:

128

[0735] wherein W is H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, CN, methyl, ethyl, propyl, methoxy or ethoxy;

[0736] wherein X is NR11R12;

129

[0737] wherein R11 is H, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, aryl or aryl(C1-C6) alkyl;

[0738] wherein R12 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, or —(CH2)m—Z;

[0739] wherein R13 is a bicyclic alkyl ring system, aryl or aryl (C1-C6)alkyl;

[0740] wherein Y is NR14R15;

130

[0741] wherein R14 is H, straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or (C(R19)2)m—Z;

[0742] wherein R15 is straight chained or branched C3-C6 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or (C(R19)2)m—Z;

[0743] wherein U is O, —NR16, S, C(R17)2, or —NSO2R16;

[0744] wherein Z is C3-C10 cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl;

[0745] wherein R16 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0746] wherein each R17 is independently H; —OR21, —OCOR21, —COR21, —NCOR21, —N(R21)2, —CON(R21)2, —COOR21, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0747] wherein R18 is straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0748] wherein each R19 is independently H, or straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl;

[0749] wherein each R20 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl or C5-C7 cycloalkenyl; —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I; —NO2; —N3; —CN; —OR21, —OCOR21, —COR21, —NCOR21, —N(R21)2, —CON(R21)2, or —COOR21; aryl or heteroaryl; or two R20 groups present on adjacent carbon atoms can join together to form a methylenedioxy group;

[0750] wherein each R21 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, aryl or aryl(C1-C6)alkyl;

[0751] wherein each m is an integer from 0 to 4 inclusive;

[0752] wherein each n is an integer from 1 to 4 inclusive;

[0753] wherein p is an integer from 0 to 2 inclusive;

[0754] wherein q is an integer from 2 to 4 inclusive;

[0755] wherein t is 1 or 2; or

[0756] a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0757] The invention provides a method of treating a subject suffering from depression which comprises administering to the subject an amount of compound effective to treat the subject's depression wherein the compound has the structure:

131

[0758] wherein W is H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, CN, methyl, ethyl, propyl, methoxy or ethoxy;

[0759] wherein X is N(CH3)2 or

132

[0760] wherein R13 is an aryl, adamantyl, noradamantyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, Q1 or Q2;

[0761] wherein aryl may be substituted with one or more C1-C10 straight chained or branched alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or N(R19)—Z;

[0762] wherein Q1 is

133

[0763] wherein Q2 is

134

[0764] wherein each J is independently O, S, C(R22)2 or NR4;

[0765] wherein R4 is —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl or aryl;

[0766] wherein Y is NR14R15;

135

[0767] wherein R14 is H, straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or (C(R19)2)m—Z;

[0768] wherein R15 is straight chained or branched C3-C6 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or (C(R19)2)m—Z;

[0769] wherein U is O, —NR16, S, C(R17)2, or —NSO2R16;

[0770] wherein Z is C3-C10 cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl;

[0771] wherein R16 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0772] wherein each R17 is independently H; —OR21, —OCOR21, —COR21, —NCOR21, —N(R21)2, —CON(R21)2, —COOR21, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0773] wherein R18 is straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0774] wherein each R19 is independently H, or straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl;

[0775] wherein each R20 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl or C5-C7 cycloalkenyl; —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I; —NO2; —N3; —CN; —OR21, —OCOR21, —COR21, —NCOR21, —N(R21)2, —CON(R21)2, or —COOR21; aryl or heteroaryl; or two R20 groups present on adjacent carbon atoms can join together to form a methylenedioxy group;

[0776] wherein each R21 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, aryl or aryl(C1-C6)alkyl;

[0777] wherein each R22 is independently H, F, Cl or C1-C4 straight chained or branched alkyl;

[0778] wherein each m is an integer from 0 to 4 inclusive;

[0779] wherein each n is an integer from 1 to 4 inclusive;

[0780] wherein p is an integer from 0 to 2 inclusive;

[0781] wherein q is an integer from 2 to 4 inclusive;

[0782] wherein t is 1 or 2; or

[0783] a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0784] The invention provides a method of treating a subject suffering from depression which comprises administering to the subject an amount of compound effective to treat the subject's depression wherein the compound has the structure:

136

[0785] wherein W is H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, CN, methyl, ethyl, propyl, methoxy or ethoxy;

[0786] wherein X is N(CH3)2 or

137

[0787] wherein R13 is a bicyclic alkyl ring system, aryl or aryl (C1-C6)alkyl;

[0788] wherein Y is NR14R15;

[0789] wherein R14 is H, straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or (C(R19)2)m—Z;

[0790] wherein R15 is (C(R19)2)m—N(R16)2;

[0791] wherein Z is C3-C10 cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl;

[0792] wherein R16 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0793] wherein each R17 is independently H; —OR21, —OCOR21, —COR21, —NCOR21, —N(R21)2, —CON(R21)2, —COOR21, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0794] wherein each R19 is independently H, or straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl;

[0795] wherein each R21 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, aryl or aryl(C1-C6)alkyl;

[0796] wherein each m is an integer from 0 to 4 inclusive;

[0797] wherein each n is an integer from 1 to 4 inclusive;

[0798] wherein q is an integer from 2 to 4 inclusive; or

[0799] a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0800] As used in the present invention, the term “bicyclic alkyl ring systems” includes, but is not limited to, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, bicyclo[3.1.1]heptane and bicyclo[2.2.2]octane. In addition, the bicyclic alkyl ring systems may be substituted with one or more of the following: —F, —NO2, —CN, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —N(R21)2, —OR21, —COR21, —CO21R21, —CON(R21)2 or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3.

[0801] As used in the present invention, the term “cycloalkyl” includes, C3-C7 cycloalkyl moieties which may be substituted with one or more of the following: —F, —NO2, —CN, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C3-C7 monofluorocycloalkyl, C3-C7 polyfluorocycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —N(R4)2, —OR4, —COR4, —NCOR4, —CO2R4, —CON(R4)2 or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3.

[0802] As used in the present invention, the term “cyclohexyl” includes, cyclohexyl groups which may be substituted with one or more of the following: —F, —NO2, —CN, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C3-C7 monofluorocycloalkyl, C3-C7 polyfluorocycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —N(R4)2, —OR4, —COR4, —NCOR4, —CO2R4, —CON(R4)2 or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3.

[0803] As used in the present invention, the term “cycloalkyl” includes, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl moieties which may be substituted with one or more of the following: —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —NO2, —CN, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C3-C7 monofluorocycloalkyl, C3-C7 polyfluorocycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —N(R4)2, —OR4, —COR4, —NCOR4, —CO2R4, —CON(R4)2 or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3.

[0804] In the present invention, the term “heteroaryl” is used to include five and six membered unsaturated rings that may contain one or more oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen atoms. Examples of heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, triazolyl, thiadiazolyl, pyridyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, and triazinyl.

[0805] In addition the term “heteroaryl” is used to include fused bicyclic ring systems that may contain one or more heteroatoms such as oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen. Examples of such heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, indolizinyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, benzo[b]furanyl, benzo[b]thiophenyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, purinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzo[b]thiazolyl, imidazo[2,1-b]thiazolyl, cinnolinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, 1,8-Naphthyridinyl, pteridinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, phthalimidyl and 2,1,3-benzothiazolyl.

[0806] The term “heteroaryl” also includes those chemical moieties recited above which may be substituted with one or more of the following: —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —NO2, —CN, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C3-C7 monofluorocycloalkyl, C3-C7 polyfluorocycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —N(R4)2, —OR4, —COR4, —NCOR4, —CO2R4, —CON(R4)2 or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3.

[0807] The term “heteroaryl” further includes the N-oxides of those chemical moieties recited above which include at least one nitrogen atom.

[0808] In the present invention the term “aryl” is phenyl or naphthyl. The term “aryl” also includes phenyl and naphthyl which may be substituted with one or more of the following: —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —NO2, —CN, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C3-C7 monofluorocycloalkyl, C3-C7 polyfluorocycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —N(R4)2, —OR4, —SR4, —OCOR4, —COR4, —NCOR4, —CO2R4, —CON(R4)2 or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3.

[0809] In one embodiment of any of the methods described herein, the compound is enantiomerically and diasteriomerically pure. In one embodiment, the compound is enantiomerically or diasteriomerically pure.

[0810] In one embodiment of any of the methods described herein, the compound can be administered orally.

[0811] In one embodiment, X is:

138

[0812] In one embodiment, X is NR11R12 and R11 is H or straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl.

[0813] In one embodiment, the compound has the structure:

139

[0814] In one embodiment, R13 is a bicyclic alkyl ring system, cyclohexyl or aryl.

[0815] In one embodiment, R14 is H, straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl or (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3.

[0816] In one embodiment, R14 is H, straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl or (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3.

[0817] In one embodiment, the compound is selected from the group consisting of:

140

141

[0818] In one embodiment, Y is

142

[0819] In one embodiment, U is NR16.

[0820] In one embodiment, R16 is (CH2)m—Z.

[0821] In one embodiment, Z is aryl or heteroaryl.

[0822] In one embodiment, the compound is selected from the group consisting of:

143

144

[0823] In one embodiment, the compound is selected from the group consisting of:

145

[0824] In one embodiment, Y is

146

[0825] In one embodiment, U is NR16.

[0826] In one embodiment, the compound is

147

[0827] In one embodiment, the compound is

148

[0828] In one embodiment, the compound is selected from the group consisting of:

149

150

[0829] In one embodiment, the compound is selected from the group consisting of:

151

152

[0830] In one embodiment, X is N(CH3)2.

[0831] In one embodiment, Y is

153

[0832] In one embodiment, R13 is an aryl substituted with a C1-C10 straight chained alkyl.

[0833] In one embodiment, the compound is selected from a group consisting of:

154

[0834] The invention provides a method of treating a subject suffering from anxiety which comprises administering to the subject an amount of compound effective to treat the subject's anxiety wherein the compound has the structure:

155

[0835] wherein W is H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, CN, methyl, ethyl, propyl, methoxy or ethoxy;

[0836] wherein X is; NR11R12;

156

[0837] wherein R11 is H, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)mCH3, aryl, or aryl (C1-C6)alkyl;

[0838] wherein R12 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, or —(CH2)m—Z;

[0839] wherein R13 is a bicyclic alkyl ring system, adamantyl, noradamantyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, aryl, aryl(C1-C6)alkyl, Q1 or Q2;

[0840] wherein aryl may be substituted with one or more C1-C10 straight chained or branched alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or N(R19)—Z;

[0841] wherein Q1 is

157

[0842] wherein Q2 is

158

[0843] wherein each J is independently O, S, C(R22)2 or NR4;

[0844] wherein R4 is H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl or aryl;

[0845] wherein Y is NR14R15;

159

[0846] wherein R14 is H, straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or (C(R19)2)m—Z;

[0847] wherein R15 is straight chained or branched C3-C6 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, (C(R19)2)mN(R16)2 or (C(R19)2)m—Z;

[0848] wherein R16 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0849] wherein each R17 is independently H; —OR21, —OCOR21, —COR21, —NCOR21, —N(R21)2, —CON(R21)2, —COOR21, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0850] wherein R18 is straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0851] wherein each R19 is independently H, or straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl;

[0852] wherein each R20 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl or C5-C7 cycloalkenyl; —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I; —NO2; —N3; —CN; —OR21, —OCOR21, —COR21, —NCOR21, —N(R21)2, —CON(R21)2, or —COOR21; aryl or heteroaryl; or two R20 groups present on adjacent carbon atoms can join together to form a methylenedioxy group;

[0853] wherein each R21 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, aryl, or aryl(C1-C6)alkyl;

[0854] wherein each R22 is independently H, F, Cl or C1-C4 straight chained or branched alkyl;

[0855] wherein each m is an integer from 0 to 4 inclusive;

[0856] wherein each n is an integer from 1 to 4 inclusive;

[0857] wherein p is an integer from 0 to 2 inclusive;

[0858] wherein q is an integer from 2 to 4 inclusive;

[0859] wherein t is 1 or 2;

[0860] wherein U is O, —NR16, S, C(R17)2, or —NSO2R16;

[0861] wherein Z is C3-C10 cycloalkyl, C4-C7 cyclic ether, C4-C7 cyclic thioether, aryl, or heteroaryl; or

[0862] a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0863] The invention provides a method of treating a subject suffering from anxiety which comprises administering to the subject an amount of compound effective to treat the subject's anxiety wherein the compound has the structure:

160

[0864] wherein W is H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, CN, methyl, ethyl, propyl, methoxy or ethoxy;

[0865] wherein X is NR11R12;

161

[0866] wherein R11 is H, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, aryl or aryl(C1-C6)alkyl;

[0867] wherein R12 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, or —(CH2)m—Z;

[0868] wherein R13 is a bicyclic alkyl ring system, aryl or aryl (C1-C6) alkyl;

[0869] wherein Y is NR14R15;

162

[0870] wherein R14 is H, straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or (C(R19)2)m—Z;

[0871] wherein R15 is straight chained or branched C3-C6 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or (C(R19)2)m—Z;

[0872] wherein U is O, —NR16, S, C(R17)2, or —NSO2R16;

[0873] wherein Z is C3-C10 cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl;

[0874] wherein R16 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0875] wherein each R17 is independently H; —OR21, —OCOR21, —COR21, —NCOR21, —N(R21)2, —CON(R21)2, —COOR21, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0876] wherein R18 is straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0877] wherein each R19 is independently H, or straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl;

[0878] wherein each R20 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl or C5-C7 cycloalkenyl; —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I; —NO2; —N3; —CN; —OR21, —OCOR21, —COR21, —NCOR21, —N(R21)2, —CON(R21)2, or —COOR21; aryl or heteroaryl; or two R20 groups present on adjacent carbon atoms can join together to form a methylenedioxy group;

[0879] wherein each R21 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, aryl or aryl(C1-C6)alkyl;

[0880] wherein each m is an integer from 0 to 4 inclusive;

[0881] wherein each n is an integer from 1 to 4 inclusive;

[0882] wherein p is an integer from 0 to 2 inclusive;

[0883] wherein q is an integer from 2 to 4 inclusive;

[0884] wherein t is 1 or 2; or

[0885] a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0886] The invention provides a method of treating a subject suffering from anxiety which comprises administering to the subject an amount of compound effective to treat the subject's anxiety wherein the compound has the structure:

163

[0887] wherein W is H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, CN, methyl, ethyl, propyl, methoxy or ethoxy;

[0888] wherein X is N(CH3)2 or

164

[0889] wherein R13 is an aryl, adamantyl, noradamantyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, Q1 or Q2;

[0890] wherein aryl may be substituted with one or more C1-C10 straight chained or branched alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or N(R19)—Z;

[0891] wherein Q1 is

165

[0892] wherein Q2 is

166

[0893] wherein each J is independently O, S, C(R22)2 or NR4;

[0894] wherein R4 is —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl or aryl;

[0895] wherein Y is NR14R15;

167

[0896] wherein R14 is H, straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or (C(R19)2)m—Z;

[0897] wherein R15 is straight chained or branched C3-C6 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or (C(R19)2)m—Z;

[0898] wherein U is O, —NR16, S, C(R17)2, or —NSO2R16;

[0899] wherein Z is C3-C10 cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl;

[0900] wherein R16 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0901] wherein each R17 is independently H; —OR21, —OCOR21, —COR21, —NCOR21, —N(R21)2, —CON(R21)2, —COOR21, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0902] wherein R18 is straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0903] wherein each R19 is independently H, or straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl;

[0904] wherein each R20 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl or C5-C7 cycloalkenyl; —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I; —NO2; —N3; —CN; —OR21, —OCOR21, —COR21, —NCOR21, —N(R21)2, —CON(R21)2, or —COOR21; aryl or heteroaryl; or two R20 groups present on adjacent carbon atoms can join together to form a methylenedioxy group;

[0905] wherein each R21 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, aryl or aryl(C1-C6)alkyl;

[0906] wherein each R22 is independently H, F, Cl or C1-C4 straight chained or branched alkyl;

[0907] wherein each m is an integer from 0 to 4 inclusive;

[0908] wherein each n is an integer from 1 to 4 inclusive;

[0909] wherein p is an integer from 0 to 2 inclusive;

[0910] wherein q is an integer from 2 to 4 inclusive;

[0911] wherein t is 1 or 2; or

[0912] a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0913] The invention provides a method of treating a subject suffering from anxiety which comprises administering to the subject an amount of compound effective to treat the subject's anxiety wherein the compound has the structure:

168

[0914] wherein W is H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, CN, methyl, ethyl, propyl, methoxy or ethoxy;

[0915] wherein X is N(CH3)2 or

169

[0916] wherein R13 is a bicyclic alkyl ring system, aryl or aryl (C1-C6) alkyl;

[0917] wherein Y is NR14R15;

[0918] wherein R14 is H, straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or (C(R19)2)m—Z;

[0919] wherein R15 is (C(R19)2)m—N(R16)2;

[0920] wherein Z is C3-C10 cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl;

[0921] wherein R16 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0922] wherein each R17 is independently H; —OR21, —OCOR21, —COR21, —NCOR21, —N(R21)2, —CON(R21)2, —COOR21, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0923] wherein each R19 is independently H, or straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl;

[0924] wherein each R21 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, aryl or aryl(C1-C6)alkyl;

[0925] wherein each m is an integer from 0 to 4 inclusive;

[0926] wherein each n is an integer from 1 to 4 inclusive;

[0927] wherein q is an integer from 2 to 4 inclusive; or

[0928] a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0929] As used in the present invention, the term “bicyclic alkyl ring systems” includes, but is not limited to, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, bicyclo[3.1.1]heptane and bicyclo[2.2.2]octane. In addition, the bicyclic alkyl ring systems may be substituted with one or more of the following: —F, —NO2, —CN, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained. or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —N(R21)2, —OR21, —COR21, —CO2R21, —CON(R21)2 or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3.

[0930] As used in the present invention, the term “cycloalkyl” includes, C3-C7 cycloalkyl moieties which may be substituted with one or more of the following: —F, —NO2, —CN, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C3-C7 monofluorocycloalkyl, C3-C7 polyfluorocycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —N(R4)2, —OR4, —COR4, —NCOR4, —CO2R4, —CON(R4)2 or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3.

[0931] As used in the present invention, the term “cyclohexyl” includes, cyclohexyl groups which may be substituted with one or more of the following: —F, —NO2, —CN, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained. or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C3-C7 monofluorocycloalkyl, C3-C7 polyfluorocycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —N(R4)2, —OR4, —COR4, —NCOR4, —CO2R4, —CON(R4)2 or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3.

[0932] As used in the present invention, the term “cycloalkenyl” includes, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl moieties which may be substituted with one or more of the following: —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —NO2, —CN, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C3-C7 monofluorocycloalkyl, C3-C7 polyfluorocycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —N(R4)2, —OR4, —COR4, —NCOR4, —CO2R4, —CON(R4)2 or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3.

[0933] In the present invention, the term “heteroaryl” is used to include five and six membered unsaturated rings that may contain one or more oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen atoms. Examples of heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, triazolyl, thiadiazolyl, pyridyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, and triazinyl.

[0934] In addition the term “heteroaryl” is used to include fused bicyclic ring systems that may contain one or more heteroatoms such as oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen. Examples of such heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, indolizinyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, benzo[b]furanyl, benzo[b]thiophenyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, purinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzo[b]thiazolyl, imidazo[2,1-b]thiazolyl, cinnolinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, 1,8-Naphthyridinyl, pteridinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, phthalimidyl and 2,1,3-benzothiazolyl. The term “heteroaryl” also includes those chemical moieties recited above which may be substituted with one or more of the following: —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —NO2, —CN, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C3-C7 monofluorocycloalkyl, C3-C7 polyfluorocycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —N(R4)2, —OR4, —COR4, —NCOR4, —CO2R4, —CON(R4)2 or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3.

[0935] The term “heteroaryl” further includes the N-oxides of those chemical moieties recited above which include at least one nitrogen atom.

[0936] In the present invention the term “aryl” is phenyl or naphthyl. The term “aryl” also includes phenyl and naphthyl which may be substituted with one or more of the following: —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —NO2, —CN, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C3-C7 monofluorocycloalkyl, C3-C7 polyfluorocycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —N(R4)2, —OR4, —SR4, —OCOR4, —COR4, —NCOR4, —CO2R4, —CON(R4)2 or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3.

[0937] In one embodiment of any of the methods described herein, the compound is enantiomerically and diasteriomerically pure. In one embodiment, the compound is enantiomerically or diasteriomerically pure.

[0938] In one embodiment, the compound can be administered orally.

[0939] In one embodiment, X is:

170

[0940] In one embodiment, X is NR11R12 and R11 is H or straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl.

[0941] In one embodiment, the compound has the structure:

171

[0942] In one embodiment, R13 is a bicyclic alkyl ring system, cyclohexyl or aryl.

[0943] In one embodiment, R14 is H, straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl or (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3.

[0944] In one embodiment, the compound is selected from the group consisting of:

172

173

[0945] In one embodiment, Y is

174

[0946] In one embodiment, U is NR16.

[0947] In one embodiment, R16 is (CH2)m—Z.

[0948] In one embodiment, Z is aryl or heteroaryl.

[0949] In one embodiment, the compound is selected from the group consisting of:

175

176

[0950] In one embodiment, the compound is selected from the group consisting of:

177

[0951] In one embodiment, Y is

178

[0952] In one embodiment, U is NR16.

[0953] In one embodiment, the compound is

179

[0954] In one embodiment, the compound is

180

[0955] In one embodiment, the compound is selected from the group consisting of:

181

182

[0956] In one embodiment, the compound is selected from the group consisting of:

183

184

[0957] In one embodiment, X is N(CH3)2.

[0958] In one embodiment, Y is

185

[0959] In one embodiment, R13 is an aryl substituted with a C1-C10 straight chained alkyl.

[0960] In one embodiment, the compound is selected from a group consisting of:

186

[0961] The invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a compound having the structure:

187

[0962] wherein W is H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, CN, methyl, ethyl, propyl, methoxy or ethoxy;

[0963] wherein X is; NR11R12;

188

[0964] wherein R11 is H, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, aryl, or aryl (C1-C6)alkyl;

[0965] wherein R12 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, or —(CH2)m—Z;

[0966] wherein R13 is a bicyclic alkyl ring system, adamantyl, noradamantyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, aryl, aryl(C1-C6)alkyl, Q1 or Q2;

[0967] wherein aryl may be substituted with one or more C1-C10 straight chained or branched alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or N(R19)—Z;

[0968] wherein Q1 is

189

[0969] wherein Q2 is

190

[0970] wherein each J is independently O, S, C(R22)2 or NR4;

[0971] wherein R4 is H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl or aryl;

[0972] wherein Y is NR14R15;

191

[0973] wherein R14 is H, straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or (C(R19)2)m—Z;

[0974] wherein R15 is straight chained or branched C3-C6 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, (C(R19)2)mN(R16)2 or (C(R19)2)m—Z;

[0975] wherein R16 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, (CH2)m−Z, or (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0976] wherein each R17 is independently H; —OR21, —OCOR21, —COR21, —NCOR21, —N(R21)2, —CON(R21)2, —COOR21, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0977] wherein R18 is straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[0978] wherein each R19 is independently H, or straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl;

[0979] wherein each R20 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl or C5-C7 cycloalkenyl; —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I; —NO2; —N3; —CN; —OR21, —OCOR21, —COR21, —NCOR21, —N(R21)2, —CON(R21)2, or —COOR21; aryl or heteroaryl; or two R20 groups present on adjacent carbon atoms can join together to form a methylenedioxy group;

[0980] wherein each R21 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, aryl, or aryl(C3-C6)alkyl;

[0981] wherein each R22 is independently H, F, Cl or C1-C4 straight chained or branched alkyl;

[0982] wherein each m is an integer from 0 to 4 inclusive;

[0983] wherein each n is an integer from 1 to 4 inclusive;

[0984] wherein p is an integer from 0 to 2 inclusive;

[0985] wherein q is an integer from 2 to 4 inclusive;

[0986] wherein t is 1 or 2;

[0987] wherein U is O, —NR16, S, C(R17)2, or —NSO2R16;

[0988] wherein Z is C3-C10 cycloalkyl, C4-C7 cyclic ether, C4-C7 cyclic thioether, aryl, or heteroaryl; or

[0989] a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0990] The invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a compound having the structure:

192

[0991] wherein W is H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, CN, methyl, ethyl, propyl, methoxy or ethoxy;

[0992] wherein X is NR11R12;

193

[0993] wherein R11 is H, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, aryl or aryl(C1-C6)alkyl;

[0994] wherein R12 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, or —(CH2)m—Z;

[0995] wherein R13 is a bicyclic alkyl ring system, aryl or aryl (C1-C6) alkyl;

[0996] wherein Y is NR14R15;

194

[0997] wherein R14 is H, straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or (C(R19)2)m—Z ;

[0998] wherein R15 is straight chained or branched C3-C6 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)_—CH3, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or (C(R19)2)m—Z;

[0999] wherein U is O, —NR16, S, C(R17)2, or —NSO2R16;

[1000] wherein Z is C3-C10 cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl;

[1001] wherein R16 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[1002] wherein each R17 is independently H; —OR21, —OCOR21, —COR21, —NCOR21, —N(R21)2, —CON(R21)2, —COOR21, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[1003] wherein R18 is straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[1004] wherein each R19 is independently H, or straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl;

[1005] wherein each R20 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl or C5-C7 cycloalkenyl; —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I; —NO2; —N3; —CN; —OR21, —OCOR21, —COR21, —NCOR21, —N(R21)2, —CON(R21)2 or —COOR21; aryl or heteroaryl; or two R20 groups present on adjacent carbon atoms can join together to form a methylenedioxy group;

[1006] wherein each R21 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, aryl or aryl(C1-C6)alkyl;

[1007] wherein each m is an integer from 0 to 4 inclusive;

[1008] wherein each n is an integer from 1 to 4 inclusive;

[1009] wherein p is an integer from 0 to 2 inclusive;

[1010] wherein q is an integer from 2 to 4 inclusive;

[1011] wherein t is 1 or 2; or

[1012] a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[1013] The invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a compound having the structure:

195

[1014] wherein W is H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, CN, methyl, ethyl, propyl, methoxy or ethoxy;

[1015] wherein X is N(CH3)2 or

196

[1016] wherein R13 is an aryl, adamantyl, noradamantyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, Q1 or Q2;

[1017] wherein aryl may be substituted with one or more C1-C10 straight chained or branched alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or N(R19)—Z;

[1018] wherein Q1 is

197

[1019] wherein Q2 is

198

[1020] wherein each J is independently O, S, C(R22)2 or NR4;

[1021] wherein R4 is —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl or aryl;

[1022] wherein Y is NR14R15;

199

[1023] wherein R14 is H, straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or (C(R19)2)m—Z;

[1024] wherein R15 is straight chained or branched C3-C6 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or (C(R19)2)m—Z;

[1025] wherein U is O, —NR16, S, C(R17)2, or —NSO2R16;

[1026] wherein Z is C3-C10 cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl;

[1027] wherein R16 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C7-C5 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[1028] wherein each R17 is independently H; —OR21, —OCOR21, —COR21, —NCOR21, —N(R21)2, —CON(R21)2, —COOR21, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[1029] wherein R18 is straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[1030] wherein each R19 is independently H, or straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl;

[1031] wherein each R20 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl or C5-C7 cycloalkenyl; —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I; —NO2; —N3; —CN; —OR21, —OCOR21, —COR21, —NCOR21, —N(R21)2, —CON(R21)2, or —COOR21; aryl or heteroaryl; or two R20 groups present on adjacent carbon atoms can join together to form a methylenedioxy group;

[1032] wherein each R21 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, aryl or aryl(C1-C6)alkyl;

[1033] wherein each R22 is independently H, F, Cl or C1-C4 straight chained or branched alkyl;

[1034] wherein each m is an integer from 0 to 4 inclusive;

[1035] wherein each n is an integer from 1 to 4 inclusive;

[1036] wherein p is an integer from 0 to 2 inclusive;

[1037] wherein q is an integer from 2 to 4 inclusive;

[1038] wherein t is 1 or 2; or

[1039] a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[1040] The invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a compound having the structure:

200

[1041] wherein W is H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, CN, methyl, ethyl, propyl, methoxy or ethoxy;

[1042] wherein X is N(CH3)2 or

201

[1043] wherein R13 is a bicyclic alkyl ring system, aryl or aryl (C1-C6) alkyl;

[1044] wherein Y is NR14R15;

[1045] wherein R14 is H, straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or (C(R19)2)m—Z;

[1046] wherein R15 is (C(R19)2)m—N(R16)2;

[1047] wherein Z is C3-C10 cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl;

[1048] wherein R16 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[1049] wherein each R17 is independently H; —OR21, —OCOR21, —COR21, —NCOR21, —N(R21)2, —CON(R21)2, —COOR21, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[1050] wherein each R19 is independently H, or straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl;

[1051] wherein each R21 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, aryl or aryl(C1-C6)alkyl;

[1052] wherein each m is an integer from 0 to 4 inclusive;

[1053] wherein each n is an integer from 1 to 4 inclusive;

[1054] wherein q is an integer from 2 to 4 inclusive; or

[1055] a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[1056] As used in the present invention, the term “bicyclic alkyl ring systems” includes, but is not limited to, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, bicyclo[3.1.1]heptane and bicyclo[2.2.2]octane. In addition, the bicyclic alkyl ring systems may be substituted with one or more of the following: —F, —NO2, —CN, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —N(R21)2, —OR21, —COR21, —CO2R21, —CON(R21)2 or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3.

[1057] As used in the present invention, the term “cycloalkyl” includes, C3-C7 cycloalkyl moieties which may be substituted with one or more of the following: —F, —NO2, —CN, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C3-C7 monofluorocycloalkyl, C3-C7 polyfluorocycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —N(R4)2, —OR4, —COR4, —NCOR4, —CO2R4, —CON(R4)2 or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3.

[1058] As used in the present invention, the term “cyclohexyl” includes, cyclohexyl groups which may be substituted with one or more of the following: —F, —NO2, —CN, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C3-C7 monofluorocycloalkyl, C3-C7 polyfluorocycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —N(R4)2, —OR4, —COR4, —NCOR4, —CO2R4, —CON(R4)2 or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3.

[1059] As used in the present invention, the term “cycloalkyl” includes, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl moieties which may be substituted with one or more of the following: —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —NO2, —CN, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C3-C7 monofluorocycloalkyl, C3-C7 polyfluorocycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —N(R4)2, —OR4, —COR4, —NCOR4, —CO2R4, —CON(R4)2 or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3.

[1060] In the present invention, the term “heteroaryl” is used to include five and six membered unsaturated rings that may contain one or more oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen atoms. Examples of heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, triazolyl, thiadiazolyl, pyridyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, and triazinyl.

[1061] In addition the term “heteroaryl” is used to include fused bicyclic ring systems that may contain one or more heteroatoms such as oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen. Examples of such heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, indolizinyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, benzo[b]furanyl, benzo[b]thiophenyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, purinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzo[b]thiazolyl, imidazo[2,1-b]thiazolyl, cinnolinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, 1,8-Naphthyridinyl, pteridinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, phthalimidyl and 2,1,3-benzothiazolyl.

[1062] The term “heteroaryl” also includes those chemical moieties recited above which may be substituted with one or more of the following: —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —NO2, —CN, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C3-C7 monofluorocycloalkyl, C3-C7 polyfluorocycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —N(R4)2, —OR4, —COR4, —NCOR4, —CO2R4, —CON(R4)2 or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3.

[1063] The term “heteroaryl” further includes the N-oxides. of those chemical moieties recited above which include at least one nitrogen atom.

[1064] In the present invention the term “aryl” is phenyl or naphthyl. The term “aryl” also includes phenyl and naphthyl which may be substituted with one or more of the following: —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —NO2, —CN, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C3-C7 monofluorocycloalkyl, C3-C7 polyfluorocycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —N(R4)2, —OR4, —SR4, —OCOR4, —COR4, —NCOR4, —CO2R4, —CON(R4)2 or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3.

[1065] In one embodiment of any of the pharmaceutical compositions described herein, the compound is enantiomerically and diasteriomerically pure. In one embodiment the compound is enantiomerically or diasteriomerically pure.

[1066] In one embodiment of any of the pharmaceutical compositions described herein, the compound can be administered orally.

[1067] In one embodiment, X is:

202

[1068] In one embodiment, X is NR11R12 and R11 is H or straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl.

[1069] In one embodiment, the compound has the structure:

203

[1070] In one embodiment, R13 is a bicyclic alkyl ring system, cyclohexyl or aryl.

[1071] In one embodiment, R14 is H, straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl or (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3.

[1072] In one embodiment, Y is

204

[1073] In one embodiment, U is NR16.

[1074] In one embodiment, R16 is (CH2)m—Z.

[1075] In one embodiment, Z is aryl or heteroaryl.

[1076] In one embodiment, Y is

205

[1077] In one embodiment, U is NR16.

[1078] In one embodiment, the compound is selected from the group consisting of:

206

207

[1079] In one embodiment, compound is selected from the group consisting of:

208

209

[1080] In one embodiment, X is N(CH3)2.

[1081] In one embodiment, Y is

210

[1082] In one embodiment, R13 is an aryl substituted with a C1-C10 straight chained alkyl.

[1083] In one embodiment, the compound is selected from a group consisting of:

211

[1084] The invention provides a compound having the structure:

212

[1085] wherein W is H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, CN, methyl, ethyl, propyl, methoxy or ethoxy;

[1086] wherein X is; NR11R12;

213

[1087] wherein R11 is H, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, aryl, or aryl (C1-C6)alkyl;

[1088] wherein R12 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, or —(CH2)m—Z;

[1089] wherein R13 is a bicyclic alkyl ring system, adamantyl, noradamantyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, aryl, aryl(C1-C6)alkyl, Q1 or Q2;

[1090] wherein aryl may be substituted with one or more C1-C10 straight chained or branched alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or N(R19)—Z;

[1091] wherein Q1 is

214

[1092] wherein Q2 is

215

[1093] wherein each J is independently O, S, C(R22)2 or NR4;

[1094] wherein R4 is H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl or aryl;

[1095] wherein Y is NR14R15;

216

[1096] wherein R14 is H, straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or (C(R19)2)m—Z;

[1097] wherein R15 is straight chained or branched C3-C6 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, (C(R19)2)mN(R16)2 or (C(R19)2)m—Z;

[1098] wherein R16 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[1099] wherein each R17 is independently H; —OR21, —OCOR21, —COR21, —NCOR21, —N(R21)2, —CON(R21)2, —COOR21, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[1100] wherein R18 is straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[1101] wherein each R19is independently H, or straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl;

[1102] wherein each R20 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl or C5-C7 cycloalkenyl; —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I; —NO2; —N3; —CN; —OR21, —OCOR21, —COR21, —NCOR21, —N(R21)2, —CON(R21)2, or —COOR21; aryl or heteroaryl; or two R20 groups present on adjacent carbon atoms can join together to form a methylenedioxy group;

[1103] wherein each R21 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, aryl, or aryl(C1-C6)alkyl;

[1104] wherein each R22 is independently H, F, Cl or C1-C4 straight chained or branched alkyl;

[1105] wherein each m is an integer from 0 to 4 inclusive;

[1106] wherein each n is an integer from 1 to 4 inclusive;

[1107] wherein p is an integer from 0 to 2 inclusive;

[1108] wherein q is an integer from 2 to 4 inclusive;

[1109] wherein t is 1 or 2;

[1110] wherein U is O, —NR16, S, C(R17)2, or —NSO2R16;

[1111] wherein Z is C3-C10 cycloalkyl, C4-C7 cyclic ether, C4-C7 cyclic thioether, aryl, or heteroaryl; or

[1112] a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[1113] The invention provides a compound having the structure:

217

[1114] wherein W is H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, CN, methyl, ethyl, propyl, methoxy or ethoxy;

[1115] wherein X is NR11R12;

218

[1116] wherein R11 is H, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, aryl or aryl(C1-C7)alkyl;

[1117] wherein R12 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, or —(CH2)m—Z;

[1118] wherein R13 is a bicyclic alkyl ring system, aryl or aryl(C1-C6)alkyl;

[1119] wherein Y is NR14R15;

219

[1120] wherein R14 is H, straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or (C(R19)2)m—Z;

[1121] wherein R15 is straight chained or branched C3-C6 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, C3-C6, cycloalkyl, or (C(R19)2)m—Z;

[1122] wherein U is O, —NR16, S, C(R17)2, or —NSO2R16;

[1123] wherein Z is C3-C10 cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl;

[1124] wherein R16 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[1125] wherein each R17 is independently H; —OR21, —OCOR21, —COR21, —NCOR21, —N(R21)2, —CON(R21)2, —COOR21, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[1126] wherein R18 is straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl, (CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[1127] wherein each R19 is independently H, or straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl;

[1128] wherein each R20 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl or C5-C7 cycloalkenyl; —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I; —NO2; —N3; —CN; —OR21, —OCOR21, —COR21, —NCOR21, —N(R21)2, —CON(R21)2, or —COOR21; aryl or heteroaryl; or two R20 groups present on adjacent carbon atoms can join together to form a methylenedioxy group;

[1129] wherein each R21 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, aryl or aryl(C1-C6)alkyl;

[1130] wherein each m is an integer from 0 to 4 inclusive;

[1131] wherein each n is an integer from 1 to 4 inclusive;

[1132] wherein p is an integer from 0 to 2 inclusive;

[1133] wherein q is an integer from 2 to 4 inclusive;

[1134] wherein t is 1 or 2; or

[1135] a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[1136] The invention provides a compound having the structure:

220

[1137] wherein W is H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, CN, methyl, ethyl, propyl, methoxy or ethoxy;

[1138] wherein X is N(CH3)2 or

221

[1139] wherein R13 is an aryl, adamantyl, noradamantyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, Q1 or Q2;

[1140] wherein aryl may be substituted with one or more C1-C10 straight chained or branched alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or N(R19)—Z;

[1141] wherein Q1 is

222

[1142] wherein Q2 is

223

[1143] wherein each J is independently O, S, C(R22)2 or NR4;

[1144] wherein R4 is —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl or aryl;

[1145] wherein Y is NR14R15;

224

[1146] wherein R14 is H, straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or (C(R19)2)m—Z ;

[1147] wherein R15 is straight chained or branched C3-C6 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or (C(R19)2)m—Z;

[1148] wherein U is O, —NR16, S, C(R17)2, or —NSO2R16;

[1149] wherein Z is C3-C10 cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl;

[1150] wherein R16 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[1151] wherein each R17 is independently H; —OR21, —OCOR21, —COR21, —NCOR21, —N(R21)2, —CON(R21)2, —COOR21, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[1152] wherein R18 is straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[1153] wherein each R19 is independently H, or straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl;

[1154] wherein each R20 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl or C5-C7 cycloalkenyl; —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I; —NO2; —N3; —CN; —OR21, —OCOR21, —COR21, —NCOR21, —N(R21)2, —CON(R22)2, or —COOR21; aryl or heteroaryl; or two R20 groups present on adjacent carbon atoms can join together to form a methylenedioxy group;

[1155] wherein each R21 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl. or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, aryl or aryl(C1-C6)alkyl;

[1156] wherein each R22 is independently H, F, Cl or C1-C4 straight chained or branched alkyl;

[1157] wherein each m is an integer from 0 to 4 inclusive;

[1158] wherein each n is an integer from 1 to 4 inclusive;

[1159] wherein p is an integer from 0 to 2 inclusive;

[1160] wherein q is an integer from 2 to 4 inclusive;

[1161] wherein t is 1 or 2; or

[1162] a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[1163] The invention provides a compound having the structure:

225

[1164] wherein W is H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, CN, methyl, ethyl, propyl, methoxy or ethoxy;

[1165] wherein X is N(CH3)2 or

226

[1166] wherein R13 is a bicyclic alkyl ring system, aryl or aryl (C1-C6) alkyl;

[1167] wherein Y is NR14R15;

[1168] wherein R14 is H, straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl, (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or (C(R19)2)m—Z;

[1169] wherein R15 is (C(R19)2)m—N(R16)2;

[1170] wherein Z is C3-C10 cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl;

[1171] wherein R16 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[1172] wherein each R7 is independently H; —OR21, —OCOR21, —COR21, —NCOR21, —N(R21)2, —CON(R21)2, —COOR21, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[1173] wherein each R19 is independently H, or straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl;

[1174] wherein each R21 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, aryl or aryl(C1-C6)alkyl;

[1175] wherein each m is an integer from 0 to 4 inclusive;

[1176] wherein each n is an integer from 1 to 4 inclusive;

[1177] wherein q is an integer from 2 to 4 inclusive; or

[1178] a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[1179] As used in the present. invention, the term “bicyclic alkyl ring systems” includes, but is not limited to, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, bicyclo[3.1.1]heptane and bicyclo[2.2.2]octane. In addition, the bicyclic alkyl ring systems may be substituted with one or more of the following: —F, —NO2, —CN, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —N(R21)2, —OR21, —COR21, —CO2R21, —CON(R21)2 or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3.

[1180] As used in the present invention, the term “cycloalkyl” includes, C3-C7 cycloalkyl moieties which may be substituted with one or more of the following: —F, —NO2, —CN, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C3-C7 monofluorocycloalkyl, C3-C7 polyfluorocycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —N(R4)2, —OR4, —COR4, —NCOR4, —CO2R4, —CON(R4)2 or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3.

[1181] As used in the present invention, the term “cyclohexyl” includes, cyclohexyl groups which may be substituted with one or more of the following: —F, —NO2, —CN, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C3-C7 monofluorocycloalkyl, C3-C7 polyfluorocycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —N(R4)2, —OR4, —COR4, —NCOR4, —CO2R4, —CON(R4)2 or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3.

[1182] As used in the present invention, the term “cycloalkyl” includes, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl moieties which may be substituted with one or more of the following: —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —NO2, —CN, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C3-C7 monofluorocycloalkyl, C3-C7 polyfluorocycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —N(R4)2, —OR4, —COR4, —NCOR4, —CO2R4, —CON(R4)2 or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3.

[1183] In the present invention, the term “heteroaryl” is used to include five and six membered unsaturated rings that may contain one or more oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen atoms. Examples of heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, triazolyl, thiadiazolyl, pyridyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, and triazinyl.

[1184] In addition the term “heteroaryl” is used to include fused bicyclic ring systems that may contain one or more heteroatoms such as oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen. Examples of such heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, indolizinyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, benzo[b]furanyl, benzo[b]thiophenyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, purinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzo[b]thiazolyl, imidazo[2,1-b]thiazolyl, cinnolinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, 1,8-Naphthyridinyl, pteridinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, phthalimidyl and 2,1,3-benzothiazolyl. The term “heteroaryl” also includes those chemical moieties recited above which may be substituted with one or more of the following: —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —NO2, —CN, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C3-C7 monofluorocycloalkyl, C3-C7 polyfluorocycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —N(R4)2, —OR4, —COR4, —NCOR4, —CO2R4, —CON(R4)2 or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3.

[1185] The term “heteroaryl” further includes the N-oxides of those chemical moieties recited above which include at least one nitrogen atom.

[1186] In the present invention the term “aryl” is phenyl or naphthyl. The term “aryl” also includes phenyl and naphthyl which may be substituted with one or more of the following: —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —NO2, —CN, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C3-C7 monofluorocycloalkyl, C3-C7 polyfluorocycloalkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkenyl, —N(R4)2, —OR4, —SR4, —OCOR4, —COR4, —NCOR4, —CO2R4, —CON(R4)2 or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3.

[1187] In one embodiment of any of the compounds described herein, the compound is enantiomerically or diasteriomerically pure. In one embodiment of any of the compounds described herein, the compound is enantiomerically and diasteriomerically pure.

[1188] In one embodiment, X is:

227

[1189] In one embodiment, X is NR11R12 and R11 is H or straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl.

[1190] In one embodiment, the compound has the structure:

228

[1191] In one embodiment, R13 is a bicyclic alkyl ring system, cyclohexyl or aryl.

[1192] In one embodiment, R14 is H, straight chained or branched C1-C6 alkyl or (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3.

[1193] In one embodiment, Y is

229

[1194] In one embodiment, U is NR16.

[1195] In one embodiment, R16 is (CH2)m—Z.

[1196] In one embodiment Z is aryl or heteroaryl.

[1197] In one embodiment, Y is

230

[1198] In one embodiment, U is NR16.

[1199] In one embodiment, the compound is selected from the group consisting of:

231

232

[1200] In one embodiment, the compound is secected from the group cosisting of:

233

234

[1201] In one embodiment, X is N(CH3)2.

[1202] In one embodiment, Y is

235

[1203] In one embodiment, R13 is an aryl substituted with a C1-C10 straight chained alkyl.

[1204] In one embodiment, the compound is selected from a group consisting of:

236

[1205] The invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of any of the compounds described herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

[1206] The invention provides a pharmaceutical composition made by combining a therapeutically effective amount of any of the compounds described herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

[1207] The invention provides a process for making a pharmaceutical composition comprising combining a therapeutically effective amount of any of the compounds described herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

[1208] The invention provides a method of treating a subject suffering from depression which comprises administering to the subject an amount of any of the compounds described herein effective to treat the subject's depression.

[1209] The invention provides a method of treating a subject suffering from anxiety which comprises administering to the subject an amount of any of the compounds described herein effective to treat the subject's anxiety.

[1210] The invention provides a method of treating a subject suffering from depression and anxiety which comprises administering to the subject an amount of any of the compounds described herein effective to treat the subject's depression and anxiety.

[1211] The invention provides a method of treating a subject suffering from depression which comprises administering to the subject an amount of compound effective to treat the subject's depression wherein the compound has the structure:

237

[1212] wherein each of Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, or C5-C7 cycloalkenyl; —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I; —NO2; —N3; —CN; —OR4, —SR4, —OCOR4, —COR4, —NCOR4, —N(R4)2, —CON(R4)2, or —COOR4; aryl or heteroaryl; or any two of Y1, Y2, Y3 and Y4 present on adjacent carbon atoms can constitute a methylenedioxy group;

[1213] wherein each R4 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, aryl or aryl(C1-C6)alkyl;

[1214] wherein A is A′, Q3, Q4, Q5, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aryl(C1-C6)alkyl, heteroaryl (C1-C6) alkyl, aryl substituted with an aryl or heteroaryl, heteroaryl substituted with an aryl or heteroaryl; or (CHR17)—(CHR17)n—Z;

[1215] wherein A′ is

238

[1216] wherein Q3 is

239

[1217] wherein Q4 is

240

[1218] wherein Q5 is

241

[1219] wherein R1 and R2 are each independently H, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, NO2, or —CN;

[1220] wherein R3 is H, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —NO2, —CN, —OR6, aryl or heteroaryl;

[1221] wherein R5 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, —N(R4)2, —OR6 or aryl;

[1222] wherein R6 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl or aryl;

[1223] wherein each R17 is independently H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[1224] wherein each R20 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl or C5-C7 cycloalkenyl; —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I; —NO2; —N3; —CN; OR21, —OCOR21, —COR21, —NCOR21, —N(R21)2, —CON(R21)2, or —COOR21; aryl or heteroaryl; or two R20 groups present on adjacent carbon atoms can join together to form a methylenedioxy group;

[1225] wherein each R21 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, aryl or aryl(C1-C6)alkyl;

[1226] wherein each m is an integer from 0 to 4 inclusive;

[1227] wherein each n is an integer from 1 to 4 inclusive;

[1228] wherein each p is an integer from 0 to 2 inclusive;

[1229] wherein U is O, —NR16, S, C(R17)2, or —NSO2R16;

[1230] wherein Z is C3-C10 cycloalkyl, C4-C7 cyclic ether, C4-C7 cyclic thioether, aryl, or heteroaryl;

[1231] wherein R16 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[1232] wherein q is an integer from 2 to 4 inclusive;

[1233] wherein B is aryl, heteroaryl, aryl substituted with an aryl or heteroaryl, heteroaryl substituted with an aryl or heteroaryl, tricyclic heteroaryl or Q6; provided however, if B is aryl or heteroaryl the carbon atom or carbon atoms ortho to the nitrogen atom of the imine bond may only be substituted with one or more of the following —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CN, methyl, ethyl or methoxy;

[1234] wherein a tricyclic heteroaryl is a fused three member aromatic system in which one or more of the rings is heteroaryl; carbazole; or acridine;

[1235] wherein Q6 is

242

[1236] wherein each R22 is independently H, F, Cl, or straight chained or branched C1-C4 alkyl;

[1237] or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[1238] The invention provides a method of treating a subject suffering from depression which comprises administering to the subject an amount of compound effective to treat the subject's depression wherein the compound has the structure:

243

[1239] wherein each of Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, or C5-C7 cycloalkenyl; —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I; —NO2; —N3; —CN; —OR4, —SR4, —OCOR4, —COR4, —NCOR4, —N(R4)2, —CON(R4)2, or —COOR4; aryl or heteroaryl; or any two of Y1, Y2, Y3 and Y4 present on adjacent carbon atoms can constitute a methylenedioxy group;

[1240] wherein each R4 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, aryl or aryl(C1-C6)alkyl;

[1241] wherein A is A′, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aryl(C1-C6)alkyl or heteroaryl (C1-C6) alkyl;

244

[1242] wherein A′ is

245

[1243] wherein R1 and R2 are each independently H, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, NO2, or —CN;

[1244] wherein R3 is H, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —NO2, —CN, —OR6 aryl or heteroaryl;

[1245] wherein R5 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, —N(R4)2, —OR6 or aryl;

[1246] wherein R6 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl or aryl;

[1247] wherein B is aryl, or heteroaryl; provided however, if B is aryl or heteroaryl the carbon atom or carbon atoms ortho to the nitrogen atom of the imine bond may only be substituted with one or more of the following —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CN, methyl, ethyl or methoxy;

[1248] wherein n is an integer from 1 to 4 inclusive;

[1249] or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[1250] The invention provides a method of treating a subject suffering from depression which comprises administering to the subject an amount of compound effective to treat the subject's depression wherein the compound has the structure:

246

[1251] wherein each of Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, or C5-C7 cycloalkenyl; —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I; —NO2; —N3; —CN; —OR4, —SR4, —OCOR4, —COR4, —NCOR4, —N(R4)2, —CON(R4)2, or —COOR4; aryl or heteroaryl; or any two of Y1, Y2, Y3 and Y4 present on adjacent carbon atoms can constitute a methylenedioxy group;

[1252] wherein each R4 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, aryl or aryl(C1-C6)alkyl;

[1253] wherein A is A′, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aryl(C1-C6)alkyl or heteroaryl (C1-C7) alkyl;

[1254] wherein A′ is

247

[1255] wherein B is aryl substituted with an aryl or heteroaryl, heteroaryl substituted with an aryl or heteroaryl, tricyclic heteroaryl or Q6;

[1256] wherein a tricyclic heteroaryl is a fused three ring aromatic system in which one or more of the rings is heteroaryl; carbazole; or acridine;

[1257] wherein Q6 is

248

[1258] wherein n is an integer from 1 to 4 inclusive;

[1259] wherein each R22 is independently H, F, Cl, or straight chained or branched C1-C4 alkyl;

[1260] or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[1261] The invention provides a method of treating a subject suffering from depression which comprises administering to the subject an amount of compound effective to treat the subject's depression wherein the compound has the structure:

249

[1262] wherein each of Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, or C5-C7 cycloalkenyl; —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I; —NO2; —N3; —CN; —OR4, —SR4, —OCOR4, —COR4, —NCOR4, N(R4)2, —CON(R4)2, or —COOR4; aryl or heteroaryl; or any two of Y1, Y2, Y3 and Y4 present on adjacent carbon atoms can constitute a methylenedioxy group;

[1263] wherein each R4 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, aryl or aryl(C1-C6)alkyl;

[1264] wherein A is Q3, Q4, Q5, aryl substituted with an aryl or heteroaryl, heteroaryl substituted with an aryl or heteroaryl, or (CHR17)—(CHR17)n—Z;

[1265] wherein Q3 is

250

[1266] wherein Q4 is

251

[1267] wherein Q5 is

252

[1268] wherein each R17 is independently H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[1269] wherein each R20 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3- C7 cycloalkyl or C5-C7 cycloalkenyl; —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I; —NO2; —N3; —CN; —OR21, —OCOR21, —COR21, —NCOR21, —N(R21)2, —CON(R21)2, or —COOR21; aryl or heteroaryl; or two R20 groups present on adjacent carbon atoms can join together to form a methylenedioxy group;

[1270] wherein each R21 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl or aryl;

[1271] wherein each R22 is independently H, F, Cl, —OR straight chained or branched C1-C4 alkyl;

[1272] wherein q is an integer from 2 to 4 inclusive;

[1273] wherein each m is an integer from 0 to 4 inclusive;

[1274] wherein each n is an integer from 1 to 4 inclusive;

[1275] wherein each p is an integer from 0 to 2 inclusive;

[1276] wherein U is O, —NR16, S, C(R17)2, or —NSO2R16;

[1277] wherein Z is C3-C10 cycloalkyl, C4-C7 cyclic ether, C4-C7 cyclic thioether, aryl, or heteroaryl;

[1278] wherein R16 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[1279] wherein B is aryl, or heteroaryl; provided however, if B is aryl or heteroaryl the carbon atom or carbon atoms ortho to the nitrogen atom of the imine bond may only be substituted with one or more of the following —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CN, methyl, ethyl or methoxy;

[1280] or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[1281] As used in the present invention, the term “cycloalkyl” includes C3-C7 cycloalkyl moieties which may be substituted with one or more of the following: —F, —NO2, —CN, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C3-C7 monofluorocycloalkyl, C3-C7 polyfluorocycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —N(R4)2, —OR4, —COR4, —NCOR4, —CO2R4, —CON(R4)2 or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3.

[1282] As used in the present invention, the term “cycloalkyl” includes C5-C7 cycloalkenyl moieties which may be substituted with one or more of the following: —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —NO2, —CN, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C3-C7 monofluorocycloalkyl, C3-C7 polyfluorocycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —N(R4)2, —OR4, —COR4, —NCOR4, —CO2R4, —CON(R4)2 or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3.

[1283] In the present invention, the term “heteroaryl” is used to include five and six membered unsaturated rings that may contain one or more oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen atoms. Examples of heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, triazolyl, thiadiazolyl, pyridyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, and triazinyl.

[1284] In addition the term “heteroaryl” is used to include fused bicyclic ring systems that may contain one or more heteroatoms such as oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen. Examples of such heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, indolizinyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, benzo[b]furanyl, benzo[b]thiophenyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, purinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzo[b]thiazolyl, imidazo[2,1-b]thiazolyl, cinnolinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, 1,8-naphthyridinyl, pteridinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, phthalimidyl and 2,1,3-benzothiazolyl.

[1285] The term “heteroaryl” also includes those chemical moieties recited above which may be substituted with one or more of the following: —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —NO2, —CN, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C3-C7 monofluorocycloalkyl, C3-C7 polyfluorocycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —N(R4)2, —OR4, —COR4, —NCOR4, —CO2R4, —CON(R4)2 or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3.

[1286] The term “heteroaryl” further includes the N-oxides of those chemical moieties recited above which include at least one nitrogen atom.

[1287] In the present invention the term “aryl” is phenyl or naphthyl. The term “aryl” also includes phenyl and naphthyl which may be substituted with one or more of the following: —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —NO2, —CN, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C3-C7 monofluorocycloalkyl, C3-C7 polyfluorocycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —N(R4)2, —OR4, —SR4, —OCOR4, —COR4, NCOR4, —CO2R4, —CON(R4)2 or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3.

[1288] The present invention also provides a method of treating a subject suffering from depression which compromises administering to the subject an amount of compound effective to treat the subject's depression, wherein the compound has the structure:

253

[1289] wherein each R24 is independently one or more of the following: H, F, Cl, Br, I, CF3, OCH3 or NO2;

[1290] wherein R25 is methyl, ethyl, allyl, phenyl and the phenyl is optionally substituted with a F, Cl, Br, CF3, NO2.

[1291] In one embodiment of any one of the methods described herein, the compound is enantiomerically or diastereomerically pure. In one embodiment of any of the methods described herein, the compound is enantiomerically and diastereomerically pure.

[1292] In one embodiment, the compound is a pure Z imine isomer or a pure Z alkene isomer. In one embodiment, the compound is a pure E imine isomer or a pure E alkene isomer.

[1293] In one embodiment, the compound is administered orally.

[1294] In one embodiment, the compound has the structure:

254

[1295] wherein each of Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, —CF3, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —OR4, —N(R4)2, or —CON(R4)2;

[1296] wherein each R4 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, —CF3, or phenyl;

[1297] wherein A is A′, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aryl(C1-C6)alkyl or heteroaryl(C1-C6)alkyl; and

[1298] wherein A′ is

255

[1299] In one embodiment, B is heteroaryl. In one embodiment, B is aryl.

[1300] In one embodiment, B is phenyl and the phenyl is optionally substituted with one or more of the following: —F, —Cl, —Br, —CF3, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, —N(R4)2, —OR4, —COR4, —NCOR4, —CO2R4, or —CON(R4)2.

[1301] In one embodiment, A is aryl. In one embodiment, A is heteroaryl.

[1302] In one embodiment, the compound is selected from the group consisting of:

256

[1303] In one embodiment, the compound is selected from the group consisting of:

257

258

[1304] In one embodiment, A is A′ and A′ is

259

[1305] In one embodiment, the compound is:

260

[1306] In one embodiment, B is Q6.

[1307] In one embodiment, A is aryl.

[1308] In one embodiment, the compound has the structure:

261

[1309] In one embodiment, the compound is:

262

[1310] In one embodiment, B is aryl.

[1311] In one embodiment, A is (CHR17)—(CHR17)n—Z.

[1312] In one embodiment, the compound is:

263

[1313] The invention provides a method of treating a subject suffering from anxiety which comprises administering to the subject an amount of compound effective to treat the subject's anxiety wherein the compound has the structure:

264

[1314] wherein each of Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, or C5-C7 cycloalkenyl; —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I; —NO2; —N3; —CN; —OR4, —SR4, —OCOR4, —COR4, —NCOR4, —N(R4)2, —CON(R4)2, or —COOR4; aryl or heteroaryl; or any two of Y1, Y2, Y3 and Y4 present on adjacent carbon atoms can constitute a methylenedioxy group;

[1315] wherein each R4 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, aryl or aryl(C1-C6)alkyl;

[1316] wherein A is A′, Q3, Q4, Q5, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aryl(C1-C6)alkyl, heteroaryl (C1-C6) alkyl, aryl. substituted with an aryl or heteroaryl, heteroaryl substituted with an aryl or heteroaryl; or (CHR17)—(CHR17)n—Z;

[1317] wherein A′ is

265

[1318] wherein Q3 is

266

[1319] wherein Q4 is

267

[1320] wherein Q5 is

268

[1321] wherein R1 and R2 are each independently H, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —NO2, or —CN;

[1322] wherein R3 is H, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —NO2, —CN, —OR6, aryl or heteroaryl;

[1323] wherein R5 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, —N(R4)2, —OR6 or aryl;

[1324] wherein R6 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl or aryl;

[1325] wherein each R17 is independently H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[1326] wherein each R20 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl or C5-C7 cycloalkenyl; —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I; —NO2; —N3; —CN; —OR21, —OCOR21, —COR21, —NCOR21, —N(R21)2, —CON(R21)2, or —COOR21; aryl or heteroaryl; or two R20 groups present on adjacent carbon atoms can join together to form a methylenedioxy group;

[1327] wherein each R21 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, aryl or aryl(C1-C6)alkyl;

[1328] wherein each m is an integer from 0 to 4 inclusive;

[1329] wherein each n is an integer from 1 to 4 inclusive;

[1330] wherein each p is an integer from 0 to 2 inclusive;

[1331] wherein U is O, —NR16, S, C(R17)2, or —NSO2R16;

[1332] wherein Z is C3-C10 cycloalkyl, C4-C7 cyclic ether, C4-C7 cyclic thioether, aryl, or heteroaryl;

[1333] wherein R, 6 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[1334] wherein q is an integer from 2 to 4 inclusive;

[1335] wherein B is aryl, heteroaryl, aryl substituted with an aryl or heteroaryl, heteroaryl substituted with an aryl or heteroaryl, tricyclic heteroaryl or Q6; provided however, if B is aryl or heteroaryl the carbon atom or carbon atoms ortho to the nitrogen atom of the imine bond may only be substituted with one or more of the following —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CN, methyl, ethyl or methoxy;

[1336] wherein a tricyclic heteroaryl is a fused three member aromatic system in which one or more of the rings is heteroaryl; carbazole; or acridine;

[1337] wherein Q6 is

269

[1338] wherein each R22 is independently H, F, Cl, or straight chained or branched C1-C4 alkyl;

[1339] or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[1340] The invention provides a method of treating a subject suffering from anxiety which comprises administering to the subject an amount of compound effective to treat the subject's anxiety wherein the compound has the structure:

270

[1341] wherein each of Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, or C5-C7 cycloalkenyl; —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I; —NO2; —N3; —CN; —OR4, —SR4, —OCOR4, —COR4, —NCOR4, —N(R4)2, —CON(R4)2, or —COOR4; aryl or heteroaryl; or any two of Y1, Y2, Y3 and Y4 present on adjacent carbon atoms can constitute a methylenedioxy group;

[1342] wherein each R4 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, aryl or aryl(C1-C6)alkyl;

[1343] wherein A is A′, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aryl(C1-C6)alkyl or heteroaryl (C1-C6) alkyl;

[1344] wherein A′ is

271

[1345] wherein R1 and R2 are each independently H, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —NO2, or —CN;

[1346] wherein R3 is H, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —NO2, —CN, —OR6 aryl or heteroaryl;

[1347] wherein R5 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, —N(R4)2, —OR6 or aryl;

[1348] wherein R6 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl or aryl;

[1349] wherein B is aryl, or heteroaryl; provided however, if B is aryl or heteroaryl the carbon atom or carbon atoms ortho to the nitrogen atom of the imine bond may only be substituted with one or more of the following —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CN, methyl, ethyl or methoxy;

[1350] wherein n is an integer from 1 to 4 inclusive;

[1351] or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[1352] The invention provides a method of treating a subject suffering from anxiety which comprises administering to the subject an amount of compound effective to treat the subject's anxiety wherein the compound has the structure:

272

[1353] wherein each of Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, or C5-C7 cycloalkenyl; —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I; —NO2; —N3; —CN; —OR4, —SR4, —OCOR4, —COR4, —NCOR4, —N(R4)2, —CON(R4)2, or —COOR4; aryl or heteroaryl; or any two of Y1, Y2, Y3 and Y4 present on adjacent carbon atoms can constitute a methylenedioxy group;

[1354] wherein each R4 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, aryl or aryl(C1-C6)alkyl;

[1355] wherein A is A′, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aryl(C1-C6)alkyl or heteroaryl (C1-C6) alkyl;

[1356] wherein A′ is

273

[1357] wherein B is aryl substituted with an aryl or heteroaryl, heteroaryl substituted with an aryl or heteroaryl, tricyclic heteroaryl or Q6;

[1358] wherein a tricyclic heteroaryl is a fused three ring aromatic system in which one or more of the rings is heteroaryl; carbazole; or acridine;

[1359] wherein Q6 is

274

[1360] wherein n is an integer from 1 to 4 inclusive;

[1361] wherein each R22 is independently H, F, Cl, or straight chained or branched C1-C4 alkyl;

[1362] or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[1363] The invention provides a method of treating a subject suffering from anxiety which comprises administering to the subject an amount of compound effective to treat the subject's anxiety wherein the compound has the structure:

275

[1364] wherein each of Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, or C5-C7 cycloalkenyl; —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I; —NO2; —N3; —CN; —OR4, —SR4, —OCOR4, —COR4, —NCOR4, —N(R4)2, —CON(R4)2, or —COOR4; aryl or heteroaryl; or any two of Y1, Y2, Y3 and Y4 present on adjacent carbon atoms can constitute a methylenedioxy group;

[1365] wherein each R4 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, aryl or aryl(C1-C6)alkyl;

[1366] wherein A is Q3, Q4, Q5, aryl substituted with an aryl or heteroaryl, heteroaryl substituted with an aryl or heteroaryl, or (CHR17)—(CHR17)n—Z;

[1367] wherein Q3 is

276

[1368] wherein Q4 is

277

[1369] wherein Q5 is

278

[1370] wherein each R17 is independently H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[1371] wherein each R20 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl or C5-C7 cycloalkenyl; —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I; —NO2; —N3; —CN; OR21, —OCOR21, —COR21, —NCOR21, —N(R21)2, —CON(R21)2, or —COOR21; aryl or heteroaryl; or two R20 groups present on adjacent carbon atoms can join together to form a methylenedioxy group;

[1372] wherein each R21 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl or aryl;

[1373] wherein each R22 is independently H, F, Cl, or straight chained or branched C1-C4 alkyl;

[1374] wherein q is an integer from 2 to 4 inclusive;

[1375] wherein each m is an integer from 0 to 4 inclusive;

[1376] wherein each n is an integer from 1 to 4 inclusive;

[1377] wherein each p is an integer from 0 to 2 inclusive;

[1378] wherein U is O, —NR16, S, C(R17)2, or —NSO2R16;

[1379] wherein Z is C3-C10 cycloalkyl, C4-C7 cyclic ether, C4-C7 cyclic thioether, aryl, or heteroaryl;

[1380] wherein R16 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[1381] wherein B is aryl, or heteroaryl; provided however, if B is aryl or heteroaryl the carbon atom or carbon atoms ortho to the nitrogen atom of the imine bond may only be substituted with one or more of the following —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CN, methyl, ethyl or methoxy;

[1382] or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[1383] As used in the present invention, the term “cycloalkyl” includes C3-C7 cycloalkyl moieties which may be substituted with one or more of the following: —F, —NO2, —CN, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C3-C7 monofluorocycloalkyl, C3-C7 polyfluorocycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —N(R4)2, —OR4, —COR4, —NCOR4, —CO2R4, —CON(R4)2 or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)mCH3.

[1384] As used in the present invention, the term “cycloalkyl” includes C5-C7 cycloalkenyl moieties which may be substituted with one or more of the following: —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —NO2, —CN, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C3-C7 monofluorocycloalkyl, C3-C7 polyfluorocycloalkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkenyl, —N(R4)2, —OR4, —COR4, —NCOR4, —CO2R4, —CON(R4)2 or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3.

[1385] In the present invention, the term “heteroaryl” is used to include .five and six membered unsaturated rings that may contain one or more oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen atoms. Examples of heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, triazolyl, thiadiazolyl, pyridyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, and triazinyl.

[1386] In addition the term “heteroaryl” is used to include fused bicyclic ring systems that may contain one or more heteroatoms such as oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen. Examples of such heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, indolizinyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, benzo[b]furanyl, benzo[b]thiophenyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, purinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzo[b]thiazolyl, imidazo[2,1-b]thiazolyl, cinnolinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, 1,8-naphthyridinyl, pteridinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, phthalimidyl and 2,1,3-benzothiazolyl.

[1387] The term “heteroaryl” also includes those chemical moieties recited above which may be substituted with one or more of the following: —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, NO2, —CN, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C3-C7 monofluorocycloalkyl, C3-C7 polyfluorocycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —N(R4)2, —OR4, —COR4, —NCOR4, —CO2R4, —CON(R4)2 or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3.

[1388] The term “heteroaryl” further includes the N-oxides of those chemical moieties recited above which include at least one nitrogen atom.

[1389] In the present invention the term “aryl”, is phenyl or naphthyl. The term “aryl” also includes phenyl and naphthyl which may be substituted with one or more of the following: —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —NO2, —CN, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C3-C7 monofluorocycloalkyl, C3-C7 polyfluorocycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —N(R4)2, —OR4, —SR4, —OCOR4, —COR4, —NCOR4, —CO2R4, —CON(R4)2 or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3.

[1390] The present invention also provides a method of treating a subject suffering from anxiety which compromises administering to the subject an amount of compound effective to treat the subject's anxiety where in the compound has the structure:

279

[1391] wherein each R24 is independently one or more of the following: H, F, Cl, Br, I, CF3, OCH3 or NO2;

[1392] wherein R25 is methyl, ethyl, allyl, phenyl and the phenyl is optionally substituted with a F, Cl, Br, CF3, NO2.

[1393] In one embodiment of any of the methods described herein, the compound is enantiomerically and diastereomerically pure. In one embodiment of any of the methods described herein, the compound is enantiomerically or diastereomerically pure.

[1394] In one embodiment of any of the methods described herein, the compound is a pure Z imine isomer or a pure Z alkene isomer. In one embodiment, the compound is a pure E imine isomer or a pure E alkene isomer.

[1395] In one embodiment, the compound has the structure:

280

[1396] wherein each of Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, —CF3, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —OR4, —N(R4)2, or —CON(R4)2;

[1397] wherein each R4 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, —CF3, or phenyl;

[1398] wherein A is A′ straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aryl(C1-C6)alkyl or heteroaryl(C1-C6)alkyl; and

[1399] wherein A′ is

281

[1400] In one embodiment, B is heteroaryl. In one embodiment, B is aryl.

[1401] In one embodiment, B is phenyl and the phenyl is optionally substituted with one or more of the following: —F, —Cl, —Br, —CF3, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, —N(R4)2, —OR4, —COR4, —NCOR4, —CO2R4, or —CON(R4)2.

[1402] In one embodiment, A is aryl. In one embodiment, A is heteroaryl.

[1403] In one embodiment, the compound is selected from the group consisting of:

282

[1404] In one embodiment, the compound is selected from the group consisting of:

283

284

[1405] In one embodiment, A is A′ and A′ is

285

[1406] In one embodiment, the compound is:

286

[1407] In one embodiment, B is Q6.

[1408] In one embodiment, A is aryl.

[1409] In one embodiment, the compound has the structure:

287

[1410] In one embodiment, the compound is:

288

[1411] In one embodiment, B is aryl.

[1412] In one embodiment, A is (CHR17)—(CHR17)n—Z.

[1413] In one embodiment, the compound is:

289

[1414] The invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a compound having the structure:

290

[1415] wherein each of Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, or C5-C7 cycloalkenyl; —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I; —NO2; —N3; —CN; —OR4, —SR4, —OCOR4, —COR4, —NCOR4, —N(R4)2, —CON(R4)2, or —COOR4; aryl or heteroaryl; or any two of Y1, Y2, Y3 and Y4 present on adjacent carbon atoms can constitute a methylenedioxy group;

[1416] wherein each R4 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, aryl or aryl(C1-C6)alkyl;

[1417] wherein A is A′, Q3, Q4, Q5, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aryl(C1-C6)alkyl, heteroaryl(C1-C6)alkyl, aryl substituted with an aryl or heteroaryl, heteroaryl substituted with an aryl or heteroaryl; or (CHR17)—(CHR17)n—Z;

[1418] wherein A′ is

291

[1419] wherein Q3 is

292

[1420] wherein Q4 is

293

[1421] wherein Q5 is

294

[1422] wherein R, and R2 are each independently H, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —NO2, or —CN;

[1423] wherein R3 is H, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —NO2, —CN, —OR6, aryl or heteroaryl;

[1424] wherein R5 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, —N(R4)2, —OR6 or aryl;

[1425] wherein R6 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl or aryl;

[1426] wherein each R17 is independently H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched. C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[1427] wherein each R20 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl or C5-C7 cycloalkenyl; —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I; —NO2; —N3; —CN; —OR21, —OCOR21, —COR21, —NCOR21, —N(R21)2, —CON(R21)2, or —COOR21; aryl or heteroaryl; or two R20 groups present on adjacent carbon atoms can join together to form a methylenedioxy group;

[1428] wherein each R21 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, aryl or aryl(C1-C6)alkyl;

[1429] wherein each m is an integer from 0 to 4 inclusive;

[1430] wherein each n is an integer from 1 to 4 inclusive;

[1431] wherein each p is an integer from 0 to 2 inclusive;

[1432] wherein U is O, —NR16, S, C(R17)2, or —NSO2R16;

[1433] wherein Z is C3-C10 cycloalkyl, C4-C7 cyclic ether, C4-C7 cyclic thioether, aryl, or heteroaryl;

[1434] wherein R16 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[1435] wherein q is an integer from 2 to 4 inclusive;

[1436] wherein B is aryl, heteroaryl, aryl substituted with an aryl or heteroaryl, heteroaryl substituted with an aryl or heteroaryl, tricyclic heteroaryl or Q6; provided however, if B is aryl or heteroaryl the carbon atom or carbon atoms ortho to the nitrogen atom of the imine bond may only be substituted with one or more of the following —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CN, methyl, ethyl or methoxy;

[1437] wherein a tricyclic heteroaryl is a fused three member aromatic system in which one or more of the rings is heteroaryl; carbazole; or acridine;

[1438] wherein Q6 is

295

[1439] wherein each R22 is independently H, F, Cl, or straight chained or branched C1-C4 alkyl;

[1440] or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[1441] The invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a compound having the structure:

296

[1442] wherein each of Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, or C5-C7 cycloalkenyl; —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I; —NO2; —N3; —CN; —OR4, —SR4, —OCOR4, —COR4, —NCOR4, —N(R4)2, —CON(R4)2, or —COOR4; aryl or heteroaryl; or any two of Y1, Y2, Y3 and Y4 present on adjacent carbon atoms can constitute a methylenedioxy group;

[1443] wherein each R4 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, aryl or aryl(C1-C6)alkyl;

[1444] wherein A is A′, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aryl(C1-C6)alkyl or heteroaryl (C1-C6) alkyl;

[1445] wherein A′ is

297

[1446] wherein R1 and R2 are each independently H, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —NO2, or —CN;

[1447] wherein R3 is H, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —NO2, —CN, —OR6 aryl or heteroaryl;

[1448] wherein R5 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, —N(R4)2, —OR6 or aryl;

[1449] wherein R6 is straight chained. or branched C1-C7 alkyl or aryl;

[1450] wherein B is aryl, or heteroaryl; provided however, if B is aryl or heteroaryl the carbon atom or carbon atoms ortho to the nitrogen atom of the imine bond may only be substituted with one or more of the following —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CN, methyl, ethyl or methoxy;

[1451] wherein n is an integer from 1 to 4 inclusive;

[1452] or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[1453] The invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a compound having the structure:

298

[1454] wherein each of Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, or C5-C7 cycloalkenyl; —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I; —NO2; —N3; —CN; —OR4, —SR4, —OCOR4, —COR4, —NCOR4, —N(R4)2, —CON(R4)2, or —COOR4; aryl or heteroaryl; or any two of Y1, Y2, Y3 and Y4 present on adjacent carbon atoms can constitute a methylenedioxy group;

[1455] wherein each R4 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, aryl or aryl(C1-C6)alkyl;

[1456] wherein A is A′, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aryl(C1-C6)alkyl or heteroaryl (C1-C6)alkyl;

[1457] wherein A′ is

299

[1458] wherein B is aryl substituted with an aryl or heteroaryl, heteroaryl substituted with an aryl or heteroaryl, tricyclic heteroaryl or Q6;

[1459] wherein a tricyclic heteroaryl is a fused three ring aromatic system in which one or more of the rings is heteroaryl; carbazole; or acridine;

[1460] wherein Q6 is

300

[1461] wherein n is an integer from 1 to 4 inclusive;

[1462] wherein each R22 is independently H, F, Cl, or straight chained or branched C1-C4 alkyl;

[1463] or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[1464] The invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a compound having the structure:

301

[1465] wherein each of Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, or C5-C7 cycloalkenyl; —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I; —NO2; —N3; —CN; —OR4, —SR4, —OCOR4, —COR4, —NCOR4, —N(R4)2, —CON(R4)2, or —COOR4; aryl or heteroaryl; or any two of Y1, Y2, Y3 and Y4 present on adjacent carbon atoms can constitute a methylenedioxy group;

[1466] wherein each R4 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, aryl or aryl(C1-C6)alkyl;

[1467] wherein A is Q3, Q4, Q5, aryl substituted with an aryl or heteroaryl, heteroaryl substituted with an aryl or heteroaryl, or (CHR17)—(CHR17)n—Z;

[1468] wherein Q3 is

302

[1469] wherein Q4 is

303

[1470] wherein Q5 is

304

[1471] wherein each R17 is independently H;. straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[1472] wherein each R20 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl or C5-C7 cycloalkenyl; —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I; —NO2; —N3; —CN; —OR21, —OCOR21, —COR21, —NCOR21, —N(R21)2, —CON(R21)2, or —COOR21; aryl or heteroaryl; or two R20 groups present on adjacent carbon atoms can join together to form a methylenedioxy group;

[1473] wherein each R21 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl or aryl;

[1474] wherein each R22 is independently H, F, Cl, or straight chained or branched C1-C4 alkyl;

[1475] wherein q is an integer from 2 to 4 inclusive;

[1476] wherein each m is an integer from 0 to 4 inclusive;

[1477] wherein each n is an integer from 1 to 4 inclusive;

[1478] wherein each p is an integer from 0 to 2 inclusive;

[1479] wherein U is O, —NR16, S, C(R17)2, or —NSO2R16;

[1480] wherein Z is C3-C10 cycloalkyl, C4-C7 cyclic ether, C4-C7 cyclic thioether, aryl, or heteroaryl;

[1481] wherein R16 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[1482] wherein B is aryl, or heteroaryl; provided however, if B is aryl or heteroaryl the carbon atom or carbon atoms ortho to the nitrogen atom of the imine bond may only be substituted with one or more of the following —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CN, methyl, ethyl or methoxy;

[1483] or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[1484] As used in the present invention, the term “cycloalkyl” includes C3-C7 cycloalkyl moieties which may be substituted with one or more of the following: —F, —NO2, —CN, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, 'straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C3-C7 monofluorocycloalkyl, C3-C7 polyfluorocycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —N(R4)2, —OR4, —OCR4, —NCOR4, —CO2R4, —CON(R4)2 or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3.

[1485] As used in the present invention, the term “cycloalkenyl” includes C5-C7 cycloalkenyl moieties which may be substituted with one or more of the following: —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —NO2, —CN, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C3-C7 monofluorocycloalkyl, C3-C7 polyfluorocycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —N(R4)2, —OR4, —COR4, —NCOR4, —CO2R4, —CON(R4)2 or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3.

[1486] In the present invention, the term “heteroaryl” is used to include five and six membered unsaturated rings that may contain one or more oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen atoms. Examples of heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, triazolyl, thiadiazolyl, pyridyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, and triazinyl.

[1487] In addition the term “heteroaryl” is used to include fused bicyclic ring systems that may contain one or more heteroatoms such as oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen. Examples of such heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, indolizinyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, benzo [b]furanyl, benzo[b]thiophenyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, purinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzo[b]thiazolyl, imidazo[2,1-b]thiazolyl, cinnolinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, 1,8-naphthyridinyl, pteridinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, phthalimidyl and 2,1,3-benzothiazolyl.

[1488] The term “heteroaryl” also includes those chemical moieties recited above which may be substituted with one or more of the following: —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —NO2, —CN, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C3-C7 monofluorocycloalkyl, C3-C7 polyfluorocycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —N(R4)2, —OR4, —COR4, —NCOR4, —CO2R4, —CON(R4)2 or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3.

[1489] The term “heteroaryl” further includes the N-oxides of those chemical moieties recited above which include at least one nitrogen atom.

[1490] In the present invention the term “aryl” is phenyl or naphthyl. The term “aryl” also includes phenyl and naphthyl which may be substituted with one or more of the following: —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —NO2, —CN, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C3-C7 monofluorocycloalkyl, C3-C7 polyfluorocycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —N(R4)2, —OR4, —SR4, —OCOR4, —COR4, —NCOR4, —CO2R4, —CON(R4)2 or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3.

[1491] In one embodiment of any of the pharmaceutical compositions described herein, the compound is enantiomerically and diastereomerically pure. In one embodiment, the compound is enantiomerically or diastereomerically pure.

[1492] In one embodiment, the compound is a pure Z imine isomer or a pure Z alkene isomer.

[1493] In one embodiment, the compound is a pure E imine isomer or a pure E alkene isomer.

[1494] In one embodiment, the composition can be administered orally.

[1495] In one embodiment of the pharmaceutical composition, the compound has the structure:

305

[1496] wherein each of Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, —CF3, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —OR4, —N(R4)2, or —CON(R4)2;

[1497] wherein each R4 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, —CF31 or phenyl;

[1498] wherein A is A′, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aryl(C1-C6)alkyl or heteroaryl(C1-C6 )alkyl; and

[1499] wherein A′ is

306

[1500] In one embodiment, B is heteroaryl.

[1501] In one embodiment, B is aryl.

[1502] In one embodiment, B is phenyl and the phenyl is optionally substituted with one or more of the following: —F, —Cl, —Br, —CF3, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, —N(R4)2, —OR4, —COR4, —NCOR4, —CO2R4, or —CON(R4)2.

[1503] In one embodiment, A is aryl. In one embodiment, A is heteroaryl.

[1504] In one embodiment, the compound is selected from the group consisting of:

307

[1505] In one embodiment, B is Q6.

[1506] In one embodiment, A is aryl.

[1507] In one embodiment, the compound has the structure:

308

[1508] In one embodiment, the compound is:

309

[1509] In one embodiment, B is aryl.

[1510] In one embodiment, A is (CHR17)—(CHR17)n—Z.

[1511] In one embodiment, the compound is:

310

[1512] The invention provides a compound having the structure:

311

[1513] wherein each of Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, or C5-C7 cycloalkenyl; —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I; —NO2; —N3; —CN; —OR4, —SR4, —OCOR4, —COR4, —NCOR4, —N(R4)2, —CON(R4)2, or —COOR4; aryl or heteroaryl; or any two of Y1, Y2, Y3 and Y4 present on adjacent carbon atoms can constitute a methylenedioxy group;

[1514] wherein each R4 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, aryl or aryl(C1-C6)alkyl;

[1515] wherein A is A′, Q3, Q4, Q5, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aryl(C1-C6) alkyl, heteroaryl (C1-C6) alkyl, aryl substituted with an aryl or heteroaryl, heteroaryl substituted with an aryl or heteroaryl; or (CHR17)—(CHR17)n—Z;

[1516] wherein A′ is

312

313

[1517] wherein Q3 is

314

[1518] wherein Q4 is

315

[1519] wherein Q5 is

316

[1520] wherein R1 and R2 are each independently H, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —NO2, or —CN;

[1521] wherein R3 is H, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —NO2, —CN, —OR6, aryl or heteroaryl;

[1522] wherein R5 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, —N(R4)2, —OR6 or aryl;

[1523] wherein R6 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl or aryl;

[1524] wherein each R17 is independently H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[1525] wherein each R20 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl or C5-C7 cycloalkenyl; —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I; —NO2; —N3; —CN; OR21, —OCOR21, —COR21, —NCOR21, —N(R21)2, —CON(R21)2, or —COOR21; aryl or heteroaryl; or two R20 groups present on adjacent carbon atoms can join together to form a methylenedioxy group;

[1526] wherein each R21 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, aryl or aryl(C1-C6)alkyl;

[1527] wherein each m is an integer from 0 to 4 inclusive;

[1528] wherein each n is an integer from 1 to 4 inclusive;

[1529] wherein each p is an integer from 0 to 2 inclusive;

[1530] wherein U is O, —NR16, S, C(R17)2, or —NSO2R16;

[1531] wherein Z is C3-C10 cycloalkyl, C4-C7 cyclic ether, C4-C7 cyclic thioether, aryl, or heteroaryl;

[1532] wherein R16 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[1533] wherein q is an integer from 2 to 4 inclusive;

[1534] wherein B is aryl, heteroaryl, aryl substituted with an aryl or heteroaryl, heteroaryl substituted with an aryl or heteroaryl, tricyclic heteroaryl or Q6; provided however, if B is aryl or heteroaryl the carbon atom or carbon atoms ortho to the nitrogen atom of the imine bond may only be substituted with one or more of the following —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CN, methyl, ethyl or methoxy;

[1535] wherein a tricyclic heteroaryl is a fused three member aromatic system in which one or more of the rings is heteroaryl; carbazole; or acridine;

[1536] wherein Q6 is

317

[1537] wherein each R22 is independently H, F, Cl, or straight chained or branched C1-C4 alkyl;

[1538] or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[1539] The invention provides a compound having the structure:

318

[1540] wherein each of Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4 is independently H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, or C5-C7 cycloalkenyl; —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I; —NO2; —N3; —CN; —OR4, —SR4, —OCOR4, —COR4, —NCOR4, —N(R4)2, —CON(R4)2, or —COOR4; aryl or heteroaryl; or any two of Y1, Y2, Y3 and Y4 present on adjacent carbon atoms can constitute a methylenedioxy group;

[1541] wherein each R4 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, aryl or aryl(C1-C6)alkyl;

[1542] wherein A is A′, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aryl(C1-C6)alkyl or heteroaryl (C1-C6) alkyl;

[1543] wherein A′ is

319

[1544] wherein R1 and R2 are each independently H, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, 13 NO2, or —CN;

[1545] wherein R3 is H, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —NO2, —CN, —OR6 aryl or heteroaryl;

[1546] wherein R5 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, —N(R4)2, —OR6 or aryl;

[1547] wherein R6 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl or aryl;

[1548] wherein B is aryl, or heteroaryl; provided however, if B is aryl or heteroaryl the carbon atom or carbon atoms ortho to the nitrogen atom of the imine bond may only be substituted with one or more of the following —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CN, methyl, ethyl or methoxy;

[1549] wherein n is an integer from 1 to 4 inclusive;

[1550] or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[1551] The invention provides a compound having the structure:

320

[1552] wherein each of Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, or C5-C7 cycloalkenyl; —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I; —NO2; —N3; —CN; —OR4, —SR4, —OCOR4, —COR4, —NCOR4, —N(R4)2, —CON(R4)2, or —COOR4; aryl or heteroaryl; or any two of Y1, Y2, Y3 and Y4 present on adjacent carbon atoms can constitute a methylenedioxy group;

[1553] wherein each R4 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, aryl or aryl(C1-C6)alkyl;

[1554] wherein A is A′, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aryl(C1-C6)alkyl or heteroaryl (C1-C6) alkyl;

[1555] wherein A′ is

321

[1556] wherein B is aryl substituted with an aryl or heteroaryl, heteroaryl substituted with an aryl or heteroaryl, tricyclic heteroaryl or Q6;

[1557] wherein a tricyclic heteroaryl is a fused three ring aromatic system in which one or more of the rings is heteroaryl; carbazole; or acridine;

[1558] wherein Q6 is

322

[1559] wherein n is an integer from 1 to 4 inclusive;

[1560] wherein each R22 is independently H, F, Cl, or straight chained or branched C1-C4 alkyl;

[1561] or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[1562] The invention provides a compound having the structure:

323

[1563] wherein each of Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, or C5-C7 cycloalkenyl; —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I; —NO2; —N3; —CN; —OR4, —SR4, —OCOR4, —COR4, —NCOR4, —N(R4)2, —CON(R4)2, or —COOR4; aryl or heteroaryl; or any two of Y1, Y2, Y3 and Y4 present on adjacent carbon atoms can constitute a methylenedioxy group;

[1564] wherein each R4 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, aryl or aryl(C1-C6)alkyl;

[1565] wherein A is Q3, Q4, Q5, aryl substituted with an aryl or heteroaryl, heteroaryl substituted with an aryl or heteroaryl, or (CHR17)—(CHR17)n—Z;

[1566] wherein Q3 is

324

[1567] wherein Q4 is

325

[1568] wherein Q5 is

326

[1569] wherein each R17 is independently H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[1570] wherein each R20 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl or C5-C7 cycloalkenyl; —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I; —NO2; —N3; —CN; —OR21, —OCOR21, —COR21, —NCOR21, —N(R21)2, —CON(R21)2, or —COOR21; aryl or heteroaryl; or two R20 groups present on adjacent carbon atoms can join together to form a methylenedioxy group;

[1571] wherein each, R21 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, monofluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl; straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl or alkynyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl or aryl;

[1572] wherein each R22 is independently H, F, Cl, or straight chained or branched C1-C4 alkyl;

[1573] wherein q is an integer from 2 to 4 inclusive;

[1574] wherein each m is an integer from 0 to 4 inclusive;

[1575] wherein each n is an integer from 1 to 4 inclusive;

[1576] wherein each p is an integer from 0 to 2 inclusive;

[1577] wherein U is O, —NR16, S, C(R17)2, or —NSO2R16;

[1578] wherein Z is C3-C10 cycloalkyl, C4-C7 cyclic ether, C4-C7 cyclic thioether, aryl, or heteroaryl;

[1579] wherein R16 is straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)m—Z, or (CH2)q—O—(CH2)m—CH3;

[1580] wherein B is aryl, or heteroaryl; provided however, if B is aryl or heteroaryl the carbon atom or carbon atoms ortho to the nitrogen atom of the imine bond may only be substituted with one or more of the following —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CN, methyl, ethyl or methoxy;

[1581] or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[1582] As used in the present invention, the term “cycloalkyl” includes C3-C7 cycloalkyl moieties which may be substituted with one or more of the following: —F, —NO2, —CN, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C3-C7 monofluorocycloalkyl, C3-C7 polyfluorocycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —N(R4)2, —OR4, —COR4, —NCOR4, —CO2R4, —CON(R4)2 or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3.

[1583] As used in the present invention, the term “cycloalkenyl” includes C5-C7 cycloalkenyl moieties which may be substituted with one or more of the following: —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —NO2, —CN, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C3-C7 monofluorocycloalkyl, C3-C7 polyfluorocycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —N(R4)2, —OR4, —COR4, —NCOR4, —CO2R4, —CON(R4)2 or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3.

[1584] In the present invention, the term “heteroaryl” is used to include five and six membered unsaturated rings that may contain one or more oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen atoms. Examples of heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, triazolyl, thiadiazolyl, pyridyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, and triazinyl.

[1585] In addition the term “heteroaryl” is used to include fused bicyclic ring systems that may contain one or more heteroatoms such as oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen. Examples of such heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, indolizinyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, benzo[b]furanyl, benzo[b]thiophenyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, purinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzo[b]thiazolyl, imidazo[2,1-b]thiazolyl, cinnolinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, 1,8-naphthyridinyl, pteridinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, phthalimidyl and 2,1,3-benzothiazolyl.

[1586] The term “heteroaryl” also includes those chemical moieties recited above which may be substituted with one or more of the following: —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —NO2, —CN, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C3-C7 monofluorocycloalkyl, C3-C7 polyfluorocycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —N(R4)2, —OR4, —COR4, —NCOR4, —CO2R4, —CON(R4)2 or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3.

[1587] The term “heteroaryl” further includes the N-oxides of those chemical moieties recited above which include at least one nitrogen atom.

[1588] In the present invention the term “aryl” is phenyl or naphthyl. The term “aryl” also includes phenyl and naphthyl which may be substituted with one or more of the following: —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —NO2, —CN, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 monofluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C1-C7 polyfluoroalkyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkenyl, straight chained or branched C2-C7 alkynyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C3-C7 monofluorocycloalkyl, C3-C7 polyfluorocycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, —N(R4)2, —OR4, —SR4, —OCOR4, —COR4, —NCOR4, —CO2R4, —CON(R4)2 or (CH2)n—O—(CH2)m—CH3.

[1589] In one embodiment of any of the compounds described herein, the compound is enantiomerically and diastereomerically pure. In one embodiment, the compound is enantiomerically or diastereomerically pure.

[1590] In one embodiment, the compound is a pure Z imine isomer or a pure Z alkene isomer.

[1591] In one embodiment, the compound is a pure E imine isomer or a pure E alkene isomer.

[1592] In one embodiment, the compound can be administered orally.

[1593] In one embodiment, the compound has the structure:

327

[1594] wherein each of Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, —CF3, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —OR4, —N(R4)2, or —CON(R4)2;

[1595] wherein each R4 is independently —H; straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, —CF3, or phenyl;

[1596] wherein A is A′, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aryl(C1-C6)alkyl or heteroaryl (C1-C6) alkyl; and

[1597] wherein A′ is

328

[1598] In one embodiment, B is heteroaryl.

[1599] In one embodiment, B is aryl.

[1600] In one embodiment, B is phenyl and the phenyl is optionally substituted with one or more of the following: —F, —Cl, —Br, —CF3, straight chained or branched C1-C7 alkyl, —N(R4)2, —OR4, —COR4, —NCOR4, —CO2R4, or —CON(R4)2.

[1601] In one embodiment, A is aryl.

[1602] In one embodiment, A is heteroaryl.

[1603] In one embodiment, the compound is selected from the group consisting of:

329

[1604] In one embodiment, B is Q6.

[1605] In one embodiment, A is aryl.

[1606] In one embodiment, the compound has the structure:

330

[1607] In one embodiment, the compound is:

331

[1608] In one embodiment, B is aryl.

[1609] In one embodiment, A is (CHR17)—(CHR17)n—Z.

[1610] In one embodiment, the compound is:

332

[1611] In one embodiment, the compound is a pure Z imine isomer.

[1612] In one embodiment, the compound is a pure E imine isomer.

[1613] The invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of any of the compounds described herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

[1614] The invention provides a pharmaceutical composition made by combining a therapeutically effective amount of any of the compounds described herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

[1615] The invention provides a process for making a pharmaceutical composition comprising combining a therapeutically effective amount of any of the compounds described herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

[1616] The invention provides a method of treating a subject suffering from depression which comprises administering to the subject an amount of any of. the compounds described herein effective to treat the subject's depression.

[1617] The invention provides a method of treating a subject suffering from anxiety which comprises administering to the subject an amount of any of the compounds described herein effective to treat the subject's anxiety.

[1618] The invention provides a method of treating a subject suffering from depression and anxiety which comprises administering to the subject an amount of any of the compounds described herein effective to treat the subject's depression and anxiety.

[1619] The invention provides for each pure stereoisomer of any of the compounds described herein. Such stereoisomers may include enantiomers, diastereomers, or E or Z alkene or imine isomers. The invention also provides for stereoisomeric mixtures, including racemic mixtures, diastereomeric mixtures, or E/Z isomeric mixtures. Stereoisomers can be synthesized in pure form .(Nógrádi, M.; Stereoselective Synthesis, (1987) VCH Editor Ebel, H. and Asymmetric Synthesis, Volumes 3-5, (1983) Academic Press, Editor Morrison, J.) or they can be resolved by a variety of methods such as crystallization and chromatographic techniques (Jaques, J.; Collet, A.; Wilen, S.; Enantiomer, Racemates, and Resolutions, 1981, John Wiley and Sons and Asymmetric Synthesis, Vol. 2, 1983, Academic Press, Editor Morrison, J).

[1620] In addition the compounds of the present invention may be present as enantiomers, diasteriomers, isomers or two or more of the compounds may be present to form a racemic or diastereomeric mixture.

[1621] The compounds of the present invention are preferably 80% pure, more preferably 90% pure, and most preferably 95% pure.

[1622] Included in this invention are pharmaceutically acceptable salts and complexes of all of the compounds described herein. The acids and bases from which these salts are prepared include but are not limited to the acids and bases listed herein. The acids include, but are not limited to, the following inorganic acids: hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydroiodic acid, sulfuric acid and boric acid. The acids include, but are not limited to, the following organic acids: acetic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, maleic acid, citric acid, methanesulfonic acid, benzoic acid, glycolic acid, lactic acid and mandelic acid. The bases include, but are not limited to ammonia, methylamine, ethylamine, propylamine, dimethylamine, diethylamine, trimethylamine, triethylamine, ethylenediamine, hydroxyethylamine, morpholine, piperazine and guanidine. This invention further provides for the hydrates and polymorphs of all of the compounds described herein.

[1623] The present invention includes within its scope prodrugs of the compounds of the invention. In general, such prodrugs will be functional derivatives of the compounds of the invention which are readily convertible in vivo into the required compound. Thus, in the present invention, the term “administering” shall encompass the treatment of the various conditions described with the compound specifically disclosed or with a compound which may not be specifically disclosed, but which converts to the specified compound in vivo after administration to the patient. Conventional procedures for the selection and preparation of suitable prodrug derivatives are described, for example, in Design of Prodrugs, ed. H. Bundgaard, Elsevier, 1985.

[1624] The present invention further includes metabolites of the compounds of the present invention. Metabolites include active species produced upon introduction of compounds of this invention into the biological milieu.

[1625] Throughout the invention, the term “binding affinity” describes the concentration of a compound required to occupy one-half of the binding sites in a receptor population, as detectable by radioligand binding. Binding affinity concentration can be represented as Ki, inhibition constant, or KD, dissociation constant.

[1626] The term “selectivity of binding affinity” refers to the ability of a chemical compound to discriminate one receptor from another. For example, a compound showing selectivity for receptor A versus receptor B will bind receptor A at lower concentrations than those required to bind receptor B.

[1627] Therefore, the statements of the form “binds to the GAL3 receptor with a binding affinity at least ten-fold higher than” a named receptor, indicates that the binding affinity at the GAL3Receptor is at least ten-fold greater than that for a named receptor, and binding affinity measurements (i.e. Ki or KD) for the compound are at least ten-fold lower in numerical value.

[1628] The present invention provides a method of treating depression in a subject which comprises administering to the subject a composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a therapeutically effective amount of a GAL3Receptor antagonist, wherein:

[1629] (a) the GAL3Receptor antagonist binds to the human GAL3Receptor with a binding affinity at least ten-fold higher than the binding affinity with which it binds to the human GAL1 receptor;

[1630] (b) (1) the GAL3Receptor antagonist does not inhibit the activity of central monoamine oxidase A greater than 50 percent, at a concentration of 10 μM; and

[1631] (2) the GAL3Receptor antagonist does not inhibit the activity of central monoamine oxidase B greater than 50 percent, at a concentration of 10 μM; and

[1632] (c) the GAL3Receptor antagonist binds to the human GAL3Receptor with a binding affinity at least ten-fold higher than the binding affinity with which it binds to each of the following transporters: serotonin transporter, norepinephrine transporter, and dopamine transporter.

[1633] The present invention provides a method of treating anxiety in a subject which comprises administering to the subject a composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a therapeutically effective amount of a GAL3Receptor antagonist, wherein:

[1634] (a) the GAL3Receptor antagonist binds to the human GAL3Receptor with a binding affinity at least ten-fold higher than the binding affinity with which it binds to the human GAL1 receptor; and

[1635] (b) the GAL3Receptor antagonist binds to the human GAL3Receptor with a binding affinity at least ten-fold higher than the binding affinity with which it binds to each of the following transporters: serotonin transporter, norepinephrine transporter, and dopamine transporter.

[1636] In some embodiments of this invention, the GAL3Receptor antagonist binds to the human GAL3Receptor with a binding affinity at least 30-fold higher than the binding affinity with which it binds to the human GAL1 receptor.

[1637] In further embodiments of the invention, the GAL3 receptor antagonist binds to the human GAL3Receptor with a binding affinity at least 50-fold higher than the binding affinity with which it binds to the human GAL1 receptor.

[1638] In other embodiments of the invention, the GAL3Receptor antagonist binds to the human GAL3Receptor with a binding affinity at least 100-fold higher than the binding affinity with which it binds to the human GAL1 receptor.

[1639] In still other embodiments of the invention, the GAL3 receptor antagonist binds to the human GAL3Receptor with a binding affinity at least 200-fold higher than the binding affinity with which it binds to the human GAL1 receptor.

[1640] For the purposes of this invention the term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” has been defined herein.

[1641] The term “antagonist” refers to a compound which binds to, and decreases the activity of, a receptor in the presence of an agonist. In the case of a G-protein coupled receptor, activation may be measured using an appropriate second messenger system which is coupled to the receptor in a cell or tissue in which the receptor is expressed. Some specific but by no means limiting examples of well-known second messenger systems are adenylate cyclase, intracellular calcium mobilization, ion channel activation, guanylate cyclase, inositol phospholipid hydrolysis, and MAP kinase activation. Conversely, the term “agonist” refers to a compound which binds to, and increases the activity of, a receptor as compared with the activity of the receptor in the absence of any agonist. Methods to perform second messenger assays are described in PCT International Publication No. 97/46250 and in PCT International Publication No. 98/15570, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

[1642] In the case that a receptor has activity in the absence of an agonist (constitutive receptor activity) the antagonist may act as an inverse agonist or an allosteric modulator, as opposed to a neutral antagonist, and suppress receptor signaling independent of the agonist (Lutz and Kenakin, 1999). The categories of “antagonist compounds” are therefore seen to include 1) neutral antagonists (which block agonist actions but do not affect constitutive activity); 2) inverse agonists (which block agonist actions as well as constitutive activity by stabilizing an inactive receptor conformation); 3) and allosteric modulators (which block agonist actions to a limited extent and which may also block constitutive activity through allosteric regulation). The probability that an antagonist is neutral and therefore of “zero efficacy” is relatively low, given that this would require identical affinities for different tertiary conformations of the receptor. Thus, Kenakin proposed in 1996 that, “with the development of sensitive test systems for the detection of inverse agonism will come a reclassification of many drugs. It might be observed that numerous previously classified neutral antagonists may be inverse agonists” (Kenakin, 1996). Indeed, there is now evidence from studies with known pharmacological agents to support the existence of inverse agonists for numerous receptors, including histamine, 5HT1A, 5HT2C, cannabinoid, dopamine, calcitonin and human formyl peptide receptors, among others (de Ligt, et al, 2000; Herrick-Davis, et al, 2000; Bakker, et al, 2000). In the case of the 5HT2C receptor, clinically effective atypical antipsychotics drugs such as sertindole, clozapine, olanzapine, ziprasidone, risperidone, zotepine, tiospirone, fluperlapine and tenilapine displayed potent inverse activity whereas typical antipsychotic drugs such as chlorpromazine, thioridazine, spiperone and thiothixene were classified as neutral antagonists (Herrick-Davis et al, 2000). In the case of the histamine H1 receptor, the therapeutically used anti-allergics cetirizine, loratadine and epinastine were found to be inverse agonists. These findings further extend the idea that many compounds previously thought of as neutral antagonists will be reclassified as inverse agonists when tested in a constitutively active receptor system (de Ligt et al, 2000).

[1643] For the purpose of the claimed invention, a GAL3 antagonist useful in the treatment of depression is one which a) selectively binds to the GAL3Receptor, and b) displays antidepressant activity in the rat Forced Swim Test. Furthermore, a GAL3 antagonist useful in the treatment of anxiety is one which a) selectively binds to the GAL3Receptor, and b) displays anxiolytic activity in the rat Social Interaction. Also for the purpose in the present invention, a GAL3 antagonist useful in the treatment of depression and anxiety, is one which a) selectively binds to the GAL3Receptor, b) displays. antidepressant activity in the rat Forced Swim Test, and c) displays anxiolytic activity in the rat Social Interaction Test.

[1644] In order to test compounds for selective binding to the human GAL3Receptor the cloned cDNAs encoding both the human and rat GAL1 and GAL2Receptors have been used. The cloning and assay methods for the human and rat GAL1 receptors may be found in PCT International Publication No. WO 95/22608, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. The cloning and assay methods for the human and rat GAL2Receptors may be found in PCT International Publication No. WO 97/26853, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

[1645] The present invention provides for a method of determining the binding affinity of a GAL3 antagonist, wherein the GAL3 antagonist is dissolved in a “suitable solvent”. A “suitable solvent” means one which permits the measurement of binding affinity of the GAL3 antagonist to the human GAL3Receptor at concentrations less than 1 μM, preferably less than 100 nM. Examples of solvents include, but are not limited to, DMSO, ethanol, N,N-dimethylacetamide, or water. For indolones, the preferred solvent is 3% DMSO (final concentration in the assay). For pyrimidines, the preferred solvent is 1% ethanol/0.09% polypuronic acid F-127 (final concentration in the assay). For any other type of compounds, the preferred solvent is the solvent which permits the measurement of binding affinity of a GAL3 antagonist at the lowest concentration. Once a suitable solvent is ascertained for the binding assay of the human GAL3 receptor, the same solvent is used in assays to determine the binding affinity at the GAL1 receptor, the serotonin transporter, the norepinephrine transporter, and the dopamine transporter. A solvent of 0.4% DMSO is used in the central monoamine oxidase enzyme assay.

[1646] In certain embodiments, the aforementioned GAL3Receptor antagonist additionally binds to the human GAL3Receptor with a binding affinity at least ten-fold higher than the binding affinity with which it binds to the human GAL2 receptor.

[1647] In other embodiments, the GAL3Receptor antagonist additionally binds to the human GAL3Receptor with a binding affinity at least 30-fold higher than the binding affinity with which it binds to the human GAL2Receptor.

[1648] In still other embodiments, the GAL3Receptor antagonist additionally binds to the human GAL3Receptor with a binding affinity at least 50-fold higher than the binding affinity with which it binds to the human GAL2Receptor.

[1649] In some embodiments, the GAL3Receptor antagonist additionally binds to the human GAL3Receptor with a binding affinity at least 100-fold higher than the binding affinity with which it binds to the human GAL2 receptor.

[1650] In further embodiments, the GAL3Receptor antagonist. additionally binds to the human GAL3Receptor with a binding affinity at least 200-fold higher than the binding affinity with which it binds to the human GAL2 receptor.

[1651] In other embodiments, the receptor antagonist also binds to the human GAL3Receptor with a binding affinity at least ten-fold higher than the binding affinity with which it binds to each of the human 5HT1B, human 5HT1D, human 5HT1E, human 5HT1F, human 5HT2A, rat 5HT2C, human 5HT6 and human 5HT7Receptors.

[1652] In still another embodiment, the receptor antagonist also binds to the human GAL3Receptor with a binding affinity at least ten-fold higher than the binding affinity with which it binds to the human histamine H1 receptor.

[1653] In still another embodiment, the receptor antagonist also binds to the human GAL3Receptor with a binding affinity at least ten-fold higher than the binding affinity with which it binds to the human dopamine D1, D2, D3, D4 and D5 receptors.

[1654] In a further embodiment, the receptor antagonist also binds to the human GAL3Receptor with a binding affinity at least ten-fold higher than the binding affinity with which it binds to the human α1A adrenoceptor, the human α1B adrenoceptor and the human α1D adrenoceptor.

[1655] In another embodiment, the receptor antagonist also binds to the human GAL3Receptor with a binding affinity at least ten-fold higher than the binding affinity with which it binds to the human α2A adrenoceptor, the human α2B adrenoceptor and the human α2C adrenoceptor.

[1656] In certain embodiments, the GAL3Receptor antagonist also binds to the human GAL3Receptor with a binding affinity less than ten-fold higher than the binding affinity with which it binds to the human 5HT4 Receptor.

[1657] In further embodiments, the GAL3 Receptor antagonist also binds to the human GAL3Receptor with a binding affinity less than ten-fold higher than the binding affinity with which it binds to the human 5HT1A receptor.

[1658] In some embodiments the receptor antagonist does not inhibit the activity of central monoamine oxidase A greater than 30 percent. In further embodiments the receptor antagonist does not inhibit the activity of central monoamine oxidase B greater than 30 percent. In other embodiments the receptor antagonist does not inhibit the activity of central monoamine oxidase A greater than 15 percent. In still other embodiments the receptor antagonist does not inhibit the activity of central monoamine oxidase B greater than 15 percent. In still other embodiments the receptor antagonist does not inhibit the activity of central monoamine oxidase A and/or central monoamine oxidase B greater than 10 percent.

[1659] The binding properties of compounds at different receptors were determined using cultured cell lines that selectively express the receptor of interest. Cell lines were prepared by transfecting the cloned cDNA or cloned genomic DNA or constructs containing both genomic DNA and cDNA encoding the receptors as further described in the Experimental Details. herein below. Furthermore, the binding interactions of compounds at different transporters and enzymes were determined using tissue preparations and specific assays as further described in the Experimental Details herein below.

[1660] In connection with this invention, a number of cloned receptors discussed herein, as stably transfected cell lines, have been made pursuant to, and in satisfaction of, the Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms for the Purpose of Patent Procedure, and are made with the American Type Culture Collection, 10801 University Blvd., Manassas, Va. 20110-2209. Specifically, these deposits have been accorded ATCC Accession Numbers as follows:

1ATCC Deposits:ATCCDesignationReceptorAccession No.Date of Deposithuman GAL1CRL-1650(CHO) hGalR2-human GAL2CRL 12379Jul. 22, 1997264L-hGalR3-228human GAL3CRL-12373Jul. 01, 19975HT1A-3human 5-HT1ACRL 11889May 11, 1995Ltk-11human 5-HT1BCRL 10422Apr. 17, 1990(formerlyhuman 5-HT1D2)Ltk-8-30-84human 5-HT1DCRL 10421Apr. 17, 1990(formerlyhuman 5-HT1D1)5HT1E-7human 5-HT1ECRL 10913Nov. 06, 1991L-5-HT1Fhuman 5-HT1FCRL 10957Dec. 27, 1991L-NGC-5HT2human 5-HT2ACRL 10287Oct. 31, 1989(formerlyhuman 5-HT2)pSr-1crat 5-HT2C67636(formerlyrat 5HT1C)pBluescript-human 5-HT475392Dec. 22, 1992hS10L-5HT-4Bhuman 5-HT7CRL 11166Oct. 20, 1992(formerlyhuman 5-HT4B)L-α1Chuman α1ACRL11140Sep. 25, 1992(formerlyhuman α1C)L-α1Bhuman α1BCRL11139Sep. 25, 1992L-α1Ahuman α1DCRL11138Sep. 25, 1992(formerly hum α1A)L-α2Ahuman α2ACRL11180Sep. 06, 1992L-NGC-α2Bhuman α2BCRL10275Oct. 25, 1989L-α2Chuman α2CCRL11181Nov. 06, 1992pDopD1-GL-30human D540839Jul. 10, 1990(formerly hum D1β)pCEXV-H1human H175346Nov. 06, 1992The “5-HT1c”, “5-HT1D1”, “5-HT1D2”, “5-HT4B”, and “5-HT2” receptors were renamed the “5-HT2c”, “5-HT1D”, “5-HT1B”,“5-HT7”, and “5-HT2A” receptors, respectively, by the Serotonin Receptor Nomenclature Committee of the IUPHAR. The “human α1C”, “human α1A”, and “human D1β” were renamed the “human α1A”, “human α1D”, and “human D5” respectively.

[1661] The following receptor sequences have been deposited with the GenBank DNA database, which is managed by the National Center for Biotechnology (Bethesda, Md.).

2GENBANK DEPOSITSDESIGNATIONRECEPTORGENBANK No.human mRNA forhuman D1X58987D-1 receptor(formerly humanD1α)human dopaminehuman D2M29066D2 receptor(DRD2) mRNAcomplete cdsRat mRNA forrat D3X53944dopamine D3receptorHomo sapienshuman D4L12397dopamine D4receptor (DRD4)gene (D4.4)Sequence* The “human D1α” receptor was renamed the “human D1” receptor.

[1662] This invention further provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of the invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In one embodiment, the amount of the compound is an amount from about 0.01 mg to about 800 mg. In another embodiment, the amount of the compound is an amount from about 0.01 mg to about 500 mg. In another embodiment, the amount of the compound is an amount from about 0.01 mg to about 250 mg. In another embodiment, the amount of the compound is an amount from about 0.1 mg to about 60 mg. In another embodiment, the amount of the compound is an amount from about 1 mg to about 20 mg. In a further embodiment, the carrier is a liquid and the composition is a solution. In another embodiment, the carrier is a solid and the composition is a powder or tablet. In a further embodiment, the carrier is a gel and the composition is a capsule or suppository.

[1663] This invention provides a pharmaceutical composition made by combining a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of this invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

[1664] This invention provides a process for making a pharmaceutical composition comprising combining a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of this invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

[1665] In the subject invention a “therapeutically effective amount” is any amount of a compound which, when administered to a subject suffering from a disease against which the compounds are effective, causes reduction, remission, or regression of the disease. In the subject application, a “subject” is a vertebrate, a mammal, or a human.

[1666] The present invention provides for a method of treating a subject suffering from depression which comprises administering to the subject an amount of a compound provided in the present invention effective to treat the subject's depression. The present invention also provides for a method of treating a subject suffering from anxiety which comprises administering to the subject an amount of a compound provided in the present invention effective to treat the subject's anxiety. The present invention further provides for a method of treating a subject suffering from depression and anxiety which comprises administering to the subject an amount of a compound described in the present invention effective to treat the subject's depression and anxiety.

[1667] The present invention provides for the use of any of the chemical compounds disclosed herein for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for treating an abnormality. The invention also provides for the use of a chemical compound for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for treating an abnormality,

[1668] wherein the abnormality is alleviated by decreasing the activity of a human GAL3 Receptor. In one embodiment, the abnormality is depression. In one embodiment, the abnormality is anxiety. In one embodiment, the abnormality is depression and anxiety.

[1669] In one embodiment, the chemical compound is a GAL3 receptor antagonist, wherein:

[1670] (a) the GAL3 Receptor antagonist binds to the human GAL3 Receptor with a binding affinity at least ten-fold higher than the binding affinity with which it binds to the human GAL1 receptor;

[1671] (b) (1) the GAL3 Receptor antagonist does not inhibit the activity of central monoamine oxidase A greater than 50 percent, at a concentration of 10 μM; and

[1672] (2) the GAL3 Receptor antagonist does not inhibit the activity of central monoamine oxidase B greater than 50 percent, at a concentration of 10 μM; and

[1673] (c) the GAL3 Receptor antagonist binds to the human GAL3 Receptor with a binding affinity at least ten-fold higher than the binding affinity with which it binds to each of the following transporters: serotonin transporter, norepinephrine transporter, and dopamine transporter.

[1674] In one embodiment, the chemical compound is a GAL3 receptor antagonist, wherein:

[1675] (a) the GAL3 Receptor antagonist binds to the human GAL3 Receptor with a binding affinity at least ten-fold higher. than the binding affinity with which it binds to the human GAL1 receptor; and

[1676] (b) the GAL3 Receptor antagonist binds to the human GAL3 Receptor with a binding affinity at least ten-fold higher than the binding affinity with which it binds to each of the following transporters: serotonin transporter, norepinephrine transporter, and dopamine transporter.

[1677] In the present invention the term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” is any pharmaceutical carrier known to those of ordinary skill in the art as useful in formulating pharmaceutical compositions. On Dec. 24, 1997 the Food and Drug Administration of the United States Department of Health and Human Services published a guidance entitled “Q3C Impurities: Residual Solvent”. The guidance recommends acceptable amounts of residual solvents in pharmaceuticals for the safety of the patient, and recommends the use of less toxic solvents in the manufacture of drug substances and dosage forms. Table 1 of the guidance lists “Class 1 Solvents”. The guidance then states that the use of Class 1 Solvents should be avoided in the production of drug substances, excipients, or drug products unless their use can be strongly justified in a risk-benefit assessment. The guidance further states that Class 2 Solvents should be limited in order to protect patients from potentially adverse effects. The guidance characterized the following solvents as Class 1 Solvents: benzene, carbon tetrachloride, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,1-dichloroethene, and 1,1,1-trichloroethane. The guidance characterized the following solvents as Class 2 Solvents: acetonitrile, chlorobenzene, chloroform, cyclohexane, 1,2-dichloroethene, dichloromethane, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, N,N-dimethylacetamide, N,N-dimethylformamide, 1,4-dioxane, 2-ethoxyethanol, ethyleneglycol, formamide, hexane, methanol, 2-methoxyethanol, methylbutyl ketone, methylcyclohexane, N-methylpyrrolidone, nitromethane, pyridine, sulfolane, tetralin, toluene, 1,1,2-trichloroethene and xylene. As used in this invention the term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” shall not include Class 1 or Class 2 Solvents.

[1678] In an embodiment of the present invention, the pharmaceutical carrier may be a liquid and the pharmaceutical composition would be in the form of a solution. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is a solid and the composition is in the form of a powder or tablet. In a further embodiment, the pharmaceutical carrier is a gel and the composition is in the norm of a suppository or cream. In a further embodiment the compound may be formulated as a part of a pharmaceutically acceptable transdermal patch. In yet a further embodiment, the compound may be delivered to the subject by means of a spray or inhalant.

[1679] A solid carrier can include one or more substances which may also act as endogenous carriers (e.g. nutrient or micronutrient carriers), flavoring agents, lubricants, solubilizers, suspending agents, fillers, glidants, compression aids, binders or tablet-disintegrating agents; it can also be an encapsulating material. In powders, the carrier is a finely divided solid which is in admixture with the finely divided active ingredient. In tablets, the active ingredient is mixed with a carrier having the necessary compression properties. in suitable proportions and compacted in the shape and size desired. The powders and tablets preferably contain up to 99% of the active ingredient. Suitable solid carriers include, for example, calcium phosphate, magnesium stearate, talc, sugars, lactose, dextrin, starch, gelatin, cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidine, low melting waxes and ion exchange resins.

[1680] Liquid carriers are used in preparing solutions, suspensions, emulsions, syrups, elixirs and pressurized compositions. The active ingredient can be dissolved or suspended in a pharmaceutically acceptable liquid carrier such as water, an organic solvent, a mixture of both or pharmaceutically acceptable oils or fats. The liquid carrier can contain other suitable pharmaceutical additives such as solubilizers, emulsifiers, buffers, preservatives, sweeteners, flavoring agents, suspending agents, thickening agents, colors, viscosity regulators, stabilizers or osmoregulators. Suitable examples of liquid carriers for oral and parenteral administration include water (partially containing additives as above, e.g. cellulose derivatives, preferably sodium carboxymethyl cellulose solution), alcohols (including monohydric alcohols and polyhydric alcohols, e.g. glycols) and their derivatives, and oils (e.g. fractionated coconut oil and arachis oil). For parenteral administration, the carrier can also be an oily ester such as ethyl oleate or isopropyl myristate. Sterile liquid carriers are useful in sterile liquid form compositions for parenteral administration. The liquid carrier for pressurized compositions can be halogenated hydrocarbon or other pharmaceutically acceptable propellent.

[1681] Liquid pharmaceutical compositions which are sterile solutions or suspensions can be utilized by for example, intramuscular, intrathecal, epidural, intraperitoneal or subcutaneous injection. Sterile solutions can also be administered intravenously. The compounds may be prepared as a sterile solid composition which may be dissolved or suspended at the time of administration using sterile water, saline, or other appropriate sterile injectable medium. Carriers are intended to include necessary and inert binders, suspending agents, lubricants, flavorants, sweeteners, preservatives, dyes, and coatings.

[1682] The compound can be administered orally in the form of a sterile solution or suspension containing other solutes or suspending agents (for example, enough saline or glucose to make the solution isotonic), bile salts, acacia, gelatin, sorbitan monoleate, polysorbate 80 (oleate esters of sorbitol and its anhydrides copolymerized with ethylene oxide) and the like.

[1683] The compound can also be administered orally either in liquid or solid composition form. Compositions suitable for oral administration include solid forms, such as pills, capsules, granules, tablets, and powders, and liquid forms, such as solutions, syrups, elixirs, and suspensions. Forms useful for parenteral administration include sterile solutions, emulsions, and suspensions.

[1684] Optimal dosages to be administered may be determined by those skilled in the art, and will vary with the particular compound in use, the strength of the preparation, the mode of administration, and the advancement of the disease condition. Additional factors depending on the particular subject being treated will result in a need to adjust dosages, including subject age, weight, gender, diet, and time of administration.

[1685] This invention will be better understood from the Experimental Details which follow. However, one skilled in the art will readily appreciate that the specific methods and results discussed are merely illustrative of the invention as described more fully in the claims which follow thereafter.

Experimental Details

[1686] I. Synthesis of Chemical Compounds

[1687] The following examples are for the purpose of illustrating methods useful for making compounds of this invention.

[1688] General Methods: All reactions were performed under an Argon atmosphere and the reagents, neat or in appropriate solvents, were transferred to the reaction vessel via syringe and cannula techniques. Anhydrous solvents were purchased from the Aldrich Chemical Company and used as received. The examples described in the patent were named using the ACD/Name Program (version 4.01, Advanced Chemistry Development Inc., Toronto, Ontario, M5H2L3, Canada). The 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectra were recorded at either 300 MHz (GEQE Plus) or 400 MHz (Bruker Avance) in CDCl3 as solvent and tetramethylsilane as the internal standard unless otherwise noted. Chemical shifts (δ) are expressed in ppm, coupling constants (J) are expressed in Hz, and splitting patterns are described as follows: s=singlet; d=doublet; t=triplet; q=quartet; quintet; sextet; septet; br=broad; m=mutiplet; dd=doublet of doublets; dt=doublet of triplets. Elemental analyses were performed by Robertson Microlit Laboratories, Inc. Unless otherwise, mass spectra were obtained using electrospray ionization (ESI, Micromass Platform II) and MH+ is reported. Thin-layer Chromatography (TLC) was carried out on glass plates pre-coated with silica gel 60 F254 (0.25 mm, EM Separations Tech.). Preparative TLC was carried out on glass sheets pre-coated with silica gel GF (2 mm, Analtech). Flash column chromatography was performed on Merck silica gel 60 (230-400 mesh). Melting points (mp) were determined in open capillary tubes on a Mel-Temp apparatus and are uncorrected.

[1689] The following additional abbreviations are used: HOAc, acetic acid; DIPEA, diisopropylethylamine; DMF, N,N-dimethylformamide; EtOAc, ethyl acetate; MeOH, methanol; TEA, triethylamine; THF, tetrahydrofuran; All solvent ratios are volume/volume unless stated otherwise.

[1690] A. General Procedures for Preparing Pyrimidines

[1691] The compounds of this invention were prepared by sucessively displacing the three chlorine atoms of a 2,4,6-trichloropyrimidine with amines. It was found that some amines (i.e. anilines) selectively displace the 2-position chlorine of 2,4,6-trichloropyrimidine, whereas other amines (e.g. piperidine) selectively displace the 4- or 6-position chlorine first (note that the 4- and 6-positions are chemically equivalent). Some amines react non-selectively at both the 2- and 4- positions of 2,4,6-trichloropyrimidine. It was also found that if the pyrimidine is substituted at the 4- or 6-position with an amine (mono- or di-substituted, or unsubstituted), then the next amine (mono- or di-substituted) undergoes substitution at the 2-position of the pyrimidine. Thus, several different Procedures were used to obtain the compounds described by this invention. The following Procedures are representative of the methods that are useful for making compounds of this invention.

[1692] Procedure A:

[1693] 4,6-DICHLORO-N-PHENYL-2-PYRIMIDINAMINE: A solution of 2,4,6-trichloropyrimidine (5.5 g, 30 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (15 mL) was added dropwise to a solution of aniline (2.8 mL, 1 equivalent) in tetrahydrofuran (25 mL). N,N-diisopropylethylamine (5.2 mL) was added and the solution was stirred at room temperature overnight. The solvent was removed and the crude material was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel. The column was eluted with 3% ethyl acetate in hexane, followed by 15% ethyl acetate in hexane. The eluent was removed, giving 4,6-dichloro-N-phenyl-2-pyrimidinamine (1.11 g, 4.6 mmol, 15%, Rf=0.4 in 3% ethyl acetate in hexane).

[1694] Procedure B:

[1695] 4,6-DICHLORO-N-(3,4-DICHLOROPHENYL)-2-PYRIMIDINAMINE: A solution of 2,4,6-trichloropyrimidine (5.00 g), 3,4-dichloroaniline (4.45 g, 1 equivalent) in 1,4-dioxane (20 mL) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (10 mL) was heated at reflux with stirring for 3 hours. The solvent was removed and the crude material was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel. The column was eluted with a gradient of cyclohexane to ethyl acetate/cyclohexane (1:9). The eluent was removed, giving 4,6-dichloro-N-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-pyrimidinamine (1.83 g, 58%, Rf=0.39 in ethyl acetate/cyclohexane, 2:3).

[1696] Procedure C:

[1697] 6-CHLORO-N4,N4-DIMETHYL-N2-PHENYL-2,4-PYRIMIDINEDIAMINE: Dimethylamine in tetrahydrofuran (2M, 15 mL) was added to a solution of 4,6-dichloro-N-phenyl-2-pyrimidinamine (0.715 g, 2.97 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (30 mL) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.52 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The solvent was removed and the crude material was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel, eluting with ethyl acetate/hexane (1:9). The eluent was removed, giving 6-chloro-N4,N4-dimethyl-N2-phenyl-2,4-pyrimidinediamine (0.592 g, 2.39 mmol, 80%, Rf=0.3).

[1698] Procedure D:

[1699] 2,4-DICHLORO-6-(1-PIPERIDINYL)PYRIMIDINE: A mixture of 2,4,6-trichloropyrimidine (5.0 g, 27 mmol) and piperidine. (2.3 g, 27 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (50 mL) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (3.5 g, 27 mmol) was stirred at room temperature for 24 hours. The solvent was removed and the crude material was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel. The column was eluted with a gradient of hexane to yield ethyl acetate/hexane (1:4). The eluent was removed, giving 2,4-dichloro-6-(1-piperidinyl)pyrimidine (3.67 g, 15.8 mmol, 59%, Rf=0.58 in ethyl acetate/hexane, 1:4).

[1700] Procedure E:

[1701] 4-CHLORO-6-(1-PIPERIDINYL)-2-{4-[3-(TRIFLUOROMETHYL)-2PYRIDINYL]-1-PIPERAZINYL}PYRIMIDINE: A mixture of 2,4-dichloro-6-(1-piperidinyl)pyrimidine (100 mg, 0.43 mmol) and 1-[3-(trifluoromethyl)pyrid-2-yl]piperazine (119 mg, 0.52 mmol) in chlorobenzene(1 mL) was heated at 140° C. in a sealed tube for 24 hours. The solvent was removed and the crude material was purified by preparative TLC, eluting with hexane/ethyl acetate (9:1). 4-chloro-6-(1-piperidinyl)-2-{4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)-2pyridinyl]-1-piperazinyl}pyrimidine was obtained as a solid (79 mg, 0.19 mmol, 44%).

[1702] Procedure F:

[1703] N-(4-METHYLPHENYL)-6-(1-PIPERIDINYL)-2-{4-[3-(TRIFLUOROMETHYL)-2-PYRIDINYL]-1-PIPERAZINYL}-4-PYRIMIDINAMINE: A mixture of 4-chloro-6-(1-piperidinyl)-2-{4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]-1-piperazinyl}pyrimidine (75.0 mg, 0.176 mmol), p-toluidine (23.1 mg, 0.216 mmol), 1,1′-(bisdiphenylphosphino)-1,1′-binaphthol (8.4 mg), tris(dibenzylidene acetone)dipalladium(0) (8.2 mg), and sodium tert-butoxide (86.4 mg) in dry toluene (1 mL) was heated at 90° C. in a sealed tube for 90 minutes. The solvent was removed and the crude material was purified by preparative TLC, eluting with hexane/ethyl acetate (4:1). N-(4-methylphenyl)-6-(1-piperidinyl)-2-{4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]-1-piperazinyl}-4-pyrimidinamine was obtained, from the band at Rf=0.4, as a solid (59.5 mg, 0.119 mmol, 68%).

[1704] Procedure G:

[1705] N2-ETHYL-N2-[2-(1H-3-INDOLYL)ETHYL]-N4-(4-METHYLPHENYL)-6PIPERIDINO-2,4-PYRIMIDINEDIAMINE: A mixture of N-[4chloro-6-(1-piperidinyl)-2-pyrimidinyl]-N-ethyl-N-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (33.4 mg, 0.087 mmol) and p-toluidine (47 mg, 0.43 mmol) was heated neat under argon at 160° C. in a sealed tube for 12 hours. The crude material was purified by preparative TLC, eluting with hexane/ethyl acetate (4:1). N2-Ethyl-N2-[2-(1H-3-indolyl)ethyl-N4-(4-methylphenyl)-6-piperidino-2,4-pyrimidinediamine was obtained, from a band at Rf=0.37, as a solid (15 mg, 0.033 mmol, 38%).

[1706] Procedure H:

[1707] 2,6-DICHLORO-N,N-DIMETHYL-4-PYRIMIDINAMINE: Sodium hydride (0.13 9, 0.79 mmol) was added to a solution of 2,6-dichloro-4-pyrimidinamine (0.40 g, 0.95 mmol) in dry tetrahydrofuran (5 mL) and stirred for 10 minutes, at which point gas evolution had ceased. Methyl iodide (0.06 mL, 0.95 mmol) was added and the resulting solution was stirred for 3 hours at room temperature. The solution was quenched with aqueous ammonium chloride/ammonium carbonate. The solution was extracted with ethyl acetate and the extracts were dried over sodium sulfate. The solvent was removed and the resulting crude product was purified by flash chromatography over silica gel, eluting with hexane/ethyl acetate (2:1). The desired product (Rf=0.55) was obtained as a white powder (70 mg, 0.36 mmol, 46%).

[1708] Procedure I:

[1709] N-ETHYL-2-(1H-INDOL-3-YL)ETHANAMINE: Step 1. Acetic anhydride (1.02 g) was added dropwise to a stirring solution of tryptamine (1.60 g) in tetrahydrofuran (5 mL) at 0° C. and then brought to room temperature. After 2 hours, the solvent was removed and the residue was taken up into ethyl acetate. The solution was filtered through a plug of silica gel and the solvent removed, giving N-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethylacetyltryptamineacetamide (1.65 g, 100%).

[1710] Step 2. Lithium aluminum hydride in tetrahydrofuran (1M, 30 mL) was added dropwise to a stirring solution of N-[2(1H-indol-3-yl)ethylacetyltryptamineacetamide (2.02 g) in tetrahydrofuran (10 mL) at 0° C. The solution was then heated at reflux overnight. The solution was cooled to 0° C. and water was very carefully added dropwise. The white solid was filtered and rinsed with ether/methanol (9:1, 2×25 mL). The solvent was removed from the filtrate, giving N-ethyl-2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethanamine as a viscous pale yellow oil (1.75 g, 93%).

[1711] Procedure J:

[1712] 4-CHLORO-N-[2-(1H-INDOL-3-YL)-1-METHYLETHYL]-6-(1-PIPERIDINYL)-2-PYRIMIDINAMINE: A mixture of 2,4-dichloro-6-(1-piperidinyl)pyrimidine (80 mg, 0.34 mmol), α-methyltryptamine (59 mg, 0.34 mmol), and potassium carbonate (47 mg, 0.34 mmol) in chlorobenzene(1 mL) was heated at 150° C. in a sealed tube for 16 hours. The solvent was removed and the crude material was purified by preparative TLC, eluting with cyclohexane/ethyl acetate (4:1). 4-Chloro-N-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)-1-methylethyl]-6-(1-piperidinyl)-2-pyrimidinamine (Rf=0.19) was obtained as a solid (64.5 mg, 51%). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ8.29 (br s, 1H), 7.68 (br d, 1H, J=7.5), 7.32 (d, 1H, J=7.8), 7.16 (t, 1H, J=7.8), 7.12 (t, 1H, J=7.8), 6.95 (d, 1H, J=2.1), 5.87 (s, 1H), 4.89 (br d, 1H, J=8.1), 4.36 (sextet, 1H, J=6.6), 3.58-3.50 (m, 4H), 3.07 (dd, 1H, J=14.4, 5.1), 2.83 (dd, 1H, J=14.1, 7.2), 1.70-1.55 (m, 6H), 1.16 (d, 3H, J=6.6).

[1713] Procedure K:

[1714] N-(4-METHYLPHENYL)-2-(1-PIPERAZINYL)-6-(1-PIPERIDINYL)-4-PYRIMIDINAMINE: A solution of 2-(4-benzyl-1-piperazinyl)-N-(4-methylphenyl)-6-(1-piperidinyl)-4-pyrimidinamine (0.40 g, 0.90 mmol) and ammonium formate (0.28 g, 4.5 mmol) in methanol over 10% palladium/charcoal was stirred at 70° C. for 3 hours. The solution was cooled and passed through celite. The solvent was removed, giving the desired product as a solid (0.21 g, 0.60 mmol, 66%).

[1715] Procedure L:

[1716] N-(4-METHYLPHENYL)-2-[4-(3-METHYL-2-PYRIDINYL)-1-PIPERAZINYL]-6-(1-PIPERIDINYL-4-PYRIMDINAMINE: A mixture of N-(4-methylphenyl)-2-(1-piperazinyl)-6-(1-piperidinyl)-4-pyrimidinamine (100 mg, 0.284 mmol), 2-bromo-3-methylpyridine (54 mg, 0.312 mmol), 1,1′-(bisdiphenylphosphino)-1,1′-binaphthol (13 mg), tris(dibenzylidene acetone)dipalladium(0) (13 mg), and sodium tert-butoxide (136 mg) in dry toluene (4 mL) was heated at 90° C. in a sealed tube for 2 hours. The reaction was quenched with water and the solution was extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The solvent was dried and removed. The crude material was purified by preparative. TLC, eluting with hexane/ethyl acetate (2:1) N-(4-methylphenyl)-2-[4-(3-methyl-2-pyridinyl)-1-piperazinyl]-6-(1-piperidinyl)-4-pyrimidinamine was obtained, from the band at Rf=0.46, as a solid (17.1 mg, 0.0385 mmol, 14%).

[1717] Procedure M:

[1718] 4,6-DICHLORO-2-{4-[3-(TRIFLUOROMETHYL)-2-PYRIDINYL]-1-PIPERAZINYL}PYRIMIDINE and 2,4-DICHLORO-6-{4-[3-(TRIFLUOROMETHYL)-2-PYRIDINYL]-1-PIPERAZINYL}PYRIMIDINE: A solution of 4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]-1-piperazine (127 mg, 0.66 mmol), 2,4,6-trichloropyrimidine (100 mg, 0.55 mmol) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (95 μL) in tetrahydrofuran (1 mL) was stirred at 0° C. for 15 minutes. At this time, the starting material could no longer be detected by TLC. The solvent was removed and the crude material was purified by preparative TLC, eluting with ethyl acetate/hexane (1:4). Two bands were removed giving 4,6-dichloro-2-{4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]-1-piperazinyl}pyrimidine (41.7 mg, 0.110 mmol, 17%, Rf=0.41), and 2,4-dichloro-6-{4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]-1-piperazinyl}pyrimidine (162 mg, 0.429 mmol, 65%, Rf=0.10).

[1719] Procedure N:

[1720] 4-{4-[4-CHLORO-6-(DIMETHYLAMINO)-2-PYRIMIDINYL]-1-PIPERAZINYL}PHENOL: DIPEA (4.535 g, 0.0260 mol) was added to a stirred solution of 4-N,N-dimethylamino-2,6-dichloropyrimidine (2.00 g, 0.0104 mol) and 4-(1-piperazinyl)phenol (2.23 g, 0.0125 mol) in THF (50 mL) at room temperature under argon. The resulting mixture was refluxed for 48 h, cooled to room temperature, quenched. with water (100 mL), concentrated under reduced pressure and the crude product was redissolved in EtOAc. The organic layer was separated and washed with water (2×100 mL), brine (2×100 mL) and purified by column chromatography on silica using EtOAc/Hexane (1:9), giving the desired product (2.77 g, 80%).

[1721] Procedure O:

[1722] A solution of p-toludine (0.2 g, 1.87 mmol) in THF (2 mL) was added to a stirred suspension of NaH (0.11 g, 2.79 mmol) in anhydrous THF (2 mL) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was heated at 40° C. for 15 minutes under argon and cooled to room temperature. 6-Chloropyrimidine (0.34 g, 1.03 mmol) in THF (25 mL) was added to the above mixture and the resulting mixture was heated at refluxed for 15 h. The reaction mixture was then cooled to room temperature and quenched with saturated. NH4Cl(2 drops). The crude product was concentrated under reduced pressure and redissolved in EtOAc. The organic layer was separated and washed with aqueous citric acid (2×100 mL), water (2×100 mL) and brine (2×100 mL). The crude product was purified by column chromatography on silica using EtOAc/hexanes (1:4), giving the desired product (0.23 g, 55%).

[1723] Procedure P:

[1724] 2-(4-BENZYL-1-PIPERAZINYL)-N4-(3,4-DICHLOROPHENYL)-N6,N6-DIMETHYL-4,6-PYRIMIDINEDIAMINE: Potassium tert-butoxide (1.6 mmol, 1 M in 2-methyl 2-propanol) was added to a solution of N-[2-(4-benzyl-1-piperazinyl)-6-chloro-4-pyrimidinyl]-N,N-dimethylamine (0.331 g, 0.997 mmol) and 3,4 dichloroaniline (0.178 g, 1.10 mmol) in dioxane (2 mL). Subsequently, tris(dibenzylidineacetone)dipalladium (40 mg, 0.04 mmol) and 2,2′-Bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1′-binapthyl (44 mg, 0.070 mmol) were added and the mixture was stirred for 7 h at 110° C. The resulting mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was treated with saturated NaHCO3 (50 mL) and extracted with CH2Cl2 (3×50 mL). The organic layer was washed with brine (2×100 mL), dried over Na2SO4, concentrated in vacuo, and purified by preparative TLC using hexane/EtOAc to give the desired product (300 mg, 65%)

[1725] Procedure Q:

[1726] N-[2-(4-BENZYL-1-PIPERAZINYL)-6-CHLORO-4-PYRIMIDINYL]-N,N-: DIPEA (5.00 g, 40.0 mmol) was added dropwise to a solution of the N-(2,6-dichloro-4-pyrimidinyl)-N,N-dimethylamine (5.70 g, 29.6 mmol) and benzyl piperazine (6.00 g, 34.0 mmol) in m-xylene (15 mL). The mixture was stirred overnight at 130° C., cooled to room temperature, treated with saturated NaHCO3 (50 mL) and then extracted with CH2Cl2 (3×50 mL). The organic layer was washed with brine (2×100 mL), dried. over Na2SO4, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by chromatography on silica using EtOAc/hexane (1:3), giving the desired product (6.8 g, 20 mmol, 67%).

[1727] Procedure R:

[1728] N4,N4-DIMETHYL-N6-(4-METHYLPHENYL)-N2-(2-PHENYLETHYL)-2,4,6-PYRIMIDINETRIAMINE: A mixture of N-[4-(dimethylamino)-6-(4-toluidino)-2-pyrimidinyl]-2-phenylacetamide (60 mg, 0.166 mmol), and LAH (1 mL, 1M in THF) in THF (10 mL) was refluxed for 3 h.

[1729] The crude product was concentrated in vacuo and treated with saturated NaHCO3 (50 mL) and extracted with CH2Cl2 (3×50 mL). The organic layer was washed with brine (2×100 mL), dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by preparative TLC using hexane/EtOAc (1:3), giving the desired product (30 mg, 52%).

[1730] Procedure S:

[1731] N-[4-(DIMETHYLAMINO)-6-(4-TOLUIDINO)-2-PYRIMIDINYL]-2-PHENYLACETAMIDE: A mixture of N4,N4-dimethyl-N6-(4-methylphenyl)-2,4,6-pyrimidinetriamine (122 mg, 0.50 mmol), phenylacetyl chloride (84 mg, 0.55 mmol), and triethylamine (100 mg, 1.00 mmol) in CH2Cl2 was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. The crude product was concentrated in vacuo and treated with saturated NaHCO3 (50 mL) and extracted with CH2Cl2 (3×50 mL). The organic layer was washed with brine (2×100 mL), dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by preparative TLC using hexane/EtOAc (1:3), giving the desired product (60 mg, 33%).

[1732] Procedure T:

[1733] A mixture of N4-(3-methoxyphenyl)-N6,N6-dimethyl-2-[4-(2-thienylcarbonyl)-1-piperazinyl]-4,6-pyrimidinediamine (28 mg, 0.06 mmol) and LAH (300 uL 1M, 0.3 mmol) in THF (10 mL) was refluxed for 16 h. The crude product was concentrated in vacuo and treated with saturated NaHCO3 (50 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3×50 mL). The organic layer was washed with brine (2×100 mL), dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by preparative TLC using hexane/EtOAc (1:3), giving the desired product (20 mg, 39%).

[1734] Procedure U:

[1735] 2-[4-(3-METHOXYBENZYL)-1-PIPERAZINYL]-N4-(3-METHOXYPHENYL)-N6,N6-DIMETHYL-4,6-PYRIMIDINEDIAMINE: A solution of N4-(3-methoxyphenyl)-N6,N6-dimethyl-2-(1-piperazinyl)-4,6-pyrimidinediamine (36 mg, 0.1 mmol), DIPEA (52 mg, 0.4 mmol), and 1-(Chloromethyl)-3-methoxybenzene (20 mg, 0.13 mmol) in 5 mL of dioxane was stirred at 100° C. for 16 h. The crude product was concentrated in vacuo and treated with saturated NaHCO3 (50 mL) and extracted with CH2Cl2 (3×50 mL). The organic layer was washed with brine (2×100 mL), dried over Na2SO4, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by chromatography on silica using hexane/EtOAc (1:3), giving the desired product (32 mg, 70%).

[1736] Procedure V:

[1737] 6-CHLORO-N4-(4-METHYLPHENYL)-2,4-PYRIMIDINEDIAMINE: A mixture of 4,6-dichloro-2-pyrimidinamine (1.64 g, 0.01 mol), p-toluidine (1.07 g, 0.01 mol) in dioxane (2 mL) was heated in a sealed tube for 30 minutes at 140° C. The crude product was treated with NaOH (50 ml, 2M) and extracted with CH2Cl2 (3×50 mL). The organic layer was washed with brine (2×100 mL), dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by chromatography on silica using hexane/EtOAc (1:3), giving the desired product (2 g, 78%.

[1738] Procedure W:

[1739] N4-(3-METHOXYPHENYL)-N6,N6-DIMETHYL-2-[4-(2-THIENYLCARBONYL)-1-PIPERAZINYL]-4,6-PYRIMIDINEDIAMINE: A mixture of 2-thiophenecarboxylic acid (15 mg, 0.12 mmol), DIPEA (129 mg, 1.00 mmol) and O-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (44 mg, 0.12 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes N4-(3-methoxyphenyl)-N6,N6-dimethyl-2-(1-piperazinyl)-4,6-pyrimidinediamine (36 mg, 0.10 mmol) was added to the above mixture and stirred at room temperature for 16 h. The crude product was treated with saturated NaHCO3 (50 mL) and extracted with EtOAC (3×50 mL). The organic layer was washed with brine (2×100 mL), dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by chromatography on silica using hexane/EtOAc (1:3), giving the desired product (25 mg, 57%).

[1740] Procedure X:

[1741] 2-(4-BENZYL-1-PIPERAZINYL)-N4-(3-METHOXYPHENYL)-N6,N6-DIMETHYL-4,6-PYRIMIDINEDIAMINE: A mixture of N4-(3methoxyphenyl)-N6,N6-dimethyl-2-(1-piperazinyl)-4,6-pyrimidinediamine (36 mg, 0.10 mmol) and benzaldehyde (11 mg, 0.1 mmol) in a solution of methanol (5 mL) and acetic acid (0.5 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. Sodium cyanoborohydride (7 mg, 0.1 mmol) was added to the above solution and stirred at room temperature for 16 h. The crude product was treated with saturated NaHCO3 (50 mL) and extracted with EtOAC (3×50 mL). The organic layer was washed with brine (2×50 mL), dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by chromatography on silica using hexane/EtOAc (1:3), giving the desired product (8 mg, 40

[1742] Procedure Y:

[1743] 2-[4-(4-BROMOPHENYL)-1-PIPERAZINYL]-N4-(3-METHOXYPHENYL)-N6,N6-DIMETHYL-4,6-PYRIMIDINEDIAMINE: A mixture of N4-(3-methoxyphenyl)-N6,N6-dimethyl-2-(1-piperazinyl)-4,6-pyrimidinediamine (36 mg, 0.1 mmol), 1-bromo-4-fluorobenzene (20 mg, 0.13 mmol) was heated at 100° C. for 1 h. The crude product was dissolved in CH2Cl2 (0.5 mL) and purified by preparative TLC using 5% methanol in EtOAc, giving the desired product (20 mg, 40%)

[1744] Procedure Z:

[1745] 2-[4-(2-METHOXYBENZYL)-1-PIPERAZINYL]-N4,N4-DIMETHYL-N6-(4METHYLPHENYL)-4,6-PYRIMIDINEDIAMINE: A mixture of N4,N4-dimethyl-N6-(4-methylphenyl)-2-(1-piperazinyl)-4,6-pyrimidinediamine (30 mg, 0.086 mmol), 1-(chloromethyl)-2-methoxybenzene (17 mg, 0.1 mmol) and triethylaminie (200 mg, 2 mmol) in 1 DMF (1 mL) heated by microwave at 200° C. for 12 minutes. The crude product was treated with saturated NaHCO3 (50 mL) and extracted with EtOAC (3×50 mL). The organic layer was washed with brine (2×100 mL), dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by chromatography on silica using hexane/EtOAc (1:3), giving the desired product (10 mg, 27%).

[1746] Procedure AA:

[1747] N4-(3-METHOXYPHENYL)-N6,N6-DIMETHYL-2-[4-(2-THIENYLCARBONYL)-1-PIPERAZINYL]-4,6-PYRIMIDINEDIAMINE: A solution of N4-(3-methoxyphenyl)-N6,N6-dimethyl-2-(1-piperazinyl)-4,6-pyrimidinediamine (33 mg, 0.1 mmol), 2-thiophenecarbonyl chloride (20 mg, 0.14 mmol), and triethylamine (40 mg, 0.4 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (5 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. The crude product was concentrated in vacuo and treated with saturated NaHCO3 (50 mL) and extracted with CH2Cl2 (3×50 mL). The organic layer was washed with brine (2×100 mL), dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by chromatography on silica using hexane/EtOAc (1:3), giving the desired product as a pale red oil (35 mg, 80%)

[1748] Procedure BB:

[1749] N4,N4-DIMETHYL-N6-(4-METHYLPHENYL)-2,4,6-PYRIMIDINETRIAMINE: A mixture of 6-chloro-N4-(4methylphenyl)-2,4-pyrimidinediamine (1.5 g, 6.4 mmol), and N,N-dimethylamine hydrochloride (0.56 g, 7 mmol) and triethylamine (1.4 g, 14 mmol) in DMF (2 mL), was heated at 170° C. for 16 h. The product was filtered out and the organic layer was treated with saturated NaHCO3 (50 mL) and extracted with EtOAC (3×50 mL). The organic layer was washed with brine (2×100 mL), dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by chromatography on silica using hexane/EtOAc (1:3), giving the desired product (0.6 g, 40%).

[1750] Procedure CC:

[1751] N-(4-METHYLPHENYL)-2-[4-(1-OXIDO-2-PYRIDINYL)-1-PIPERAZINYL]-6-(1-PIPERIDINYL)-4-PYRIMIDINAMINE: A solution of 3-cholorperbenzoic acid (450 mg, 2.6 mmol), and 30% H2O2 (0.1 mL) in CH2Cl2 (2 mL) was added to. a solution of N-(4-methylphenyl)-6-(1-piperidinyl)-2-[4-(2pyridinyl)-1-piperazinyl]-4-pyrimidinamine (150 mg, 0.300 mmol) in CH2Cl2 at 0° C. The resulting mixture was gradually warmed to room temperature and stirred for 24 h, crude product was treated with saturated NaHCO3 (50 mL) and extracted with EtOAC (3×50 mL). Combined organic layers were washed with brine (2×50 mL), dried over Na2SO4, filtered, concentrated in vacuo, and purified by chromatography on silica using hexane/EtOAc (1:3) to give the desired product.

[1752] Piperazines that were not commercially available were synthesized according to the method previously described (Ennis and Ghazal, 1992).

[1753] The following are examples to illustrate the compounds of this invention. Procedures A-BB as described above, were used and any modifications are noted in parentheses.

EXAMPLE 1

N2-cyclohexyl-N2-methyl-N4-(4-methylphenyl)-6-(1-piperidinyl)-2,4-Pyrimidinediamine

[1754] Prepared by Procedures D, G (for substitution with cyclohexylamine), and G. 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.22 (d, 2H, J=7.8), 7.12 (d, 2H, J=7.8), 5.29 (s, 1H), 4.43 (br s, 1H), 3.55-3.44 (m, 5H), 3.01 (s, 3H), 2.33 (s, 3H), 2.00-1.05 (m, 16H).

EXAMPLE 2

N2-cyclohexyl-N2-(2-methoxyethyl)-N4-(4-methylphenyl)-6-(1-piperidinyl)-2,4-pyrimidinediamine

[1755] Prepared by Procedures D, J (130° C.), and F (2 hours). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.25 (d, 2H, J=8.1), 7.10 (d, 2H, J=8.1), 6.17 (br s, 1H), 5.31 (s, 1H), 4.58-4.43 (m, 1H), 3.61-3.57 (m, 4H) 3.52-3.48 (m, 4H), 3.39 (s, 3H), 2.31 (s, 3H), 1.83-1.75 (m, 4H), 1.70-1.50 (m, 7H), 1.43-1.37 (m, 4H), 1.19-1.05 (m, 1H); ESI-MS m/z 424 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 3

N4-(4-methylphenyl)-N2-phenyl-6-(1-piperidinyl)-2,4-pyrimidinediamine

[1756] Prepared by Procedures A, B (for substitution with aniline), and E (100° C., for substitution with piperidine). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.58 (d, 2H, J=8.7), 7.26 (t, 2H, J=7.8), 7.19 (d, 2H, J=8.7), 7.15 (d, 2H, J=7.8), 6.95 (t, 1H, J=7.8), 6.82 (br s, 1H), 6.48 (br s, 1H), 5.49 (s, 1H), 3.56-3.46 (m, 4H), 2.34 (s, 3H), 1.67-1.52 (m, 6H); ESI-MS m/z 360 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 4

N2,N4-DI(4-methylphenyl)-6-piperidino-2,4-pyrimidinediamine

[1757] Prepared by Procedures D and G (100° C., 12 hours, for substitution of p-toludine at C2 and C4 of the pyrimidine). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.47 (d, 2H, J=8.3), 7.20 (d, 2H, J=7.8), 7.15 (d, 2H, J=8.3) 7.10 (d, 2H, J=8.3), 6.79 (br s, 1H), 6.46 (br s, 1H), 5.52 (s, 1H), 3.51 (t, 4H, J=4.6), 2.36 (s, 3H), 2.31 (s, 3H), 1.69-1.53 (m, 6H); ESI-MS m/z 374 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 5

N2-(4-chlorophenyl)-N4-(4-methylphenyl)-6-(1-piperidinyl)-2,4-pyrimidinediamine

[1758] Prepared by Procedures D, G (for substitution with 4-chloroaniline), and G (3.5 hours). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) 5 8.79 (br s, 1H), 7.72 (br s, 1H), 7.54 (d, 2H, J=8.3), 7.28-7.17 (m, 6H), 5.36 (s, 1H), 3.61-3.46 (m, 4H), 2.36 (s, 3H), 1.76-1.53 (m, 6H); ESI-MS m/z. 393 (MH+ with 35Cl), 395 (MH+ with 37Cl)

EXAMPLE 6

N2-methyl-N4-(4-methylphenyl)-N2-phenyl-6-(1-piperidinyl)-2,4-pyrimidinediamine

[1759] Prepared by Procedures D, G (140° C., 90 minutes, for substitution with aniline), and G (3.5 hours). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.42-7.33 (m, 4H), 7.18-7.14 (overlapping t at 7.16 & d at 7.15, 3H), 7.07 (d, 2H, J=7.8), 6.25 (br s, 1H), 5.41 (s, 1H), 3.54 (s, 3H), 3.50-3.42 (m, 4H), 2.33 (s, 3H), 1.68-1.50 (m, 6H); ESI-MS m/z 374 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 7

N2-methyl-N2,N4-DI(4-methylphenyl)-6-(1-piperidinyl)-2,4-pyrimidinediamine

[1760] Prepared by Procedures D, G (180° C., 10 hours, for substitution with N-methyl-p-toluidine), and G (140° C.). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.27-7.04 (m, 8H), 6.19 (br s, 1H), 5.38 (s, 1H) , 3.52 (s, 3H), 3.48-3.41 (m, 4H) , 2.38 (s, 3H) 2.31 (s, 3H), 1.67-1.49 (m, 6H); ESI-MS m/z 388 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 8

N2-[2-(5-methyl-1H-3-indolyl)ethyl]-4-(4-methylphenyl)-6-(1-piperidinyl)-2,4-pyrimidinediamine

[1761] Prepared by Procedures D, J, and G (160° C., 12 hours). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ8.05 (br s, 1H), 7.43 (s, 1H), 7.23 (d, 1H, J=8.4), 7.15 (d, 2H, J=8.4), 7.10 (d, 2H, J=8.4), 7.00 (d, 1H, J=8.4), 6.98 (s, 1H) , 6.43 (br s, 1H), 5.37 (s, 1H), 4.86 (br t, 1H, J=7.1), 3.70 (q, 2H, J=7.1), 3.52-3.43 (m, 4H), 3.02 (t, 2H, J=7.1), 2.46 (s, 3H), 2.32 (s, 3H), 1.67-1.49 (m, 6H); ESI-MS m/z 441 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 9

N2-[2-(5-methoxy-1H-3-indolyl)ethyl]-4-(4-methylphenyl)-6-(1-piperidinyl)-2,4-pyrimidinediamine

[1762] Prepared by Procedures D, E (160° C., 36 hours), and G. 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ8.00 (br s, 1H), 7.15 (d, 2H, J=8.4), 7.12 (d, 2H, J=8.4), 7.08-7.04 (m, 3H) , 6.85 (dd, 1H, J=8.8, 2.6), 6.48 (br s, 1H) , 5.36 (s, 1H) 4.96 (br s, 1H), 3.85 (s, 3), 3.72-3.67 (m, 2H), 3.55-3.45 (m, 4H), 3.02 (t, 2H, J=6.9), 2.32 (s, 3H), 1.68-1.49 (m, 6H); ESI-MS m/z 457 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 10

N4-[2-(1H-3-indolyl)ethyl]-4-(4-methylphenyl)-6-(1-piperidinyl)-2,4-pyrimidinediamine

[1763] Prepared by Procedures D, E (100° C.), and G (150° C.). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ8.34 (br s, 1H), 7.63 (d, 1H, J=7.8), 7.31 (d, 1H, J=7.8), 7.23-7.09 (m, 6H), 6.94 (s, 1H), 6.60 (br s, 1H), 5.36 (s, 1H), 4.95 (t, 1H, J=6.3), 3.68 (dt, 2H, J=6.3, 6.9), 3.48-3.44 (m, 4H), 3.01 (t, 2H, J=6.9), 2.31 (s, 3H) , 1.65-1.48 (m, 6H) ESI-MS m/z 427 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 11

N2-[2-(1H-3-indolyl)ethyl]-N4-methyl-N 4-(4-methylphenyl)-6-(1-piperidinyl)-2,4-pyrimidinediamine

[1764] Prepared by Procedures D, E (160° C., 4 hours), and F (12 hours). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ8.02 (br s, 1H), 7.71 (d, 1H, J=7.8), 7.36 (d, 1H, J=7.8), 7.22 (d, 2H, J=7.8), 7.20 (t, 1H, J=7.8), 7.17-7.09 (m, 3H), 7.03 (s, 1H), 6.40 (br s, 1H), 5.35 (s, 1H), 3.91 (t, 2H, J=7.8), 3.56-3.46 (m, 4H), 3.16 (s, 3H), 3.09 (t, 2H, J=7.8), 2.33 (S, 3H), 1.70-1.52 (m, 6H); ESI-MS m/z 441 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 12

N2-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]-N2-methyl-N4-phenethyl-6-(1-piperidinyl)-2,4-pyrimidinediamine

[1765] Prepared by Procedures D, E (160° C., 12 hours), and G. 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ8.00 (br s, 1H), 7.71 (d, 1H, J=7.8), 7.34 (t, 2H, J=7.8), 7.24-7.15 (m, 5H) , 7.08 (t, 1H, J=7.8), 6.98 (s, 1H), 4.95 (s, 1H), 4.39 (br s, 1H), 3.88 (t, 2H, J=7.8), 3.57-3.48 (m, 6H), 3.12 (s, 3H), 3.05 (t, 2H, J=7.8), 2.89 (t, 2H, J=7.8), 1.68-1.53 (m, 6H); ESI-MS m/z 455 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 13

N2-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]-N2-methyl-N4-(2-naphthyl)-6-(1-piperidinyl)-2,4-pyrimidinediamine

[1766] Prepared by Procedures D, E (160° C., 12 hours, for substitution with N-methyltryptamine), and E (160° C., 12 hours). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.95 (br s, 1H), 7.92 (s, 1H), 7.78-7.75 (m, 3H), 7.72 (d, 1H, J=8.1), 7.46-7.41 (m, 2H), 7.37 (d, 2H, J=8.4), 7.20 (t, 1H, J=7.8), 7.1-1 (t, 1H, J=7.8) , 7.01 (s, 1H) , 6.42 (br s, 1H), 5.45 (s, 1H), 3.95 (t, 2H, J=7.8), 3.56-3.49 (m, 4H) , 3.19 (s, 3H) , 3.11 (t, 2H, J=7.8), 1.62-1.59 (m, 6H); ESI-MS m/z 477 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 14

N4-(3-fluorophenyl)-N2-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl) ethyl]-N2-methyl-6-(1-piperidinyl)-2,4-pyrimidinediamine

[1767] Prepared by Procedures D, E (160° C., 12 hours, for substitution with N-methyltryptamine), and G. 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.97 (br s, 1H), 7.71 (d, 1H, J=7.8), 7.41 (dt, 1H, J=9.5, 1.0), 7.34 (d, 1H, J=7.8), 7.22-7.06 (m, 4H), 7.02-7.00 (s at 7.02 & d at 7.01 overlapping, 2H) , 7.01 (s, 1H) , 6.33 (br s, 1H), 5.34 (s, 1H) , 3.90 (t, 2H, J=7.8), 3.58-3.50 (m, 4H), 3.16 (s, 3H), 3.08 (t, 2H, J=7.8), 1.70-1.54 (m, 6H); ESI-MS m/z 445 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 15

N4-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-N2-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]-N2-methyl-6-(1-piperidinyl)-2,4-pyrimidinediamine

[1768] Prepared by Procedures D, E (160° C., 12 hours, for substitution with N-methyltryptamine), and G. 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.99 (br s, 1H), 7.68 (d, 1H, J=7.8), 7.51 (ddd, 1H, J=9.5, 7.8, 2.3), 7.35 (d, 1H, J=7.8), 7.19 (t, 1H, J=7.8), 7.11 (t, 1H, J=7.8), 7.07-6.90 (m, 3H) , 7.01 (s, 1H) , 6.22 (br s, 1H) , 5.23 (s, 1H), 3.89 (t, 2H, J=7.8), 3.57-3.49 (m, 4H), 3.15 (s, 3H), 3.07 (t, 2H, J=7.8), 1.68-1.53 (m, 6H) ESI-MS m/z 463 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 16

N4-(3-chloro-4-methylphenyl)-N2-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]-N2-methyl-6-(1-piperidinyl)-2,4-pyrimidinediamine

[1769] Prepared by Procedures D, E (160° C., 12 hours, for substitution with N-methyltryptamine), and G. 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.96 (br s, 1H), 7.69 (d, 1H, J=7.5), 7.51 (s, 1H) , 7.36 (d, 1H, J=7.8) , 7.19 (t, 1H, J=7.8), 7.14-7.06 (m, 3H), 7.01 (s, 1H), 6.18 (br s, 1H), 5.29 (s, 1H), 3.89 (t, 2H, J=7.8), 3.53-3.48 (m, 4H) , 3.13 (s, 3H), 3.07 (t, 2H, J=7.8), 2.31 (s, 3H), 1.70-1.55 (m, 6H); ESI-MS m/z 475 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 17

N2-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]-N4-(3-methoxyphenyl)-N2-methyl-6-(1-piperidinyl)-2,4-pyrimidinediamine

[1770] Prepared by Procedures D, E (160° C., 12 hours, for substitution with N-methyltryptamine), and G. 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ8.02 (br s, 1H), 7.71 (d, 1H, J=7.8), 7.34 (d, 1H, J=8.3), 7.25-7.04 (m, 4H), 7.01 (s, 1H) , 6.89 (d, 1H, J=7.8), 6.57 (dd, 1H, J=8.3, 2.4), 6.30 (br s, 1H), 5.42 (s, 1H), 3.91 (t, 2H, J=7.7), 3.76 (s, 3H) , 3.57-3.49 (m, 4H) , 3.16 (s, 3H), 3.08 (t, 2H, J=7.7), 1.70-1.53 (m, 6H); ESI-MS m/z 457 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 18

N2-ethyl-N2-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]-N4-(4-methylphenyl)-6-(1-piperidinyl)-2,4-pyrimidinediamine

[1771] Prepared by Procedures D, E (160° C., 12 hours, for substitution with N-ethyltryptamine), and G. 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.97 (br s, 1H), 7.71 (d, 1H, J=7.8), 7.35 (d, 1H, J=7.8), 7.25-7.16 (overlapping d at 7.23 & t at 7.22, 3H), 7.14 (t, 1H, J=7.8), 7.08 (d, 2H, J=7.8), 7.02 (s, 1H) , 6.19 (br s, 1H) , 5.34 (s, 1H) , 3.82 (t, 2H, J=7.9), 3.61 (q, 2H, J=7.1), 3.55-3.45 (m, 4H), 3.08 (t, 2H, J=7.9), 2.30 (s, 6H), 1.68-1.50 (m, 6H), 1.18 (t, 3H, J=7.1); ESI-MS m/z 455 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 19

N2-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]-N2-(2-methoxyethyl)-N4-(4-methylphenyl)-6-(1-piperidinyl)-2,4-pyrimidinediamine

[1772] Prepared by Procedures D, E (160° C., 12 hours, for substitution with N-methoxyethyltryptamine), and G. 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3 δ7.96 (br s, 1H), 7.72 (d, 1H, J=7.5), 7.35 (d, 1H, J=7.8), 7.27-7.07 (m, 6H), 7.02 (s, 1H), 6.19 (br s, 1H), 5.35 (s, 1H) 3.88 (dd, 2H, J=9.9, 5.4), 3.74 (t, 2H, J=6.0), 3.60 (dd, 2H, J=10.5, 4.8), 3.57-3.46 (m, 4H), 3.34 (s, 3H), 3.12-3.07 (m, 2H), 2.32 (s, 6H), 1.70-1.58 (m, 6H); ESI-MS m/z 485 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 20

N2-[2-(1H-3-indolyl)-1-methylethyl]-N2-(4-methylphenyl)-6-(1-piperidinyl)-2,4-pyrimidinediamine

[1773] Prepared by Procedures D, J, and G. 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ8.10 (br s, 1H) 7.70 (d, 1H, J=7.8), 7.36 (d, 1H, J=8.1), 7.19-6.98 (m, 7H), 6.60 (br s, 1H), 5.35 (s, 1H), 4.89 (br s, 1H), 4.44-4.36 (m, 1H), 3.55-3.45 (m, 4H), 3.14 (dd 1H, J=14.1, 5.1), 2.84 (dd, 1H, J=14.1, 7.5), 2.33 (s, 3H), 1.62-1.50 (m, 6H), 1.18 (d, 3H, J=6.6); ESI-MS m/z 441 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 21

N2-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)-1-methylethyl]-N2-methyl-N4-(4-methylphenyl)-6-(1-piperidinyl)-2,4-pyrimidinediamine

[1774] Prepared by Procedures D, E (160° C., 12 hours, for substitution with N, α-dimethyltryptamine), and G. 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.92 (br s, 1H) 7.73 (d, 1H, J=7.8), 7.34 (d, 1H, J=7.8), 7.19-7.09 (m, 6H), 7.03 (s, 1H) , 6.17 (br s, 1H), 5.34 (s, 1H) , 3.51-3.44 (m, 5H), 3.11-3.05 (m, 1H), 3.02 (s, 2H), 2.90 (dd, 1H, J=14.7, 7.5), 2.32 (s, 3H), 1.65-1.49 (m, 6H), 1.18 (d, 3H, J=6.6); ESI-MS m/z 455 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 22

N2-methyl-N4-(4-methylphenyl)-N2-phenethyl-6-(1-piperidinyl)-2,4-pyrimidinediamine

[1775] Prepared by Procedures D, E (160° C., 12 hours, for substitution at C2 of the pyrimidine), and G. ESI-MS m/z 402 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 23

2-(4-Benzyl-1-piperazinyl)-N-(4-methylphenyl)-6-(1-piperidinyl)-4-pyrimidinamine

[1776] Prepared by Procedures D, I (140° C., overnight, for substitution with N-benzylpiperazine), and F (2 hours). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.38-7.26 (m, 5H) 7.18 (d, 1H, J=7.8), 7.12 (d, 1H, J=7.8), 6.18 (br s, 1H) 5.34 (s, 1H), 3.93-3.87 (m, 4H), 3.77 (t, 4H, J=5.0), 3.55 (s, 2H), 3.48-3.42 (m, 4H), 2.49 (t, 4H, J=5.0), 2.31 (s, 3H), 1.66-1.49 (m, 6H); ESI-MS m/z 443 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 24

N-(4-methylphenyl)-2-(4-phenyl-1-piperidinyl)-6-(1-piperidinyl)-4-pyrimidinamine

[1777] Prepared by Procedures D, E (16 hours, for substitution with 4-phenylpiperidine), and F (1 hour). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.34-7.24 (m, 5H), 7.19 (d, 2H, J=7.8), 7.12 (d, 2H, J=7.8), 6.22 (br s, 1H), 5.36 (s, 1H), 4.89 (d with fine splitting, 2H, J=13.0), 3.52-3.42 (m, 4H), 2.86 (dt, 2H, J=1.0, 13.0), 2.73 (tt, 1H, J=11.6, 1.5), 2.32 (s, 3H), 1.89 (d with fine splitting, 2H, J=12.0), 1.74 (ddd, 2H, J=13.0, 12.0, 1.5), 1.67-1.52 (m, 6H); ESI-MS m/z 428 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 25

N-(4-methylphenyl)-2-(4-phenylpiperazinyl)-6-(1-piperidinyl)-4-pyrimidinamine

[1778] Prepared by Procedures D, G (180° C., 2.5 hours, for substitution with N-phenylpiperazine), and G (140° C., overnight). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.28 (t, 2H, J=7.8), 7.19 (d, 2H, J=7.8), 7.13 (d, 2H, J=7.8), 6.99 (d, 2H, J=7.8), 6.89 (t, 1H, J=7.8), 6.23 (br s, 1H), 5.38 (s, 1H), 3.91 (t, 2H, J=4.6), 3.54-3.44 (m, 4H), 3.23 (t, 2H, J=4.6), 2.34 (s, 3H), 1.71-1.51 (m, 6H); ESI-MS m/z 429 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 26

2-[4-(2-Ethylphenyl)-1-piperazinyl-N-(4-methylphenyl)-6-(1-piperidinyl)-4-pyrimidinamine

[1779] Prepared by Procedures D, E (120° C.), and F. 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.28 (d, 1H, J=7.8), 7.24-7.08 (m, 7H), 6.37 (br s, 1H) , 5.41 (s, 1H) , 3.98-3.90 (m, 4H) , 3.53-3.47 (m, 4H), 2.99-2.92 (m, 4H), 2.80 (q, 2H, J=8.3), 2.35 (s, 3H), 1.69-1.54 (m, 6H), 1.31 (t, 3H, J=8.3); ESI-MS m/z 457 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 27

2-[4-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-1-piperazinyl]-N-(4-methylphenyl)-6-(1-piperidinyl)-4-pyrimidinamine

[1780] Prepared by Procedures D, E (120° C.), and F. 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.22 (d, 2H, J=7.8), 7.15 (d, 2H, J=7.8), 7.05-7.95 (m, 3H), 6.30 (br s, 1H), 5.39 (s, 1H), 3.88 (t, 4H, J=4.6), 3.53-3.47 (m, 4H), 3.15 (t, 4H, J=4.6), 2.37 (s, 6H), 2.34 (s, 3H), 1.68-1.53 (m, 6H); ESI-MS m/z 457 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 28

N-{2-[4-(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)piperazinyl]-6-(1-piperidinyl)-4-pyrimidinyl}-N-(4-methylphenyl)-amine

[1781] Prepared by Procedures D, E (150° C., 16 hours), and F (5 hours). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.18 (d, 2H, J=8.1), 7.12 (d, 2H, J=8.1), 6.88 (d, 1H, J=9.0) , 6.50 (d, 1H, J=2.4), 6.43 (dd, 1H, J=8.7, 2.4), 6.23 (br s, 1H), 5.36 (s, 1H), 3.94 (t, 4H, J=7.5), 3.87 (s, 3H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.52-3.44 (m, 4H), 3.03 (t, 4H, J=7.5), 2.33 (s, 3H), 1.65-1.52 (m, 6H); ESI-MS m/z 488 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 29

N-(4-methylphenyl)-6-(1-piperidinyl)-2-{4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1-piperazinyl}-4-pyrimidinamine

[1782] Prepared by Procedures D, E (120° C., 16 hours), and F. 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.36 (t, 1H, J=7.8), 7.20-7.09 (m, 7H), 6.25 (br s, 1H), 5.37 (s, 1H), 4.93 (t, 4H, J=4.6), 3.52-3.45 (m, 4H) , 3.26 (t, 4H, J=4.6), 2.34 (s, 3H), 1.66-1.52 (m, 6H); ESI-MS m/z 497 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 30

N-(4-methylphenyl)-6-(1-piperidinyl)-2-[4-(2Pyridyl)-1-piperazinyl]-4-pyrimidinamine

[1783] Prepared by Procedures D, G (120° C., 12 hours, for substitution with N-pyrid-2-ylpiperazine), and G (140° C.). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ8.22 (dd, 1H, J=4.4, 1.5), 7.50 (dd, 1H, J=7.8, 1.5), 7.20 (d, 2H, J=8.1), 7.13 (d, 2H, J=8.1), 6.69 (d, 1H, J=7.8), 6.63 (t, 1H, J=7.8), 6.26 (br s, 1H), 5.38 (s, 1H), 3.89 (t, 4H, J=4.8), 3.62 (t, 4H, J=4.8), 3.55-3.45 (m, 4H) , 2.33 (s, 3H) , 1.70-1.52 (m, 6H); ESI-MS m/z 430 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 31

N-(4-methylphenyl)-2-[4-(3-methyl-2-pyridinyl)-1-piperazinyl]-6-(1-piperidinyl)-4-pyrimidinamine

[1784] Prepared from 2-(4-benzyl-1-piperazinyl)-N-(4-methylphenyl)-6-(1-piperidinyl)-4-pyrimidinamine by Procedures K and L. 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ8.19 (dd, 1H, J=4.4,-2.2), 7.42 (dd, 1H, J=7.8, 2.2), 7.19 (d, 2H, J=8.1), 7.12 (d, 2H, J=8.1), 6.85 (dd, 1H, J=7.8, 4.4), 6.20 (br s, 1H), 5.38 (s, 1H), 3.93-3.87 (m, 4H) , 3.53-3.48 (m, 4H) , 3.24-3.18 (m, 4H), 2.33 (s, 3H), 1.67-1.53 (m, 6H); ESI-MS m/z 444 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 32

N-(4-methylphenyl)-6-(1-piperidinyl)-2-{4-[4-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]-1-piperazinyl}-4-pyrimidinamine

[1785] Prepared by Procedures D, E (16 hours), and F. ESI-MS m/z 498 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 33

N-(4-methylphenyl)-6-(1-piperidinyl)-2-{4-[6(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]-1-piperazinyl}4-pyrimidinamine

[1786] Prepared by Procedures D, E (16 hours), and F. 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.56 (d, 1H, J=8.1), 7.19 (d, 2H, J=8.4), 7.14 (d, 2H, J=8.4), 6.94 (d, 1H, J=7.2), 6.80 (d, 1H, J=8.7), 6.23 (br s, 1H), 5.37 (s, 1H) , 3.90-3.87 (m, 4H) , 3.69-3.66 (m, 4H), 3.50-4.46 (m, 4H), 2.34 (s, 3H) , 1.67-1.53 (m, 6H), ESI-MS m/z 498 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 34

N-(4-methylphenyl)-6-(1-piperidinyl)-2-{4-[3(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]-1-piperazinyl}4-pyrimidinamine

[1787] Prepared by Procedures D, E (16 hours), and F. 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ8.43 (dd, 1H, J=4.4, 2.2), 7.87 (dd, 1H, J=7.8, 2.2), 7.19 (d, 2H, J=8.1), 7.13 (d, 2H, J=8.1), 6.99 (dd, 1H, J=7.8 4.4), 6.23 (br s, 1H) , 5.37 (s, 1H) , 3.89 (t, 4H, J=4.8), 3.53-3.48 (m, 4H), 3.36 (t, 4H, J=4.8), 2.33 (s, 3H), 1.67-1.53 (m, 6H); ESI-MS m/z 498 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 35

N-cyclohexyl-6-(1-piperidinyl)-2-{4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]-1-piperazinyl}-4-pyrimidinamine

[1788] Prepared by Procedures M, E (120° C., for addition of piperidine), and F (3 hours). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ8.43 (d, 1H, J=5.6), 7.84 (d, 1H, J=7.4), 6.95 (dd, 1H, J=7.4, 5.6), 4.95 (s, 1H), 4.34 (br s, 1H), 3.84 (t, 4H, J=5.1), 3.55-3.38 (m, 5H), 3.34 (t, 4H, J=5.1), 2.02 (dd, 2H, J=12.0, 1.4), 1.79-1.71 (m, 2H), 1.69-1.52 (m, 6H), 1.44-1.10 (m, 6H); ESI-MS m/z 490 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 36

N-Bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl-6-(1-piperidinyl)-2-{4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]-1-piperazinyl}-4-pyrimidinamine

[1789] Prepared by Procedures M, E (120° C., for addition of piperidine), and F (3 hours). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ8.42 (d, 1H, J=5.6), 7.86 (d, 1H, J=7.4), 6.95 (dd, 1H, J=7.4, 5.6), 4.95 (s, 1H), 4.37 (br s, 1H) , 3.84 (t, 4H, J=5.1), 3.57-3.47 (m, 4H), 3.40-3.31 (m, 5H), 2.25 (br s, 2H), 1.78 (ddd, 2H, J=13.0, 4.6, 1.4), 1.67-1.42 (m, 9H), 1.25-1.12 (m, 4H); ESI-MS m/z 502 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 37

N-(4-methylphenyl)-6-(1-piperidinyl)-2-[4-(2-pyrimidinyl)-1-piperazinyl]-4-pyrimidinamine

[1790] Prepared by Procedures D, G (120° C., 12 hours, for substitution with N-pyrimid-2-ylpiperazine), and G (150° C., 24 hours). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ8.33 (d, 2H, J=4.9), 7.19 (d, 2H, J=7.8), 7.13 (d, 2H, J=7.8), 6.50 (t, 1H, J=7.8), 6.23 (br s, 1H) , 5.37 (s, 1H) , 3.97-3.82 (m, 8H), 3.56-3.44 (m, 4H) , 2.34 (s, 3H), 1.70-1.53 (m, 6H); ESI-MS m/z 431 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 38

N-(4-methylphenyl)-6-(1-piperidinyl)-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-4-pyrimidinamine

[1791] Prepared by Procedures D, G (120° C., 3 hours, for substitution with pyrrolidine), and G (140° C., 12 hours). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.20 (d, 2H, J=7.8), 7.11 (d, 2H, J=7.8), 6.39 (br s, 1H), 5.34 (s, 1H), 3.56 (t, 4H, J=5.6), 3.53-3.44 (m, 4H), 2.33 (s, 3H), 1.91 (quintet, 4H, J=5.6), 1.67-1.50 (m, 6H); ESI-MS m/z 338 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 39

N-[2-(2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-yl)-6-(1-piperidinyl)-4-pyrimidinyl]-N-(4-methylphenyl)amine

[1792] Prepared by Procedures D, E (16 hours), and F. 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ8.31 (d, 1H, J=7.8), 7.28-7.15 (m, 6H), 6.86 (t, 1H, J=7.8), 6.31 (br s, 1H) , 5.49 (s, 1H), 4.22 (t, 4H, J=8.3), 3.59-3.53 (m, 4H), 3.13 (t, 4H, J=8.3), 2.35 (s, 3H) , 1.70-1.55 (m, 6H); ESI-MS m/z 386 (MH+)

EXAMPLE 40

N-(4-methylphenyl)-N-[6-(1-piperidinyl)-2-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-quinolinyl)-4-pyrimidinyl]amine

[1793] Prepared by Procedures D, G (180° C., 3 hours, for substitution with 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline), and G (140° C., 12 hours). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.87 (d, 1H, J=7.8), 7.19 (d, 2H, J=7.8), 7.15-7.07 (m, 4H), 6.93 (t, 1H, J=7.8), 6.33 (br s, 1H), 5.49 (s, 1H), 4.04 (t, 2H, J=6.0), 3.54-3.44 (m, 4H) , 2.79 (t, 2H, J=6.0), 2.34 (s, 3H) , 1.98 (pentet, 2H, J=6.0), 1.69-1.52 (m, 6H); ESI-MS m/z 400 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 41

N-(4-methylphenyl)-N-[6-(1-piperidinyl)-2(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-isoquinolinyl)-4-pyrimidinyl]amine

[1794] Prepared by Procedures D, G (180° C., 3 hours, for substitution with 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline), and G (140° C., 12 hours). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.56 (d, 1H, J=7.8), 7.26-7.06 (m, 7H) , 6.37 (br s, 1H), 5.35 (s, 1H), 4.89 (s, 2H), 4.00 (t, 2H, J=6.0), 3.58-3.44 (m, 4H), 2.91 (t, 2H, J=6.0), 2.32 (s, 3H), 1.68-1.47 (m, 6H); ESI-MS m/z 400 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 42

N-[2-(6,7-dimethoxy-3,4-dihydro-2(1H)isoquinolinyl)-6-(1-piperidinyl)-4-pyrimidinyl-N-(4-methylphenyl)amine

[1795] Prepared by Procedures D, E (160° C., 12 hours), and F (5 hours). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.19 (d, 2H, J=7.8), 7.13 (d, 2H, J=7.8), 6.70 (s, 1H), 6.64 (s, 1H), 6.25 (br s, 1H), 5.36 (s, 1H), 4.82 (s, 2H) , 4.01 (t, 2H, J=5.9) , 3.89 (s, 3H) , 3.87 (s, 3H), 3.5.8-3.44 (m, 4H), 2.84 (t, 2H, J=5.9), 2.33 (s, 3H), 1.68-1.52 (m, 6H); ESI-MS m/z 460 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 43

N-[2-(2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[DE]isoquinolin-2-yl)-6-(1-piperidinyl)-4-pyrimidinyl]-N-methylphenyl)amine

[1796] Prepared by Procedures. D, E (160° C., 12 hours), and G. ESI-MS m/z 436 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 44

4-phenyl-1-[4-(1-piperidinyl)-6-(4-toluidino)-2-pyrimidinyl]-4-piperidinol

[1797] Prepared by Procedures D, E (23 hours), and F. 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.51 (d, 2H, J=7.5), 7.36 (t, 2H, J=7.8), 7.26 (t, 1H +CHCl3, J=7.8), 7.19 (d, 2H, J=8.4), 7.12, (d, 2H, J=8.4) , 6.20 (br s, 1H) , 5.36 (s, 1H), 4.67 (br d, 2H, J=13.5), 3.50-3.45 (m, 4H), 4.67 (br t, 2H, J=13.1), 2.33 (s, 3H), 2.10 (dt, 2H, J=4.2, 12.6), 1.78 (br d, 2H, J=13.5), 1.65-1.53 (m, 6H); ESI-MS m/z 444 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 45

N2,N2-bis(2-methoxyethyl)-N4-(4-methylphenyl)-6-(1-piperidinyl)-2,4-pyrimidinediamine

[1798] Prepared by Procedures D, G [140° C., 2 hours, for substitution with bis(methoxyethyl)amine], and G (140° C., 1.5 hours). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.20 (d, 2H, J=7.8) , 7.10 (d, 2H, J=7.8), 6.20 (br s, 1H), 5.33 (s, 1H), 3.77 (t, 4H, J=6.2), 3.59 (t, 4H, J=6.3), 3.47-3.40 (m, 4H), 3.36 (s, 6H), 1.64-1.49 (m, 6H); ESI-MS m/z 400 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 46

N-(4-methylphenyl)-2-(3-phenyl-4-morpholinyl)-6-(1-piperidinyl)-4-pyrimidinamine

[1799] Prepared by Procedures D, E (16 hours), and F (1 hour). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.51 (d, 2H, J=7.8), 7.31 (t, 2H, J=7.8), 7.23 (t, 1H, J=7.8), 7.15 (d, 2H, J=7.8), 7.10 (d, 2H, J=7.8), 6.22 (br s, 1H), 5.84 (d, 1H, J=1.0), 5.36 (s, 1H), 4.51-4.42 (m, 2H), 3.94 (m, 2H), 3.66 (dt, 1H, J=1.0, 11.5), 3.49-3.43 (m, 4H), 3.24 (dt, 1H, J=1.5, 11.5), 2.32 (s, 3H), 1.64-1.47 (m, 6H); ESI-MS m/z 430 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 47

N-(4-methylphenyl)-2-(2-phenyl-4-morpholinyl)-6-(1-piperidinyl)-4-pyrimidinamine

[1800] Prepared by Procedures D, E (14 hours), and F (100° C., 2 hours). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.46 (d, 2H, J=7.8), 7.38 (t, 2H, J=7.8), 7.34 (t, 1H, J=7.8), 7.18 (d, 2H, J=8.7), 7.13 (d, 2H, J=8.4), 6.19 (br s, 1H), 5.38 (s, 1H), 4.70 (br d, 1H, J=12.6), 4.58-4.51 (m, 1H) , 4.11 (dd, 1H, J=10.2, 2.4), 3.80 (dt, 1H, J=2.7, 11.7), 3.50-3.43 (m, 4H), 3.10 (dt, 1H, J=2.1, 12.8), 2.89 (dd, 1H, J=13.2, 10.2), 2.33 (s, 3H), 1.66-1.50 (m, 6H); ESI-MS m/z 430 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 48

N-(4-methylphenyl)-2-[(2S,3R)-3-methyl-2-phenylmorpholinyl]-6-(1-piperidinyl)-4-pyrimidinamine

[1801] Prepared by Procedures D, E (120° C.), and F (1 hour). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.42 (d, 2H, J=7.8), 7.39 (t, 2H, J=7.8), 7.27 (t, 1H, J=7.8), 7.20 (d, 2H, J=7.8), 7.14 (d, 2H, J=7.8), 6.25 (br s, 1H), 5.39 (s, 1H) 4.99-4.90 (m, 1H), 4.77 (d, 1H, J=1.5), 4.39 (dd, 1H, J=13.0, 1.5), 4.15 (dd, 1H, J=8.3, 1.5), 3.80 (dt, 1H, J=3.7, 11.6), 3.53-3.45 (m, 4H), 3.26 (dt, 1H, J=3.7, 13.0), 2.33 (s, 3H), 1.68-1.52 (m, 6H), 0.90 (d, 3H, J=8.3); ESI-MS m/z 444 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 49

2-[(2R,3R)-3-(methoxymethyl)-2-phenylmorpholinyl]-N-(4-methylphenyl)-6-(1-piperidinyl)-4-pyrimidinamine

[1802] Prepared by Procedures D, E, and F (3 hours). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.56 (d, 2H, J=7.8), 7.31 (t, 2H, J=7.8), 7.27-7.20 (m, 3H), 7.13 (d, 2H, J=7.8), 6.31 (br s, 1H) , 5.84 (d, 1H, J=1.0), 5.35 (dd, 1H, J=9.3, 2.7), 5.11 (s, 1H), 4.28 (d with splitting, 1H, J=13.0), 4.01 (t, 1H, J=9.0), 3.58-3.46 (m, 6H), 3.40 (s, 3H), 3.27-3.15 (m, 1H), 2.31 (s, 3H), 1.69-1.50 (m, 6H); ESI-MS m/z 473 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 50

N4,N4-dimethyl-N2,N6-diphenyl-2,4,6-pyrimidinetriamine

[1803] Prepared by Procedures A, C, and G (140° C., overnight). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.68 (d, 2H, J=7.8) , 7.38-7.27 (m, 6H) 7.11-7.04 (m, 1H), 6.95 (t, 1H, J=7.8), 6.75 (br s, 1H), 6.38 (br s, 1H), 5.45 (s, 1H), 3.06 (s, 6H); ESI-MS m/z 306 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 51

N4,N4-dimethyl-N6-(2-methylphenyl)-N2-phenyl2,4,6-pyrimidinetriamine

[1804] Prepared by Procedures A, C, and G (140° C., overnight). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.63 (d, 2H, J=7.5), 7.43 (d, 1H, J=7.5), 7.31-7.24 (m, 3H), 7.21 (d, 1H, J=7.8), 7.11 (t, 1H, J=7.4), 6.96 (t, 1H, J=7.7), 6.73 (br s, 1H), 6.12 (br s, 1H), 5.16 (s, 1H), 3.01 (s, 6H), 2.29 (s, 3H); ESI-MS m/z 320 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 52

N4,N4-dimethyl-N6-(3-methylphenyl)-N2-phenyl-2,4,6-pyrimidinetriamine

[1805] Prepared by Procedures A, C, and G (140° C., overnight). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.63 (d, 2H, J=7.8), 7.29 (t, 2H, J=7.8), 7.21 (d, 1H, J=8.1), 7.16-7.11 (m, 2H), 6.97 (d, 1H, J=8.1), 6.91 (d, 1H, J=7.5), 6.78 (br s, 1H), 6.38 (br s, 1H), 5.44 (s, 1H), 3.05 (s, 6H), 2.35 (s, 3H); ESI-MS m/z 320 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 53

N4,N4-dimethyl-N6-(3-methylphenyl)-N2-(4-methylphenyl)-2,4,6-pyrimidinetriamine

[1806] Prepared by Procedures A, C, and G (overnight). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.50 (d, 2H, J=7.8), 7.25-7.08 (m, 5H), 6.90 (d, 1H, J=7.5), 6.86 (br s, 1H), 6.54 (br s, 1H), 5.44 (s, 1H), 3.05 (s, 6H), 2.34 (s, 3H), 2.31 (s, 3H); ESI-MS m/z 334 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 54

N4,N4-dimethyl-N6-(4-methylphenyl)-N2-phenyl2,4,6-pyrimidinetriamine

[1807] Prepared by Procedures A, C, and G (140° C., overnight). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.63 (d, 2H, J=7.8), 7.28 (t, 2H, J=7.5), 7.21 (d, 2H, J=7.8), 7.15 (d, 2H, J=8.1), 6.96 (t, 1H, J=7.5), 6.71 (br s, 1H), 6.29 (br s, 1H) , 5.39 (s, 1H), 3.04 (s, 6H), 2.34 (s, 3H); ESI-MS m/z 320 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 55

N2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-N4,N4-dimethyl-N6-(4-methylphenyl)-2,4,6-pyrimidinetriamine

[1808] Prepared by Procedures B, C, and G (180° C., 3 hours). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ8.04 (d, 1H, J=2.1), 7.27 (d, 1H, J=7.8), 7.24 (dd, 1H, J=7.8, 2.1), 7.19 (d, 2H, J=8.7), 7.15 (d, 2H, J=8.7), 7.01 (br s, 1H), 6.59 (br s, 1H), 5.39 (s, 1H), 3.04 (s, 6H), 2.35 (s, 3H); ESI-MS m/z 388 (MH+ with 35Cl, 35Cl), 390 (MH+ with 35Cl, 37Cl),392 (MH+ with 37Cl 37Cl).

EXAMPLE 56

N4,N4-dimethyl-N2,N6-bis(4-methylphenyl)-2,4,6-pyrimidinetriamine

[1809] Prepared by Procedures B, C, and G (180° C., 3 hours). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.49 (d, 2H, J=8.7), 7.19 (d, 2H, J=8.4), 7.14 (d, 2H, J=8.4), 7.08 (d, 2H, J=8.4), 6.73 (br s, 1H), 6.39 (br s, 1H), 5.37 (s, 1H), 3.02 (s, 6H); ESI-MS m/z 334 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 57

N4-(3-fluorophenyl)-N6,N6-dimethyl-N2-phenyl-2,4,6-pyrimidinetriamine

[1810] Prepared by Procedures A, C, and G (140° C., overnight). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.62 (d, 2H, J=7.8), 7.34-7.23 (m, 5H), 7.01 (t, 1H, J=7.4), 6.77 (br s, 1H), 6.38 (br s, 1H), 5.43 (s, 1H), 3.07 (s, 6H); ESI-MS m/z 324 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 58

N2-(4-chlorophenyl)-N6,N6-dimethyl-N2-phenyl-2,4,6-pyrimidinetriamine

[1811] Prepared by Procedures A, C, and G (150° C., overnight). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.60 (d, 2H, J=7.5), 7.32-7.26 (m, 6H), 6.96 (t, 1H, J=7.5), 6.77 (br s, 1H), 6.34 (br s, 1H), 5.34 (s, 1H), 3.04 (s, 6H); ESI-MS m/z 340 (MH+ with 35Cl), 342 (MH+ with 37Cl)

EXAMPLE 59

N4-(4-bromophenyl)-N6,N6-dimethyl-N2-phenyl-2,4,6-pyrimidinetriamine

[1812] Prepared by Procedures A, C, and G (150° C., overnight). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.59 (d, 2H, J=8.5), 7.42 (d, 2H, J=8.5), 7.31-7.22 (m, 4H), 6.98 (t, 1H, J=7.2), 6.92 (br s, 1H), 6.48 (br s, 1H), 5.35 (s, 1H), 3.05 (s, 6H), ESI-MS m/z 384 (MH+ with 79Br), 386 (MH+ with 81 Br)

EXAMPLE 60

N4-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-N6,N6-dimethyl-N2-phenyl-2,4,6-pyrimidinetriamine

[1813] Prepared by Procedures A, C, and G (0.5 mL diisopropylethylamine added, 150° C., overnight). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.61 (d with s at the center, 3H, J=7.8), 7.34 (d, 2H, J=7.8), 7.29 (d, 1H, J=8.7), 7.17 (dd, 1H, J=8.7, 2.6), 6.98 (t, 1H, J=7.8), 6.80 (br s, 1H), 6.33 (br s, 1H), 5.33 (s, 1H), 3.07 (s, 6H); ESI-MS m/z 373 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 61

N4-(4-chloro-3-methylphenyl)-N6,N6-dimethyl-N2-phenyl-2,4,6-pyrimidinetriamine

[1814] Prepared by Procedures A, C, and G (150° C., 1 hour). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.61 (dd, 2H, J=7.4, 0.9), 7.30-7.25 (m, 3H), 7.19 (d, 1H, J=2.4), 7.12 (dd, 1H, J=8.5, 2.4), 6.97 (t, 1H, J=7.4), 6.88 (br s, 1H), 6.44 (br s, 1H), 5.35 (s, 1H), 3.05 (s, 6H), 2.35 (s, 3H); ESI-MS m/z 454(MH+ with 35Cl), 456 (MH+ with 37Cl)

EXAMPLE 62

N2-(3-chloro-4-methylphenyl)-N6,N6-dimethyl-N2-phenyl-2,4,6-pyrimidinetriamine

[1815] Prepared by Procedures A, C, and F (100° C., 3 hours). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.63 (d, 2H, J=7.8), 7.41 (d, 1H, J=1.8), 7.30 (t, 2H, J=7.8), 7.18 (d, 1H, J=7.8), 7.09 (dd, 1H, J=7.8, 1.8), 6.98 (t, 1H, J=7.8), 6.67 (br s, 2H), 5.35 (s, 1H), 3.07 (s, 6H), 2.37 (s, 3H); ESI-MS m/z 454(MH+ with 35Cl), 456 (MH+ with 37Cl)

EXAMPLE 63

N4-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-N6,N6-dimethyl-N2phenyl-2,4,6-pyrimidinetriamine

[1816] Prepared by Procedures A, C, and G (150° C., 5 hours). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.62 (d, 2H, J=7.5), 7.36 (d, 2H, J=8.7), 7.29 (d, 2H, J=7.5), 7.25 (t, 2H, J=8.7), 6.95 (t, 1H, J=7.4), 6.69 (br s, 1H), 6.30 (br s, 1H), 5.44 (s, 1H), 3.05 (s, 6H), 1.33 (s, 9H); ESI-MS m/z 362 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 64

N4,N4-dimethyl-N6-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-N2-phenyl-2,4,6-pyrimidinetriamine

[1817] Prepared by Procedures A, C, and G (150° C., 2 hours). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.61 (d, 2H, J=7.8), 7.35 (t, 2H, J=7.8), 7.31-7.24 (m, 3H), 7.12 (t, 2H, J=7.8), 7.08-7.04 (m, 3H), 6.98 (t, 1H, J=8.1), 6.74 (br s, 1H), 6.71 (dd, 1H, J=7.8, 2.0), 6.43 (br s, 1H), 5.41 (s, 1H), 3.03 (s, 6H); ESI-MS m/z 398 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 65

N4,N4-dimethyl-N6-(2-naphthyl)-N2-phenyl-2,4,6-pyrimidinetriamine

[1818] Prepared by Procedures A, C, and G (150° C., 2 hours). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.81 (s, 1H), 7.80 (d, 1H, J=7.5), 7.75 (d, 2H, J=7.8), 7.65 (d, 2H, J=7.5), 7.49-7.37 (m, 3H), 7.29 (t, 2H, J=7.5), 6.98 (t, 1H, J=8.1), 6.85 (br s, 1H), 6.59 (br s, 1H) 5.51 (s, 1H), 3.06 (s, 6H); ESI-MS m/z 356 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 66

N4-cyclohexyl-N6,N6-dimethyl-N2-phenyl-2,4,6-pyrimidinetriamine

[1819] Prepared by Procedures A, C, and G (140° C., 2 days). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.62 (d, 2H, J=8.1), 7.26 (t, 2H, J=8.1), 6.92 (t, 1H, J=8.1), 6.64 (br s, 1H), 4.96 (s, 1H), 4.39 (br d, 1H, J=8.1), 3.53-3.44 (m, 1H), 3.05 (s, 6H), 2.09-1.99 (m, 2H), 1.80-1.55 (m, 4H), 1.44-1.11 (m, 4H); ESI-MS m/z 312 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 67

N4,N4-dimethyl-N6-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-N2-phenyl-2,4,6-pyrimidinetriamine

[1820] Prepared by Procedures A, C, and G (150° C., overnight). ESI-MS m/z 326 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 68

N4-(4-tert-butylcyclohexyl)-N6,N6-dimethyl-N2-phenyl-2,4,6-pyrimidinetriamine

[1821] Prepared by Procedures A, C, and G (150° C., overnight). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.62 (d, 2H, J=8.4), 7.26 (t, 2H, J=7.7), 6.92 (t, 1H, J=7.1), 6.61 (br s, 1H), 4.96 (s, 1H), 4.32 (br d, 1H J=8.4), 3.46-3.37 (m, 1H), 3.06 (s, 6H), 1.88-1.80 (m, 2H), 1.29-1.20 (m, 1H), 1.19-0,97 (m, 4H), 0.87 (s, 9H); ESI-MS m/z 368 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 69

N4-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl-N6,N6-dimethyl-N2-phenyl-2,4,6-pyrimidinetriamine

[1822] Prepared by Procedures A, C, and G (140° C.). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.62 (d, 2H, J=7.8), 7.26 (t, 2H, J=8.0), 6.92 (t, 1H, J=7.2), 6.62 (br s, 1H), 4.94 (s, 1H), 4.42 (br d, 1H, J=5.4), 3.45-3.37 (m, 1H), 3.06 (S, 6H), 2.33-2.27 (m, 1H), 1.82 (dd, 1H, J=12.3, 6.0), 1.56-1.42 (m, 2H), 1.30-1.14 (m, 5H), 0.91-0.85 (m, 1H); ESI-MS m/z 324 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 70

N4,N4-dimethyl-N2-phenyl-N6-(1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl)-2,4,6-pyrimidinetriamine:

[1823] Prepared by Procedures A, C, and G (overnight). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.62 (d, 2H, J=7.8), 7.26 (t, 2H, J=7.8), 6.93 (t, 1H, J=7.7), 6.87 (br s, 1H), 4.95 (s, 1H), 4.80 (br d, 1H, J=6.9), 3.94-3.84 (m, 1H), 3.06 (s, 6H), 2.45-2.34 (m, 1H), 1.82-1.62 (m, 3H), 1.46-1.32 (m, 1H), 1.29-1.16 (m, 2H), 0.99 (s, 3H), 0.90 (s, 3H), 0.89 (s, 3H) ; ESI-MS m/z 366 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 71

N4,N4-dimethyl-N2-phenyl-N6-[(2R,3S)-3,6,6trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-yl]-2,4,6-pyrimidinetriamine

[1824] Prepared by Procedures A, C, and G (5 hours) 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.64 (d, 2H, J=8.1), 7.26 (t, 2H, J 8.1), 6.92 (t, 1H, J=7.4), 6.72 (br s, 1H), 4.99 (s, 1H), 4.47 (br d, 1H, J=8.4), 4.05-3.91 (m, 1H), 3.06 (s, 6H), 2.72-2.62 (m, 1H), 2.46-2.36 (m, 1H), 2.00-1.45 (m, 5H), 1.25 (s, 3H), 1.16 (d, 3H, J=7.8), 1.10 (s, 3H); ESI-MS m/z 366 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 72

N2,N4,N4-trimethyl-N2,N6-bis(4-methylphenyl)-2,4,6-pyrimidinetriamine

[1825] Prepared by Procedures D, E (150° C., 16 hours), and F (5 hours). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.26 (d, 2H, J=8.1), 7.15 (br d, 4H, J˜8), 7.04 (d, 2H, J=8.1), 6.19 (br s, 1H), 5.29 (s, 1H), 3.50 (s, 3H), 2.94 (s, 6H), 2.36 (s, 3H), 2.29 (s, 3H); ESI-MS m/z 348 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 73

N2-cyclohexyl-N2,N4,N4-trimethyl-N2,N6-bis(4-methylphenyl)-2,4,6-pyrimidinetriamine

[1826] Prepared by Procedures D, E (150° C., 12 hours), and F (5 hours). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.25 (d, 2H, J=8.4), 7.10 (d, 2H, J=8.1), 6.26 (br s, 1H), 5.22 (s, 1H), 4.66-4.52 (m, 1H), 3.01 (s, 3H), 2.99 (s, 6H), 2.32 (s, 3H), 1.87-1.64 (m, 5H), 1.52-1.35 (m, 4H), 1.22-1.06 (m, 1H); ESI-MS m/z 340 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 74

N2-cyclohexyl-N2-(2-methoxyethyl)-N4,N4-dimethyl-N6-(4-methylphenyl)-2,4,6-pyrimidinetriamine

[1827] Prepared by Procedures H, J (overnight), and F (2 hours). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.28 (d, 2H, J=8.1), 7.11 (d, 2H, J=8.1), 6.19 (br s, 1H), 5.22 (s, 1H), 4.60-4.50 (m, 1H), 3.64-3.55 (m, 4H), 3.39 (s, 3H), 2.99 (s, 6H), 2.31 (s, 3H), 1.83-1.75 (m, 4H), 1.73-1.63 (m, 1H), 1.52 1.38 (m, 4H), 1.19-1.05 (m, 1H); ESI-MS m/z 384 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 75

2-(2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-yl)-N4,N4-dimethyl-N6-(4-methylphenyl)-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1828] Prepared by Procedures H, E (150° C., 16 hours), and F (2 hours). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ8.37 (d, 1H, J=7.8), 7.26 (d, 2H, J=7.8), 7.20-7.11. (m, 4H), 6.86 (t, 1H, J=7.8), 6.31 (br s, 1H), 5.39 (s, 1H), 4.24 (t, 4H, J=8.3), 3.13 (t, 4H, J=8.3), 3.07 (s, 6H), 2.35 (s, 3H); ESI-MS m/z 346 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 76

N2-[2-(1H-3-indolyl)ethyl]-N4,N4-dimethyl-N6-(4-methylphenyl)-2,4,6-pyrimidinetriamine

[1829] Prepared by Procedures H, J, and G. 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ8.19 (br s, 1H), 7.65 (d 1H, J=7.8), 7.36 (d, 1H, J=7.8), 7.21-7.09 (m, 6H), 7.04 (s, 1H), 6.52 (br s, 1H), 5.28 (s, 1H), 4.95 (br d, 1H, J=7.2), 3.72 (q, 2H, J=7.2), 3.06 (t, 2H, J=7.8), 2.99 (s, 6H), 2.32 (s, 3H); ESI-MS m/z 387 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 77

N2-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]-N2,N4,N4-trimethyl-N6-(4-methylphenyl)-2,4,6-pyrimidinetriamine

[1830] Prepared by Procedures H, J, and G or F. 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ8.14 (br s, 1H), 7.70 (d 1H, J=7.8), 7.32 (d, 1H, J=7.8), 7.22 (d, 2H, J=7.8), 7.17 (t, 1H, J=7.2), 7.12 (t, 1H, J=7.2), 7.08 (d, 2H, J=7.8), 6.98 (s, 1H), 6.36 (br s, 1H), 5.25 (s, 1H), 3.90 (t, 2H, J=7.8), 3.14 (s, 3H), 3.07 (t, 2H, J=7.8), 2.99(s, 6H), 2.30 (s, 3H); ESI-MS m/z 401 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 78

N4-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-N2-[2-(1H-3-indolyl) ethyl]-N2,N6,N6-trimethyl-2,4,6-pyrimidinetriamine

[1831] Prepared by Procedures H, J, and G. 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ8.00 (br s, 1H), 7.75 (s, 1H), 7.68 (d 1H, J=7.8), 7.35 (d, 1H, J=7.8), 7.24-7.15 (m, 3H), 7.10 (t, 1H, J=7.2), 7.00 (s, 1H) 6.23 (br s, 1H), 5.15 (s, 1H), 3.90 (t, 2H, J=7.8), 3.14 (s, 3H), 3.08 (t, 2H, J=7.8), 3.03 (s, 6H); ESI-MS m/z 455(MH+ with 35Cl), 457 (MH+ with 37Cl)

EXAMPLE 79

N2-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]-N2,N4,N4-trimethyl-(2-naphthyl)-6-(1-piperidinyl)-2,4,6-pyrimidinetriamine

[1832] Prepared by Procedures D, E (160° C., 28 hours), and G. 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ8.18 (br s, 1H), 7.92 (s, 1H), 7.90-7.03 (m, 10H), 6.95 (s, 1H) 6.84 (br s, 1H), 5.34 (s, 1H), 3.90 (t, 2H, J=7.8), 3.17 (s, 3H), 3.07 (t, 2H, J=7.8), 2.96 (s, 6H); ESI-MS m/z 437 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 80

1-[4-(dimethylamino)-6-(4-toluidino)-2-pyrimidinyl]-4-phenyl-4-piperidinol

[1833] Prepared by Procedures H, E (150° C., 10 hours), and F (3 hours). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.43 (d, 2H, J=7.8), 7.35 (t, 2H, J=7.8), 7.27-7.21 (m, 3H), 7.14 (d, 2H, J=7.8), 6.24 (br s, 1H), 6.18 (br s, 1H), 5.28 (s, 1H), 4.43-4.37 (m, 2H), 4.03 (t, 2H, J=5.6), 3.06-2.97 (m with s at 3.03, 8H), 2.66-2.58 (m, 2H), 2.34 (s, 3H).

EXAMPLE 81

N4,N4-dimethyl-N6-(4-methylphenyl)-2-(4-phenyl-1-piperidinyl)-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1834] Prepared by Procedures H, E (150° C., 16 hours), and F (4 hours). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.34-7.18 (m, 7H), 7.13 (d, 2H, J=7.8), 6.25 (br s, 1H), 5.28 (s, 1H), 4.94 (d with fine splitting, 2H, J=13.0), 3.01 (s, 6H), 2.87 (dt, 2H, J=1.0, 13.0), 2.74 (tt, 1H, J=11.6, 1.5), 2.32 (s, 3H), 1.90 (d with fine splitting, 2H, J=12.0), 1.72 (ddd, 2H, J=13.0, 12.0, 1.5); ESI-MS m/z 388 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 82

N4,N4-dimethyl-N6-(4-methylphenyl)-2-(3-phenyl-4-morpholinyl)-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1835] Prepared by Procedures H, E (150° C., 20 hours), and F (3 hours). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.51 (d, 2H, J=7.8), 7.32. (t, 2H, J=7.8), 7.23 (t, 1H, J=7.8), 7.17 (d, 2H, J=7.8), 7.09 (d, 2H, J=7.8), 6.25 (br s, 1H), 5.88 (d, 1H, J=1.0), 5.27 (s, 1H), 4.49 (t, 2H, J=13.2), 3.94 (m, 2H), 3.66 (dt, 1H, J=1.0, 11.5), 3.24 (dt, 1H, J=1.5, 11.5), 2.97 (s, 6H), 2.32 (s, 3H); ESI-MS m/z 390 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 83

N4,N4-dimethyl-N6-(4-methylphenyl)-2-(2-phenyl-4-morpholinyl)-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1836] Prepared by Procedures H, E (150° C., 20 hours), and F (3 hours). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.47 (d, 2H, J=7.8), 7.38 (t, 2H, J=7.8), 7.33 (t, 1H, J=7.8), 7.19 (d, 2H, J=7.8), 7.11 (d, 2H, J=7.8), 6.22 (br s, 1H), 5.29 (s, 1H), 4.74 (dd, 1H, J=13.2, 1.0), 4.59-4.51 (m, 2H), 4.16-4.08 (m, 1H), 3.80 (dt, 1H, J=1.0, 11.9), 3.11 (dt, 1H, J=1.5, 12.4), 2.98 (s, 6H), 2.90 (dd, 1H, J=10.6, 11.9), 2.33 (s, 3H); ESI-MS m/z 390 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 84

N4,N4-dimethyl-N6-(4-methylphenyl)-2-{4-[(4-methylphenyl)sulfonyl]-1-piperazinyl}-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1837] Prepared by Procedures H, E (150° C., overnight), and F (3 hours). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.65 (d, 2H, J=8.3), 7.31 (d, 2H, J=8.3), 7.15 (d, 2H, J=8.4), 7.11 (d, 2H, J=7.2), 6.20 (br s, 1H), 5.22 (s, 1H), 3.87 (t, 4H, J=4.2), 3.02 (t, 4H, J=4.2), 2.95 (s, 6H), 2.43 (s, 3H), 2.33 (s, 3H); ESI-MS m/z 467 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 85

N4,N4-dimethyl-N6-(4-methylphenyl)-2-[4-(2-methylphenyl)-1-piperazinyl]-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1838] Prepared by Procedures D, E (160° C., 12 hours), and F (12 hours). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.23-7.10 (m, 6H), 7.02-6.96 (m, 2H), 6.28 (br s, 1H), 5.28 (s, 1H), 3.95-3.86 (m, 4H), 2.99 (s, 6H), 2.96-2.92 (m, 4H), 2.36 (s, 3H), 2.32 (s, 3H); ESI-MS m/z 403 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 86

N4,N4-dimethyl-N6-(4-methylphenyl)-2-[4-(3-methylphenyl)-1-piperazinyl]-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1839] Prepared by Procedures D, E (160° C., 12 hours), and F (12 hours). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.19 (d, 2H, J=7.8), 7.17 (t, 1H, J 7.8), 7.11 (d, 2H, J=7.8), 6.91 (s, 1H), 6.89 (d, 1H, J=7.8), 6.69 (d, 1H, J=7.8), 6.33 (br s, 1H), 5.29 (s, 1H), 3.93 (t, 4H, J=5.1), 3.22 (t, 4H, J=5.1), 3.01 (s, 6H), 2.33 (s, 6H); ESI-MS m/z 403 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 87

N4,N4-dimethyl-N6-(4-methylphenyl)-2-[4-(4-methylphenyl)-1-piperazinyl]-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1840] Prepared by Procedures D, E (160° C., 36 hours), and F (8 hours). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.19 (d, 2H, J=9.0), 7.16 (d, 2H, J=8.7), 7.10 (d, 2H, J=9.0), 6.90 (d, 2H, J=8.4), 6.24 (br s, 1H), 5.27 (s, 1H), 3.93 (t, 4H, J=4.8), 3.18 (t, 4H, J=5.1), 3.00 (s, 6H), 2.33 (s, 3H), 2.28 (s, 3H); ESI-MS m/z 403 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 88

N4,N4-dimethyl-N6-(4-methylphenyl)-2-{4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]-1-piperazinyl}-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1841] Prepared by Procedures H, E (16 hours), and F. 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ8.57 (dd, 1H, J=4.4, 2.2), 7.87 (dd, 1H, J=7.8, 2.2), 7.20 (d, 2H, J=8.1), 7.13 (d, 2H, J=8.1), 6.98 (dd, 1H, J=7.8, 4.4), 6.24 (br s, 1H), 5.28 (s, 1H), 3.90 (t, 4H, J=4.8), 3.36 (t, 4H, J=4.8), 3.00 (s, 6H), 2.32 (s, 3H); ESI-MS m/z 458 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 89

N-(4-methylphenyl)-2-(1-piperidinyl)-6-{4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]-1-piperazinyl}-4-pyrimidinamine

[1842] Prepared by Procedures M, E (120° C., for addition of piperidine), and F. 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ8.43 (dd, 1H, J=4.4, 2.2), 7.87 (dd, 1H, J=7.8, 2.2), 7.19 (d, 2H, J=8.1), 7.12 (d, 2H, J=8.1), 6.99 (dd, 1H, J=7.8, 4.4), 6.28 (br s, 1H), 5.35 (s, 1H), 3.77-3.72 (m, 4H), 3.62 (t, 4H, J=4.8), 3.33 (t, 4H, J=4.8), 2.33 (s, 3H), 1.69-1.52 (m, 6H); ESI-MS m/z 498 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 90

6-[2-(methoxymethyl)-1-piperidinyl]-N-(4-methylphenyl)-2-{4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]-1-piperazinyl}-4-pyrimidinamine

[1843] Prepared by Procedures D, J (90° C., overnight), and F (2 hours). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ8.44 (dd, 1H, J=4.4, 2.2), 7.88 (dd, 1H, J=7.8, 2.2), 7.20 (d, 2H, J=8.1), 7.12 (d, 2H, J=8.1), 6.99 (dd, 1H, J=7.8, 4.4), 6.23 (br s, 1H), 5.38 (s, 1H), 4.68-4.54 .(m, 1H), 4.15-4.03 (m, 1H), 3.90 (t, 4H, J=4.8), 3.57 (t, 1H, J=9.7), 3.44-3.35 (m, 5H), 3.34 (s, 3H), 2.81 (t, 1H, J=12.0), 2.33 (s, 3H), 1.93-1.86 (m, 1H), 1.72-1.41 (m, 3H), 1.29-1.25 (m, 1H), 0.91-0.86 (m, 1H); ESI-MS m/z 542 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 115

N-4-[3-(benzyloxy)phenyl]-N-6-,N-6-dimethyl-2-[4-(2-pyridinyl)-1-piperazinyl]-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1844] Prepared by Procedures A (CH2Cl2, Et3N, Me2NHHCl, stirred 3.5 h at −78° C., warmed to 0° C. and stirred 3 h), N, and O. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ8.23-8.19 (m, 1H), 7.52 (dt, 1H, J=1.9, 7.2), 7.43-7.20 (m, 7H), 6.96 (s, 1H), 6.88 (d, 1H, J=8.0), 6.80 (d, 1H, J=8.1), 6.69-6.63 (m, 2H), 5.34 (s, 1H), 5.03 (s, 2H), 4.03-3.97 (m, 4H), 3.66 (t, 4H, J=5.2), 3.02 (s, 6H); ESI-MS m/z 482 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 116

4-{4-[4-(dimethylamino)-6-(4-toluidino)-2-pyrimidinyl]-1-piperazinyl}phenol

[1845] Prepared by Procedures A (CH2Cl2, Et3N, Me2NHHCl, stirred 3.5 h at −78° C., warmed to 0° C. and stirred 3 h), N, and O. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ10.04 (s, 1H), 7.19-7.14 (m, 4H), 6.85-6.79 (m, 4H), 5.31 (s, 1H), 5.22 (s, 1H), 3.96 (t, 4H, J=5.1), 3.05 (t, 4H, J=5.0), 3.03 (s, 6H), 2.34 (s, 3H); FIAMS m/z 405 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 117

N4-[4-(benzyloxy)phenyl]-N6,N6-dimethyl-2-[4-(2-pyridinyl)-1-piperazinyl]-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1846] Prepared by Procedures A (CH2Cl2, Et3N, Me2NHHCl, stirred 3.5 h at −78° C., warmed to 0° C. and stirred 3 h), N, and O. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ8.21 (dd, 1H, J=1.9, 5.6), 7.55-7.27 (m, 7H), 7.24-7.16 (m, 2H), 7.04-6.9 (m, 2H), 6.69-6.64 (m, 2H), 5.06 (s, 2H), 5.05 (s, 1H), 4.08-3.97 (m, 4H), 3.69 (t, 4H, J=5.1), 3.03 (s, 6H); ESI-MS m/z 482 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 118

N4-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-N6,N6-dimethyl-2-[4-(2-pyridinyl)-1-piperazinyl]-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1847] Prepared by Procedures A (CH2Cl2, Et3N, Me2NHHCl, stirred 3.5 h at −78° C., warmed to 0° C. and stirred 3 h), N, and O. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ8.24-8.18 (m, 1H), 7.48 (dt, 1H, J=1.9, 8.1), 6.92 (d, 1H, J=1.9), 6.75 (d, 1H, J=8.2), 6.74-6.54 (m, 3H), 6.41 (br s, 1H), 5.95 (s, 2H), 5.16 (s, 1H), 3.89 (t, 4H, J=5.1), 3.60 (t, 4H, J=5.3), 2.99 (s, 6H); ESI-MS m/z 420 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 119

N4-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-N6,N6-dimethyl-2-[4-(2-pyridinyl)-1-piperazinyl]-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1848] Prepared by Procedures A (CH2Cl2, Et3N, Me2NHHCl, stirred 3.5 h at −78° C., warmed to 0° C. and stirred 3 h), N, and O. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ8.24-8.18 (m, 1H), 7.49 (dt, 1H, J=2.1, 7.1), 6.89 (d, 1H, J=2.2), 6.81 (d, 1H, J=8.6), 6.76 (d, 1H, J=2.4), 6.68 (d, 1H, J=8.5), 6.62 (dd, 1H, J=4.6, 7.0)., 6.18 (br s, 1H) 5.21 (s, 1H), 4.33-4.15 (m, 4H), 3.89 (t, 4H, J=5.1), 3.61 (t, 4H, J=5.1), 3.00 (s, 6H); ESI-MS m/z 434 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 120

N4-(4-isoquinolinyl)-N6,N6-dimethyl-2-[4-(2-pyridinyl)-1-piperazinyl]-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1849] Prepared by Procedures A (CH2Cl2, Et3N, Me2NHHCl, stirred 3.5 h at −78° C., warmed to 0° C. and stirred 3 h), N, and O. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ8.93 (d, 1H, J=1.5), 8.31 (d, 1H, J=2.6), 8.27-8.19 (m, 1H), 8.01 (d, 1H, J=8.2), 7.70 (d, 1H, J=7.8), 7.59-7.52 (m, 1H), 7.51-7.45 (m, 2H), 6.78 (br s, 1H), 6.68 (d, 1H, J=8.6), 6.63 (dd, 1H, J=5.0, 7.1), 5.29 (s, 1H), 3.94 (t, 4H, J=5.0), 3.63 (t, 4H, J=5.3), 3.01 (s, 6H); ESI-MS m/z 427 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 121

N4-(4-cyclohexylphenyl)-N6,N6-dimethyl-2-[4-(2-pyridinyl)-1-piperazinyl]-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1850] Prepared by Procedures A (CH2Cl2, Et3N, Me2NHHCl, stirred 3.5 h at −78° C., warmed to 0° C. and stirred 3 h), N, and O. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ8.25-8.19 (m, 1H), 7.49 (dt, 1H, J=2.0, 6.9), 7.22 (d, 2H, J=6.4), 7.16 (d, 2H, J=8.2), 6.68 (d, 1H, J=8.6), 6.66-6.60 (m, 1H), 6.21 (br s, 1H), 5.30 (s, 1H), 3.99-3.91 (m, 4H), 3.63 (t, 4H, J=5.2), 3.02 (s, 6H), 2.53-2.42 (m, 1H), 1.92-1.79 (m, 4H), 1.48-1.32 (m, 4H), 1.31-1.19 (m, 2H); ESI-MS m/z 458 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 122

N4,N4-dimethyl-2-[4-(2-pyridinyl)-1-piperazinyl]-N-6-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1-naphthalenyl)-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1851] Prepared by Procedures A (CH2Cl2, Et3N, Me2NHHCl, stirred 3.5 h at −78° C., warmed to 0° C. and stirred 3 h), N, and O. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ8.20 (dd, 1H, J=1.3, 4.9), 7.50 (dt, 1H, J=2.2, 6.8), 7.17 (d, 1H, J=7.5), 7.09 (t, 1H, J=7.6), 6.94 (d, 1H, J=7.7), 6.73-6.62 (m, 2H), 5.06 (s, 1H), 4.08-3.93 (m, 4H), 3.66 (t, 4H, J=5.3), 3.00 (s, 6H), 2.79 (t, 2H, J=6.0), 2.72 (t, 2H, J=5.9), 1.88-1.67 (m, 4H), NH (1H, unobserved); ESI-MS m/z 430 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 123

N4-(2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-5-yl)-N6,N6-dimethyl-2-[4-(2-pyridinyl)-1-piperazinyl]-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1852] Prepared by Procedures A (CH2Cl2, Et3N, Me2NHHCl, stirred 3.5 h at −78° C., warmed to 0° C. and stirred 3 h), N, and O. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ8.20 (d, 1H, J=4.8), 7.51 (dt, 1H, J=1.8, 6.9), 7.19 (d, 1H, J==7.6), 7.14 (s, 1H), 7.04 (dd, 1H, J=1.7, 7.7), 6.73-6.61 (m, 2H), 5.23 (s, 1H), 4.09-3.94 (m, 4H), 3.68 (t, 4H, J=5.9), 3.04 (s, 6H), 2.89 (t, 4H, J=7.8), 2.16-2.01 (m, 2H), NH (1H, unobserved); ESI-MS m/z 416 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 124

N4-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-N6,N6-dimethyl-2-[4(2-pyridinyl)-1-piperazinyl]-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1853] Prepared by Procedures A (CH2Cl2, Et3N, Me2NHHCl, stirred 3.5 h at −78° C., warmed to 0° C. and stirred 3 h), N, and O. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ8.31-8.20 (m, 1H), 7.79-7.69 (m, 1H), 7.61-7.44 (m, 1H), 7.42-7.28 (m, 1H), 7.25-7.11 (m, 1H), 6.79-6.61 (m, 2H), 6.42 (br s, 1H), 5.22 (s, 1H), 3.98-3.82 (m, 4H), 3.65-3.56 (m, 4H), 3.02 (s, 6H); ESI-MS m/z 444 (MH+ with 35Cl, 35Cl, 446 (MH+ with 35Cl, 37Cl), 448 (MH+ with 37Cl, 37Cl)

EXAMPLE 125

N4,N4-dimethyl-2-[4-(2-pyridinyl)-1-piperazinyl]-N6-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1854] Prepared by Procedures A (CH2Cl2, Et3N, Me2NHHCl, stirred 3.5 h at −78° C., warmed to 0° C. and stirred 3 h), N, and O. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ8.59 (br s, 1H), 8.24-8.18 (m, 1H), 7.86 (s, 1H), 7.78-7.22 (m, 4H), 6.65 (t, 2H, J=5.0), 5.29 (s, 1H), 3.96 (t, 4H, J=5.5), 3.64 (t, 4H, J=5.2), 3.03 (s, 6H); ESI-MS m/z 444 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 126

2-(4-benzyl-1-piperazinyl)-N4-[3-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-N6,N6-dimethyl-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1855] Prepared by Procedures P (toluene, 95° C., 16 h), Q (dioxane, 120° C.), and A. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.52-7.37 (m, 7H), 7.25 (t, 1H, J=2.0), 7.14 (dd, 1H, J=1.5, 8.2), 7.05 (dd, 1H, J=2.5, 8.2), 4.36 (s, 2H), 3.98 (br s, 4H), 3.36 (s, 4H), 3.11 (s, 6H), 3.05 (s, 6H), 2.60 (s, 1H); ESI-MS m/z 432 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 127

2-(4-benzyl-1-piperazinyl)-N4,N4-dimethyl-N6-(2-methyl-1,3-benzothiazol-5-yl)-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1856] Prepared by Procedures P (130° C., 13 h), Q, and A. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ8.12 (s, 1H), 7.87 (d, 1H, J=8.8) 7.52-7.38 (m, 6H), 5.58 (s, 1H), 4.5.8 (s, 1H), 4.30 (s, 2H), 3.79-3.42 (m, 4H), 3.22-2.91 (m, 4H), 3.09 (s, 6H), 2.98 (s, 3H); ESI-MS m/z 460 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 128

2-(4-benzyl-1-piperazinyl)-N4-cycloheptyl-N6,N6-dimethyl-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1857] Prepared by Procedures P (140° C., toluene, 6 h), Q, and A. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.20-7.09 (m, 5H), 4.78 (s, 1H), 4.18 (br s, 1H), 3.74 (t, 4H, J=5.2), 3.52 (s, 2H), 2.99 (s, 6H), 2.46 (t, 4H, J=5.1), 2.03-1.92 (m, 2H), 1.87-1.68 (m, 11H); ESI-MS m/z 409 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 129

4-{[2-(4-benzyl-1-piperazinyl)-6-(dimethylamino)-4-pyrimidinyl]amino}-2-chlorobenzonitrile

[1858] Prepared by Procedures P (toluene, 95° C., 16 h), Q (dioxane, 120° C.), and A. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.88 (d, 1H, J=3.1), 7.48 (d, 1H, J=8.5), 7.42-7.22 (m, 6H), 6.45 (s, 1H), 5.20 (s, 1H), 3.79 (t, 4H, J=5.2), 3.55 (s, 2H), 3.02 (s, 6H), 2.51 (t, 4H, J=5.0); ESI-MS m/z 448 (MH+ with 35Cl), 450 (MH+ with 37Cl).

EXAMPLE 130

2-(4-benzyl-1-piperazinyl)-N2,N2-dimethyl-N6-(1,3,3-trimethylbicylo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl)-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1859] Prepared by procedures P (toluene, 95° C., 16 h), Q (dioxane, 120° C.), and A. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.38-7.21 (m, 6H), 4.87 (s, 1H), 3.79-3.69 (m, 4H), 3.53 (s, 2H), 3.46 (s, 1H), 2.98 (s, 6H), 2.46 (t, 4H, J=5.1), 1.71 (s, 1H), 1.69-1.62 (m, 2H), 1.48-1.35 (m, 2H), 1.20 (d, 1H, J=10.2), 1.19-1.02 (m, 1H), 1.14 (s, 3H), 1.07 (s, 3H), 0.79 (s, 3H); ESI-MS m/z 449 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 131

2-{4-[3-(benzyloxy)phenyl]-1-piperazinyl}-N4,N4-dimethyl-N6-(4-methylphenyl)-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1860] Prepared by Procedures A (CH2Cl2, TEA, 3-4 h at −78° C., then 3-4 h at 0° C.), N, and O. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.44 (d, 2H, J=7.1), 7.36 (t, 2H, J=7.0), 7.29 (d, 1H, J=7.1), 7.22-7.04 (m, 5H), 6.58-6.52 (m, 2H), 6.48 (d, 1H, J=7.2), 5.29 (s, 1H), 5.21 (s, 1H), 5.03 (s, 2H), 3.89-3.80 (m, 4H), 3.28-3.15 (m, 4H), 3.00 (s, 6H), 2.30 (s, 3H); ESI-MS m/z 495 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 132

N4,N4-dimethyl-2-[4-(2-pyridinyl)-1-piperazinyl]-N6-(3-quinolinyl)-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1861] Prepared by Procedures A (CH2Cl2, TEA, 3-4 h at −78° C., then 3-4 h at 0° C.), N, and O. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ8.93 (d, 1H, J=2.6), 8.31 (d, 1H, J=2.5), 8.26-8.18 (m, 1H), 8.02 (d, 1H, J=8.2), 7.71 (d, 1H, J=7.7), 7.57 (dt, 1H, J=1.5, 5.3), 7.53-7.46 (m, 2H), 6.68 (d, 1H, J=8.6), 6.64 (dd, 1H, J=4.9, 7.1), 5.30 (d, 2H, J=3.7), 3.94 (t, 4H, J=4.9), 3.64 (t, 4H, J=5.4), 3.03 (s, 6H); ESI-MS m/z 427 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 133

N4-[4-bromo-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-N6,N6-dimethyl-2-[4-(2-pyridinyl)-1-piperazinyl]-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1862] Prepared by Procedures A (CH2Cl2, TEA, 3-4 h at −78° C., then 3-4 h at 0° C.), N, and O. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ8.23-8.19 (m, 1H), 8.17 (d, 1H, J=2.3), 7.57 (d, 1H, J=8.7), 7.53-7.47 (m, 1H), 7.39 (d, 1H, J=5.2), 6.69 (d, 1H, J=8.7), 6.64 (t, 1H, J=5.0), 6.27 (s, 1H), 5.19 (s, 1H), 3.94-3.87 (m, 4H), 3.65-3.59 (m, 4H), 3.04 (s, 6H); ESI-MS m/z 522 (MH+ with 79Br), 524 (MH+ with 81Br)

EXAMPLE 134

N4-{3-chloro-4-[(trifluoromethyl) sulfanyl]phenyl}-N6,N6-dimethyl-2-[4-(2-pyridinyl)-1-piperazinyl]-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1863] Prepared by Procedures A (CH2Cl2, TEA, 3-4 h at −78° C., then 3-4 h at 0° C.), N, and O. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ8.23-8.19 (m, 1H), 7.91 (d, 1H, J=2.3), 7.61 (d, 1H, J=8.5), 7.50 (dt, 1H, J=2.1, 8.5), 7.30-7.20 (m, 1H), 6.70 (d, 1H, J=9.1), 6.64 (dd, 1H, J=4.7, 7.1), 6.35 (br s, 1H), 5.26 (s, 1H), 3.92 (t, 4H, J=5.6), 3.64 (t, 4H, J=5.0), 3.06 (s, 6H); ESI-MS m/z 510 (MH+ with 35Cl), 512 (MH+ with 37Cl)

EXAMPLE 135

N4-(3-ethoxyphenyl)-N6,N6-dimethyl-2-[4-(2-pyridinyl)-1-piperazinyl]-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1864] Prepared by Procedures A (CH2Cl2, TEA, 3-4 h at −78° C., then 3-4 h at 0° C.), N, and O. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) 3 8.28-8.19 (m, 1H), 7.50 (dt, 1H, J=2.1, 6.9), 7.19 (t, 1H, J=8.1), 6.96 (t, 1H, J=2.1), 6.85 (d, 1H, J=8.2), 6.68 (d, 1H, J=8.6), 6.63-6.56 (m, 1H), 6.35 (br s, 1H), 5.36 (s, 1H), 4.09-3.98 (m, 2H), 3.91 (t, 4H, J=5.3), 3.61 (t, 4H, J=5.1), 3.02 (s, 6H), 1.39 (t, 3H, J=5.7); ESI-MS m/z 420 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 136

N4-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]N6,N6-dimethyl-2-[4-(2-pyridinyl)-1-piperazinyl]-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1865] Prepared by Procedures A (CH2Cl2, TEA, 3-4 h at −78° C., then 3-4 h at 0° C.), N, and O. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ8.23-8.15 (m, 1H), 8.15 (d, 1H, J=2.1), 7.50 (dt, 1H, J .=2.0, 8.8), 7.42-7.33 (m, 2H), 6.69 (d, 1H! J=8.6), 6.64 (dd, 1H, J=4.8, 6.3), 6.28 (s, 1H), 5.18 (s, 1H), 3.91 (t, 4H, J=5.0), 3.62 (t, 4H, J=5.1), 3.04 (s, 6H); ESI-MS m/z 478 (MH+ with 35-C1), 480 (MH+ with 37-C1)

EXAMPLE 137

N-4-(2-adamantyl)-2-(4-benzyl-1-piperazinyl)-N-6-N-6-dimethyl-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1866] Prepared by Procedures P (toluene, 90° C.), Q, and A. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.39-7.21 (m, 5H), 4.83 (s, 1H), 4.72 (br s, 1H), 3.74 (m, 3H), 3.52 (s, 2H), 2.98 (s, 6H) , 2.46 (t, 4H, J 5.3), 2.05-1.53 (m, 13H); ESI-MS m/z: 433 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 138

N-4-(1-noradamantyl)-2-(4-benzyl-1piperazinyl)-N-6-N-6-dimethyl-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1867] Prepared by Procedures P (toluene, 90° C.), Q, and A. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.38-7.20 (m, 5H), 4.97 (s, 1H), 4.67 (br s, 1H), 3.74 (s, 4H), 3.52 (s, 2H), 2.99 (s, 6H), 2.46 (t, 4H, J=5.2), 2.32-1.51 (m, 15H); ESI-MS m/z: 447 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 139

2-(4-benzyl-1-piperazinyl)-N4,N4-dimethyl-N6-[(1S,2R,3R,5S)-2,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3-yl]-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1868] Prepared by Procedures P (toluene, 150° C., 4 h), Q (neat, 130° C.), and A. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.38-7.21 (m, 5H), 4.86 (s, 1H), 4.35 (br s, 1H), 3.75 (t, 4H, J=4.6), 3.53 (s, 2H), 2.99 (s, 6H), 2.66-2.56 (m, 1H), 2.47 (t, 4H, J=4.5), 2.41-2.33 (m, 1H), 1.98-1.92 (m, 1H), 1.83 (t, 1H, J=5.8), 1.68-1.60 (m, 2H), 1.23 (s, 3H), 1.14 (d, 3H, J=7.3), 1.05 (s, 3H), 0.92 (d, 2H);_ESI-MS m/z: 449 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 140

2-[4-(5-bromo-2-pyridinyl)-1-piperazinyl]-N4,N4-dimethyl-N6-(4-methylphenyl)-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1869] Prepared using Procedure Y (DMF). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ8.21 (d, 1H, J=2.6), 7.53 (dd, 1H, J=2.6, 8.8), 7.19 (d, 2H, J=8.5), 7.12 (d, 2H, J=8.5), 6.21 (s, 1H), 5.28 (s, 1H), 3.88 (t, 4H, J=5.0), 3.58 (t, 4H, J=5.2), 3.00 (s, 6H), 2.33 (s, 3H); ESI-MS m/z: 468 (MH+ with 79Br), 470 (MH+ with 81Br).

EXAMPLE 141

6-{4-[4-(dimethylamino)-6-(4-toludino)-2-pyrimidinyl]-1-piperazinyl}nicotinamide

[1870] Prepared by Procedure Y (DMF). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ8.13 (s, 1H) 7.30-7.25 (m, 4H), 7.17 (d, 2H, J=8.5), 7.13 (d, 2H, J=8.6), 6.18 (br s, 1H), 5.28 (s, 1H), 3.82 (t, 2H, J=5.1), 3.79 (t, 2H, J=5.3), 3.60 (t, 2H, J=5.1), 3.41 (t, 2H, J=5.3), 2.99 (s, 6H), 2.33 (s, 3H); ESI-MS m/z: 433 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 142

2-[4-(3-methoxybenzyl)-1-piperazinyl]-N4,N4-dimethyl-N6-(4-methylphenyl) -4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1871] Prepared by Procedure Z (DIEA). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.22 (d, 1H, J=6.8), 7.17 (d, 2H, J=8.3), 7.10 (d, 2H, J=8.2), 6.93 (d, 1H, J=2.3), 6.92 (d, 1H, J=2.4), 6.80 (dd, 1H, J=2.0, 7.6), 6.18 (br s, 1H), 5.25 (s, 1H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 3.78 (t, 4H, J=5.1), 3.52 (s, 2H), 2.97 (s, 6H), 2.49 (t, 4H, J=5.1), 2.31 (s, 3H) ESI-MS m/z: 433 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 143

2-[4-(5-bromo-2-pyridinyl)-1-piperazinyl]-N4-(3-methoxyphenyl)-N6,N6-dimethyl-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1872] Prepared by Procedure Y. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ8.21 (d, 1H, J=2.4), 7.53 (dd, 1H, J=2.5, 9.2), 7.20 (t, 1H, J=8.1), 7.00 (t, 1H, J=2.0), 6.85 (dd, 1H, J=2.0, 8.0), 6.62-6.54 (m, 2H), 6.29 (s, 1H), 5.36 (s, 1H), 3.89 (t, 4H, J=5.1), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.58 (t, 4H, J=4.9), 3.02 (s, 6H); ESI-MS m/z: 484 (MH+ with 79Br), 486 (MH+ with 81Br).

EXAMPLE 144

N4-(3-methoxyphenyl)-N6,N6-dimethyl-2-[4-(2pyridinylmethyl)-1-piperazinyl]-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1873] Prepared by Procedure X. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ8.61-8.54 (m, 1H), 7.66 (dt, 1H, J=1.8, 7.8), 7.45 (d, 1H, J=7.8), 7.23-7.14 (m, 2H), 7.00 (t, 1H, J=2.5), 6.87-6.78 (m, 1H), 6.61-6.54 (m, 1H), 6.26 (br s, 1H), 5.33 (s, 1H), 3.82 (t, 4H, J=5.0), 3.78 (s, 3H), 3.70 (s, 2H), 2.99 (s, 6H), 2.56 (t, 4H, J=5.0); ESI-MS m/z: 420 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 145

2-[4-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1-piperazinyl]-N4-(3-methoxyphenyl)-N6,N6-dimethyl-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1874] Prepared by Procedure T. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.21 (t, 1H, J=8.2), 7.00-6.95 (m, 1H), 6.85 (d, 1H, J=8.2), 6.59 (d, 1H, J=7.7), 6.32 (s, 1H), 5.36 (s, 1H), 3.82-3.71 (m, 4H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.69-3.62 (m, 2H), 3.58-3.50 (m, 2H), 3.01 (s, 6H), 2.54-2.45 (m, 1H), 1.87-1.48 (m, 8H), 1.45-1.29 (m, 4H); ESI-MS m/z: 425 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 146

N4-(3-methoxyphenyl)-N6,N6-dimethyl-2-[4-(3thienylmethyl)-1-piperazinyl]-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1875] Prepared by Procedures T (reduction 4 h) and W. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.27 (dd, 1H, J=3.2, 5.1), 7.19 (t, 1H, J=8.0), 7.16-7.11 (m, 1H), 7.08 (dd, 1H, J=1.3, 4.9), 7.00 (t, 1H, J=2.3), 6.82 (dd, 1H, J=2.0, 8.3), 6.57 (dd, 1H, J=2.5, 8.2), 6.25 (s, 1H), 5.33 (s, 1H), 3.79 (t, 4H, J=5.5), 3.78 (s, 3H), 3.57 (s, 2H), 2.99 (s, 6H), 2.48 (t, 4H, J=5.2) ESI-MS m/z: 425 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 147

N4-(3-methoxyphenyl)-N6,N6-dimethyl-2-[4-(4-pyridinylmethyl)-1-piperazinyl]-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1876] Prepared by Procedure T (acylation with DIPEA). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ8.55 (dd, 2H, J=1.5, 5.8), 7.31 (d, 2H, J=6.0), 7.19 (t, 1H, J=8.3), 6.99 (t, 1H, J=2.1), 6.83 (dd, 1H, J=1.5, 7.8), 6.58 (dd, 1H, J=2.0, 7.8), 6.28 (br s, 1H), 5.34 (s, 1H), 3.80 (t, 4H, J=5.2), 3.78 (s, 3H), 3.54 (s, 2H), 3.00 (s, 6H), 2.49 (t, 4H, J=5.3; ESI-MS m/z: 420 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 148

2-[4-(3-methoxybenzyl)-1-piperazinyl]-N4-(3-methoxyphenyl)-N6,N6-dimethyl-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1877] Prepared by Procedure S. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.22 (d, 1H, J=7.9), 7.17 (t, 1H, J=8.2), 6.99 (t, 1H, J=2.1), 6.95-6.84 (m, 2H), 6.86-6.78 (m, 2H), 6.59-6.55 (m, 1H), 6.29 (br s, 1H), 5.32 (s, 1H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 3.79 (t, 4H, J=5.1), 3.77 (s, 3H), 3.52 (s, 2H), 2.99 (s, 6H), 2.49 (t, 4H, J=5.1); ESI-MS m/z: 449 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 149

N2-[2-(3-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]-N4,N4-dimethyl-N6-(4-methylphenyl)-2,4,6-pyrimidinetriamine

[1878] Prepared by Procedure F (dioxane, potassium tertbutoxide, 120° C., 16 h), Q (toluene, TEA, 120° C.), A (CH2Cl2, Δ, TEA). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.22 (t, 1H, J=7.9), 7.18 (d, 2H, J=8.4), 7.12 (d, 2H, J=8.3), 6.84 (d, 1H, J=7.6), 6.82-6.74 (m, 2H), 6.28 (br s, 1H), 5.28 (s, 1H), 4.77 (s, 1H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.63 (q, 2H, J=6.7), 2.99 (s, 6H), 2.89 (t, 2H, J=7.4), 2.32 (s, 3H); ESI-MS m/z: 378 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 150

N2-[2-(2-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]-N4,N4-dimethyl-N6-(4-methylphenyl)-2,4,6-pyrimidine

[1879] Prepared by Procedures F (dioxane, potassium tertbutoxide, 140° C., 16 h), Q (toluene), and A (CH2Cl2, Δ, TEA). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.23-7.12 (m, 4H), 7.12 (d, 2H, J=8.1), 6.89 (d, 1H, J=7.8), 6.86 (d, 1H, J=7.6), 6.61 (d, 1H, J=8.0), 6.50 (br s, 1H), 5.25 (s, 1H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 3.60 (q, 2H, J=7.1), 3.00. (s, 6H), 2.93 (t, 2H, J=7.6), 2.33 (s, 3H); ESI-MS m/z: 378 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 151

2-(4-benzyl-1-piperazinyl)-N4-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-N6,N6-dimethyl-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1880] Prepared by Procedures P (toluene, 140° C., 6 h), Q (dioxane, 120° C.), and A. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.65 (d, 1H, J=2.5), 7.35-7.30 (m, 4H), 7.29-7.22 (m, 2H), 7.13 (dd, 1H, J=1.5, 8.5), 6.19 (br s, 1H), 5.21 (s, 1H), 3.78 (t, 4H, J=5.0), 3.55 (s, 2H), 3.00 (s, 6H), 2.49 (t, 4H, J=5.0); ESI-MS m/z: 457 (MH+ with 35Cl, 35Cl), 459 (MH+ with 35Cl, 37Cl), 461 (MH+ with 37Cl, 37Cl).

EXAMPLE 152

N4-[4-(benzyloxy)cyclohexyl]-2-(4-benzyl-1-piperazinyl)-N6,N6-dimethyl-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1881] Prepared by Procedures P (16 h), Q, and A. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.42-7.18 (m, 10H), 4.94 (s, 1H), 4.61 (d, 1H, J=11.8), 4.51 (d, 1H, J=11.8), 4.39 (br s, 1H) 3.75 (t, 4H, J=5.0), 3.53 (s, 2H), 3.31 (dt, 1H, J=5.3, 8.3), 2.95 (s, 6H), 2.46 (t, 4H, J=5.0), 2.19-2.11 (m, 1H), 2.07-1.98 (m, 1H), 1.79-1.56 (m, 3H), 1.53-1.41 (m, 1H), 1.40-1.21 (m, 3H); ESI-MS m/z: 501 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 153

2-(4-benzyl-1-piperazinyl)-N4,N4-dimethyl-N6-[(1R,2R,4R)-1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl]-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1882] Prepared by Procedures P (90° C., 16 h), Q, and A. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.44-7.22 (m, 6H), 4.81 (s, 1H), 4.36 (d, 1H, J=7.0), 3.74 (s, 4H), 3.53 (s, 2H), 2.98 (s, 6H), 2.46 (t, 4H, J=5.1), 1.84 (dd, 1H, J=8.9, 12.9), 1.78-1.52 (m, 4H), 1.29-1.11 (m, 2H), 0.97 (s, 3H), 0.89 (s, 3H), 0.83 (s, 3H); ESI-MS m/z: 449 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 154

N4,N4-dimethyl-N6-(4-methylphenyl)-2-[4-(tetrahydro-2-furanylmethyl)-1-piperazinyl]-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1883] Prepared by Procedures A, P (16 h), and Q (dioxane, 120° C.). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.17 (d, 2H, J=8.4), 7.11 (d, 2H, J=8.0), 6.22 (br s, 1H), 5.29 (s, 1H), 4.12-4.03 (m, 1H), 3.91 (q, 1H, J=6.7), 3.80 (t, 4H, J=5.1), 3.76 (q, 1H, J=7.5), 2.98 (s, 6H), 2.57 (t, 4H, J=5.0), 2.56-2.40 (m, 2H), 2.32 (s, 3H), 2.05-1.96 (m, 1H), 1.94-1.80 (m, 2H), 1.57-1.45 (m, 1H) ; ESI-MS m/z: 397 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 155

3-{[2-(4-benzyl-1-piperazinyl)-6-(dimethylamino)-4-pyrimidinyl]amino}phenol

[1884] Prepared By Procedures P (Toluene, 120° C., 40 H), Q (dioxane, 120° C.), AND A. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.38-7.29 (m, 4H), 7.28-7.26 (m, 1H), 7.13 (t, 1H, J=8.0), 6.84 (t, 1H, J=2.8), 6.80 (ddd, 1H, J=0.7, 2.0, 7.9), 6.48 (ddd, 1H, J=0.7, 2.1, 8.0), 6.32 (br s, 1H), 5.32 (s, 1H), 3.79 (t, 4H, J=5.0), 3.55 (s, 2H), 3.49 (s, 1H), 2.99 (s, 6H), 2.50 (t, 4H, J=5.0); ESI-MS m/z: 405 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 156

2-(4-benzyl-1-piperazinyl)-N4-(4-fluorophenyl)-N6,N6-dimethyl-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1885] Prepared by Procedures P (toluene, sodium tert-butoxide, 120° C., 16 h), Q (dioxane, 120° C.), and A. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.37-7.30 (m, 4H), 7.29-7.21 (m, 3H) 6.99 (t, 2H, J=8.6), 6.14 (br s, 1H), 5.13 (s, 1H), 3.77 (t, 4H, J=4.9), 3.54 (s, 2H), 2.97 (s, 6H), 2.48 (t, 4H, J=4.9); ESI-MS m/z: 407 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 157

2-(4-benzyl-1-piperazinyl)-N4,N4-dimethyl-N6-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1886] Prepared by Procedures P (sodium tert-butoxide, toluene, 120° C., 16 h), Q (dioxane, 120° C.), and A. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.35-7.10 (m, 6H), 4.82 (d, 1H, J=4.9), 3.81-3.61 (m, 5H), 3.53 (s, 2H), 2.99 (s, 6H), 2.46 (t, 4H, J=4.5), 1.79-1.46 (m, 7H), 1.29-0.98 (m, 2H), 0.90 (d, 3H, J=6.6); ESI-MS m/z: 409 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 158

2-(4-benzyl-1-piperazinyl)-N4-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-N6,N6-dimethyl-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1887] Prepared by Procedures P (sodium tert-butoxide, toluene, 120° C., 16 h), Q (neat, 130° C.), and A. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.39-7.22 (m, 5H), 7.14 (d, 2H, J=8.4), 6.71 (d, 2H, J=8.8), 6.04 (br s, 1H), 5.08 (s, 1H), 3.85-3.74 (m, 4H), 3.54 (s, 2H), 2.94 (s, 6H), 2.93 (s, 6H), 2.48 (t, 4H, J=5.1); ESI-MS m/z: 432 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 159

N4,N4-dimethyl-N6-(4-methylphenyl)-2-[4-(2-phenylethyl)-1-piperazinyl]-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1888] Prepared by Procedure S (toluene, 120° C.). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.34-7.20 (m, 5H), 7.18 (d, 2H, J=8.5), 7.12 (d, 2H, J=8.5), 6.21 (br s, 1H), 5.26 (s, 1H), 3.88-3.79 (m, 4H), 2.99 (s, 6H), 2.90-2.83 (m, 2H) 2.68-2.63 (m, 2H), 2.60 (t, 4H, J=4.4), 2.32 (s, 3H); ESI-MS m/z: 417 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 160

2-(4-benzyl-1-piperazinyl)-N4-(3-chlorophenyl)-N6,N6-dimethyl-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1889] Prepared by Procedures P (toluene, sodium tert-butoxide, 120° C., 40 h), Q (dioxane, 120° C.), and A. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.48 (t, 1H, J=1.9), 7.38-7. 23 (m, 5H), 7.20-7.11 (m, 2H), 6.95 (ddd, 1H, J=1.2, 1.9, 7.6), 6.28 (br s, 1H), 5.24 (s, 1H), 3.79 (t, 4H, J=5.0), 3.54 (s, 2H), 3.00 (s, 6H), 2.49 (t, 4H, J=5.0); ESI-MS m/z: 423 (MH+ with 35Cl), 425 (MH+ with 37Cl)

EXAMPLE 161

N2,N4,N4-trimethyl-N6-(4-methylphenyl)-N2-[2(2-pyridinyl)ethyl]-2,4,6-pyrimidinetriamine

[1890] Prepared by Procedures F (dioxane, potassium tert-butoxide, 140° C., 16 h), Q, and A (CH2Cl2, Δ, TEA). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) 8.54 (ddd, 1H, J=1.2, 2.1, 5.3), 7.57 (dt, 1H, .J=1.7, 7.6), 7.23 (d, 2H, J=8.6), 7.18 (d, 1H, J=7.7), 7.14-7.09 (m, 1H), 7.10 (d, 2H, J=7.7), 6.29 (br s, 1H), 5.24 (s, 1H), 3.93 (dd, 2H, J=5.9, 7.8), 3.11 (dd, 2H, J=6.0, 7.7), 3.08 (s, 3H), 3.00 (s, 6H), 2.32 (s, 3H) ESI-MS m/z: 363 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 162

N4,N4-dimethyl-N6-(4-methylphenyl)-N2-(3-phenylpropyl)-2,4,6-pyrimidinetriamine

[1891] Prepared using Procedures R, S, and V. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.25 (d, 2H, J=7.7), 7.22-7.14 (m, 5H), 7.11 (d, 2H, J=8.1), 6.41 (br s, 1H), 5.27 (s, 1H), 4.76 (t, 1H, J=5.7), 3.41 (dd, 2H, J=7.0, 12.9), 2.96 (s, 6H), 2.70 (t, 2H, J=7.7), 2.31 (s, 3H), 1.91 (t, 2H, J=7.5); ESI-MS m/z: 362 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 163

2-(4-cyclohexyl-1-piperazinyl)-N4-(3-methoxyphenyl)-N6,6-dimethyl-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1892] Prepared using Procedures P (16 h), Q (dioxane, 120° C.), and A. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.11 (t, 1H, J=8.3), 6.92 (t, 1H, J=2.4), 6.78-6.73 (m, 1H), 6.53-6.48 (m, 1H), 6.39 (br s, 1H), 5.27 (s, 1H), 3.72 (t, 4H, J=5.0), 3.71 (s, 3H), 2.92 (s, 6H), 2.55 (t, 4H, J=5.1), 2.28-2.18 (m, 1H), 1.87-1.79 (m, 2H), 1.77-1.68 (m, 2H), 1.56 (d, 1H, J=12.4), 1.24-1.08 (m, 4H), 1.08-0.97 (m, 1H); ESI-MS m/z: 411 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 164

2-(4-benzyl-1-piperazinyl)-N4-(3-fluorophenyl)-N6,N6-dimethyl-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1893] Prepared by Procedures P (140° C., 4 h), Q (neat, 130° C.), and A. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.37-7.31 (m, 5H), 7.28-7.17 (m, 2H), 6.98 (ddd, 1H, J=0.7, 2.0, 8.1), 6.67 (ddt, 1H, J=0.9, 2.0, 8.3), 6.30 (br s, 1H), 5.27 (s, 1H), 3.79 (t, 4H, J=5.1), 3.55 (s, 2H), 3.00 (s, 6H), 2.50 (t, 4H, J=5.0); ESI-MS m/z: 407 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 165

N4-(3-methoxyphenyl)-N6,N6-dimethyl-2-[4-(2-thienylmethyl)-1-piperazinyl]-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1894] Prepared by Procedure T. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.24 (dd, 1H, J=1.2, 5.2), 7.19 (t, 1H, J=8.1), 6.99 (t, 1H, J=2.0), 6.96-6.91 (m, 2H), 6.83 (ddd, 1H, J=0.8, 1.7, 7.9), 6.57 (dd, 1H, J=2.0, 8.2), 6.25 (br s, 1H), 5.33 (s, 1H), 3.81 (t, 4H, J=5.2), 3.78 (s, 3H), 3.76 (s, 2H), 2.99 (s, 6H), 2.53 (t, 4H, J=5.1); ESI-MS m/z: 425 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 166

2-[4-(2-methoxybenzyl)-1-piperazinyl]-N4-(3-methoxyphenyl)-N6,N6-dimethyl-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1895] Prepared by Procedure T (reduction 3 h). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.40 (dd, 1H, J=1.6, 7.6), 7.23 (dd, 1H, J=1.2, 7.6), 7.19 (t, 1H, J=8.3), 7.01 (t, 1H, J=1.9), 6.95 (dt, 1H, J=1.0, 7.3), 6.87 (dd, 1H, J=1.1, 8.3), 6.82 (ddd, 1H, J=1.0, 2.0, 8.2), 6.57 (ddd, 1H, J=0.7, 2.5, 8.2), 6.26 (br s, 1H), 5.32 (s, 1H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 3.81 (t, 4H, J=5.1), 3.78 (s, 3H), 3.62 (s, 2H), 2.99 (s, 6H), 2.55 (t, 4H, J=5.0); ESI-MS m/z: 449 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 167

2-(4-benzyl-1-piperazinyl)-N4,N4-dimethyl-N6-[(1R,2S)-1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl]-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1896] Prepared by Procedures P (toluene, 120° C., 16 h), Q (neat, 130° C.), and A. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.37-7.22 (m, 5H), 4.82 (s, 1H), 4.51 (br s, 1H), 3.74 (m, 4H), 3.53 (s, 2H), 2.97 (s, 6H), 2.47 (t, 4H, J=4.7), 2.39-2.30 (m, 1H), 1.76-1.68 (m, 4H), 1.66 (t, 1H, J=4.7), 1.41-1.31 (m, 2H), 0.96 (s, 3H), 0.88 (s, 3H), 0.86 (s, 3H); ESI-MS m/z: 449 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 168

N4-(2-adamantyl)-2-(4-benzyl-1-piperazinyl)-N6,N6-dimethyl-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1897] Prepared by Procedures P (90° C., toluene), Q1 and A. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.39-7.21 (m, 5H), 4.83 (s, 1H), 4.72 (br s, 1H), 3.74 (m, 5H), 3.52 (s, 2H), 2.98 (s, 6H), 2.46 (t, 4H, J=5.3), 2.05-1.53 (m, 14H); ESI-MS m/z: 447 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 169

2-(4-benzyl-1-piperazinyl)-N4-(4-tertbutylclohexyl)-N6,N6-dimethyl-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1898] Prepared by Procedures P (toluene, 16 h), Q (neat, 130° C.), and A. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.36-7.22 (m, 5H), 4.82 (s, 1H), 3.74 (t, 4H, J=4.7), 3.53 (s, 2H), 3.33 (s, 1H), 2.98 (s, 6H), 2.46 (t, 4H, J=4.7), 1.15-0.91 (m, 9H), 0.86 (s, 9H); ESI-MS m/z: 451 (MH4).

EXAMPLE 170

2-(4-benzyl-1-piperazinyl)-N4-cyclooctyl-N6,N6-dimethyl-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1899] Prepared by Procedures P (16 h), Q1 and A. 1H NMR (400 MHz; CDCl3) δ7.39-7.21 (m, 5H), 4.79 (s, 1H), 4.34 (s, 1H), 3.74 (t, 4H, J=4.7), 3.53 (s, 2H), 2.99 (s, 6H), 2.40 (t, 4H, J=4.6), 1.93-1.49 (m, 15H); ESI-MS m/z: 423 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 171

2-(4-benzyl-1-piperazinyl)-N4-(4-chlorophenyl)-6,N6-dimethyl-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1900] Prepared by Procedures P (140° C., Q (neat, 130° C.), and A. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.38-7.22 (m, 9H), 6.31 (br s, 1H), 5.21 (s, 1H), 3.78 (t, 4H, J=5.1 Hz), 3.55 (s, 2H), 2.99 (s, 6H), 2.49 (t, 4H, J=5.1); ESI-MS m/z: 423 (MH+with 35Cl), 425 (MH+ with 37Cl).

EXAMPLE 172

2-(4-benzyl-1-piperazinyl)-N4-(3-chloro-4-methylphenyl)-N6,N6-dimethyl-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1901] Prepared by Procedures P (toluene, 120° C., 16 h) Q (neat, 130° C.), and A. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.43 (d, 1H, J=2.1), 7.38-7.09 (m, 5H), 7.07 (d, 1H, J=2.1), 7.05 (d, 1H, J=2.6), 6.02 (s, 1H), 5.21 (s, 1H), 3.78 (t, 4H, J=5.6), 3.54 (s, 2H), 2.99 (s, 6H), 2.49 (t, 4H, J=5.0), 2.31 (s, 3H); ESI-MS m/z: 437 (MH+ with 35Cl), 439 (MH+ with 37Cl).

EXAMPLE 173

2-(4-benzyl-1-piperazinyl)-N4,N4-dimethyl-N6-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-naphthalenyl)-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1902] Prepared by Procedures P (16 h), Q, and A. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.41-7.04 (m, 9H), 4.99 (s, 1H), 4.91 (s, 1H), 3.74 (m, 4H), 3.53 (s, 2H), 3.47 (m, 1H), 2. 99 (s, 6H), 2.90-2.69 (m, 2H), 2.49 (m, 4H), 2.09-1.71 (m, 4H); ESI-MS m/z: 443 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 174

N4,N4-dimethyl-N6-(4-methylphenyl)-2-[4-(2-thienylmethyl)-1-piperazinyl]-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1903] Prepared by Procedure X (NaBH(OAc)3, CH2Cl2, molecular sieves). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.17 (d, 2H, J=8.3), 7.15-7.09 (m, 2H), 7.03-6.94 (m, 3H), 5.22 (br s, 1H), 4.85 (s, 1H), 3.86-3.79 (m, 4H), 3.77 (s, 2H), 2.98 (s, 6H), 2.62-2.53 (m, 4H), 2.32 (s, 3H); ESI-MS m/z: 409 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 175

2-[4-(2-methoxybenzyl)-1-piperazinyl]-N4,N4-dimethyl-N6-(4-methylphenyl)-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1904] Prepared by Procedure Z. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.40 (dd, 1H, J=1.6, 7.5), 7.23 (dt, 1H, J=1.4, 7.6), 7.17 (d, 2H, J=8.4), 7.10 (d, 2H, J=8.3), 6.94 (t, 1H, J=7.5), 6.87 (d, 1H, J=7.6), 6.17 (br s, 1H), 5.24 (s, 1H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 3.79 (t, 4H, J=5.0), 3.62 (s, 2H), 2.97 (s, 6H), 2.55 (t, 4H, J=5.0), 2.31 (s, 3H); ESI-MS m/z: 433 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 176

N2-(2-anilinoethyl)-N4,N4-dimethyl-N6-(4-methylphenyl)-2,4,6-pyrimidinetriamine

[1905] Prepared by Procedures A, Q (toluene, 100° C.), and F (potassium tertbutoxide, 110° C., 16 h). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.19-7.10 (m, 6H), 6.67 (dt, 1H, J=0.8, 7.3), 6.59 (dd, 2H, J=0.8, 8.4), 6.31 (br s, 1H), 5.28 (s, 1H), 4.99 (s, 1H), 3.66 (q, 2H, J=6.0), 3.49 (s, 1H), 3.37 (t, 2H, J=6.0), 3.00 (s, 6H), 2.33 (s, 3H); ESI-MS m/z: 363 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 177

N4-(3-methoxyphenyl)-N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-N2-[2-(2-pyridinyl)ethyl]-2,4,6-pyrimidinetriamine

[1906] Prepared by Procedures F (dioxane, 140° C., 15 h), A (CH2Cl2, Δ, TEA), and Q (toluene, TEA, Δ, 40 h). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ8.55 (d, 1H, J=4.7), 7.58 (t, 1H, J=7.4), 7.25-7.16 (m, 2H), 7.15-7.06 (m, 2H), 6.89 (d, 1H, J=8.1), 6.57 (d, 1H, J=6.7), 6.30 (br s, 1H), 5.31 (s, 1H), 3.95 (t, 2H, J=6.4), 3.78 (s, 3H), 3.18-3.06 (m, 5H), 3.02 (s, 6H); ESI-MS m/z: 379 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 178

N4-(4-cyclohexylphenyl)-N6,N6-dimethyl-2-[4-(2-pyrazinyl)-1-piperazinyl]-4,6-pyrimidinediamine Prepared by Procedures A (CH2Cl2, Et3N, Me2NHHCl, −78° C. for 3.5 h, warmed from −78° C. to 0° C. and stirred for 3 h), N, and O. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ9.90 (br s, 1H), 8.19-8.16 (m, 1H), 8.09-8.06 (m, 1H), 7.89-7.85 (m, 1H), 7.20-7.18 (m, 4H), 5.28 (s, 1H), 3.99 (t, 4H, J=5.3), 3.73 (t, 4H, J=5.3), 3.04 (s, 6H), 2.53-2.44 (m, 1H), 1.91-1.71 (m, 4H), 1.46-1.71 (m, 6H); ESI-MS m/z: 459 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 179

N4-[3-(benzyloxy)phenyl]-N6,N6-dimethyl-2-[4(2-pyrazinyl)-1-piperazinyl]-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1907] Prepared by Procedures A (CH2Cl2, Et3N, Me2NHHCl, −78° C. for 3.5 h, warmed from −78° C. to 0° C. and stirred for 3 h), N, and O. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ9.82 (br s, 1H), 8.17-8.15 (m, 1H), 8.09-8.06 (m, 1H), 7.89 (d, 1H, J=2.8), 7.45-7.29 (m, 9H), 5.32 (s, 1H), 5.05 (s, 2H), 4.03 (t, 4H, J=5.6), 3.74 (t, 4H, J=5.0), 3.05 (s, 6H); ESI-MS m/z: 483 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 180

N4-(2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-5-yl)-N6,N6-dimethyl-2-[4-(2-Pyrazinyl)-1-piperazinyl]-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1908] Prepared by Procedures A (CH2Cl2, Et3N, Me2NHHCl, −78° C. for 3.5 h, warmed from −78° C. to 0° C. and stirred for 3 h), N, and O. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ10.01 (br s, 1H), 8.16 (s, 1H), 8.10-8.97 (m, 1H), 7.91-7.87 (m, 1H), 7.19 (d, 1H, J=6.3), 7.13 (s, 1H), 7.04 (d, 1H, J=7.6), 5.23 (s, 1H), 4.03 (t, 4H, J=5.2), 3.74 (t, 4H, J=5.1), 3.05 (s, 6H), 2.89 (t, 2H, J=6.9), 2.14-2.04 (m, 4H); ESI-MS m/z: 417 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 181

N4,N4-dimethyl-N6-(4-methylphenyl)-2-[4-(2-pyrazinyl)-1-piperazinyl]-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1909] Prepared by Procedures A (CH2Cl2, Et3N, Me2NHHCl, −78° C. for 3.5 h, warmed from −78° C. to 0° C. and stirred for 3 h), N, and O. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ10.01 (s, 1H), 8.17 (s, 1H) 8.12-8.09 (m, 1H), 7.90 (d, 1H, J=2.6), 7.18 (d, 2H, J=8.6), 7.16 (d, 2H, J=8.1), 5.19 (s, 1H), 4.18-4.02 (m, 4H), 3.77 (t, 4H, J=5.1), 3.20 (br s, 3H), 2.99 (br s, 3H), 2.35 (s, 3H); ESI-MS m/z: 391 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 183

N4-(3,4-dimethylphenyl)-N6,N6-dimethyl-2-[4(2-pyrazinyl)-1-piperazinyl]-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1910] Prepared by Procedures A (CH2Cl2, Et3N, Me2NHHCl, −78° C. for 3.5 h, warmed from −78° C. to 0° C. and stirred for 3 h), N, and O. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ8.75 (br s, 1H) 8.16 (d, 1H, J=1.3), 8.08 (dd, 1H, J=1.5, 2.8), 7.88 (d, 1H, J=2.5), 7.10 (d, 1H, J=7.8), 7.08-7.00 (m, 2H), 5.26 (s, 1H), 4.00 (t, 4H, J=5.1), 3.72 (t, 4H, J=5.0), 3.03 (s, 6H), 2.24 (s, 6H); ESI-MS m/z: 405 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 184

1-[2-(4-benzyl-1-piperazinyl)-6-(4toluidino)-4-pyrimidinyl]-4-piperidinone

[1911] Prepared by Procedures a (Ch2Cl2, −78° C., 4 H), N(24 H), and O. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.38-7.30 (m, 5H), 7,19-7,10 (m, 4H), 6.24 (s, 1H), 5.40 (s, 1H), 3.84-3.75 (m, 8H), 3.56 (s, 2H), 2.54-2.43 (m, 8H), 2.32 (s, 3H); ESI-MS m/z: 457 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 185

N4,N4-dimethyl-N6-(2-propylphenyl)-2-[4-(2-pyridinyl)-1-piperazinyl]-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1912] Prepared by Procedures A (Ch2cl2, Tea, 3-4 H at −78° C., then 3-4 H at 0° C.), N, and O. 1H NMR (400-MHz, CDCl3) δ8.22-8.18 (m, 1H), 7.56-7.40 (m, 2H), 7.25-7.07 (m, 3H), 6.75-6.60 (m, 2H), 6.04 (s, 1H), 5.04 (s, 1H) 3.91 (m, 4H), 3.62 (m, 4H), 2.96 (s, 6H), 2.60 (t, 2H, J=7.5), 1.62 (m, 2H), 0.96 (t, 3H, J=8.8); ESI-MS M/Z: 418 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 186

N4-(2-benzylphenyl)-N6,N6-dimethyl-2-[4-(2-pyridinyl)-1-piperazinyl]-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1913] Prepared by Procedures A (CH2CL2, TEA, 3-4 H at −78° C., then 3-4 H at 0° C.), N, AND O. 1H NMR (400 MHZ, CDCL3) δ8.20-8.18 (M, 1H), 7.54-7.45 (M, 1H), 7.34-7.04 (M, 9H), 6.73-6.59 (M, 2H), 5.99 (BR S, 1H), 5.01 (S, 1H), 3.99 (S, 2H), 3.93-3.83 (M, 4H), 3.66-3.57 (M, 4H), 2.96 (S, 6H); ESI-MS M/Z: 466 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 187

N1-(4-hexylphenyl)-N6,N6-dimethyl-2-[4-(2-pyridinyl)-1-piperazinyl]-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1914] Prepared by Procedures A (CH2Cl2, TEA, 3-4 h at −78° C., then 3-4 h at 0° C.), N, and O. ESI-MS m/z: 460 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 188

N4-(4-benzylphenyl)-N6,N6-dimethyl-2-[4-(2-pyridinyl)-1-piperazinyl]-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1915] Prepared by Procedures A (CH2Cl2, TEA, 3-4 h at −78° C., then 3-4 h at 0° C.), N, and O. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ8.22-8.18 (m, 1H), 7.52-7.45 (m, 1H), 7.32-7.09 (m, 9H), 6.78 (d, 1H, J=9.2), 6.65-6.59 (m, 1H), 6.24 (br s, 1H), 5.29 (s, 1H), 3.96 (s, 2H), 3.91-3.83 (m, 4H), 3.63-3.55 (m, 4H), 3.00 (s, 6H); ESI-MS m/z: 466 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 189

N4-(4-heptylphenyl)-N6,N6-dimethyl-2-[4-(2-pyridinyl)-1-piperazinyl]-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1916] Prepared by Procedures A (CH2Cl2, TEA, 3-4 h at −78° C., then 3-4 h at 0° C.), N, and O. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ8.25-8.18 (m, 1H), 7.57-7.44 (m, 1H), 7.38-7.08 (m, 4H), 6.75-6.57 (m, 2H), 6.26 (br s, 1H), 5.29 (s, 1H), 3.95-3.85 (m, 4H), 3.71-3.56 (m, 4H), 3.00 (s, 6H), 2.57 (t, 2H, J=5.2), 1.84-1.51 (m, 4H), 1.40-1.16 (m, 6H), 0.93-0.82 (m, 3H); ESI-MS m/z: 474 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 190

N4-(3,4-dimethylphenyl)-N6,N6-dimethyl-2-[4-(2-pyridinyl)-1-piperazinyl]-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1917] Prepared by Procedures A (CH2Cl2, TEA, 3-4 h at −78° C., then 3-4 h at 0° C.), N, and O. 1H. NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ8.25-8.19 (m, 1H), 7.55-7.44 (m, 1H), 7.31-7.23 (m, 1H), 7.14-7.02 (m, 2H), 6.73-6.59 (m, 2H), 6.18 (br s, 1H), 5.29 (s, 1H), 3.95-3.85 (m, 4H), 3.67-3.55 (m, 4H), 3.00 (s, 6H), 2.24 (s, 3H), 2.23 (s, 3H), ESI-MS m/z: 404 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 191

N4-(3-isopropylphenyl)-N6,N6-dimethyl-2-[4-(2-pyridinyl)-1-piperazinyl]-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1918] Prepared by Procedures A (CH2Cl2, TEA, 3-4 h at −78° C., then 3-4 h at 0° C.), N, and O. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ8.25-8.19 (m, 1H), 7.54-7.45 (m, 1H), 7.31-7.21 (m, 2H), 7.13-7.08 (m, 1H), 6.95-6.88 (m, 1H), 6.74-6.60 (m, 2H), 6.29 (br s, 1H), 5.37-5.34 (m, 1H), 3.96-3.87 (m, 4H), 3.68-3.57 (m, 4H), 3.00 (s, 6H), 2.95-2.85 (m, 1H), 1.36-1.19 (m, 6H); ESI-MS m/z: 418 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 192

N4,N4-dimethyl-N6-(4-octylphenyl)-2-[4-(2-pyridinyl)-1-piperazinyl]-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1919] Prepared by Procedures A (CH2Cl2, TEA, 3-4 h at −78° C., then 3-4 h at 0° C.), N, and O. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ8.22 (s, 1H), 7.55-7.44 (m, 1H), 7.37-7.07 (m, 4H) 6.76-6.59 (m, 2H), 6.28 (br s, 1H), 5.29 (s, 1H), 3.96-3.86 (m, 4H), 3.69-3.56 (m, 4H), 3.00 (s, 6H), 2.57 (t, 2H, J=5.1), 1.74-1.51 (m, 4H), 1.41-1.08 (m, 8H), 0.93-0.82 (m, 3H); ESI-MS m/z: 488 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 193

N4-(3-iodophenyl)-N6,N6-dimethyl-2-[4-(2-pyridinyl)-1-piperazinyl]-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1920] Prepared by Procedures A (CH2Cl2, TEA, 3-4 h at −78° C., then 3-4 h at 0° C.), N. and O. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ8.29-8.18 (m, 1H), 8.01-7.93 (m, 1H), 7.56-7.45 (m, 1H), 7.39-7.29 (m, 1H), 7.11-6.95 (m, 2H), 6.78-6.56) (m, 2H), 6.42-6.25 (m, 1H), 5.34 (s, 1H), 3.95-3.85 (m, 4H), 3.65-3.56 (m, 4H), 3.00 (s, 6H); ESI-MS m/z: 502 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 194

N4-(4-chlorophenyl)-N6,N6-dimethyl-2-[4-(2-pyridinyl)-1-piperazinyl]-4,6-pyrimidinediamine:

[1921] Prepared by Procedures A (CH2Cl2, TEA, 3-4 h at −78° C., then 3-4 h at 0° C.), N, and O. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ8.28 (s, 1H), 7.53-7.42 (m, 1H), 7.35-7.24 (m, 2H), 7.11-6.95 (m, 2H), 6.76-6.57 (m, 2H), 6.21 (s, 1H), 5.29 (s, 1H), 3.97-3.86 (m, 4H), 3.67-3.57 (m, 4H), 3.00 (s, 6H); ESI-MS m/z: 410 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 195

N5-(2-chlorophenyl)-N4,N4-dimethyl-2-[4-(2-pyridinyl)-1-piperazinyl]-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1922] Prepared by Procedures A (CH2Cl2, TEA, 3-4 h at −78° C., then 3-4 h at 0° C.), N, and O. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ8.50-8.10 (m, 2H), 7.55-7.12 (m, 4H), 7.05-6.90 (m, 2H), 6.61 (s, 1H), 5.31 (s, 1H), 3.95-3.85 (m, 4H), 3.65-3.54 (m, 4H), 3.00 (s, 6H); ESI-MS m/z: 410 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 196

N4-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-N6,N6-dimethyl-2-[4-(2-pyridinyl)-1-piperazinyl]-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1923] Prepared by Procedures A (CH2Cl2, TEA, 3-4 h at −78° C., then 3-4 h at 0° C.), N, and O. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ8.31 (s, 1H), 7.59-6.95 (m, 4H), 6.68-6.54 (m, 2H), 6.29 (s, 1H), 5.27 (s, 1H), 3.94-3.82 (m, 4H), 3.63-3.51 (m, 4H), 3.01 (s, 6H); ESI-MS m/z: 412 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 197

N4-[3-methoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-N6,N6-dimethyl-2-[4-(2-pyridinyl)-1-piperazinyl]-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1924] Prepared by Procedures A (CH2Cl2, TEA, 3-4 h at −78° C., then 3-4 h at 0° C.), N, and O. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ8.26-8.18 (m, 1H), 7.58-7.11 (m, 3H), 6.77-6.38 (m, 3H), 6.34 (s, 1H), 5.25 (s, 1H), 3.96-3.88 (m, 4H), 3.85 (s, 3H), 3.69-3.55 (m, 4H), 3.00 (s, 6H); ESI-MS m/z: 474 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 198

N4,N4-dimethyl-2-[4-(2-pyridinyl)-1-piperazinyl]-N6-(2,3,4-trifluorophenyl)-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1925] Prepared by Procedures A (CH2Cl2, TEA, 3-4 h at −78° C., then 3-4 h at 0° C.), N, and O. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ8.26-8.18 (m, 1H), 7.58-7.11 (m, 3H), 6.77-6.38 (m, 2H), 6.34 (s, 1H), 5.25 (s, 1H), 3.96-3.88 (m, 4H), 3.85 (s, 3H), 3.69-3.55 (m, 4H), 3.00 (s, 6H); ESI-MS m/z: 430 (MH+)

EXAMPLE 199

N4-(4-bromo-2-fluorophenyl)-N6,N6-dimethyl2-[4-(2-pyridinyl)-1-piperazinyl]-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1926] Prepared by Procedures A (CH2Cl2, TEA, 3-4 h at −78° C., then 3-4 h at 0° C.), N, and O. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ8.27-8.17 (m, 1H), 7.61-7.01 (m, 4H), 6.75-6.57 (m, 2H), 6.34 (br s, 1H), 5.23 (s, 1H), 3.95-3.85 (m, 4H), 3.68-3.59 (m, 4H), 3.00 (s, 6H); ESI-MS m/z: 472 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 200

N4-(4-fluoro-3-methylphenyl)-N6,N6-dimethyl2-[4-(2-pyridinyl)-1-piperazinyl]-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1927] Prepared by Procedures A (CH2Cl2, TEA, 3-4 h at −78° C., then 3-4 h at 0° C.), N, and O. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ8.27-8.17 (m, 1H), 7.56-7.47 (m, 1H), 7.21-6.89 (m, 3H), 6.75-6.58 (m, 2H), 6.24 (br s, 1H), 5.18 (s, 1H), 3.95-3.84 (m, 4H), 3.69-3.55 (m, 4H), 3.00 (s, 6H), 2.25 (s, 3H); ESI-MS m/z: 408 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 201

N4-(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N6,N6-dimethyl-2-[4-(2-pyridinyl)-1-piperazinyl]-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1928] Prepared by Procedures A (CH2Cl2, TEA, 3-4 h at −78° C., then 3-4 h at 0° C.), N, and O. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ8.27-8.16 (m, 1H), 7.96-7.86 (m, 1H), 7.56-7.43 (m, 1H), 6.93-6.42 (m, 5H), 5.31 (s, 1H), 4.01-3.90 (m, 4H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.70-3.54 (m, 4H), 3.04(s, 6H); ESI-MS m/z: 436 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 202

N4-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N6,N6-dimethyl-2-[4-(2-pyridinyl)-1-piperazinyl]-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1929] Prepared by Procedures A (CH2Cl2, TEA, 3-4 h at −78° C., then 3-4 h at 0° C.), N, and O. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ8.26-8.17 (m, 1H), 7.55-7.44 (m, 1H), 6.73-6.58 (m, 2H), 6.59-6.53(m, 2H), 6.23 (br s, 1H) 5.37 (s, 1H), 3.98-3.88 (m, 4H), 3.77 (s, 6H), 3.62-3.58 (m, 4H), 3.01 (s, 6H); ESI-MS m/z: 436 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 203

N4-[3-(benzyloxy)phenyl]-2-[4-(3-bromophenyl)-1-piperazinyl]N6,N6-dimethyl-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1930] Prepared by Procedures A (CH2Cl2, TEA, 3-4 h at −78° C., then 3-4 h at 0° C.), N(TEA), and O. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.55-6.26 (m, 14H), 5.29 (s, 1H), 5.06 (s, 2H), 3.97-3.82 (m, 4H), 3.21-3.14 (m, 4H), 3.01 (s, 6H); ESI-MS m/z: 560 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 204

N4-(2-bromo-4-methylphenyl)-N6,N6-dimethyl-2-[4-(2-pyridinyl)-1-piperazinyl]-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1931] Prepared by Procedures A (CH2Cl2, TEA, 3-4 h at −78° C., then 3-4 h at 0° C.), N, and O. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ8.26-8.16 (m, 1H), 7.81 (d, 1H, J=8.8), 7.52-7.44 (m, 1H), 7.38 (d, 1H, J=8.5), 7.08 (d, 1H, J=8.5), 6.72 (m, 2H), 6.47 (br s, 1H), 5.24 (s, 1H), 3.90 (t, 4H, J=6.3), 3.61 (t, 4H, J=6.4), 3.01 (s, 6H), 2.28 (s, 3H); ESI-MS m/z: 468 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 205

N4-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-N6,N6-dimethyl-2-[4-(2-pyridinyl)-1-piperazinyl]-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1932] Prepared by Procedures A (CH2Cl2, TEA, 3-4 h at −78° C., then 3-4 h at 0° C.), N, and O. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ8.25-8.17 (m, 1H), 8.21 (d, 1H, J=9.2), 7.49 (t, 1H, J=9.0), 7.38-7.16 (m, 2H), 6.71-6.59 (m, 2H), 6.57 (br s, 1H), 5.25 (s, 1H), 3.93-3.85 (m, 4H), 3.65-3.55 (m, 4H), 3.03 (s, 6H); ESI-MS m/z: 444 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 206

N4-(3-fluorophenyl)-N6,N6-dimethyl-2-[4-(2-pyridinyl)-1-piperazinyl]-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1933] Prepared by Procedures A (CH2Cl2, TEA, 3-4 h at −78° C., then 3-4 h at 0° C.), N, and O. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ8.25-6.39 (m, 9H), 5.30 (s, 1H), 3.97-3.85 (m, 4H), 3.74-3.58 (m, 4H), 3.01 (s, 6H); ESI-MS m/z: 394 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 207

N4,N4-dimethyl-2-[4-(2-pyridinyl)-1-piperazinyl]-N6-[3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1934] Prepared by Procedures A (CH2Cl2, TEA, 3-4 h at −78° C., then 3-4 h at 0° C.), N, and O. ESI-MS m/z: 460 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 208

N4-(2,5-dichlorophenyl)-N6,N6-dimethyl-2-[4-(2-pyridinyl)-1-piperazinyl]-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1935] Prepared by Procedures A (CH2Cl2, TEA, 3-4 h at −78° C., then 3-4 h at 0° C.), N, and O. ESI-MS m/z: 445 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 209

N4,N4-dimethyl-N6-(4-propylphenyl)-2-[4-(2-pyridinyl)-1-piperazinyl]-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1936] Prepared by Procedures A (CH2Cl2, TEA, 3-4 h at −78° C., then 3-4 h at 0° C.), N. and O. ESI-MS m/z: 418 (MH+)

EXAMPLE 210

N4,N4-dimethyl-N6-(4-pentylphenyl)-2-[4-(2-pyridinyl)-1-piperazinyl]-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1937] Prepared by Procedures A (CH2Cl2, TEA, 3-4 h at −78° C., then 3-4 h at 0° C.), N, and O. ESI-MS m/z: 446 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 211

N4-(4-sec-butylphenyl)-N6,N6-dimethyl-2-[4-(2-pyridinyl)-1-piperazinyl]-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1938] Prepared by Procedures A (CH2Cl2, TEA, 3-4 h at −78° C., then 3-4 h at 0° C.), N, and O. ESI-MS m/z: 432 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 212

N4-(2-tert-butylphenyl)-N6,N6-dimethyl-2-[4-(2-pyridinyl)-1-piperazinyl]-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1939] Prepared by Procedures A (CH2Cl2, TEA, 3-4 h at −78° C., then 3-4 h at 0° C.), N, and O. ESI-MS m/z: 432 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 213

N4-(2,5-dimethylphenyl)-N6,N6-dimethyl-2-[4-(2-pyridinyl)-1-piperazinyl]-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1940] Prepared by Procedures A (CH2Cl2, TEA, 3-4 h at −78° C., then 3-4 h at 0° C.), N, and O. ESI-MS m/z: 404 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 214

N4-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)-N6,N6-dimethyl-2-[4-(2-pyridinyl)-1-piperazinyl]-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1941] Prepared by Procedures A (CH2Cl2, TEA, 3-4 h at −78° C., then 3-4 h at 0° C.), N, and O. ESI-MS m/z: 404 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 215

N4-(2,3-dimethylphenyl)-N6,N6-dimethyl-2-[4-(2-pyridinyl)-1-piperazinyl]-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1942] Prepared by Procedures A (CH2Cl2, TEA, 3-4 h at −78° C., then 3-4 h at 0° C.), N, and O. ESI-MS m/z: 404 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 216

N4-(3-benzylphenyl)-N6,N6-dimethyl-2-[4-(2-pyridinyl)-1-piperazinyl]-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1943] Prepared by Procedures A (CH2Cl2, TEA, 3-4 h at −78° C., then 3-4 h at 0° C.), N, and O. ESI-MS m/z: 466 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 217

N4-(4-bromo-2-chlorophenyl)-N6,N6-dimethyl-2-[4-(2-pyridinyl)-1-piperazinyl]-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1944] Prepared by Procedures A (CH2Cl2, TEA, 3-4 h at −78° C., then 3-4 h at 0° C.), N, and O. ESI-MS m/z: 489 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 218

N4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-N6,N6-dimethyl-2-[4-(2-pyridinyl)-1-piperazinyl]-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1945] Prepared by Procedures A (CH2Cl2, TEA, 3-4 h at −78° C., then 3-4 h at 0° C.), N, and O. ESI-MS m/z: 445 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 219

N4,N4-dimethyl-2-[4-(2-pyridinyl)-1-piperazinyl]-N6-(2,4,5-trifluorophenyl)-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1946] Prepared by Procedures A (CH2Cl2, TEA, 3-4 h at −78° C., then 3-4 h at 0° C.), N, and O. ESI-MS m/z: 430 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 220

N4-(5-chloro-2-methoxyphenyl)-N6,N6-dimethyl-2-[4-(2-pyridinyl)-1-piperazinyl]-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1947] Prepared by Procedures A (CH2Cl2, TEA, 3-4 h at −78° C., then 3-4 h at 0° C.), N. and O. ESI-MS m/z: 440 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 221

N4,N4-dimethyl-2-[4-(2-pyridinyl)-1-Piperazinyl]-N6-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1948] Prepared by Procedures A (CH2Cl2, TEA, 3-4 h at −78° C., then 3-4 h at 0° C.), N, and O. ESI-MS m/z: 430 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 222

N4-(2-chloro-5-fluorophenyl)-N6,N6-dimethyl-2-[4-(2-pyridinyl)-1-piperazinyl]-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1949] Prepared by Procedures A (CH2Cl2, TEA, 3-4 h at −78° C., then 3-4 h at 0° C.), N, and O. ESI-MS m/z: 428 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 223

N4-(2-chloro-4-methylphenyl)-N6,N6-dimethyl-2-[4-(2-pyridinyl)-1-piperazinyl]-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1950] Prepared by Procedures A (CH2Cl2, TEA, 3-4 h at −78° C., then 3-4 h at 0° C.), N, and O. ESI-MS m/z: 424 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 224

N4-(3-chlorophenyl)-N6,N6-dimethyl-2-[4-(2-pyridinyl)-1-piperazinyl]-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1951] Prepared by Procedures A (CH2Cl2, TEA, 3-4 h at −78° C., then 3-4 h at 0° C.), N, and O. ESI-MS m/z: 410 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 225

2-(4-benzyl-1-piperazinyl)-N4-[3-methoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-N6,N6-dimethyl-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1952] Prepared by Procedures O (toluene, 75° C.), Q (toluene, 120° C.), and A. ESI-MS m/z: 487 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 226

2-(4-benzyl-1-piperazinyl)-N4-[2-methoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-N6,N6-dimethyl-4,6pyrimidinediamine

[1953] Prepared by Procedures O, Q (dioxane, 120° C.), and A. ESI-MS m/z: 487 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 227

2-(4-benzyl-1-piperazinyl)-N4-(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N6,N6-dimethyl-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1954] Prepared by Procedures O Q (dioxane, 120° C.), and A. ESI-MS m/z: 449 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 228

N4-[3-(benzyloxy)phenyl]-2-(4-benzyl-1-piperazinyl) -N6,N6-dimethyl-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1955] Prepared by Procedures O, Q (toluene, 120° C.), and A. ESI-MS m/z: 495 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 229

2-(4-benzyl-1-piperazinyl)-N4,N4-dimethyl-N6-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1956] Prepared by Procedures P (toluene, 105° C.), Q (toluene, 120° C.), and A. ESI-MS m/z: 457 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 230

2-(4-benzyl-1-piperazinyl)-N4,N4-dimethyl-N6-(2,3,4-trichlorophenyl)-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1957] Prepared by Procedures O (60° C.), Q (toluene, 120° C.), and A. ESI-MS m/z: 492 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 231

2-[4-(2-furylmethyl)-1-piperazinyl]-N4,N4-dimethyl-N6-(4-methylphenyl)-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1958] Prepared by Procedures R (16 h), P (sodium tert-butoxide, toluene, 120° C.), N(TEA, toluene reflux), and A. ESI-MS m/z: 393 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 232

N2-[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]-N4,N4-dimethyl-1-(4-methylphenyl)-2,4,6-pyrimidinetriamine

[1959] Prepared by Procedures V, R, and S (DIEA, DMAP). ESI-MS m/z: 378 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 233

N4-(3-methoxyphenyl)-N6,N6-dimethyl-2-]4-(tetrahydro-2-furanylethyl)-1-piperazinyl]-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1960] Prepared by Procedures A, P (16 h), and Q (dioxane, 120° C.). ESI-MS m/z: 413 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 235

2-[4-(4-methoxybenzyl)-1-piperazinyl]-N4,N4-dimethyl-N6-(4-methylphenyl)-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1961] Prepared by Procedure Z. ESI-MS m/z: 433 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 237

N4,N4-dimethyl-N4-(4-methylphenyl)-N2-2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]-2,4,6-pyrimidinetriamine

[1962] Prepared by Procedures R, S, and V. ESI-MS m/z: 354 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 238

N4,N4-dimethyl-N6-(4-methylphenyl)-2-[4-(3-thienylmethyl)-1-piperazinyl]-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1963] Prepared by Procedures AA, T (2 h), and W. ESI-MS m/z: 409 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 239

2-(4-benzyl-1-piperazinyl)-N4-[4-chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-N6,N6-dimethyl-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1964] Prepared by Procedures O (100° C., 40 h), Q (toluene, 120° C.), and A. ESI-MS m/z: 491 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 240

N4-(3-bromo-4-methylphenyl)-N6,N6-dimethyl-2-[4-(2-pyridinyl)-1-piperazinyl]-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1965] Prepared by. Procedures O (80° C.), Q (toluene, 120° C.), and A. ESI-MS m/z: 469 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 241

2-{4-[4-(dimethylamino)-6-(4-toluidino)-2-pyrimidinyl]-1-piperazinyl}nicotinonitrile

[1966] Prepared by Procedures O, Q (toluene, 120° C.), and A. ESI-MS m/z: 415 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 242

N4,N4-dimethyl-N6-[4-methyl-3-(2-pyridinylamino)phenyl]-2-[4-(2-pyridinyl)-1-piperazinyl]-4,6-pyrimidinediamine: Prepared by Procedures

[1967] Prepared by Procedures P (toluene), Q (toluene, 120° C.), and A. ESI-MS m/z: 482 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 243

N4-(3-bromophenyl)-N6,N6-dimethyl-2-[4-(2-pyridinyl)-1-piperazinyl]-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1968] Prepared by Procedures O (85° C.), Q (toluene, 120° C.), and A. ESI-MS m/z: 455 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 244

2-(4-benzyl-1-piperazinyl)-N4-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl]-N6,N6-dimethyl-4,6pyrimidinediamine

[1969] Prepared by Procedures P (16 h, toluene), Q (toluene, 120° C.), and A. ESI-MS m/z: 491 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 245

N4-(3-methoxyphenyl)-N6,N6-dimethyl-2-[4-(2-pyridinyl)-1-piperazinyl]-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1970] Prepared by Procedures A, N, and P. ESI-MS m/z: 406 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 246

N4-(3-methoxyphenyl)-N6,N6-dimethyl-2-{4-[2(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1-piperazinyl}-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1971] Prepared by Procedures A, N, and P. ESI-MS m/z: 473 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 247

N4-(3-methoxyphenyl)-N6,N6-dimethyl-N2-(2Phenylethyl)-2,4,6-pyrimidinetriamine

[1972] Prepared by Procedures A, N, and P. ESI-MS m/z: 364 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 248

N2, N4,N4-trimethyl-N6-(4-methylphenyl)-N2-(2-phenylethyl)-2,4,6-pyrimidinetriamine

[1973] Prepared by Procedures A, N, and P. ESI-MS m/z: 362 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 249

N-(4-methylphenyl)-2-{4-[1-oxido-3-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]-1-piperazinyl}-6-(1-piperidinyl)-4-pyrimidinamine

[1974] Prepared by Procedure CC. ESI-MS m/z: 514 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 250

N4,N4-dimethyl-N6-(4-methylphenyl)-N2-(2-phenylethyl)-2,4,6-pyrimidinetriamine

[1975] Prepared by Procedures R and S. ESI-MS m/z: 348 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 251

N4-(3-methoxyphenyl)-N2,N6,N6-trimethyl-N2-(2-phenylethyl)-2,4,6-pyrimidinetriamine

[1976] Prepared by Procedures A, N, and P. ESI-MS m/z: 378 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 252

2-(4-benzyl-1-piperazinyl)-N4-(3-methoxyphenyl)-N6,N6-dimethyl-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1977] Prepared by Procedures A, N, and P. ESI-MS m/z: 419 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 253

2-(4-benzyl-1-piperazinyl)-N4,N4-dimethyl-N6-(4-methylphenyl)-4,6-pyrimidinediamine

[1978] Prepared by Procedures A, N, and P. ESI-MS m/z: 403 (MH+).

[1979] Examples 1-90 and 115-253 as described above are merely illustrative of the methods used to synthesize pyrimidine derivatives. Further derivatives may be obtained utilizing methods shown in Schemes 1-5b. The substituents in Schemes 1-5b are described in the Detailed Description.

[1980] It may be necessary to incorporate protection and deprotection strategies for substituents such as amino, amido, carboxylic acid, and hydroxyl groups in the synthetic methods described above to form pyrimidine derivatives. Methods for protection and deprotection of such groups are well-known in the art, and may be found, for example in Green, T. W. and Wuts, P. G. M. (1991) Protection Groups in Organic Synthesis, 2nd Edition John Wiley & Sons, New York.

333

334

335

336

337

338

339

[1981] Radioligand Binding of Pyrimidines at Cloned Galanin Receptors

[1982] The binding properties of the pyrimidines of the present invention were evaluated at the cloned human galanin receptors, GAL1, GAL2, and GAL3, using protocols described herein.

[1983] Radioligand Binding Assay Results

[1984] The pyrimidines described in Examples 1-90 and 115-253 were assayed using cloned human galanin receptors. The compounds were found to be selective for the GAL3 receptor. The binding affinities of the compounds of Examples 1-90 and 115-253 are illustrated in Tables 1-3a.

3TABLE 1

340

substitutionKi (nM)ExampleR1R2GalR1GalR2GalR31

341

342

668188352

343

344

2818562263

345

346

>5000>50001634

347

348

>5000>50006275

349

350

>5000>50003456

351

352

>500021572487

353

354

11077751778

355

356

>50007952649

357

358

>5000211056810

359

360

>500086510011

361

362

>50006819112

363

364

>5000199532213

365

366

206514138114

367

368

>500013365415

369

370

24276247316

371

372

>5000>50003317

373

374

>500020898718

375

376

3589543 4019

377

378

>500017717920

379

380

>5000>500016421

381

382

478610964922

383

384

4421762823

385

386

>5000>50006024

387

388

>5000396121025

389

390

>5000149754826

391

392

>500040498527

393

394

26922726328

395

396

>5000>500027029

397

398

7163594630

399

400

>5000261319731

401

402

>5000340217432

403

404

>5000186014533

405

406

>5000>500018134

407

408

9121682335

409

410

11136

411

412

442909337

413

414

>500090334338

415

416

290151632039

417

418

>5000>500012840

419

420

>5000262316441

421

422

213184015142

423

424

>5000113727543

425

426

>5000>500010744

427

428

>5000102313345

429

430

>5000>500050546

431

432

>5000>500057747

433

434

>5000301211548

435

436

>5000423312049

437

438

>50003273211

[1985]

4

TABLE 2

439

substitution
Ki (nM)

Example
R1
R2
GalR1
GalR2
GalR3

50

440

441

>5000
>5000
699

51

442

443

>5000
>5000
987

52

444

445

>5000
>5000
570

53

446

447

>5000
>5000
980

54

448

449

>5000
>5000
132

55

450

451

>5000
>5000
48

56

452

453

>5000
>5000
794

57

454

455

>5000
>5000
360

58

456

457

>5000
>5000
783

59

458

459

>5000
>5000
566

60

460

461

>5000
>5000
86

61

462

463

>5000
>5000
753

62

464

465

>5000
>5000
736

63

466

467

>5000
>5000
731

64

468

469

>5000
>5000
572

65

470

471

>5000
>5000
329

66

472

473

>5000
>5000
699

67

474

475

>5000
>5000
752

68

476

477

>5000
2155
164

69

478

479

>5000
>5000
417

70

480

481

>5000
944
476

71

482

483

>5000
944
72

72

484

485

>5000
2083
132

73

486

487

>5000
1550
124

74

488

489

2291
468
47

75

490

491

1462
2458
144

76

492

493

3802
1657
392

77

494

495

3802
709
79

78

496

497

4942
1862
41

79

498

499

3802
1656
190

80

500

501

>5000
2478
615

81

502

503

>5000
4789
160

82

504

505

>5000
>5000
232

83

506

507

>5000
>5000
160

84

508

509

>5000
>5000
261

85

510

511

>5000
4228
72

86

512

513

>5000
>5000
227

87

514

515

>5000
4617
157

88

516

517

2188
355
39

Key: Ph = Phenyl

[1986]

5

TABLE 3

518

substitution
Ki (nM)

Example
X
R1
R2
R3
GalR1
GalR2
GalR3

89
H

519

520

521

1122
1274
105

90
H

522

523

524

>5000
2460
105

[1987]

6

TABLE 3a

Ki (nM)

Example
Structure
Gal3

115

525

13

116

526

479

117

527

61

118

528

508

119

529

540

120

530

664

121

531

21

122

532

65

123

533

61

124

534

36

125

535

75

126

536

99

127

537

255

128

538

249

129

539

405

130

540

100

131

541

20

132

542

618

133

543

60

134

544

25

135

545

100

136

546

25

137

547

124

138

548

52

139

549

47

140

550

169

141

551

509

142

552

28

143

553

144

144

554

529

145

555

155

146

556

72

147

557

640

148

558

276

149

559

138*

150

560

180

151

561

11

152

562

172

153

563

55

154

564

441

155

565

316

156

566

61

157

567

273

158

568

941

159

569

180

160

570

26

161

571

114

162

572

42

163

573

500

164

574

60

165

575

139*

166

576

263

167

577

50

168

578

50

169

579

77

170

580

91

171

581

25

172

582

20

173

583

117

174

584

325*

175

585

56

176

586

608

177

587

142

178

588

26

179

589

15

180

590

151

181

591

750

183

592

66

184

593

163

185

594

365

186

595

69

187

596

19

188

597

27

189

598

26

190

599

153

191

600

75

192

601

18

193

602

244

194

603

248

195

604

388

196

605

443

197

606

666

198

607

560

199

608

199

200

609

311

201

610

566

202

611

740

203

612

52

204

613

269

205

614

193

206

615

454

207

616

58

208

617

120

209

618

205

210

619

58

211

620

58

212

621

231

213

622

165

214

623

676

215

624

450

216

625

50

217

626

190

218

627

616

219

628

558

220

629

708

221

630

213

222

631

847

223

632

559

224

633

218

225

634

66

226

635

72

227

636

600

228

637

32

229

638

37

230

639

52

231

640

136

232

641

155*

233

642

869

235

643

114*

237

644

404*

238

645

331*

39

646

59

240

647

77

241

648

261

242

649

166

243

650

46

244

651

55

245

652

537

246

653

270

247

654

195

248

655

33

249

656

386

250

657

119

251

658

54

252

659

88

253

660

49

*The binding assay normally used for the indolone compounds was used to test this compound.

[1988] B. General Procedure for Preparing Indolones

[1989] General Procedure for Synthesis of Iminoisatins. The appropriately substituted isatin (10 mg-10 g) was placed in a flask and the appropriate aniline (1.0-1.1 equivalents) was added and the mixture was stirred to homogeneity. The mixture was then heated to 110° C. for 2-7 hours and then cooled. Solids were crystallized from hot methanol and filtered, giving the desired products (usually as an inseparable interconverting mixture of E/Z isomers).

[1990] Procedure A:

[1991] 1-(3-THIENYL)-1H-INDOLE-2,3-DIONE: Triethylamine (56.9 mL, 0.408 mol), was added to a mixture of 1H-indole-2,3-dione (15.0 g, 0.102 mol), copper (II) acetate (46.0 g, 0.255 mol), and 3-thienylboronic acid (19.6 g, 0.153 mol) in CH2Cl2 (500 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred overnight, filtered through Celite, rinsed with EtOAc/hexane (1:1, 300 mL), and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by column chromatography on silica using Hexane/EtOAc (1:1), giving the desired product (1.1 g, 50%).

[1992] Procedure B:

[1993] (3E)-3-[(4-METHYLPHENYL)IMINO]-1-(3-THIENYL)-1,3-DIHYDRO-2H-INDOL-2-ONE: A solution of 1-(3-Thienyl)-1H-indole-2,3-dione (20 mg, 0.087 mmol) in 1% HOAc/MeOH (8 mL) was added to a solution of p-toluidine (19 mg, 0.18 mmol) in 1% HOAc/MeOH (8 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred for 12 h at room temperature, heated at 50° C. for 1 h, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by preparative TLC on silica using EtOAc/hexanes (3:7, 0.1% TEA) giving the desired product (14 mg, 50%).

[1994] Procedure C:

[1995] (3Z)-1-PHENYL-3-{[4-(3-THIENYL)PHENYL]IMINO}-1,3-DIHYDRO-2H-INDOL-2-ONE: A mixture of (3Z)-3-[(4-bromophenyl)imino]-1-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one (50.0 mg, 0.133 mmol), thiophene-3-boronic acid (26.0 mg, 0.199 mmol), tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (31.0 mg, 0.0268 mmol in THF (5 mL), and aqueous Na2CO3 (2M, 100 μL) was heated at 67° C. for 24 h. The crude product was concentrated in vacuo and the residue was extracted with CH2Cl2 (3×1 ml), and concentrated. The crude product was purified by preparative TLC using 10% methanol in CHCl3, giving the desired product (18 mg, 35%).

[1996] Procedure D:

[1997] (3Z)-5-BROMO-3-{[3-(TRIFLUOROMETHYL)PHENYL]IMINO}-1,3-DIHYDRO-2H-INDOL-2-ONE: A mixture of 5-bromo-1H-indole-2,3-dione (1.0 g, 0.442 mmol) and 3-trifluoromethylaniline (0.993 g, 6.2 mmol) in a solution of 1% acetic acid in methanol was stirred at 50° C. for 12 h. The crude product was concentrated in vacuo, giving the desired crude product (640 mg, 40%).

[1998] Procedure E:

[1999] (3Z)-5-BROMO-1-PHENYL-3-{[3-(TRIFLUOROMETHYL)PHENYL]IMINO}-1,3-DIHYDRO-2H-INDOL-2-ONE: A mixture of (3z)-5-bromo-3-{[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]imino}-1,3-dihydro-2h-indol-2-one (100 mg, 0.272 mmol), copper (II) acetate (54 mg, 0.33 mmol), triethylamine (82.8 mg, 0.817 mmol) , and benzene boronic acid (40 mg, 0.325 mmol) in 5 mL of CH2Cl2 was stirred at room temperature for 12 h. The crude mixture was concentrated in vacuo and purified by preparative TLC using EtOAc:hexane (3:7, 1% triethylamine), giving the desired product (22 mg, 20%).

[2000] Procedure F:

[2001] (3Z)-1,5-DIPHENYL-3-{[3-(TRIFLUOROMETHYL)PHENYL]IMINO}-1,3-DIHYDRO-2H-INDOL-2-ONE: A mixture of (3z)-5-bromo-1-phenyl-3-{[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]imino}-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one (22 mg, 0.05 mmol), tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (12.0 mg, 0.01 mmol), benzene boronic acid (10 mg, 0.08 mmol) in THF (5 mL), and aqueous Na2CO3 (2M, 100 μL) was heated at 67° C. for 24 h. The crude product was concentrated in vacuo and the residue was extracted with CH2Cl2 (3×1 ml), concentrated, and purified by preparative TLC using 10% methanol in CHCl3, giving the desired product (4 mg, 18%).

[2002] Procedure G:

[2003] ETHYL 5-[(2,3-DIOXO-2,3-DIHYDRO-1H-INDOL-1-YL)METHYL]-2-FUROATE: A mixture of ethyl 5-(chloromethyl)-2-furoate (148 mg, 1.01 mmol) in dioxane (15 ml) was added to a mixture of NaH (48 mg, 1.20 mmol ) in dioxane (10 mL) under argon at 0° C. The mixture was stirred for 1 h at room temperature, refluxed under argon for 16 h, cooled to room temperature, and then concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by preparative TLC using EtOAc/hexane (3:7), giving the desired product (56 mg, 19

[2004] Procedure H:

[2005] ETHYL 5-[((3Z)-2-OXO-3-{[3-(TRIFLUOROMETHYL)PHENYL]IMINO}-2,3-DIHYDRO-1H-INDOL-1-YL)METHYL]-2-FUROATE: A mixture of ethyl 5-[(2,3-dioxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-yl)methyl]-2-furoate (60 mg, 0.200 mmol) and 3-trifluromethylaniline (32 mg, 0.200 mmol) was heated at 140° C. for 2 h. The residue was dissolved in CHCl3 (1 mL) and purified by preparative TLC using EtOAc/hexane (6:4), giving the desired product (20 mg, 23%).

[2006] Procedure I:

[2007] 6-METHOXY-1-PHENYL-1H-INDOLE-2,3-DIONE: A solution of N-(3-methoxyphenyl)-N-phenylamine (1.14 g, 5.72 in ether (3 mL) was added to a solution of oxylyl chloride (728 g, 5.75 mmol)and heated at reflux for 1 h. The resulting mixture was cooled to room temperature, concentrated to dryness, and redissolved in nitrobenzene (35 mL). The solution was added to a solution of AlCl3 in nitrobenzene (0.762 g, 5.72 mmol), and the resulting mixture was heated at 70° C. for 16 h. The crude product was concentrated in vacuo and purified by column chromatography using EtOAc/hexane (1:1), giving the desired product 60, mg, 50%).

[2008] Procedure J:

[2009] (3Z)-1-(4-BROMOPHENYL)-3-{[3-(TRIFLUOROMETHYL)PHENYL]IMINO}-1,3-DIHYDRO-2H-INDOL-2-ONE: A solution of (3Z)-3-{[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]imino}-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one (100 mg, 0.344 mmol), copper (II) acetate (93 mg, 0.516 mmol), triethylamine (105 mg, 1.03 mmol) , and 4-bromobenzene boronic acid (104 mg, 0.516 mmol) in 5 mL of CH2Cl2 was stirred at room temperature for 12 h. The crude mixture was concentrated in vacuo and purified by preparative TLC using EtOAc:hexane (3:7, 1% triethylamine), giving the desired product (65 mg, 42%).

[2010] Procedure K:

[2011] A solution of (3Z)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-3-{[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]imino}-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one (30 mg, 0.068), tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (16.0 mg, 0.014 mmol), benzene boronic acid (13 mg, 0.101 mmol) in THF (5 mL), and aqueous Na2CO3 (0.45 M, 300 μL) was heated at 67° C. for 40 h. The crude product was concentrated in vacuo and the residue was extracted with CH2Cl2 (3×1 ml) concentrated, and purified by preparative TLC using 10% methanol in CHCl3, giving the desired product (5 mg, 16%).

[2012] The compounds of Examples 92-107, inclusive, were purchased from Bionet Research Ltd., 3 Highfield Industrial Estate, Camelford, Cornwall PL32 9QZ, UK. These compounds can also be synthesized using the procedure described above.

[2013] Example 91: 3-[(2-METHOXYPHENYL)IMINO]-1-PHENYL-1,3-DIHYDRO-2H-INDOL-2-ONE

[2014] Example 92: 1-PHENYL-3-[[3-(TRIFLUOROMETHYL)PHENYL]IMINO]-1,3-DIHYDRO-2H-INDOL-2-ONE

[2015] Example 93: 3-[(3-METHYLPHENYL)IMINO]-1-PHENYL-1,3-DIHYDRO-2H-INDOL-2-ONE

[2016] Example 94: 3-[(3-CHLOROPHENYL)IMINO]-1-PHENYL-1,3-DIHYDRO-2H-INDOL-2-ONE

[2017] Example 95: 1-PHENYL-3-[[4-(TRIFLUOROMETHYL)PHENYL]IMINO]-1,3-DIHYDRO-2H-INDOL-2-ONE

[2018] Example 96: 3-[(4-METHYLPHENYL)IMINO]-1-PHENYL-1,3-DIHYDRO-2H-INDOL-2-ONE

[2019] Example 97: 3-[(4-CHLOROPHENYL)IMINO]-1-PHENYL-1,3-DIHYDRO-2H-INDOL-2-ONE

[2020] Example 98: 3-[(4-BROMOPHENYL)IMINO]-1-PHENYL-1,3-DIHYDRO-2H-INDOL-2-ONE

[2021] Example 99: 3-[(4-FLUOROPHENYL)IMINO]-1-PHENYL-1,3-DIHYDRO-2H-INDOL-2-ONE

[2022] Example 100: 3-[(4-PHENOXYPHENYL)IMINO]-1-PHENYL-1,3-DIHYDRO-2H-INDOL-2-ONE

[2023] Example 101: 3-[(4-ETHOXYPHENYL)IMINO]-1-PHENYL-1,3-DIHYDRO-2H-INDOL-2-ONE

[2024] Example 102: 3-[(4-METHOXYPHENYL)IMINO]-1-PHENYL-1,3-DIHYDRO-2H-INDOL-2-ONE

[2025] Example 103: 3-[(3,5-DICHLOROPHENYL)IMINO]-1-PHENYL-1,3-DIHYDRO-2H-INDOL-2-ONE

[2026] Example 104: 3-[(3,5-DIMETHYLPHENYL)IMINO]-1-PHENYL-1,3-DIHYDRO-2H-INDOL-2-ONE

[2027] Example 105: 1-ALLYL-3-[(3,4-DICHLOROPHENYL)IMINO]-1,3-DIHYDRO-2H-INDOL-2-ONE

[2028] Example 106: 1-ALLYL-3-[(3,5-DICHLOROPHENYL)IMINO]-1,3-DIHYDRO-2H-INDOL-2-ONE

[2029] Example 107: 3-[(4-BROMOPHENYL)IMINO]-1-ISOPROPYL-1,3-DIHYDRO-2H-INDOL-2-ONE

[2030] The methods that follow demonstrate procedures useful for synthesizing compounds of this invention (illustrated in Schemes 6 and 7). Substituted isatins useful for synthesizing compounds of this invention can alternatively be obtained using the procedures described in the following references:

[2031] Garden, S. J.; Da Silva, L. E.; Pinto, A. C.; Synthetic Communications, 1998, 28, 1679-1689.

[2032] Coppola, G. M.; Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry, 1987, 24, 1249.

[2033] Hess, B. A. Jr; Corbino, S.; Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry, 1971, 8, 161.

[2034] Bryant, W. M. III; Huhn, G. F.; Jensen, J. H.; Pierce, M. E.; Stammbach, C.; Synthetic Communications, 1993, 23, 1617-1625.

EXAMPLE 108

1-[(5-chloro-2-thienyl)methyl]-3-{[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]imino}-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one

[2035] A mixture of 1-[(5-chloro-2-thienyl)methyl]-2H-indole-2,3-dione (25 mg, 0.09 mmol) (prepared as described below) and 3-trifluoromethylaniline (11.3 μL, 0.09 mmol) was heated neat at 140° C. for 2 h. The crude material was purified by preparative TLC using. a mixture of 3:7 ethyl acetate in hexane as the eluent, giving the desired product (23 mg 0.05 mmol, 61%). 1H NMR (400 MHz): δ (major isomer) 7.57 (t, J=7.7, 1H) , 7.53 (t, J=7.8, 1H) , 7.33 (t, J=7.8, 1H) , 7.28 (s, 1H), 7.19 (d, J=7.6, 2H), 6.94-6.72 (m, 4H), 6.56 (d, J=7.7, 1H), 5.02 (s, 2H); ESI-MS m/z found 421 (MH+).

[2036] 1-[(5-CHLORO-2-THIENYL)METHYL]-2H-INDOLE-2,3-DIONE: A solution of isatin (125 mg, 0.85 mmol) in anhydrous dioxane (10 mL) was added dropwise to a solution of sodium hydride (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 24 mg, 0.62 mmol) in anhydrous dioxane (10 mL) at 0° C. under argon. The mixture was allowed to stir for 5 minutes and then 2-chloro-5-(chloromethyl)thiophene (0.12 mL, 1.02 mmol) in dioxane (10 mL) was added dropwise to the resulting mixture. The reaction mixture was heated at reflux under argon for 16 h and concentrated in vacuo. The crude material was purified preparative TLC using 1:24 methanol in chloroform as the eluent, giving the desired product as a yellow solid (53 mg, 0.19 mmol, 22 %). 1H NMR (400 MHz): δ7.62 (d, J=7.4, 1H), 7.56 (t, J=7.8, 1H), 7.14 (t, J=7.7, 1H), 6.94 (d, J=8.0, 1H), 6.90 (d, J=3.2, 1H), 6.78 (d, J=3.7, 1H), 4.90 (s, 2H).

EXAMPLE 109

1-(3-thienyl)-3-{[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]imino}-1,3-dihydro-2H-INDOL-2-one

[2037] A mixture of 1-(3-thienyl)-2H-indole-2,3-dione (25 mg, 0.11 mmol) (prepared as described below) and 3-trifluoromethylaniline (14 uL, 0.11 mmol) was heated neat at 140° C. for 2 h. The crude material was purified by preparative TLC using a mixture of 3:7 ethyl acetate and hexane as the eluent, giving the desired product as a yellow solid (7.3 mg, 0.02 mmol, 22%). 1H NMR (400 MHz) δ7.62-7.19 (m, 9H), 6.94 (d, J=8.0, 1H), 6.76 (t, J=7.6, 1H); ESI-MS m/z found 373 (MH+).

[2038] 1-(3-THIENYL)-2H-INDOLE-2,3-DIONE: Copper(II) acetate monohydrate (4.25 g, 23.4 mmol) was heated at reflux in acetic anhydride (30 mL) for 2 h. The mixture was filtered and washed with anhydrous ether (500 mL). The solid was dried in vacuo at 55° C. for 16 h. Dichloromethane (1 mL) was added to a mixture of copper(II) acetate (62 mg, 0.34 mmol), isatin (50 mg, 0.34 mmol), and thiophene-3-boronic acid (87 mg, 0.68 mmol), followed by triethylamine (0.10 mL, 0.68 mmol) under argon. The resulting solution was stirred for 16 h at, room temperature. The reaction mixture was then recharged with 0.10 mmol copper(II) acetate, 0.10 mmol of 3-thiophene boronic acid, and 1 drop of triethylamine, and the mixture was heated at 50° C. for 6 h. The crude material was purified by preparative TLC using 3:97 methanol in chloroform as the eluent, giving the desired product as a yellow solid (25 mg, 0.11 mmol, 33%). 1H NMR (400 MHz): δ7.70 (d, J=7.5, 1H) , 7.58 (t, J=7.8, 1H), 7.50 (d, J=5.1, 1H), 7.48 (s, 1H) , 7.24 (d, J=5.1, 1H), 7.18 (t, J=7.51, 1H), 7.05 (d, J=8.0, 1H).

EXAMPLE 110

2-methyl-5-[(2-oxo-1-phenyl-1,2-dihydro-3H-indol-3-ylidene)amino]-2H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione

[2039] A mixture of 1-phenylisatin (50 mg, 0.22 mmol) and 4-amino-N-methylpthalimide (40 mg, 0.22 mmol) was heated neat at 215° C. for 2 h. The crude material was purified by preparative TLC using a mixture of 3:7 ethyl acetate and hexane as the eluent, giving the desired product as a yellow solid (8 mg, 0.02 mmol, 10%). 1H NMR (400 MHz): δ7.88 (d, J=7.8, 1H), 7.83-7.80 (m, 1H), 7.51 (t, J=7.5, 1H), 7.47-7.18 (m, 6H), 7.02 (t, J=8.0, 1H), 6.91-6.79 (m, 2H), 6.58 (d, J=7.5, 1H), 3.22 (s, 3H); ESI-MS m/z found 382 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 111

1-[(5-chloro-1-benzothien-3-yl)methyl]-3-{[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]imino}-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one

[2040] A mixture of 1-[(5-chloro-1-benzothien-3yl)methyl]-2H-indole-2,3-dione (50 mg, 0.15 mmol) (prepared as described below) and 3-trifluoromethylaniline (0.020 mL, 0.15 mmol) was heated neat at 140° C. for 2 h. The crude material was purified by preparative TLC using a mixture of 1:3 ethyl acetate and hexane as the eluent giving the desired product as a yellow solid (13 mg, 0.030 mmol, 18%). 1H NMR (400 MHz): δ7.98 (d, J 2.0, 1H), 7.80 (d, J=8.6, 1H), 7.58 (t, J=7.7, 1H), 7.52 (d, J=8.1, 1H), 7.43 (s, 1H), 7.38 (dd, J=8.6, 1.9, 1H), 7.31 (overlapping singlet. and dt, J=1.2, 7.8, 2H), 7.24 (d, J=7.8, 1H), 6.87 (d, J=7.9, 1H), 6.77 (t, J=7.7, 1H), 6.59 (d, J=7.7, 1H), 5.20 (s, 2H). ESI-MS m/z found 471 (MH+ with 35Cl), 473 (MH+ with 37Cl).

[2041] 1-[(5-CHLORO-1-BENZOTHIEN-3-YL)METHYL]-2H-INDOLE-2,3-DIONE: A solution of isatin (125mg, 0.85 mmol) in anhydrous dioxane (10 mL) was added dropwise to a solution of sodium hydride (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 25 mg, 0.62 mmol) in anhydrous dioxane (10 mL) at 0° C. under argon. The mixture was allowed to stir for 5 minutes and then a solution of 3.-(bromomethyl)-5-chlorobenzo[b]thiophene (267 mg, 1.02 mmol) in dioxane (10 mL) was added dropwise to the reaction mixture. The reaction mixture was heated at reflux under argon for 16 h and concentrated in vacuo. The crude material was purified by preparative TLC using 1:24 methanol in chloroform as the eluent, giving the desired product as a yellow solid (125 mg, 0.38 mmol, 45%). 1H NMR (400 MHz) : δ7.89 (s, 1H), 7.79 (d, J=8.5, 1H), 7.65 (d, J=7.5, 1H) , 7.54 (t, J=8.0, 1H) , 7.42 (s, 1H), 7.38 (d, J=8.5, 1H), 7.14 (t, J=7.5, 1H), 6.88 (d, J=7.8, 1H), 5.13 (s, 2H).

EXAMPLE 112

3-(1H-indol-5-ylimino)-1-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one

[2042] 1-phenylisatin (51.8 mg, 0.23 mmol) and 5-aminoindole (31 mg, 0.23 mmol) were mixed and heated at 140° C. for 2 h. The resulting crude product was purified by preparative TLC using ethyl acetate/hexane (6:4) as the eluent, giving the desired product as a yellow solid (10.8 mg, 14%). 1H NMR (400 MHz): δ8.28 (s, 1H) , 7.57 (t, J=7.7, 2H), 7.49-7.40 (m, 6H), 7.29-7.23 (m, 1H), 7.03 (dd, J=8.5, 1.7, 1H), 6.98 .(d, J=7.6, 1H), 6.83 (d, J=8.0, 1H) , 6.74, J=7.6, 1H) , 6.59 (s, 1H); ESI-MS m/z found 338 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 113

3-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)imino]-1-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one

[2043] 1-phenylisatin (23.0 mg, 0.10 mmol) and 5-amino-2-chloropyridine (12.8 mg, 0.10 mmol) were mixed and heated at 140° C. for 7 h. The resulting crude product was purified by preparative TLC using hexane/ethyl acetate (8:2) as the eluent, giving the desired product as a yellow solid (19.7 mg, 59%). 1H NMR (400 MHz) δ8.15 (d, J=8, 1H), 7.6-7.2 (m, 9H), 6.85-6.75 (m, 2H); ESI-MS m/z found 334 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 114

3-[(2-methyl-1,3-benzothiazol-5-yl)imino-]1-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one

[2044] 5-amino-2-methylbenzothiazole (52.2 mg, 0.31 mmol) was mixed with 1-phenylisatin (69.7 mg, 0.31 mmol) and heated at 140° C. for 3 h. The resulting crude product was purified by preparative TLC using ethyl acetate/hexane (6:4) as the eluent to give the desired product as a yellow solid (36.9 mg, 32.3%). 1H NMR Data: δ7.9-6.7 (m, 12H) , 2.9 (s, 3H). ESI-MS m/z found 370 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 254

(3Z)-3-[(3,4-dichlorophenyl)imino]-1-(2-pyridinylmethyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one

[2045] Prepared by Procedures H and k (for substitution of 2-picolyl chloride). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ8.51-8.46 (m, 1H), 7.87-7.78 (m, 1H), 7.64 (d, 1H, J=7.1), 7.53-7.31 (m, 5H) , 7.28 (d, 1H, J=4.1), 7.12 (d, 1H, J=8.1), 6.58-6.53 (m, 1H), 5.51 (s, 2H); ESI-MS m/z 381 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 255

(3Z)-3-[(3,4-dichlorophenyl)imino]-1-[(3,5-dimethyl-4-isoxazolyl)methyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one

[2046] Prepared by Procedure B (microwave heating). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ7,63 (d, 1H, J=9.1), 7.46 (dt, 1H, J=8.1, 2.0), 7.28 (d, 1H, J=2.1), 7.02 (d, 1H, J=2.0), 6.88 (dt, 1H, J 8.0, 2.1), 6.74-6.72 (m, 1H), 6.72-6.70 (m, 1H) , 5.53 (s, 2H), 2.50 (s, 3H), 2.24 (s, 3H) ESI-MS m/z 399 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 256

(3Z)-3-[(3,4-dichlorophenyl)imino]-1-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one

[2047] Prepared by Procedures A and B. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.90-7.87 (m, 1H), 7.83-7.79 (m, 1H), 7.67 (d, 1H, J=8), 7.46-7.40 (m, 1H), 7.33 (d, 1H, J=2), 7.08-7.05 (m, 1H), 6.96-6.80 (m, 5H); ESI-MS m/z 435 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 257

(3Z)-1-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-3-[(3,4-dichlorophenyl)imino]-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one

[2048] Prepared by Procedures A and B. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.93 (d, 1H, J=8.1), 7.79 (d, 1H, J=6.0), 7.72-7.68 (m, 1H), 7.59-7.45 (m, 1H), 7.46 (d, 1H, J=8.1), 7.32 (dt, 1H, J=8.0, 2.1), 7.23 (d, 1H, J=2.5), 6.97 (dd, 1H, J=8.0, 2.1), 6.92-6.87 (m, 1H), 6.85-6.81 (m, 1H); ESI-MS m/z 435 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 258

(3Z)-3-[(3,4-dichlorophenyl)imino]-6-methoxy-1-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one

[2049] Prepared by Procedures K, L, and B. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.69-7.54 (m, 1H) , 7.53-7.38 (m, 3H) , 7.29 (d, 1H, J=2.0), 7.17 (d, 1H, J=8.1), 7.12 (d, 1H, J=8.0), 6.84 (d, 1H, J=2.5), 6.78 (d, 1H, J=8), 6.6 (dd, 2H, J=8.0, 2.0), 6.55 (dd, 2H, J=8.1, 2.5); ESI-MS m/z (398 MH+).

EXAMPLE 259

(3Z)-3-[(4-chloro-3-methylphenyl)imino]-1-(3-thienyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one

[2050] Prepared by Procedures A and B (80° C.). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.69-7.62 (m, 2H), 7.49 (s, 1H), 7.47 (s, 1H), 7.41 (dt, 1H, J=7.1, 1.6), 7.3 (dd, 1H, J=5.0, 1.6), 7.05-6.97 (m, 1H, 6.93-6.86 (m, 1H), 6.77 (m, 1H), 6.56 (m, 1H), 2.53 (s, 3H); ESI-MS m/z 353 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 260

(3Z)-3-(2-naphthylimino)-1-(3-thienyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one

[2051] Prepared by Procedures A and B (80° C.). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ8.15 (d, 1H, J=9.1), 8.06-7.99 (m, 1H), 7.89-7.80 (m, 1H), 7.78-7.71 (m, 1H), 7.71-7.47 (m, 4H), 7.41-7.35 (m, 1H), 7.33 (d, 1H, J=5.2), 7.28 (d, 1H, J=6.8.1), 7.00 (d, 1H, J=8.0), 6.76 (t, 1H, J=7.8), 6.67 (d, 1H, J=7.9); ESI-MS m/z 355 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 261

(3Z)-3-[(4-chlorophenyl)imino]-1-(3-thienyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one

[2052] Prepared by Procedures A and B (80° C.). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.69-7.56 (m, 2H), 7.54-7.48 (m, 1H), 7.41 (dt, 1H, J=8, 2), 7.32-7.28 (m, 1H), 7.11-6.99 (m, 3H), 6.89 (dt, 1H, J=8), 6.77-6.73 (m, 1H), 6.66-6.33 (m, 1H); ESI-MS m/z 339 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 262

(3Z)-3-[(4-iodophenyl)imino]-1-(3-thienyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one

[2053] Prepared by Procedures A and B (1% HOAc in MeOH). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.79-7.74 (m, 2H), 7.53-7.48 (m, 2H), 7.35 (dt, 1H, J=8.0, 1.2), 7.29-7.24 (m, 1H), 6.98 (d, 1H, J=8.0), 6.89-6.75 (m, 4H); ESI-MS m/z 431 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 263

(3Z)-3-[(4-methylphenyl)imino]-1-(3thienyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one

[2054] Prepared by Procedures A and B (1% HOAc in MeOH). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.52-7.44 (m, 2H), 7.35-7.22 (m, 4H), 6.99-6.93 (m, 3H), 6.87-6.78 (m, 2H), 2.42 (s, 3H); ESI-MS m/z 319 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 264

(3Z)-3-[(3,5-difluorophenyl)imino]-1-(3-thienyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one.

[2055] Prepared by Procedures A and B (1% HOAc in MeOH). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.54-7.16 (m, 4H), 6.99 (dt, 1H, J=8.2, 0.8), 6.89 (dt, 1H, J=7.7, 1.1), 6.76 (d, 1H, J=7.5), 6.71 (tt, 1H, J=9.3, 2.3), 6.64-6.57 (m, 2H); ESI-MS m/z 341 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 265

(3Z)-3-([1,1′-biphenyl]-4-ylimino)-1-(3-thienyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one

[2056] Prepared by Procedures A and B (1% HOAC in MeOH). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.73-7.12 (m, 13H), 6.99 (d, 1H, J=8.0), 6.89 (d, 1H, J=8.0), 6.82 (dt, 1H, J=7.6, 1.0); ESI-MS m/z 381 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 266

ethyl 3-{[(3Z)-2-oxo-1-(3-thienyl)-1,2-dihydro-3H-indol-3-ylidene]amino}benzoate

[2057] Prepared by Procedures A and B (1% HOAc in MeOH). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.96 (d, 1H, J=7.4), 7.75-7.17 (m, 6H) , 6.98 (d, 1H, J=8.0), 6.87-6.78 (m, 2H), 6.63 (d, 1H, J=7.8), 4.45-4.32 (m, 2H) , 1.43-1.33 (m, 3H) ; ESI-MS m/z 377 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 267

(3Z)-3-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)imino]-1-(3thienyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one

[2058] Prepared by Procedures A and B (1% HOAC in MeOH). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ8.21-6.81 (m, 10H) ; ESI-MS m/z 340.13 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 268

(3Z)-3-[(4-phenoxyphenyl)imino]-1-(3-thienyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one

[2059] Prepared by Procedures A and B (1% HOAc in MeOH). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.85-6.70 (m, 16H); ESI-MS m/z 397 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 269

(3Z)-3-[(4-bromophenyl)imino]-1-(3-thienyl)1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one

[2060] Prepared by Procedures A and H. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.82-6.55 (m, 11H); ESI-MS m/z 383 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 270

(3Z)-3-[(3-chlorophenyl)imino]-1-(3-thienyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one

[2061] Prepared by Procedures A and H. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.55-6.50 (m, 11H); ESI-MS m/z 339 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 271

(3Z)-3-[(3-methylphenyl)imino]-1-(3-thienyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one

[2062] Prepared by Procedures A and B (1% HOAc in MeOH). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.67-6.78 (m, 11H) , 2.39 (s, 3H); ESI-MS m/z 319 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 272

(3Z)-3-[(3,4-dichlorophenyl)imino]-1-(3-thienyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one

[2063] Prepared by Procedures A and B (1% HOAc in MeOH). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.82-6.80 (m, 10H) ; ESI-MS m/z 373 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 273

(3Z)-1-(2-pyridinylmethyl)-3-{[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]imino}-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one

[2064] Prepared by Procedure B. ESI-MS m/z 382 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 274

(3Z)-3-[(3,5-dichlorophenyl)imino]-1-(2pyridinylmethyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one

[2065] Prepared by Procedure B. ESI-MS m/z 382 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 275

(3Z)-1-[(3,5-dimethyl-4-isoxazolyl)methyl]-3-{[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-imino}-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one

[2066] Prepared by Procedure B. ESI-MS m/z 400 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 276

(3Z)-3-[(3,4-difluorophenyl)imino]-1-(3-pyridinylmethyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one

[2067] Prepared by Procedure B. ESI-MS m/z 350 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 277

(3Z)-1-(3-pyridinylmethyl)-3-{[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]imino}-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one

[2068] Prepared by Procedure B. ESI-MS m/z 382 ((MH+).

EXAMPLE 278

(3Z)-3-[(3,4-difluorophenyl)imino]-1-(2pyridinylmethyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one

[2069] Prepared by Procedure B. ESI-MS m/z 350 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 279

(3Z)-3-[(3,5-dichlorophenyl)imino]-1-(3-pyridinylmethyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one

[2070] Prepared by Procedure B. ESI-MS m/z 384 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 280

(3Z)-3-[(3,5-dichlorophenyl)imino]-1-[(3,5-dimethyl-4-isoxazolyl)methyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one

[2071] Prepared by Procedure B. ESI-MS m/z 402 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 281

(3Z)-3-[(9-ethyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)imino]-1-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one

[2072] Prepared by Procedure H. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ8.28-6.66 (m, 16H), 4.47-4.35 (m, 2H), 1.55-1.44 (m, 3H); ESI-MS m/z 416 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 282

(3Z)-1-phenyl-3-(5-quinolinylimino)-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one

[2073] Prepared by Procedure H. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ9.38-9.32 (m, 1H), 8.55-8.50 (m, 1H), 8.01-6.62 (m, 12H), 6.43-6.35 (m, 1H); ESI-MS m/z 350 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 283

(3Z)-3-[(4-iodophenyl)imino]-1-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one

[2074] Prepared by Procedure B (0.1% HOAc, 80° C., 92 h, 4 eq RNH2, 3 Å molecular sieves). ESI-MS m/z 425 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 285

(3Z)-3-[(3,4-difluorophenyl)imino]-1-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one

[2075] Prepared by Procedure B (0.1% HOAc, 80° C., 92 h, 4 eq RNH2, 3 Å molecular sieves). ESI-MS m/z 335 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 286

(3Z)-3-[(2-chloro-4-methylphenyl)imino]-1phenyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one

[2076] Prepared by Procedure B (0.1% HOAc, 80° C., 92 h, 4 eq RNH2, 3 Å molecular sieves). ESI-MS m/z 347 (MH+ with 35Cl), 349 (MH+ with 37Cl).

EXAMPLE 287

(3Z)-3-[(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)imino]-1phenyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one

[2077] Prepared by Procedure B (0.1% HOAC, 80° C., 92 h, 4 eq RNH2, 3 Å molecular sieves). ESI-MS m/z 359 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 288

3-{[(3Z)-2-oxo-1-phenyl-1,2-dihydro-3H-indol-3-ylidene]amino}benzonitrile

[2078] Prepared by Procedure B (0.1% HOAC, 80° C., 92 h, 4 eq RNH2, 3 Å molecular sieves). ESI-MS m/z 324 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 289

(3Z)-3-{[2-methyl-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]imino}-1-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one

[2079] Prepared by Procedure B (0.1% HOAc, 80° C., 92 h, 4 eq RNH2, 3 Å molecular sieves). ESI-MS m/z 381 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 290

(3Z)-3-[(4-chloro-3-methylphenyl)imino]-1-(3-thienyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one

[2080] Prepared by Procedures A and B (80° C.). ESI-MS m/z 353 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 291

(3Z)-3-(6-quinolinylimino)-1-(3-thienyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one

[2081] Prepared by Procedures A and B (80° C.) ESI-MS m/z 356 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 292

(3Z)-3-[(4-chlorophenyl)imino]-1-(3-thienyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one

[2082] Prepared by Procedures A and B (80° C.). ESI-MS m/z 339 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 295

(3Z)-3-[(3-isopropylphenyl)imino]-1-(3-thienyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one

[2083] Prepared by Procedures A and B (80° C.). ESI-MS m/z 347 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 296

(3Z)-3-[(4-cyclohexylphenyl)imino]-1-(3-thienyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one

[2084] Prepared by Procedures A and B (80° C.). ESI-MS m/z 387 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 297

(4-{[(3Z)-2-oxo-1-phenyl-1,2-dihydro-3H-indol-3-ylidene]amino}phenyl)acetonitrile

[2085] Prepared by Procedure B (0.1% HOAc, 80° C., 92 h, 4 eq RNH2, 3 Å molecular sieves). ESI-MS m/z 339 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 298

(3Z)-3-[(2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)imino]-1-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one

[2086] Prepared by Procedure B (0.1% HOAc, 80° C., 92 h, 4 eq RNH2, 3 Å molecular sieves). ESI-MS m/z 379 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 299

(3Z)-3-(1,3-benzothiazol-6-ylimino)-1phenyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one

[2087] Prepared by Procedure H. ESI-MS m/z 356(MH+).

EXAMPLE 300

(3Z)-1-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl-3-{[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]imino}-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one

[2088] Prepared by Procedures G and H. ESI-MS m/z 375(MH+).

EXAMPLE 301

(3Z)-3-(1H-indazol-6-ylimino)-1-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one

[2089] Prepared by Procedure H. ESI-MS m/z 339(MH+).

EXAMPLE 302

(3Z)-3-[(3-chlorophenyl)imino]-6-methoxy-1-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one

[2090] Prepared by Procedures I and H. ESI-MS m/z 363 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 303

(3Z)-6-methoxy-1-phenyl-3-{[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]imino}-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one

[2091] Prepared by Procedures I and H. ESI-MS m/z 397 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 304

(3Z)-1-phenyl-3-{[4-(3thienyl)phenyl]imino}-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one

[2092] Prepared by Procedures H and C. ESI-MS m/z 381 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 305

(3Z)-1-phenyl-3-{[3′-(trifluoromethyl) [1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl]imino}-1,3-dihydro-2-H-indol-2-one

[2093] Prepared by Procedures H and C. ESI-MS m/z 443 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 306

(3Z)-1-phenyl-3-{[4-(3-pyridinyl)phenyl]imino}-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one

[2094] Prepared by Procedures H and C. ESI-MS m/z 376 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 307

(3Z)-3-[(3-bromophenyl)imino]-1-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one

[2095] Prepared by Procedure B. ESI-MS m/z 378(MH+).

EXAMPLE 308

(3Z)-1,5-diphenyl-3-{[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]imino}-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one

[2096] Prepared by Procedures D, E, and F. ESI-MS m/z 443 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 309

(3Z)-1-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl-3-{[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]imino}-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one

[2097] Prepared by Procedures H (6 eq of aniline), J, and K. ESI-MS m/z 443 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 310

(3Z)-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-{[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]imino}-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one

[2098] Prepared by Procedures H (6 eq of aniline) and E. ESI-MS m/z 383 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 311

(3Z)-3-[(3,4-dichlorophenyl)imino]-1-(3-pyridinylmethyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one

[2099] Prepared by Procedures H (75° C., 2 h), K (3-picolyl chloride), and B. ESI-MS m/z 383 (MH

[2100] Examples 91-114 and 254-311 as described above are merely illustrative of the methods used to synthesize indolone derivatives. Further derivatives may be obtained utilizing methods shown in Schemes 6a, 7a and 8-10. The substituents in Schemes 6a, 7a and 8-10 are described in the Detailed Description.

[2101] It may be necessary to incorporate protection and deprotection strategies for substituents such as amino, amido, carboxylic acid, and hydroxyl groups in the synthetic methods described above to form indolone derivatives. Methods for protection and deprotection of such groups are well-known in the art, and may be found, for example in Green, T. W. and Wuts, P. G. M. (1991) Protection Groups in Organic Synthesis, 2nd Edition John Wiley & Sons, New York.

661

662

663

664

665

[2102] Radioligand Binding of Indolones at Cloned Galanin Receptors

[2103] The binding properties of the indolones of the present invention were evaluated at the cloned human galanin receptors, GAL1, GAL2, and GAL3,. using protocols described herein.

[2104] Radioligand Binding Assay Results

[2105] The indolones described in Examples 91-114 and 254-311 were assayed using cloned human galanin receptors. The compounds were found to be selective for the GAL3 receptor. The binding affinities of the compounds of Examples 91-114 and 254-311 are illustrated in Tables 4 and 4a.

7TABLE 4Binding Affinities of Indolones at Galanin Receptors.

666

Ex-am-substitutionKi (nM)pleR1R2R3R4R5GalR1GalR2GalR3 91PhOMeHHH>10000>10000527 92PhHCF3HH>10000>10000 38 93PhHMeHH>10000>10000171 94PhHClHH>10000>10000 49 95PhHHCF3H>10000>10000 29 96PhHHMeH>10000>10000111 97PhHHClH>10000>10000 51 98PhHHBrH>10000>10000 38 99PhHHFH>10000>10000229100PhHHOPhH>10000>10000 90101PhHHOEtH>10000>10000305102PhHHOMeH>10000>10000429103PhHClHCl>10000>10000 68104PhHMeHMe>10000>10000143105allylHClClH>10000>10000 97106allylHClHCl>10000>10000 62107isopropylHHBrH>10000>10000126Key: Ph = Phenyl OMe = Methoxy OEt = Ethoxy Me = Methyl OPh = Phenoxy

[2106]

8

TABLE 4a

Ex-

Ki (nM)

ample
Structure
Gal3

108

667

84

109

668

103

110

669

138

111

670

1178

112

671

2324

113

672

136

114

673

569

254

674

64

255

675

49

256

676

18

257

677

33

258

678

67

259

679

55

260

680

60

261

681

34

262

682

46

263

683

136

264

684

27

265

685

80

266

686

236

267

687

234

268

688

57

269

689

46

270

690

42

271

691

114

272

692

26

273

693

202

274

694

174

275

695

595

276

696

192

277

697

198

278

698

340

279

699

81

280

700

521

281

701

150

282

702

333

283

703

33

285

704

26

286

705

38

287

706

260

288

707

39

289

708

59

290

709

55

291

710

271

292

711

34

295

712

242

296

713

82

297

714

226

298

715

22

299

716

377

300

717

742

301

718

875

302

719

150

303

720

214

304

721

728

305

722

638

306

723

160

307

724

41

308

725

98

309

726

224

310

727

126

311

728

[2107] Oral Compositions

[2108] As a specific embodiment of an oral composition of a compound of this invention, 100 mg of one of the compounds described herein is formulated with sufficient finely divided lactose to provide a total amount of 580 to 590 mg to fill a size O hard gel capsule.

[2109] I. In-Vivo Models

[2110] A. Materials and Methods

[2111] 1. Forced Swim Test (FST)

[2112] The procedure used in this study was similar to that previously described (Porsolt, et al., 1978), except the water depth (30 cm in this procedure). The greater depth in this test prevented the rats from supporting themselves by touching the bottom of the cylinder with their feet. Swim sessions were conducted by placing rats in individual plexiglass cylinders (46 cm tall×20 cm in diameter) containing 23-25° C. water 30 cm deep (Porsolt, et al. used a depth of only 15 cm; also, see Detke, et al., 1995). Two swim tests were conducted always between 1200 and 1800 hours: an initial 15-min pretest followed 24 h later by a 5-minute test. Drug treatments were administered 60 minutes before the 5-minute test period. All other test sessions were conducted between 1300 to 1700 hours. Following all swim sessions, rats were removed from the cylinders, dried with paper towels and placed in a heated cage for 15 minutes and returned to their home cages. All test sessions were videotaped using a Panasonic color video camera and recorder for scoring later.

[2113] Animals

[2114] Male sprague-Dawley rats (Taconic Farms, N.Y.) were used in all experiments. Rats were housed in pairs and maintained on a 12:12-h light-dark cycle. Rats were handled for 5 minutes each day for 5 days prior to behavioral testing.

[2115] Behavioral Scoring

[2116] The rat's behavior was rated at 5 second intervals during the 5 minute test as one of the following:

[2117] 1. Immobility—rat remained floating in the water without struggling and was only making those movements necessary to keep its head above water;

[2118] 2. Climbing—rat was making active movements with its forepaws in and out of the water, usually directed against the walls;

[2119] 3. Swimming—rat was making active swimming motions, more than necessary to merely maintain its head above water, e.g. moving around in the cylinder; and

[2120] 4. Diving—entire body of the rat was submerged.

[2121] All of the behavior scoring was done by a single rater, who was blind to the treatment condition. The rater was also present in the room throughout the entire test period.

[2122] Drug Administration

[2123] Animals were randomly assigned to receive a single i.p. administration of Example 92 (1, 3, 10 or 30 mg/kg, dissolved in 100% DMSO), fluoxetine (10 mg/kg, dissolved in distilled water) or vehicle (equal mixture of DMSO and distilled water) 30 minutes before the start of the 5 minute test period. All injections were given using 1 cc tuberculin syringe with 26 ⅜ gauge needles (Becton-Dickinson, VWR Scientific, Bridgeport, N.J.). The volume of injection was 1 ml/kg.

[2124] In another set of experiments, animals were randomly assigned to receive a single p.o. administration of one of the following treatments: Example 151 (1, 3 or 10 mg/kg), fluoxetine (5 or 10 mg/kg) or vehicle (1 ml/kg of 100% N,N-dimethylacetamide) 60 minutes before the start of the 5 minute test period. The drugs were dissolved in 100% N,N-dimethylacetamide. All administrations were given using 1 cc tuberculin syringes, to which a 3 inch, curved, stainless steel gavage needle was attached. The volume of administration was 1 ml/kg.

[2125] In other sets of experiments, animals were randomly assigned to receive a single p.o. administration of one of the following treatments: Example 103 (3, 10 and 30 mg/kg), fluoxetine (10 mg/kg) or vehicle (1 ml/kg of 100% N,N-dimethylacetamide) 60 minutes before the start of the 5 minute test period; or Example 272 (3 mg/kg), fluoxetine (10 mg/kg) or vehicle (1 ml/kg of 100% N,N-dimethylacetamide) 24 hours before the start of the 5 minute test period; or Example 98 (3, 10 and 30 mg/kg), fluoxetine (10 mg/kg) or vehicle (1 ml/kg of 100% N,N-dimethylacetamide) 60 minutes before the start of the 5 minute test period; or Example 34 (0.3, 1, 3 and 10 mg/kg), fluoxetine (10 mg/kg) or vehicle (1 ml/kg of a 100% solution of dimethylacetamide) 60 minutes before the start of the 5 minute test period; or Example 49 (3, 10 and 30 mg/kg), fluoxetine (10 mg/kg) or vehicle (1 ml/kg of 100% N,N-dimethylacetamide) 60 minutes before the start of the 5 minute test period; or Example 22 (3, 10 and 30 mg/kg), fluoxetine (10 mg/kg) or vehicle (1 ml/kg of 100% N,N-dimethylacetamide) 60 minutes before the start of the 5 minute test period. The compounds were dissolved in 100% N,N-dimethylacetamide. All administrations were given using 1 cc tuberculin syringes, to which a 3 inch, curved, stainless steel gavage needle was attached. The volume of administration was 1 ml/kg.

[2126] The effect of 5 or 10 mg/kg of fluoxetine was utilized in the FST as a positive control.

[2127] Data Analysis

[2128] The forced swim test data (immobility, swimming, climbing, diving) were subjected to a randomized, one-way ANOVA and post hoc tests conducted using the Student-Newman-Keuls test. The data were analyzed using the GBSTAT program, version 6.5 (Dynamics Microsystems, Inc., Silver Spring, Md., 1997). All data are presented as means ±S.E.M.

[2129] 2. Social Interaction Test (SIT)

[2130] Rats were allowed to acclimate to the animal care facility for 5 days and were housed singly for 5 days prior to testing. Animals were handled for 5 minutes per day. The design and procedure for the Social Interaction Test was carried out as previously described by Kennett, et al. (1997). On the test day, weight matched pairs of rats (±5%), unfamiliar to each other, were given identical treatments and returned to their home cages. Animals were randomly divided into 5 treatment groups, with 5 pairs per group, and were given one of the following i.p. treatments: Example 92 (10, 30 or 100 mg/kg), vehicle (1 ml/kg) or chlordiazepoxide (5 mg/kg). Dosing was 1 hour prior to testing. Rats were subsequently placed in a white perspex test box or arena (54×37×26 cm), whose floor was divided up into 24 equal squares, for 15 minutes. An air conditioner was used to generate background noise and to keep the room at approximately 74° F. All sessions were videotaped using a JVC camcorder (model GR-SZ1, Elmwood Park, N.J.) with either TDK (HG ultimate brand) or Sony 30 minute videocassettes. All sessions were conducted between 1:00-4:30 P.M. Active social interaction, defined as grooming, sniffing, biting, boxing, wrestling, following and crawling over or under, was scored using a stopwatch (Sportsline model no. 226, {fraction (1/100)} sec. discriminability) The number of episodes of rearing (animal completely raises up its body on its hind limbs), grooming (licking, biting, scratching of body), and face washing (i.e. hands are moved repeatedly over face), and number of squares crossed were scored. Passive social interaction (animals are lying beside or on top of each other) was not scored. All behaviors were assessed later by an observer who was blind as to the treatment of each pair. At the end of each test, the box was thoroughly wiped with moistened paper towels.

[2131] Animals

[2132] Male albino Sprague-Dawley rats (Taconic Farms, N.Y.) were housed in pairs under a 12. hr light dark cycle (lights on at 0700 hrs.) with free access to food and water.

[2133] Drug Administration

[2134] Example 92 was dissolved in 100% DMSO (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo.). Chlordiazepoxide (purchased from Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo.) was dissolved in double distilled water. The vehicle consisted of 50% DMSO (v/v). All drug solutions were made up 10 minutes prior to injection and the solutions were discarded.

[2135] Example 34 was dissolved in 5% lactic acid, v/v. The vehicle consisted of 100% dimethylacetamide (DMA) and this was used to make up all drug solutions. All drug solutions were made up fresh each day and any unused solutions were discarded at the end of the test day. The volume of drug solution administered was 1 ml/kg.

[2136] Data Analysis

[2137] The social interaction data (time interacting, rearing and squares crossed) were subjected to a randomized, one-way ANOVA and post hoc tests conducted using the Student-Newman-Keuls test. The data were subjected to a test of normality (Shapiro-Wilk test). The data were analyzed using the GBSTAT program, version 6.5 (Dynamics Microsystems, Inc., Silver Spring, Md., 1997). All data are presented as means ±S.E.M.

[2138] B. Results

[2139] 1. Forced Swim Test

[2140] A. The Effect Of Vehicle, Fluoxetine and Example 92 On Immobility, Climbing and Swimming In The Forced Swim Test

[2141] Immobility

[2142] Statistical analysis indicated that there was a significant drug effect [F(4,45)=12.1, p <0.0001] on immobility. Subsequent post hoc analysis revealed that a single injection of 10 mg/kg i.p. of fluoxetine significantly decreased immobility to 21.0±0.9 (Student-Newman-Keuls value was 36.5, p <0.01) compared to vehicle-treated controls (Table 5 and FIG. 1). In addition, a single injection of either 3 or 10 mg/kg i.p. of Example 92 significantly decreased immobility (24±1.1 & 24±0.8 counts at each dose, respectively) compared to vehicle-treated controls 30±1.2 (StudentNewman-Keuls values of 16.8 and 15.7, respectively) (Table 5 and FIG. 1). No significant effects on immobility were observed with Example 92 at 30 mg/kg i.p. (Table 5 and FIG. 1).

[2143] Climbing

[2144] The statistical analysis of the climbing counts indicated that there was a significant drug effect [F(4,45)=4.4, p=0.004]. Post hoc analysis indicated that a single injection of 10 mg/kg of fluoxetine did not significantly alter climbing counts compared to vehicle-treated animals (Table 5 and FIG. 2). In contrast, a single injection of 10 mg/kg of Example 92 produced a significant increase (16.8±0.6) in climbing counts (Student-Newman-Keuls value=11.6, p<0.01) compared to vehicle-treated animals (12±0.8). Example 92 dosed at 1, 3 & 30 mg/kg did not significantly alter climbing.

[2145] Swimming

[2146] The statistical analysis of the swimming data indicated that there was a significant drug effect [F(4,45)=6.6, p<0.0001] (Table 5 and FIG. 3). The post hoc test showed that a single injection of 10 mg/kg i.p. of fluoxetine produced a significant increase (25±1.2) in swimming counts over the vehicle treated animals, 18±1 (Student-Newman-Keuls value of 19.9, p<0.01). In contrast, a single injection of 1, 3 or 10 mg/kg i.p. of Example 92 did not significantly alter swimming counts 20 ±1.1, 21±0.9, & 18±0.9, respectively (Table 5 and FIG. 3). (However, at 30 mg/kg i.p. Example 92 significantly increased swim behavior in the rat, comparable to fluoxetine at 10 mg/kg i.p. (27±2.5 vs. 25±1.2, Table 5 and FIG. 3).

[2147] Diving

[2148] This behavior was rarely observed following a single injection of vehicle (0.1±0.1, one animal dove once), fluoxetine (0.1±0.1, one animal out of 10 dove once), 1 mg/kg of Example 92 (0.6±0.2; 5 animals had counts of 2, 1, 1, 1, and 1), 3 mg/kg of Example 92 (0.6±0.3; 3 animals had counts of 3, 2 and 1) or 10 mg/kg of Example 92 (0.5±0.5; note: only one animal at this dose showed diving behavior and the score was 5). At 30 mg/kg i.p. of Example 92 diving behavior was only observed in two animals (mean=0.2±0.2). Thus. there was no significant drug effect on diving [F(4,45)=0.77, p=0.55].

9TABLE 5The effect of a single injection of vehicle,fluoxetine and Example 92 on immobility, climbing andswimming in the rat Forced Swim Test.TreatmentDose (mg/kg)ImmobilityClimbingSwimmingVehicle—30 ± 1.212.0 ± 0.818 ± 1Fluoxetine1021 ± 0.9a14.3 ± 0.925 ± 1.2bExample 92128 ± 1.011.7 ± 1.120 ± 1.1Example 92324 ± 1.1a14.6 ± 1.521 ± 0.9Example 921024 ± 0.8a16.8 ± 0.6c18 ± 0.9Example 923025 ± 3.5 8.6 ± 1.727 ± 2.5dEach value represents the mean number of counts per 5 seconds ± S.E.M in a 5 minute observation period. aSignificantly less than Vehicle on immobility scores, p <0.01, ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls test. bSignificantly greater than Vehicle and 1, 3 & 10 of Example 92, on swim scores, p < 0.01, ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls. cSignificantly greater than vehicle and 1, 3 & 30 mg/kg dose of Example 92 on climbing scores, p < 0.01, ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls dSignificantly greater than Vehicle, 1, 3 and 10 mg/kg i.p. of Example 92 on swim scores, p < 0.01, ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls test.

[2149] The results of the Forced Swim Test indicate that using a modified version of the Lucki forced swim test, a single injection of 10 mg/kg i.p. of fluoxetine produced a significant decrease in immobility and an increase in swimming in male Sprague-Dawley rats. This is consistent with findings from previous studies using the Lucki version (Detke, et al., 1995; Kirby and Lucki, 1997; Lucki, 1997; Page, et al., 1999; Reneric and Lucki, 1998). In addition, the results obtained using fluoxetine are consistent with those using other SSRIs (Detke, et al., 1995). Thus, a modified version of the Lucki forced swim test can consistently. detect the antidepressant action of SSRIs such as fluoxetine.

[2150] Interestingly, at doses of 3 and 10 mg/kg i.p., Example 92, significantly decreased immobility compared to vehicle-treated animals. The magnitude of the decrease was not significantly different than that of fluoxetine. Thus, based on past interpretations of the Forced Swim Test, our results suggest that Example 92 has antidepressant-like properties.

[2151] A single injection of either 1, 3 or 10 mg/kg i.p. of Example 92 did not significantly alter swimming behavior. This is in contrast to the results obtained with fluoxetine, which increased swimming at 10 mg/kg i.p. Previously, it has been reported that compounds which selectively block serotonin uptake significantly increase swimming but not climbing whereas selective NE uptake blockers significantly increase climbing but not swimming behavior (Reneric and Lucki, 1998). Thus, the present findings suggest that Example 92 exhibits a profile similar to NE and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) depending on the dose tested.

[2152] Finally, as previously reported by Lucki, diving behavior was rarely observed in vehicle or fluoxetine-treated animals (1 dive in one rat for each group). Example 92 at all doses tested did not produce a. significant effect on diving behavior. It is possible that antidepressant drugs do not induce diving behavior.

[2153] In conclusion, compared to vehicle-treated animals, Example 92, at doses of 3 and 10 mg/kg, produced a significant decrease in immobility and a significant increase in climbing at the 10 mg/kg dose. At 30 mg/kg i.p. Example 92 produced a significant increase in swimming behavior comparable with that observed with the antidepressant fluoxetine, thus supporting the antidepressant-like profile of Example 92.

[2154] B. The Effect of Example 151, Fluoxetine, and Vehicle on Swimming, Climbing, Immobility, and Diving in the Forced Swim Test.

[2155] Immobility

[2156] Statistical analysis indicated a significant effect of treatment on immobility (ANOVA, F(5,46)=3.5, p=0.0095). Post hoc analyses revealed that a single p.o. administration of 10 mg/kg of fluoxetine significantly decreased immobility (Fisher's LSD value of 2.9) compared to vehicle-treated animals (Table 5a). In contrast, a single p.o. administration of 5 mg/kg of fluoxetine did not significantly alter immobility compared to vehicle-treated animals.

[2157] A single p.o. administration of 1 mg/kg of Example 151 did not significantly alter immobility compared to vehicle-treated animals (Table 5a). In contrast, a single p.o. administration of either 3 or 10 mg/kg of Example 151 significantly decreased immobility compared to animals treated with vehicle (Fisher's LSD values of 2.8 and 2.6, respectively) or 5 mg/kg p.o. of fluoxetine (Fisher's LSD values of 2.6 and 2.4, respectively). There was no significant difference in the reduction in immobility between 10 mg/kg of fluoxetine and 3 and 10 mg/kg of Example 151.

[2158] Swimming

[2159] Statistical analysis indicated a significant treatment effect on swimming behavior (ANOVA, F(5,46)=5.5, p=0.0005). Post hoc analyses revealed that a single p.o. administration of 10 mg/kg of fluoxetine produced a significant increase in swimming behavior compared to vehicle-treated animals (Student-Newman-Keuls value of 16.8 (Table 5a). In contrast, a single p.o. administration of 5 mg/kg of fluoxetine did not significantly alter swimming compared to vehicle-treated animals.

[2160] A single p.o. administration of either 1, 3 or 10 mg/kg of Example 151 significantly increased swimming (Student-Newman-Keuls values of 6.9, 14.8 and 13.4, respectively) compared to vehicle-treated animals. There was no significant difference in the magnitude of the increase in swimming between the doses of Example 151. The 3 and 10 mg/kg doses of Example 151 produced a significantly greater increase in swimming compared to animals treated with 5 mg/kg p.o. of fluoxetine. There was no significant difference in the increase in swimming between animals treated with 10 mg/kg of fluoxetine and those treated with Example 151.

[2161] Climbing Behavior

[2162] Statistical analysis revealed that climbing was not significantly altered by a single p.o administration of 1, 3 or 10 mg/kg of Example 151 or 5 or 10 mg/kg of fluoxetine compared to vehicle-treated animals (ANOVA, F(5,46)=0.81, p=0.55)(Table 5a).

[2163] Diving

[2164] Statistical analysis revealed that diving was not significantly altered by a single p.o. administration of 1, 3 or 10 mg/kg of Example 151 or 5 or 10 mg/kg of fluoxetine compared to vehicle-treated animals (ANOVA, F(5,46)=0.36, p=0.87)(Table 5a).

10TABLE 5aThe effect of a single p.o. administration ofvehicle, 1, 3 and 10 mg/kg of Example 151 and 5 and 10 mg/kgof fluoxetine on immobility, climbing, diving andswimming in the forced swim t st in male Sprague-Dawleyrats.TreatmentImmobilityClimbingSwimmingDivingVehicle46 ± 1.82.7 ± 0.711.4 ± 1.20.4 ± 0.4 1 mg/kg EX15141 ± 2.02.3 ± 0.616.8 ± 1.4d0.2 ± 0.2 3 mg/kg EX15138 ± 2.0a2.4 ± 0.519.5 ± 1.5e0.3 ± 0.210 mg/kg EX15139 ± 1.8b2.2 ± 0.518.9 ± 1.5e0.3 ± 0.2 5 mg/kg Fluox45 ± 1.3c1.2 ± 0.413.9 ± 1.00.0 ± 0.010 mg/kg Fluox38 ± 2.3a2.0 ± 0.619.8 ± 1.8e0.6 ± 0.6Each value represents the mean ± S.E.M. A total of 8-9 animals were examined for each treatment group. Fluox = Fluoxetine, EX151 = Example 151. Experiments were conducted 1 hr. after the appropriate treatment. aSignificantly less than Vehicle (p < 0.01), ANOVA and Fisher's protected t test. bSignificantly less than Vehicle (p < 0.05), ANOVA and Fisher's protected t test. cSignificantly greater than 3 and 10 mg/kg of Example 151 and 10 mg/kg of fluoxetine, ANOVA and ANOVA and Fisher's protected t test. dSignificantly greater than Vehicle (p < 0.05) and 5 mg/kg of fluoxetine(p < 0.05), ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls test. eSignificantly greater than Vehicle (p < 0.01) and 5 mg/kg of fluoxetine (p < 0.05), ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls test.

[2165] The results of this study indicate that a single p.o. administration of Example 151, at doses of 1,3 and 10 mg/kg, produces a significant increase in swimming behavior. There was no significant difference in the magnitude of the increase in swimming between the doses of Example 151, although the 1 mg/kg dose produced a lower increase. In contrast, only the 3 and 10 mg/kg doses of Example 151 significantly decreased immobility compared to vehicle-treated animals. Thus, it appears that a single p.o. administration of either 3 or 10 mg/kg, compared to 1 mg/kg of Example 151, produce a more robust antidepressant profile in the FST in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Our results also indicate that Example 151 produced changes in swimming and immobility that were not significantly different from that of 10 mg/kg p.o. of fluoxetine. This suggests that Example 151 produces behavioral effects similar to that of 10 mg/kg of fluoxetine in the FST.

[2166] A single p.o. administration of 5 mg/kg of fluoxetine did not significantly alter swimming, climbing, diving or immobility compared to vehicle treated animals. This finding, together with the data indicating that 10 mg/kg of fluoxetine produces a significant effect on swimming and immobility in the FST, suggest that the threshold dose of fluoxetine is greater than 5, but less than 10 mg/kg. This is consistent with ex vivo data indicating that a p.o. dose of 7 mg/kg of fluoxetine is required to inhibit 5-HT uptake in the CNS by 50% (Leonard, 1996).

[2167] In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that a single p.o. administration of Example 151 (particularly the 3 and 10 mg/kg doses) produces behavioral effects in the FST in rats that resemble those of antidepressants.

[2168] C. The Effect of a Single P.O. Administration of Example 103, Fluoxetine and Vehicle on Swimming, Immobility, Climbing and Diving in the Forced Swim Test

[2169] Immobility

[2170] Statistical analysis indicated a significant effect of treatment on immobility (ANOVA, F(4,40)=6.3, p=0.0005). Post hoc analyses revealed that a single p.o. administration of 10 mg/kg of fluoxetine significantly decreased immobility (Student-Newman-Keuls value of 8.3) compared to vehicle-treated animals (Table 5b). The decrease in immobility produced by fluoxetine was significantly greater than that of either 3 or 10 mg/kg p.o. of Example 103 (Student-Newman-Keuls values-of 9.1 and 6.1, respectively).

[2171] A single p.o. administration of either 3 or 10 mg/kg of Example 103 did not significantly alter immobility compared to vehicle-treated animals. However, the 30 mg/kg dose of Example 103 produced a significant decrease in immobility (Student-Newman-Keuls values of 13.9) compared to vehicle-treated animals. In addition, the decrease in immobility produced by 30 mg/kg of Example 103 was significantly greater than that of 3 and 10 mg/kg of Example 103 (Student-Newman-Keuls values of 14.4 and 10.6, respectively). There was no significant difference between fluoxetine and 30 mg/kg of Example 103 in the reduction of immobility.

[2172] Swimming

[2173] Statistical analysis indicated a significant treatment effect on swimming behavior (ANOVA, F(4,40)=9.2, p<0.0001). Post hoc analyses revealed that a single p.o. administration of 10 mg/kg of fluoxetine produced a significant increase in swimming behavior compared to animals treated with vehicle, 3 or 10 mg/kg p.o. of Example 103 (Student-Newman-Keuls values of 14.9, 15.3 and 11.6, respectively) (Table 5b).

[2174] A single p.o. administration of either 3 or 10 mg/kg of Example 103 did not significantly alter swimming behavior compared to vehicle-treated animals. A single p.o. administration of 30 mg/kg of Example 103 produced a significantly greater increase in swimming behavior compared to animals treated with either vehicle, 3 or 10 mg/kg of Example 103 (Student-Newman-Keuls values of 18, 18.6 and 14.5Respectively).

[2175] Climbing Behavior

[2176] Statistical analysis revealed that diving was not significantly altered by a single p.o. administration of 3, 10 or 30 mg/kg of Example 103 or 10 mg/kg of fluoxetine compared to vehicle-treated animals (ANOVA, F(4,40)=1.2, p 0.31)(Table 5b).

[2177] Diving

[2178] Statistical analysis revealed that diving was not significantly altered by a single p.o. administration of 3, 10 or 30 mg/kg of Example 103 or 10 mg/kg of fluoxetine compared to vehicle-treated animals (ANOVA, F(4,40)=1.1, p=0.36) (Table 5b)

11TABLE 5bThe effect of a single p.o. administration ofvehicle, 10 mg/kg of fluoxetine and 3, 10 or 30 mg/kg ofExample 103 on immobility, climbing, diving and swimmingin the forced swim test in male Sprague-Dawley rats.TreatmentImmobilityClimbingSwimmingDivingVehicle44 ± 1.72.9 ± 0.713.1 ± 1.20.4 ± 0.2 3 mg/kg EX10344 ± 2.72.8 ± 0.613.2 ± 1.90.5 ± 0.410 mg/kg EX10342 ± 2.23.5 ± 0.614.3 ± 1.60.4 ± 0.230 mg/kg EX10332 ± 1.8a4.8 ± 0.722.7 ± 1.1c1.1 ± 0.510 mg/kg Fluox34 ± 2.3b3.8 ± 0.821.8 ± 1.4c0.1 ± 0.1Each value represents the mean ± S.E.M. A total of 8-10 animals were examined for each treatment group. Fluox = Fluoxetine, EX103 = Example 103. Experiments were conducted 1 hr. after the appropriate treatment. aSignificantly less than Vehicle, 3 and 10 mg/kg of Example 103, p < 0.01, ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls test. bSignficantly less than Vehicle, 3 and 10 mg/kg of Example 103, p < 0.05, ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls test. cSignficantly greater than Vehicle, 3 and 10 mg/kg of Example 103, P < 0.01, ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls test.

[2179] The results of this study indicated that as previously reported, a single p.o. administration of 10 mg/kg of fluoxetine produced a significant increase in swimming and a significant decrease in immobility in male rats in the FST compared to vehicle-treated animals. The magnitude of these changes are similar to those reported of our past studies with 10 mg/kg p.o. of fluoxetine. In contrast, neither climbing nor diving behavior was significantly altered by a single p.o. administration of 10 mg/kg of fluoxetine.

[2180] A single p.o. administration of either 3 or 10 mg/kg of Example 103 did not significantly alter swimming, climbing, immobility or diving in male rats in the FST, indicating that at these doses using the p.o. route, Example 103 does not exhibit antidepressant action in the FST. In contrast, a single p.o. administration of 30 mg/kg of Example 103 produced a significant increase in swimming and a significant decrease in immobility compared to animals treated with vehicle or 10 mg/kg of Example 103. However, the 30 mg/kg p.o. dose of Example 103 did not significantly alter diving or climbing counts compared to vehicle-treated animals. The increase in swimming counts produced by 30 mg/kg p.o. of Example 103 was comparable to that for 10 mg/kg of fluoxetine.

[2181] In conclusion, a single p.o. administration of 30 mg/kg of Example 103 (one hour before the last swim test) increases swimming and decreases immobility counts in the FST, suggesting that Example 103 has antidepressant properties.

[2182] D. Effect of a Single p.o. Administration of Example 272, Fluoxetine and Vehicle on Swimming, Climbing, Immobility. and Diving in the Forced Swim Test

[2183] Immobility

[2184] Statistical analysis indicated a significant effect of treatment on immobility (ANOVA, F(2,27)=5.2, p=0.0126). Post hoc analyses revealed that a single p.o. administration of 10 mg/kg of fluoxetine and 3 mg/kg of Example 272 significantly decreased immobility (Student-Newman-Keuls values of 5.4 and 9.8, respectively) compared to vehicle-treated animals (Table 5c). There was no significant difference between fluoxetine and 3 mg/kg of Example 272 in the reduction of immobility (Student-Newman-Keuls value of 0.53).

[2185] Swimming

[2186] Statistical analysis indicated a significant treatment effect on swimming behavior (ANOVA, F(2,27)=9.9, p<0.0007). Post hoc analyses revealed that a single p.o. administration of 10 mg/kg of fluoxetine and Example 272 produced a significant increase in swimming behavior compared to animals treated with vehicle (Student-Newman-Keuls values of 11.9 and 17.5, respectively) (Table 5c). There was no significant difference in the increase in swimming between 10 mg/kg of fluoxetine and 3 mg/kg of Example 272 (Student-Newman-Keuls value of 0.42).

[2187] Climbing Behavior

[2188] Statistical analysis revealed that diving was not significantly altered by a single p.o. administration of either 3 mg/kg of Example 272 or 10 mg/kg of fluoxetine compared to vehicle-treated animals (ANOVA, F(2,27)=1.8, p=0.19)(Table 5c).

[2189] Diving

[2190] Statistical analysis revealed that diving was not significantly altered by a single p.o. administration of 3 mg/kg of Example 272 or 10 mg/kg of fluoxetine compared to vehicle-treated animals (ANOVA, F(2,27)=0.65, p=0.53)(Table 5c).

12TABLE 5cThe effect of a single p.o. administration ofvehicle, fluoxetine and Example 272 on immobility,climbing, diving and swimming in the forced swim test inmale Sprague-Dawley rats.TreatmentImmobilityClimbingSwimmingDivingVehicle43 ± 3.32.4 ± 0.413.4 ± 2.20.2 ± 0.1 3 mg/kg EX27233 ± 1.8a3.9 ± 0.622.9 ± 1.3b0.6 ± 0.410 mg/kg FLUOX35 ± 1.7a3.3 ± 0.621.4 ± 1.0b0.2 ± 0.1Each value represents the mean ± S.E.M. A total of 9-10 animals were examined for each treatment group. Abbreviations: FLUOX = Fluoxetine, EX272 = Example 272. Animals received 1 p.o. administration of the appropriate treatment 24 hours before the test day. aSignificantly less than Vehicle, p < 0.05, ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls test. bSignificantly less than Vehicle, p < 0.01, ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls test.

[2191] The finding of this study indicate that a single p.o. administration of 3 mg/kg of the compound Example 272 produced a significant increase in swimming and a significant decrease in immobility 24 hours after administration compared to vehicle-treated animals. However, the administration of Example 272 did not significantly alter climbing or diving compared to vehicle-treated animals. These results are similar to those of a single p.o. administration of 10 mg/kg of fluoxetine. Our finding suggest that a single p.o. administration of 3 mg/kg of Example 272 has the profile of an antidepressant in male Sprague-Dawley rats in the Lucki version of the FST.

[2192] E. Effect of a Single p.o. Administration of Example 98, Fluoxetine and Vehicle on Swimming, Climbing, Immobility and Diving in the Forced Swim Test.

[2193] Immobility

[2194] Statistical analysis indicated a significant effect of treatment on immobility (ANOVA, F(4,43)=7.5, p=0.0001). Post hoc analyses revealed that a single p.o. administration of 10 mg/kg of fluoxetine significantly decreased immobility (Student-Newman-Keuls value of 23.8) compared to vehicle-treated animals (Table 5d).

[2195] A single p.o. administration of 3, 10 or 30 mg/kg of Example 98 significantly decreased immobility compared to vehicle-treated animals (Student-Newman-Keuls values of 19.3, 9.7 and 13.7, respectively). There was no significant difference between fluoxetine and 3, 10 or 30 mg/kg of Example 98 in the magnitude of the reduction of immobility. There were no significant differences between the doses of Example 98Regarding the magnitude of the decrease in immobility.

[2196] Swimming

[2197] Statistical analysis indicated a significant treatment effect on swimming behavior (ANOVA, F(4,43)=11, p<0.0001). Post hoc analyses revealed that a single p.o. administration of 10 mg/kg of fluoxetine produced a significant increase in swimming behavior compared to vehicle-treated animals (Student-Newman-Keuls value of 35.1) (Table 5d).

[2198] A single p.o. administration of 3, 10 or 30 mg/kg of Example 98 significantly increased swimming compared to vehicle-treated animals (Student-Newman-Keuls values of 24.4, 14.7 and 25.1, respectively) (Table 5d). There was no significant difference between fluoxetine and 3, 10 or 30 mg/kg of Example 98 in the magnitude of the increase in swimming. There were no significant differences between the doses of Example 98 Regarding the magnitude of the increase in immobility.

[2199] Climbing Behavior

[2200] There was a significant treatment effect on climbing behavior (ANOVA, F(4,43)=2.8, p=0.04) (Table 5d). Post hoc tests indicated that this was the result of the 3 mg/kg dose of Example 98 producing a significantly greater increase in climbing compared to 30 mg/kg of Example 98 (Table 5d; Student-Newman-Keuls value of 8.6). There was no significant difference in the number of climbing counts between animals treated with vehicle and Example 98.

[2201] Diving

[2202] Statistical analysis revealed that diving was not significantly altered by a single p.o. administration of 3, 10 or 30 mg/kg of Example 98 or 10 mg/kg of fluoxetine compared to vehicle-treated animals (ANOVA, F(4,43)=1.29, p=0.29)(Table 5d).

13TABLE 5dThe effect of a single p.o. administration ofvehicle, 10 mg/kg of fluoxetine and 3, 10 or 30 mg/kg ofExample 98 on immobility, climbing, diving and swimmingin the forced swim test in male Sprague-Dawley rats.TreatmentImmobilityClimbingSwimmingDivingVehicle48 ± 1.22.5 ± 0.5 8.8 ± 0.90.4 ± 0.3 3 mg/kg EX9835 ± 2.6a4.3 ± 0.9b20.4 ± 1.9c0.1 ± 0.110 mg/kg EX9839 ± 1.1a2.4 ± 0.317.6 ± 1.0c0.8 ± 0.430 mg/kg EX9838 ± 2.3a2.0 ± 0.320.3 ± 2.1c0.2 ± 0.210 mg/kg Fluox34 ± 3.0a3.4 ± 0.822.8 ± 2.2c0.1 ± 0.1Each value represents the mean ± S.E.M. A total of 10 animals were examined for each treatment group, except for the fluoxetine and 3 mg/kg groups, where a total of 9 animals were examined. Vehicle = 100% DMA. Fluox = Fluoxetine, EX98 = Example 98. Experiments were conducted 1 hr. after the appropriate treatment. aSignificantly less than Vehicle, p < 0.01, ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls test. bSignificantly greater than 30 mg/kg of Example 98, p < 0.05, ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls test. cSignificantly greater than Vehicle, p < 0.01, ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls test.

[2203] The results of this study clearly indicate that in male Sprague-Dawley rats, a single p.o. administration of 3, 10 or 30 mg/kg of Example 98 produces a significant increase in swimming and a significant decrease in immobility compared to vehicle-treated animals in the FST. In addition, the Example 98 induced alterations were similar in magnitude to that of a single p.o. administration of 10 mg/kg p.o. of fluoxetine. However, neither fluoxetine nor Example 98 produced a significant alteration in climbing or diving compared to vehicle-treated animals.

[2204] In conclusion, these results indicate that a single p.o. administration of Example 98 produces a profile in the modified Lucki version of the FST resembling that of the clinically established antidepressant fluoxetine.

[2205] F. Effect of a Single p.o. Administration of Example 34, Fluoxetine and Vehicle on Swimming, Climbing, Immobility and Diving in the Forced Swim Test.

[2206] Immobility

[2207] Statistical analysis indicated a significant effect of treatment on immobility (ANOVA, F(5,44)=18.1, p<0.0001). Post hoc analyses revealed that a single p.o. administration of 10 mg/kg of fluoxetine significantly decreased immobility (Student-Newman-Keuls value of 39.6) compared to vehicle-treated animals (Table 5e). Fluoxetine also produced a significantly greater decrease in immobility compared to the 0.3 and 10 mg/kg doses of Example 34 (Student-Newman-Keuls values of 15.3 and 29.8, respectively). There was no significant difference in the magnitude of the decrease in immobility between fluoxetine and the 1 and 3 mg/doses of Example 34.

[2208] A single p.o. administration of 0.3, 1 and 3 mg/kg of Example 34 significantly decreased immobility compared to vehicle-treated animals (Student-Newman-Keuls values of 7.03, 41.6 and 42.0, respectively) (Table 5e). However, a single p.o. administration of 10 mg/kg of Example 34 did not significantly decrease in immobility compared to vehicle-treated animals. The magnitude of the decrease in immobility produced by 1 and 3 mg/kg. doses of Example 34 was significantly greater than that for the 0.3 (Student-Newman-Keuls values of 14.5 and 15.3) and 10 mg/kg (Student-Newman-Keuls of 30.6 and 31.3, respectively) doses of Example 34 (Student-Newman-Keuls of 21.3 and 10.8, respectively).

[2209] Swimming

[2210] Statistical analysis indicated a significant treatment effect on swimming behavior (ANOVA, F(5,44)=33.0, p<0.0001). Post hoc analyses revealed that a single p.o. administration of 10 mg/kg of fluoxetine produced a significant increase in swimming compared to animals treated with vehicle, 0.3 or 10 mg/kg of Example 34 (Student-Newman-Keuls values of 73.7, 30.0 and 53.9, respectively) (Table 5e). There was no significant difference in swimming behavior between fluoxetine and the 1 and 3 mg/kg p.o. of Example 34.

[2211] A single p.o. administration of either 0.3, 1 or 3 mg/kg of Example 34 produced a significant increase in swimming behavior compared to vehicle-treated animals (Student-Newman-Keuls values of 12.1, 72.1 and 80.3, respectively) (Table 5e). In addition, the magnitude of the increase in swimming was greater for the 1 and 3 mg/kg doses (Student-Newman-Keuls values of 50.4 and 57.9, respectively) compared to 0.3 mg/kg of Example 34.

[2212] Climbing Behavior

[2213] Statistical analysis indicated a significant treatment effect on swimming behavior (ANOVA, F(5,44)=3.2., p=0.014) (Table 5e). Post hoc analyses revealed that a single p.o. administration of 1 mg/kg of Example 34 produced a significant increase in climbing compared to vehicle-treated animals (Student-Newman-Keuls value of 9.2) (Table 5e)

[2214] Diving

[2215] Statistical analysis revealed that diving was not significantly altered by a single p.o. administration of 0.3, 1, 3 or 10 mg/kg of Example 34 or 10 mg/kg of fluoxetine compared to vehicle-treated animals (ANOVA, F(5,44)=0.75, p=0.59)(Table Se).

14TABLE 5eThe effect of a single p.o. administration ofvehicle, 10 mg/kg of fluoxetine and Example 34 onimmobility, climbing, diving and swimming in the forcedswim test in male Sprague-Dawley rats.TreatmentImmobilityClimbingSwimmingDivingVehicle52 ± 1.32.1 ± 0.6 6.0 ± 0.60.8 ± 0.70.3 mg/kg EX3445 ± 1.5a3.3 ± 0.711.6 ± 0.9d0.2 ± 0.1 1 mg/kg EX3435 ± 1.9b5.0 ± 0.8c19.6 ± 1.3d,e0.3 ± 0.2 3 mg/kg EX3435 ± 2.0b4.3 ± 0.820.8 ± 1.3d,e0.3 ± 0.3 10 mg/kg EX3449 ± 1.42.0 ± 0.4 8.2 ± 1.20.4 ± 0.3 10 mg/kg Fluox34 ± 3.3b4.5 ± 1.221.3 ± 1.8d,e1.0 ± 0.8Each value represents the mean ± S.E.M. A total of 9 animals were examined for each treatment group, except for the 3 mg/kg Example 34 and fluoxetine groups, were a total of 8 and 6 animals were examined, respectively. Fluox = Fluoxetine, EX34 = Example 34. Experiments were conducted 1 hr. after the appropriate treatment. aSignificantly less than Vehicle, p < 0.05, ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls test. bSignificantly less than Vehicle, 0.3 and 10 mg/kg of Example 34, ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls test. cSignificantly greater than Vehicle, p < 0.05, ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls test. dSignificantly greater than Vehicle (p < 0.01) and 10 mg/kg Example 34 (all p < 0.01 except for 0.3 mg/kg of Example 34, p < 0.05), ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls test. eSignificantly greater 0.3 mg/kg of Example 34, p < 0.05, ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls test.

[2216] The results of this study indicate that a single p.o. administration (one hour before the final swim test) of either 0.3, 1 or 3 mg/kg of Example 34 produced a significant increase in swimming and a significant decrease in immobility compared to vehicle-treated animals. However, a single p.o. administration of 10 mg/kg of Example 34 did not significantly alter swimming or climbing compared to vehicle-treated animals. Currently, the explanation for the lack of effect of 10 mg/kg p.o. of Example 34 is unknown. The 1 mg/kg dose of Example 34 produced a significant increase in climbing compared to vehicle-treated animals. The magnitude of the alterations in swimming and immobility produced by 1 and 3 mg/kg p.o. of Example 34 was significantly greater than that for the 0.3 and 10 mg/kg doses of Example 34. Finally, none of the doses of Example 34 significantly altered diving behavior compared to vehicle-treated controls.

[2217] As previously reported, a single p.o. administration of 10 mg/kg of fluoxetine produced a significant increase in swimming and a significant decrease in immobility compared to vehicle-treated controls. The effect of fluoxetine on swimming and immobility was similar to that for the 1 and 3 mg/kg doses of Example 34 but was significantly greater than that of 0.3 and 10 mg/kg of Example 34. A single p.o. administration of 10 mg/kg of fluoxetine did not significantly alter climbing or diving behavior compared to vehicle-treated controls.

[2218] In conclusion, these results indicate that a single p.o. administration of 0.3, 1 or 3 mg/kg Example 34 produces an effect in the FST that resembles that of antidepressants in male Sprague-Dawley rats.

[2219] G. Effect of a Single p.o. Administration of Example 49, Fluoxetine and Vehicle on Swimming, Climbing, Immobility and Diving in the Forced Swim Test.

[2220] Immobility

[2221] Statistical analysis indicated a significant effect of treatment on immobility (ANOVA, F(4,41)=6.5, p=0.0004) Post hoc analyses revealed that a single p.o. administration of 10 mg/kg of fluoxetine significantly decreased immobility (Student-Newman-Keuls value of 15.6) compared to vehicle-treated animals (Table 5f).

[2222] A single p.o. administration of either 3 or 10 mg/kg of Example 49 did not significantly alter immobility compared to vehicle-treated animals. However, the 30 mg/kg dose of Example 49 produced a significant decrease in immobility (Student-Newman-Keuls values of 8.0) compared to vehicle-treated animals. In addition, the decrease in immobility produced by either fluoxetine or 30 mg/kg of Example 49 was significantly greater than that of the 10 mg/kg dose of Example 49. There was no significant difference between fluoxetine and 30 mg/kg of Example 49 in the reduction of immobility.

[2223] Swimming

[2224] Statistical analysis indicated a significant treatment effect, on swimming behavior (ANOVA, F(4,41)=16.2, p<0.0001). Post hoc analyses revealed that a single p.o. administration of 10 mg/kg of fluoxetine produced a significant increase in swimming behavior compared to animals treated with vehicle, 3, 10 or 30 mg/kg p.o. of Example 49 (Student-Newman-Keuls values of 42.7, 20.9, 47.5 and 8.4, respectively) (Table 5f).

[2225] A single p.o. administration of either 3 or 10 mg/kg of Example 49 did not significantly alter swimming behavior compared to vehicle-treated animals. A single p.o. administration of 30 mg/kg of Example 49 produced a significantly greater increase in swimming behavior compared to animals treated with vehicle, 3 or 10 mg/kg of Example 49 (Student-Newman-Keuls values of 14 and 16.9, respectively).

[2226] Climbing Behavior

[2227] There was a significant treatment effect on climbing behavior (ANOVA, F(4,42)=5.9, p=0.007) Post hoc tests indicated that this was the results of the vehicle, 3, 10 and 30 mg/kg doses of Example 49 producing a significantly greater increase in climbing counts compared to fluoxetine-treated animals (Table 5f; Student-Newman-Keuls values of 7.9, 18.1, 14.05 and 12.9, respectively). There was no significant difference in the number of climbing counts between animals treated with vehicle and Example 49.

[2228] Diving

[2229] Statistical analysis revealed that diving was not significantly altered by a single p.o. administration of 3, 10 or 30 mg/kg of Example 49 or 10 mg/kg of fluoxetine compared to vehicle-treated animals (ANOVA, F(4,41)=1.06, p=0.38)(Table 5f).

15TABLE 5fThe effect of a single p.o. administration ofvehicle, 10 mg/kg of fluoxetine and 3, 10 or 30 mg/kg ofExample 49 on immobility, climbing, diving and swimmingin the forced swim test in male Sprague-Dawley rats.TreatmentImmobilityClimbingSwimmingDivingVehicle47 ± 1.21.8 ± 0.310.6 ± 1.10.2 ± 0.2 3 mg/kg EX4943 ± 1.93.0 ± 0.713.1 ± 1.41.0 ± 0.710 mg/kg EX4948 ± 1.72.4 ± 0.710.0 ± 1.00.0 ± 0.030 mg/kg EX4941 ± 2.0a2.3 ± 0.416.7 ± 1.3d0.4 ± 0.410 mg/kg Fluox38 ± 1.3b0.0 ± 0.0c21.6 ± 1.1e0.8 ± 0.5Each value represents the mean ± S.E.M. A total of 10 animals were examined for each treatment group, except for the fluoxetine and 3 mg/kg groups, where a total of 9 and 7 animals were examined, respectively. Fluox = Fluoxetine, EX49 = Example 49. Experiments were conducted 1 hr. after the appropriate treatment. aSignificantly less than Vehicle and 10 mg/kg of Example 49, p < 0.05, ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls test. bSignficantly less than Vehicle and 10 mg/kg of Example 49, p < 0.01, ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls test. cSignficantly less than all other treatment groups, p < 0.01, ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls test. dSignficantly greater than vehicle and 10 mg/kg of Example 49, p < 0.01, ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls test. eSignficantly greater than all other treatment groups, p < 0.01, ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls test.

[2230] The results of this study indicated that as previously reported, a single p.o. administration of 10 mg/kg of fluoxetine produced a significant increase in swimming and a significant decrease in immobility in male rats in the FST compared to vehicle-treated animals. The magnitude of these changes are similar to those reported of our past studies with 10 mg/kg p.o. of fluoxetine. In contrast, climbing behavior was significantly decreased by a single p.o. administration of 10 mg/kg of fluoxetine compared to all other treatment groups. However, this could be related to the fact that fluoxetine has a much greater effect on swimming than climbing and it is likely that fluoxetine is not producing climbing as opposed to actually decreasing climbing. Finally, fluoxetine, as previously reported, does not significantly alter diving compared to vehicle-treated behavior.

[2231] A single p.o. administration of either 3 or 10 mg/kg of Example 49 did not significantly alter swimming, climbing, immobility or diving in male rats in the FST, indicating that at these doses using the p.o. route, Example 49 does not exhibit antidepressant action in the FST. In contrast, a single p.o. administration of 30 mg/kg of Example 49 produced a significant increase in swimming and a significant decrease in immobility compared to animals treated with vehicle, or 3 and 10 mg/kg of Example 49. However, the 30 mg/kg p.o. dose of Example 49 did not significantly alter diving or climbing counts compared to vehicle-treated animals. The increase in swimming counts produced by 30 mg/kg p.o. of Example 49 was comparable to that of 10 mg/kg of fluoxetine, although Example 49 was less effective than fluoxetine in reducing immobility.

[2232] In conclusion, a single p.o. administration of 30 mg/kg of Example 49 (one hour before the last swim test) increases swimming and decreases immobility counts in the FST, suggesting that Example 49 may have antidepressant properties in this model.

[2233] H. Effect of a Single p.o. Administration of Example 22, Fluoxetine and Vehicle on Swimming, Climbing, Immobility and Diving in the Forced Swim Test

[2234] Immobility

[2235] Statistical analysis indicated a significant effect of treatment on immobility (ANOVA, F(4,44)=20.2, p<0.0001). Post hoc analyses revealed that a single p.o. administration of 10 mg/kg of fluoxetine significantly decreased immobility (Student-Newman-Keuls value of 20.1) compared to vehicle-treated animals (Table 5g).

[2236] A single p.o. administration of 10 or 30 mg/kg doses of Example 22 produced a significant decrease in immobility compared to vehicle-treated animals (Student-Newman-Keuls values of 12.2 and 55.0, respectively). In addition, the decrease in immobility produced the either fluoxetine or the 10 and 30 mg/kg doses of Example 22 (Student-Newman-Keuls values of 21.2, 13.0 and 56.8, respectively) was significantly greater than that of the 3 mg/kg dose of Example 22. The decrease in immobility produced by 30 mg/kg i.p. of Example 22 was significantly greater than that of the 10 mg/kg dose (Student-Newman-Keuls value 16.2). In addition, the magnitude of the decrease in immobility produced by 30 mg/kg of Example 22 was significantly greater than that of fluoxetine (Student-Newman-Keuls value of 9.3).

[2237] Swimming

[2238] Statistical analysis indicated a significant treatment effect on swimming behavior (ANOVA, F(4,44)=35.00, p<0.0001). Post hoc analyses revealed that a single i.p. administration of 10 mg/kg of fluoxetine produced a significant increase in swimming compared to animals treated with vehicle, 3 or 10 mg/kg of Example 22 (Student-Newman-Keuls values of 49.6, 51.3 and 5.8, respectively) (Table 5g).

[2239] A single p.o. administration of 3 mg/kg did not significant alter swimming behavior compared to vehicle-treated animals (Table 5g). However, a single p.o. administration of 30 mg/kg of Example 22 produced a significantly greater increase in swimming behavior compared to animals treated with vehicle, 3 or 10 mg/kg of Example 22 and fluoxetine (Student-Newman-Keuls values of 85.9, 88.1, 22.7 and 5.84, respectively).

[2240] Climbing Behavior

[2241] There was a significant treatment effect on climbing behavior (ANOVA, F(4,44)=4.1, p=0.0066). Post hoc tests indicated that a single p.o. administration of 30 mg/kg dose of Example 22 produced a significant increase in climbing compared to animals treated with vehicle, 3 or 10 mg/kg of Example 22 and fluoxetine (Student-Newman-Keuls values of 10.5, 11.1, 5.8 and 11.8, respectively).

[2242] Diving

[2243] Statistical analysis revealed that diving was not significantly altered by a single i.p. administration of 3, 10 or 30 mg/kg of Example 22 or 10 mg/kg of fluoxetine compared to vehicle-treated animals (ANOVA, F(4,44)=0.58, p=0.68)(Table 5g).

16TABLE 5gThe effect of a single p.o. administration ofvehicle, 10 mg/kg of fluoxetine and Example 22 onimmobility, climbing, diving and swimming in th forcedswim test in male Sprague-Dawley rats.TreatmentImmobilityClimbingSwimmingDivingVehicle50 ± 1.62.1 ± 0.7 7.8 ± 1.00.3 ± 0.3 3 mg/kg EX2250 ± 0.92.0 ± 0.6 7.6 ± 0.50.4 ± 0.410 mg/kg EX2241 ± 1.3c2.9 ± 0.515.3 ± 0.8g0.4 ± 0.330 mg/kg EX2231 ± 2.8b5.2 ± 1.0a23.2 ± 2.0f0.0 ± 0.010 mg/kg Fluox39 ± 1.7d1.9 ± 0.519.2 ± 1.2e0.0 ± 0.0Each value represents the mean ± S.E.M. A total of 10 animals were examined for each treatment group, except for the 30 mg/kg dose of Example 22, where a total of 9 animals were examined. Fluox = Fluoxetine, EX22 = Example 22. Experiments were conducted 1 hr. after the appropriate treatment. aSignificantly greater than the vehicle (p < 0.01), 3 mg/kg Example 22 (p < 0.01), 10 mg/kg Example 22 (p < 0.05) and 10 mg/kg of fluoxetine (p < 0.05), ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls test. bSignificantly less than all other treatment groups, p < 0.01, ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls test. cSignificantly less than vehicle, 3 and 30 mg/kg of Example 22 (p < 0.01) and 10 mg/kg of fluoxetine (p < 0.05), ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls. dSignificantly less than vehicle, 3 and 30 mg/kg of Example 22, p < 0.01, ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls test. eSignificantly greater than the vehicle, 3 and 10 mg/kg of Example 22, p < 0.01, ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls test. fSignificantly greater than the vehicle, 3 and 10 mg/kg of Example 22, p < 0.01 and fluoxetine, p < 0.05, ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls test. gSignificantly greater than the vehicle and 3 mg/kg of Example 22, p < 0.05, ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls test.

[2244] The results of this study indicated that as previously reported, a single p.o. administration of 10 mg/kg of fluoxetine produced a significant increase in swimming and a significant decrease in immobility in male Sprague-Dawley rats in the FST compared to vehicle-treated animals. The magnitude of these changes are similar to those reported of our past studies with 10 mg/kg p.o. of fluoxetine. In contrast, neither climbing nor diving behavior was significantly altered by a single i.p. administration of 10 mg/kg of fluoxetine.

[2245] A single p.o. administration of 3 mg/kg of Example 22 did not significantly alter swimming in male rats in the FST. In contrast, a single p.o. administration of 10 or 30 mg/kg of Example 22 produced a significant increase in swimming and a significant decrease in immobility compared to animals treated with vehicle or 3 mg/kg of Example 22. In addition, the magnitude of the increase in swimming behavior produced by 30 mg/kg p.o. of Example 22 was significantly greater than that of 10 mg/kg of Example 22 and 10 mg/kg of fluoxetine. The rank order of the treatments for increasing swimming is: 30 mg/kg Example 22>fluoxetine>10 mg/kg Example 22>3 mg/kg Example 22

[2246] Climbing behavior was significantly greater in animals treated with 30 mg/kg p.o. of Example 22 compared to animals treated p.o. with either vehicle, 3 or 10 mg/kg of Example 22 or 10 mg/kg of fluoxetine. None of the other treatments besides 30 mg/kg of Example 22 significantly altered climbing behavior compared to vehicle-treated animals. The rank order of the treatments for increasing climbing is: 30 mg/kg Example 22>>3 Mg/kg Example 22=10 mg/kg Example 22=fluoxetine.

[2247] A single p.o. administration of 3 mg/kg of Example 22 did not significantly alter swimming compared to vehicle-treated animals. However, the 10 and 30 mg/kg doses produced a significantly greater decrease in immobility compared to vehicle-treated animals, with the effect at 30 mg/kg being greater then that of 10 mg/kg. Furthermore, 30 mg/kg p.o. of Example 22 produced a significantly greater decrease in immobility than 10 mg/kg p.o. of fluoxetine. The rank order of the treatments for decreasing immobility is 30 mg/kg Example 22>10 mg/kg Example 22=fluoxetine>3 mg/kg Example 22.

[2248] In conclusion, a single p.o. administration of 10 or 30 mg/kg of Example 22 significantly increases swimming and significantly decreases immobility in vehicle-treated male Sprague-Dawley rats. This suggests that at these doses, Example 22 has antidepressant properties.

[2249] I. Effect of a Single p.o. Administration of Example 95, Fluoxetine and Vehicle on Swimming, Climbing, Immobility and Diving in the Forced Swim Test

[2250] Statistical analysis indicated that a single p.o. administration of 10 or 30 mg/kg Example 95 significantly increased rat immobility and significantly decreased swim behavior in the rat forced swim test at both doses (Table 5h, p<0.01, ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls, respectively).

17TABLE 5hThe effect of a single p.o. administration ofvehicle, 10 mg/kg of fluoxetine and 3, 10 or 30 mg/kg ofExample 95 on immobility, climbing, diving and swimmingin the forced swim test in male Sprague-Dawley rats.TreatmentImmobilityClimbingSwimmingDivingVehicle42 ± 1.72.3 ± 0.514.7 ± 1.00.1 ± 0.1 3 mg/kg EX9540 ± 3.32.6 ± 0.817.1 ± 2.50.0 ± 0.010 mg/kg EX9552 ± 1.2a1.3 ± 0.5 6.9 ± 0.9b0.1 ± 0.130 mg/kg EX9554 ± 0.9a1.0 ± 0.3 4.8 ± 0.7b0.0 ± 0.010 mg/kg Fluox38 ± 2.21.9 ± 0.620.0 ± 1.5c0.1 ± 0.1Each value represents the mean ± S.E.M. A total of 8 animals were examined for each treatment group, except for the vehicle, where a total of 10 animals were examined. Fluox = Fluoxetine; EX95 = Example 95. Experiments were conducted 1 hr. after the appropriate treatment. aSignificantly less than Vehicle, 3 mg/kg of Example 95 and 10 mg/kg of fluoxetine, p < 0.01, ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls test. bSignificantly less than Vehicle, 3 mg/kg of Example 95 and 10 mg/kg of fluoxetine, p < 0.01, ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls test. cSignificantly greater than Vehicle (p < 0.05), 10 and 30 mg/kg of Example 95 (p < 0.01), ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls test.

[2251] A single p.o. administration of 10 mg/kg of fluoxetine produced a significant increase in swimming behavior compared to vehicle-treated animals. In addition, fluoxetine significantly decreased immobility compared to vehicle-treated animals. A single p.o. administration of 3 mg/kg of. Example 95 did not significantly alter swimming, climbing, immobility or diving behavior compared to vehicle-treated animals. In contrast, a single p.o. administration of either 10 or 30 mg/kg of Example 95 produced a significant increase in immobility and a significant decrease in swimming behavior compared to vehicle-treated animals. There was no significant difference in the magnitude of change in swimming and immobility between the 10 and 30 mg/kg doses of Example 95.

[2252] These data indicate that at a doses of 10 and 30 mg/kg p.o., Example 95 produced effects opposite of that seen with antidepressants in the rat forced swim test, suggesting that Example 95 does not produce antidepressant-like actions in the forced swim test in male Sprague-Dawley rats.

[2253] 2. Social Interaction Test

[2254] A. The Effect Of Example 92 And Chlordiazepoxide On Behavior In The Rat Social Interaction Test

[2255] A single i.p. administration of either 10 or 30 mg/kg of Example 92 significantly increased social interaction (Table 6 and FIG. 4), as did the benzodiazepine anxiolytic, chlordiazepoxide (Student-Newman-Keuls value of 31.3) compared to vehicle-treated animals [ANOVA, F(4,45)=10.3, p<0.0001; Student-Newman-Keuls values for the 10 and 30 mg/kg doses were 8.61 and 19.55, respectively]. However, the 100 mg/kg i.p. dose of Example 92 did not significantly alter social interaction time compared to vehicle-treated animals (Table 6 and FIG. 4). The degree of social interaction was greater in the chlordiazepoxide-treated animals compared to those that received either the 10 or 30 mg/kg doses of Example 92.

18TABLE 6The Effect Of A Single Injection Of Vehicle,Chlordiazepoxide And Example 92 On The Social InteractionAnd Rearing Of Unfamiliar Cage Mates In A Familiar ArenaDrug Social Treatment (i.p.)Interaction (sec)aVehicle, 1 ml/kg 96 ± 12Chlordiazepoxide, 5 mg/kg188 ± 15bExample 92, 10 mg/kg144 ± 12bExample 92, 30 mg/kg169 ± 13cExample 92, 100 mg/kg117 ± 6daEach value represents the mean seconds of social interaction ± S.E.M. bSignificantly greater than Vehicle, p < 0.05, ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls test. cSignificantly greater than Vehicle, p < 0.01, ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls test. dSignificantly less than 30 mg/kg dose and chlordiazepoxide, p < 0.01, ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls.

[2256] B. The Effect Of Example 92 And Chlordiazepoxide On Rearing Behavior, Locomotor Activity And Grooming In The Rat Social Interaction Test

[2257] The administration of 10 and 30 mg/kg, but not 100 mg/kg of Example 92, significantly increased rearing behavior compared to either vehicle or chlordiazepoxide [ANOVA, F(4,45)=2.6, p=0.046; See Table 13]. In addition, the number of rearings at the 10 mg/kg dose of Example 92 was significantly greater than that produced by chlordiazepoxide (Table 13).

[2258] The administration of either Example 92 or chlordiazepoxide did not significantly alter the number of grooming bouts compared to vehicle-treated animals [F(4,45)=67, p=0.62].

[2259] A single injection of either 10 or 30 mg/kg i.p. of Example 92 or 5 mg/kg i.p. of chlordiazepoxide did not significantly alter the number of squares crossed (Table 13). However, the number of squares crossed following the 100 mg/kg dose of Example 92 was significantly lower than animals treated with either vehicle, 10 mg/kp ip. of Example 92, 30 mg/kg i.p. of Example 92 or 5 mg/kg i.p. of chlordiazepoxide. [ANOVA, F(4,43)=6.94, p=0.0002].

19TABLE 13The Effect of a Single Injection of Vehicle,Chlordiazepoxide and Example 92 on the Number ofRearings, Squares Crossed and Grooming Bouts in the RatSocial Interaction Test.SquaresGroomingDrug Treatment (i.p.)RearingsCrossedBoutsVehicle, 1 ml/kg33 ± 4393 ± 265.1 ± 1.1Chlordiazepoxide,30 ± 2287 ± 287.3 ± 1.35 mg/kgExample 92, 10 mg/kg47 ± 8a298 ± 406.1 ± 0.5Example 92, 30 mg/kg45 ± 5b368 ± 366.2 ± 0.7Example 92, 100 mg/kg31 ± 4195 ± 19c6.8 ± 1.3All values represent the mean ± S.E.M. aSignificantly greater than chlordiazepoxide, p < 0.05, ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls test bSignificantly greater than vehicle and chlordiazepoxide, p < 0.05, ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls test. cSignificantly less than 10 & 30 mg/kg of Example 92 (p < 0.01), vehicle (p < 0.01) and chlordiazepoxide (p < 0.05), ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls test.

[2260] At doses of 10 and 30 mg/kg i.p., Example 92 produced a significant increase in social interaction time in male rats compared to vehicle-treated animals. Also, the anxiolytic agent (5 mg/kg i.p. chlordiazepoxide) produced a significant increase in social interaction time compared to vehicle-treated animals. The response produced by the 30 mg/kg dose of Example 92 was comparable to that of the positive control, chlordiazepoxide. The 30 mg/kg dose of Example 92 produced a significant increase in rearing compared to vehicle- and chlordiazepoxide-treated animals. Previously, it has been shown that in the Social Interaction Test, psychostimulants such as amphetamine and caffeine, increase social interaction and locomotor activity, whereas anxiolytics increase social interaction time. (File, 1985; File and Hyde, 1979; Guy and Gardner, 1985). Consistent with an increase in social interaction, Example 92 increased rearing behavior. However, it did not produce an increase in horizontal locomotor activity or grooming bouts. In addition, Example 92 did not elicit stereotypes or produce aggressive behaviors. In fact, locomotor activity as measured by squares crossed was significantly reduced at the 100 mg/kg i.p. dose of Example 92 compared to vehicle-treated animals. This decrease in locomotor activity did not appear to be accompanied by ataxia or sedation. Thus, it is unlikely that Example 92 is producing a non-specific effect on social interaction through motor stimulation. In order to justify this claim, in another study (not reported), the effect of Example 92 was dosed to familiar cage mates in the social interaction test and no significant increase in interaction in this variation of the Social Interaction Test was observed. In this test, the anxiogenic stimulus of a novel partner is removed and therefore only locomotor activity and normal behavior are observed (Guy and Gardner, 1985). In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that Example 92, at doses of 10 and 30 mg/kg i.p., significantly increases social interaction time without producing an increase in horizontal locomotor activity or grooming bouts. Furthermore, the effect produced by the 30 mg/kg of Example 92 was comparable to that observed for 5 mg/kg of chlordiazepoxide, the active control. No increase in social interaction was observed at the 100 mg/kg dose of Example 92. However, a decrease in the number of squares crossed was observed. In summary, Example 92 has the profile of an anxiolytic drug in the Social Interaction Test.

[2261] C. The Effect of a Single P.O. Administration of Example 34, Vehicle and Chlordiazepoxide on the Duration of Social Interaction in the Rat Social Interaction Test.

[2262] There was a significant treatment effect on the duration of social interaction (ANOVA, F(5,40)=11.8, p<0.001). Subsequent post hoc analyses indicated that a single p.o. administration of either 0.03, 0.1, 0.3 and 1 mg/kg of Example 34 (Student-Newman-Keuls test values of 8.0, 10.6, 4.3 and 13.2, respectively) significantly increased social interaction, as did chlordiazepoxide (Student-Newman-Keuls value of 57.1), compare to vehicle-treated animals (Table 6a). The duration of social interaction produced by chlordiazepoxide was significantly greater than that of 0.03, 0.1, 0.3 and 1 mg/kg p.o. of Example 34 (Student-Newman-Keuls values of 19.6, 18.6, 26.2 and 17.6, respectively). There was no significant difference in the duration of social interaction between the various doses of Example 34 (Table 6a).

20TABLE 6aThe effect of a single p.o. administration ofvehicle, chlordiazepoxide and Example 34 on socialinteraction time in unfamiliar cage mates in a familiararenaDrug Treatment (p.o.)Social Interaction (sec)Vehicle, 1 ml/kg 27 ± 14AChlordiazepoxide, 5 mg/kg122 ± 18$Example 34, 0.03 mg/kg 62 ± 11*Example 34, 0.1 mg/kg 66 ± 7*Example 34, 0.3 mg/kg 53 ± 6*Example 34, 1 mg/kg 69 ± 6#Animals received one p.o administration of the appropriate treatment and all experiments were conducted one hour after the last injection. AEach value represents the mean seconds of social interaction ± S.E.M. A total of 6-8 animals were examined for each treatment group. *Significantly greater than Vehicle, p < 0.05, ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls test. #Significantly greater than Vehicle, p < 0.01, ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls test. $Significantly greater than all other treatment groups, p < 0.01, ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls test.

[2263] D. The Effect of a Single p.o. Administration of Example 34, Vehicle and Chlordiazepoxide on Rearing Behavior, Locomotor Activity and Grooming in the Social Interaction Test.

[2264] Statistical analysis indicated a significant effect of treatment on rearing behavior (ANOVA, F(5,40)=3.5, p=0.01; Table 14). Post hoc analyses revealed that the the number of rears following 0.3 mg/kg of Example 34 was significantly lower than that of 0.1 and 1 mg/kg p.o. of Example 34 (Student-Newman-Keuls values of 8.8 and 9.4, respectively).

[2265] Statistical analysis indicated a significant effect of treatment on number of squares crossed (F(5,40)=2.9, p=0.03). Post hoc analyses indicated that a single p.o. administration of 0.3 mg/kg of Example 34 produced a significantly greater effect on the number of squares crossed compared to vehicle-treated animals (Student-Newman-Keuls values of 10.4).

[2266] Statistical analysis indicated a significant effect of treatment on grooming behavior (F(5,40)=4.3, p=0.004). Post hoc analyses indicated that the number of grooming episodes was significantly lower in the 0.03 mg/kg group compared to animals treated with 0.1, 0.3 or 1 mg/kg p.o. of Example 34 (Student-Newman-Keuls values of 11, 8 and 9.7, respectively (Table 14). In additon, the number of grooming episodes was significantly greater in animals treated with 0.1 mg/kg p.o. of Example 34 compared to those treated with vehicle (Table 14).

21TABLE 14The effect of a single p.o. administration ofvehicle, chlordiazepoxide and Example 34 on the number ofrearings, grooming episodes and squares crossed in thesocial interaction test in unfamiliar cage mates in afamiliar arenaSquaresGroomingDrug Treatment (p.o.)RearingCrossedboutsVehicle, 1 ml/kg34 ± 3250 ± 314.6 ± 0.7Chlordiazepoxide, 5 mg/kg35 ± 2265 ± 305.3 ± 0.7Example 34, 0.03 mg/kg27 ± 3*312 ± 234.0 ± 0.4&Example 34, 0.1 mg/kg40 ± 5295 ± 407.6 ± 0.5+Example 34, 0.3 mg/kg27 ± 2$363 ± 177.2 ± 1.1Example 34, 1 mg/kg40 ± 1343 ± 15@7.3 ± 0.8Animals received one p.o administration of the appropriate treatment and all experiments were conducted one hour after the last injection. All values represent the mean ± S.E.M. A total of 6-8 animals were examined for each treatment group. *Significantly less than 0.1 mg/kg of Example 34, p < 0.05, ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls test. $Significantly less than 0.1 and 1 mg/kg of Example 34, p < 0.05, ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls test. @Significantly greater than Vehicle, p < 0.05, ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls test. &Significantly less than 0.1, 0.3 and 1 mg/kg of Example 34, p < 0.05, ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls test. +Significantly greater than Vehicle, p < 0.05, ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls test.

[2267] One of the main findings of this study was that in paired, unfamiliar male Sprague-Dawley rats, a single p.o. administration of either 0.03, 0.1, 0.3 or 1 mg/kg p.o. of Example 34 produced a significant increase (2-2.6 fold) in the duration of social interaction compared to animals treated with vehicle. In addition, there was no significant difference in the magnitude of increase in social interaction between the various doses of Example 34, i.e. there was no dose-response relationship. As previously reported, a single p.o. administration of 5 mg/kg of chlordiazepoxide produced a significant increase in the duration of social interaction compared to vehicle-treated animals.

[2268] Rearing behavior was not significantly altered by any of the doses of Example 34 or by chlordiazepoxide compared to vehicle-treated animals, although there were differences between the doses of Example 34. The number of squares crossed was significantly greater following a single p.o. administration of 1 mg/kg of Example 34 compared to vehicle-treated animals, whereas there were no significant differences between the other doses of Example 34 and vehicle. Thus, overall, Example 34 does not significantly alter locomotor activity, suggesting that it does not produce locomotor activation or stimulation.

[2269] Grooming behavior following a single p.o. administration tended to be greater after 0.1, 0.3 and 1 mg/kg. of Example 34 compared to animals that had received vehicle, although this was only statistically significant for the 0.1 mg/kg dose. Furthermore, the number of grooming episodes was significantly lower after a single p.o. administration of 0.03 mg/kg of Example 34 compared to 0.1, 0.3 and 1 mg/kg of Example 34.

[2270] In conclusion, the above results suggest that a single p.o. administration of 0.03, 0.1, 0.3 or 1 mg/kg of Example 34 produces an anxioltyic action in the social interaction test in male Sprague-Dawley rats.

[2271] III Binding Properties of Compounds at Cloned Receptors

[2272] A. Materials and Methods

[2273] The binding properties of the compounds of the present invention were evaluated at. one or more cloned receptors or native, tissue-derived transporters, using protocols described below.

[2274] Cell Culture

[2275] COS-7 cells were grown on 150 mm plates in D-MEM with supplements (Dulbecco'ts. Modified Eagle Medium with 10% bovine calf serum, 4 mM glutamine, 100 units/ml penicillin, 100 μg/ml streptomycin) at 37° C. with 5% CO2. Stock plates of COS-7 cells were trypsinized and split 1:6 every 3-4 days. Human embryonic kidney 293 cells were grown on 150 mm plates in D-MEM with supplements (minimal essential medium) with Hanks' salts and supplements (Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium with 10% bovine calf serum, 4 mM glutamine, 100 units/ml penicillin, 160 μg /ml streptomycin) at 37° C. with 5% CO2. Stock plates of 293 cells were trypsinized and split 1:6 every 3-4 days. Mouse fibroblast LM(tk−) cells were grown on 150 mm plates in D-MEM with supplements (Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium with 10% bovine calf serum, 4 mM glutamine, 100 units/mL penicillin, 100 μg/mL streptomycin) at 37° C. with 5% CO2. Stock plates of LM(tk−) cells were trypsinized and split 1:10 every 3-4 days. Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells were grown on 150 mm plates in HAM's F12 medium with (HAM's F-12 with 10% bovine calf serum, 4 mM glutamine, 100 units/mL penicillin, 100 μg/mL streptomycin) at 37° C. with 5% CO2. Stock plates of CHO cells were trypsinized and split 1:8 every 3-4 days. LM(tk−) cells were stably transfected with the human GAL1 or GAL3 receptor. CHO cells were stably transfected with the human GAL2 receptor.

[2276] Stable Transfection

[2277] cDNAs for the human and rat GAL1, and human and rat GAL3 receptors were transfected with a G-418 resistant gene into the mouse fibroblast LM(tk−) cell line by a calcium phosphate transfection method (Cullen, 1987). Stably transfected cells were selected with G-418. Human and rat GAL2 receptors were similarly transfected into CHO cells.

[2278] Membrane Harvest

[2279] Membranes were harvested from stably transfected LM(tk−) cells. Adherent cells were washed twice in ice-cold phosphate buffered saline (138 mM NaCl, 8.1 mM Na2HPO4, 2.5 mM KCl, 1.2 mM KH2PO4, 0.9 mM CaCl2, 0.5 mM MgCl2, pH 7.4) and lysed by sonication in ice-cold sonication buffer (20 mM Tris-HCl, 5 mM EDTA, pH 7.7). Large particles and debris were cleared by low speed centrifugation; (200×g, 5 min, 4° C.). Membranes were collected from the supernatant fraction by centrifugation (32,000×g, 18 min, 4° C.), washed with ice-cold hypotonic buffer, and collected again by centrifugation (32,000×g, 18 min, 4° C.). The final membrane pellet was resuspended by sonication into a small volume of ice-cold binding buffer (˜1 ml for every 5 plates: 10 mM NaCl, 20 mM HEPES, 0.22 mM KH2PO4, 1.26 mM CaCl2, 0.81 mM MgSO4, pH 7.4). Protein concentration was measured by the Bradford method (Bradford, 1976) using Bio-Rad Reagent, with bovine serum albumin as a standard. Membranes were held on ice for up to one hour and used fresh, or flash frozen and stored in liquid nitrogen. Membranes were prepared similarly from CHO cells.

[2280] As described in the Background of the Invention, compounds that block the effects of galanin on the GAL3 receptor subtype can potentially be used for the treatment of depression and anxiety. Biogenic amine transmitter molecules that mediate neuronal signals are currently known in the art and include among others serotonin (5HT), norepinephrine (NE), and dopamine (DA). Recent advances in the molecular studies of the mechanisms for these transmitter molecules, together with the characterization of their pharmacological properties, has enabled the identification of numerous potential targets for therapeutic intervention. Inhibitors of the 5HT, NE and DA transporter systems, and inhibitors of the enzyme, monoamine oxidase, have been widely studied and are known to enhance the action of biogenic amine neurotransmitters. The resultant clinically effective antidepressant drugs are known today as TCAs, SSRIs and MAOIs. (Tatsumi et al., 1997; Iversen, 2000).

[2281] In the case of galanin, the evidence presented in this invention suggests that GPCR-targeted molecules that bind to and antagonize the GAL3 receptor may be used for the treatment of depression and/or anxiety disorders. Another approach could involve the administration of an antagonist of the GAL3 receptor, such as those described herein, which also possesses 5HT4 receptor antagonist properties (Kennett et al., 1997). A further approach could involve the administration of a GAL3 antagonist, such as those described herein, which also possesses 5HT1A receptor binding properties (Razani et al., 1997). However, in any case the GAL3 antagonist(s) should be free of activity at the human GAL1 receptor and the 5HT, NE and DA transporters. Furthermore, the GAL3 antagonist(s) should not inhibit the enzymatic activity of monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) or monoamine oxidase B (MAOB) present in the brain (i.e. central MAO). The design of such compounds can be optimized by determining their binding affinity at the recombinant GAL3, GAL1, 5HT4, and 5HT1A receptors; and the native 5HT, NE and DA transporters. The design of such compounds can be further optimized by determining their interaction with central MAOA and central MAOB.

[2282] Additionally, the GAL3 antagonist(s) would optimally not bind at the following receptors due to possible side effects: human GAL2; human H1 histamine; human α1A adrenergic, human α1B adrenergic, human α1D adrenergic, human α2A adrenergic, human α2B adrenergic, and human α2C adrenergic; human dopamine D1, D2, D3, D4, and D5; and the human 5HT1B, human 5HT1D, human 5HT1E, human 5HT1F, human 5HT2A, rat 5HT2C, human 5HT6, and human 5HT7 receptors.

[2283] Radioligand Binding Assays and Enzymatic Assays

[2284] The methods to obtain the cDNA of the receptors, express said receptors in heterologous systems, and carry out assays to determine binding affinity are described as follows.

[2285] Galanin Receptors: Binding assays were performed according to the following published methods: human GAL3 (PCT International Publication No. WO 98/15570), human GAL1 (PCT International Publication No. WO 95/2260), human GAL2 (PCT International Publication No. WO 97/26853).

[2286] Human 5HT1B, 5HT1D, 5HT1E, 5HT1F, and 5HT7 Receptors: The cell lysates of LM(tk−) clonal cell line stably transfected with the genes encoding each of these 5HT receptor-subtypes were prepared as described above. Cell membranes were suspended in 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.4 at 37° C.) containing 10 mM MgCl2, 0.2 mM EDTA, 10 M pargyline, and 0.1% ascorbate. The affinities of compounds were, determined in equilibrium competition binding assays by incubation for 30 minutes at 37° C. in the presence of 5 nM [3H] -serotonin. Nonspecific binding was determined in the presence of 10 μM serotonin. The bound radioligand was separated by filtration through GF/B filters using a cell harvester.

[2287] Human 5HT2A Receptor: The coding sequence of the human 5HT2A receptor was obtained from a human brain cortex cDNA library, and cloned into the cloning site of pCEXV-3 eukaryotic expression vector. This construct was transfected into COS-7 cells by the DEAE-dextran method (Cullen, 1987). Cells were harvested after 72 hours and lysed by sonication in 5 mM Tris-HCl, 5 mM EDTA, pH 7.5. The cell lysates were subjected to centrifugation at 1000 rpm for 5 minutes at 4° C., and the supernatant was subjected to centrifugation at 30,000×g for 20 minutes at 4° C. The pellet was suspended in 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.7 at room temperature) containing 10 mM MgSO4, 0.5 mM EDTA, and 0.1% ascorbate. The affinity of compounds at 5HT2A receptors were determined in equilibrium competition binding assays using [3H]ketanserin (1 nM). Nonspecific binding was defined by the addition of 10 μM mianserin. The bound radioligand was separated by filtration through GF/B filters using a cell harvester.

[2288] 5-HT1A Receptor: The cDNA corresponding to the 5-HT1A receptor open reading frames and variable non-coding 5′- and 3′-regions, was cloned into the eukaryotic expression vector pCEXV-3. These constructs were transfected transiently into COS-7 cells by the DEAE-dextran method (Cullen, 1987), and harvested after 72 hours. Radioligand binding assays were performed as described above for the 5-HT2A receptor, except that 3H-8-OH-DPAT was used as the radioligand and nonspecific binding was determined by the addition of 10 μM mianserin.

[2289] Other 5-HT Receptors: Other serotonin receptor binding assays were performed according to published methods: rat 5HT2C receptor (Julius et al., 1988); and 5-HT6 (Monsma, et al., 1993). The binding assays using the 5-HT4 receptor were performed according to the procedures described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,766,879, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety into this application.

[2290] Other receptors: Cell membranes expressing human dopamine D1, D2, D4 and rat D3 receptors were purchased through BioSignal, Inc. (Montreal, Canada). Binding assays using the histamine H1 receptor; dopamine receptors; and α1A, α1B, and α2 adrenergic receptors may be carried out according to the procedures described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,780,485, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety into this application. Binding assays using the dopamine D5 receptor may be carried out according to the procedures described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,882,855, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety into this application. Binding assays for the human α1D adrenergic receptor may be carried out according to the procedures described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,156,518, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety into this application.

[2291] The methods to determine binding affinity at native transporters are described in the following publications: 5HT transporter and NE transporter (Owens et al., 1997), and DA transporter (Javitch et al, 1984).

[2292] The methods to determine activity at monoamine oxidase enzymes (for example, central MAOA and MAOB) are described by Otsuka and Kobayashi, 1964, and were performed by NovaScreen (Hanover, Md.) with the following modifications.

[2293] Central Monoamine Oxidase A Enzyme Assay: Rat brain was used as the enzyme source. The enzyme source was pre-incubated with reference compound (RO 41-1049), test compound (Example 92), and subtype selective, blocker (100 nM deprenyl) for 60 minutes at 37° C. in 50 mM KPO4 containing 50 μM EDTA and 10 μM dithiothreitol (pH 7.2 at 25° C.). Substrate ([14C]Serotonin, 45-60 Ci/mmol) was then added and incubated for 30 minutes. The reaction was stopped by the addition of 0.5 ml of 1-2M citric acid. Radioactive product was extracted into xylene/ethyl acetate fluor and compared to control values by scintillation spectrophotometry in order to ascertain any interactions of test compound with central MAOA.

[2294] Central Monoamine Oxidase B Enzyme Assay: Rat brain was used as the enzyme source. The assay was performed as described above for central MAOA, except the reference compound was RO 166491 and the subtype selective blocker was 100 nM clorgyline. Also, the substrate ([14C]Phenylethylamine, 0.056 Ci/mmol) was added and incubated for 10 minutes.

[2295] Materials

[2296] Cell culture media and supplements were from Specialty Media (Lavallette, N.J.). Cell culture plates (150 mm and 96-well microtiter) were from Corning (Corning, N.Y.) Polypropylene 96-well microtiter plates were from Costar (Cambridge, Mass.). Bovine serum albumin (ultra-fat free, A-7511) was from Sigma (St. Louis, Mo.). All radioligands were from New England Nuclear (Boston, Mass.). Commercially available peptides and peptide analogs were either from Bachem California (Torrance, Calif.) or Peninsula (Belmont, Calif.). All other materials were reagent grade.

[2297] Data Analysis

[2298] Binding data were analyzed using nonlinear regression and statistical techniques available in the GraphPAD Prism package (San Diego, Calif.). Enzymatic assay data were derived from a standard curve of reference compound data.

[2299] The selectivity ratios for compounds of the claimed invention were calculated from the binding data presented in Tables 1-4, Table 7 and Table 9 of the subject application. More specifically, these ratios were calculated by dividing (a) the binding affinity (Ki value) of said compound to a particular receptor or transporter by (b) the binding affinity (Ki value) of said compound to the human GAL3 receptor. The data presented in Table 8 and Table 10, hereinafter, were calculated using the above described method. For example, the GAL3/GAL1 selectivity ratio of 10-fold recited in claim 110 of the subject application is characteristic of Example 34. This binding ratio was calculated by dividing (a) the Ki value of 912 for the binding of Example 34 to the GAL1 receptor (see Table 1) by (b) the Ki value of 23 for the binding of Example 34 to the human GAL3 receptor, thus obtaining the result of 39. Therefore the GAL3/GAL1 binding ratio for Example 34 was determined to be greater than 10-fold.

[2300] B. Results

[2301] The compounds described in the claimed invention were assayed using a panel of cloned receptors and native transporters. The preferred compounds were found to be selective GAL3 antagonists. The binding affinities and selectivity ratios of several compounds are illustrated in Tables 7-10.

22TABLE 7Antagonist binding affinity (Ki) at the human GAL3receptor vs. serotonin receptors and several transporters. r5HTrNErDAhGAL3h5HT1Ah5HT1Bh5HT1Dh5HT1Eh5HT1Fh5HT2Ar5HT2Ch5HT4h5HT6h5HT7UptkUptkUptkKiKiKiKiKiKiKiKiKiKiKiKiKiKiExample(nM)(nM)(nM)(nM)(nM)(nM)(nM)(nM)(nM)(nM)(nM)(nM)(nM)(nM)11914682101102917417806708802130880010121595*5430157350984871272110384192112705722301145725271737*2450017873477407103233523102717157562260671117977191832527200222897141981185213230577320689171724572264267284831308574803423*10592976282824803*20762076238921443937462*39004921129187844716872238868894*6687132301312268406663758520106086336665461919811802124261181781118047536323525274461081450077795472365716588832372242456132450315478212808327909238*1132332139189345290*ND72*ND4511133879178009449*334910764252275683*40994120364780181296148762200952928288522616018272114446*347130312150711638*6101120009751*505714235226924157*195025502913111283363084412844098382457624199118162403359*226012101401884643632954967430* = >50000 ND = Not determined

[2302]

23

TABLE 8

Antagonist selectivity ratios determined for the human GAL3

receptor vs. serotonin receptors and several transporters.

r5HT
rNE
rDA

Example
hGAL3
h5HT1A
h5HT1B
h5HT1D
h5HT1E
h5HT1F
h5HT2A
r5HT2C
h5HT4
h5HT6
h5HT7
Uptk
Uptk
Uptk

11
1
>30
1
1
>100
20
>30
9
14
9
11
18
>100
>30

15
1
>30
7
17
>100
>30
>100
8
>30
20
>30
24
>100
>100

17
1
>30
5
12
>100
>100
>30
6
30
8
21
8
>100
>100

22
1
>100
>30
>30
>100
>100
>100
>30
>30
>30
>30
>100
>100
>100

34
1
>100
>30
>100
>100
>100
>100
>30
>100
>100
>100
>100
>100
>100

49
1
>100
>30
>30
>100
>30
>100
>30
>30
0
>30
>100
>100
10

60
1
>100
>30
>100
14
25
>100
21
14
>100
>30
>100
>100
>100

77
1
>30
5
9
>30
>30
28
6
17
6
20
10
>100
>30

92
1
>100
>100
>100
>100
>100
>100
ND
2
>100
ND
>100
>100
>100

94
1
>100
>30
>100
>100
>100
>100
>30
>30
>30
>100
>100
>30
>130

95
1
>100
>100
>100
>100
>100
>100
>100
>100
>100
>100
>100
>100
>100

97
1
>100
>30
>100
>100
>30
>100
>30
>30
>100
>100
>100
>30
>100

98
1
>100
>30
>100
>100
>30
>100
>30
>30
>100
>100
>100
>100
>100

ND = Not determined

[2303]

24

TABLE 9

Antagonist binding affinity (Ki) at the human GAL3 receptor

vs. alpha-adrenergic, dopamine, and histamine receptors.

hGAL3
hα1A
hα1B
hα1D
hα2A
hα2B
hα2C
hD1
hD2
rD3
hD4
hD5
hH1

Ki
Ki
Ki
Ki
Ki
Ki
Ki
Ki
Ki
Ki
Ki
Ki
Ki

Example
(nM)
(nM)
(nM)
(nM)
(nM)
(nM)
(nM)
(nM)
(nM)
(nM)
(nM)
(nM)
(nM)

11
91
926
1436
264
1819
10235
3004
79
782
2139
4828
64
ND

15
73
3392
853
480
14413
24515
8202
344
2184
8809
13151
78
ND

17
87
996
1167
221
3523
38732
10269
516
1808
2477
22227
89
ND

22
28
1278
1582
368
906
5757
2737
128
1501
5664
11621
63
ND

34
23
3756
15004
1240
3679
15488
8832
290
2500
9922
18716
111
ND

49
211
6646
18852
678
4731
25374
9244
3781
5940
13964
45824
328
ND

60
86
13604
40615
4231
10838
*
7200
600
26815
15295
48756
538
39909

77
79
834
452
217
315
7783
634
60
910
2716
504
122
ND

92
38
ND
*
17175
21943
*
*
*
41369
48180
41369
29290
39909

94
49
12715
31135
4027
12718
45378
47863
2145
6249
423
*
727
ND

95
29
13137
32494
3468
30072
*
48552
4394
9716
466
*
2590
ND

97
51
16921
45845
6454
13569
*
*
25115
*
9716
*
10069
ND

98
38
14500
31693
1891
23236
*
*
2524
3788
592
*
1199
ND

* = >50000

ND = Not determined

[2304]

25

TABLE 10

Antagonist selectivity ratios determined for the human GAL3

receptor vs. alpha-adrenergic, dopamine, and histamine receptors.

Example
hGAL3
hα1A
hα1B
hα1D
hα2A
hα2B
hα2C
hD1
hD2
rD3
hD4
hD5
hH1

11
1
10
16
3
20
>100
>30
0.9
9
24
>30
0.7
ND

15
1
46
12
7
>100
>100
>100
5
30
>100
>30
1
ND

17
1
11
13
3
>30
>100
>100
6
21
28
>100
1
ND

22
1
>30
>30
13
>30
>100
>100
5
>30
>100
>100
2
ND

34
1
>100
>100
>30
>100
>100
>100
13
>100
>100
>100
5
ND

49
1
>30
>30
3
22
>100
>30
18
28
>30
>100
2
ND

60
1
>100
>100
>30
>100
>100
>30
7
>100
>100
>100
6
>100

77
1
11
6
3
4
>30
8
0.8
11
>30
6
2
ND

92
1
ND
>100
>100
>100
>100
>100
>100
>100
>100
>100
>100
>100

94
1
>100
>100
>30
>100
>100
>100
>30
>100
9
>100
15
ND

95
1
>100
>100
>100
>100
>100
>100
>100
>100
16
>100
>30
ND

97
1
>100
>100
>100
>100
>100
>100
>100
>100
>100
>100
>100
ND

98
1
>100
>100
>30
>100
>100
>100
>30
>100
16
>100
>30
ND

ND = Not determined

[2305] The activity of Example 92 was determined for central MAOA and central MAOBB using the methods described hereinabove. The results, expressed as percent inhibition, are illustrated in Table 11.

26TABLE 11Percent inhibition of Example 92 in the centralmonoamine oxidase enzyme assayTARGETSPECIES% INHIBITIONMonoamine Oxidase ARat10(central)Monoamine Oxidase BRat1(central)

[2306] IV. GAL3 Receptor Localization

[2307] A. Materials And Methods

[2308] Preparation of the anti-GAL3 Antiserum

[2309] BioSource International, Hopkinton, Mass. performed the immunization and maintenance of rabbits. Following a pre-immune bleed, one peptide for each GAL receptor was injected into a pair of New Zealand white rabbits. The peptide sequences was chosen based on sequence specificity and immunogenicity. The rabbit anti-GAL3 antiserum were raised against C-terminal epitopes corresponding to amino acids 357-370 (Genbank accession number AF073798). The peptides were conjugated to the carrier KLH (keyhole limpet hemocyanin) by a cross linker and subcutaneously injected into the rabbits. The generation of the anti-GAL3 antiserum required OVA followed by a third series of injections with the GAL3 peptide conjugated to tetanus toxoid (TTOX). All injections were done using the Freund's Adjuvant System. Once immunoreactivity was established (see below) the antiserum was affinity purified by passing it over an agarose, based column thiol coupled to its antigenic peptide. The column was washed and the antiserum was eluted using a low pH glycine buffer. The purified material was dialyzed, the optical density is taken at 280 λ and the purified antiserum was frozen.

[2310] Characterization of the Anti-GAL3 Antiserum

[2311] Recombinant GAL1, GAL2, and GAL3 Receptor Transfected Cells

[2312] To determine the ability of the GAL3 antiserum to recognize only the GAL3 receptor protein in vitro, COS-7 cells were grown on poly-L-lysine-coated plastic chamber slides (Nalge Nunc International, Naperville, Ill.) and transfected with recombinant rat GAL receptors (Genbank accession numbers U30290, AF010318, AF073798, respectively) or expression vector only (for mock-transfected cells) as previously described by Borowsky et al. (1999). Receptor expression was confirmed by radioligand binding. Briefly, a subset of slides was washed three times in binding buffer (50 mM Tris, pH 7.5, 5 mM MgCl2, 1 mM EDTA, 0.1% bovine serum albumin, and 0.1% bacitracin) and incubated in 500 μl binding buffer containing porcine 125I-galanin (625,000 dpm) plus or minus 10 μM porcine galanin. After incubation at room temperature for 1 hour, the binding buffer was aspirated and slides were rinsed three times in ice cold 50 mM Tris, pH 7.5. Cells were solubilized in 1 ml of 0.1 N NaOH and 0.05% sodium deoxycholate for 30 minutes then transferred to test tubes for gamma counting of 125I. To evaluate antibody activity another subset of slides were washed with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.) to remove the medium and fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.) then permeabilized using 0.2% Triton X-100/PBS and incubated in 3% normal goat serum for 30 minutes to minimize nonspecific binding of the primary antibody. Cells were incubated overnight at 4° C. with the anti-GAL3 antiserum (1:1000 dilution). The cells were rinsed three times with PBS, incubated for 30 minutes at 25° C. with goat anti-rabbit IgG (1:200 dilution) (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, Calif.), rinsed and processed using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) reaction of Sternberger et al. (1982). Control experiments for antibody specificity were (1) incubation of the cells in primary antiserum that had been preabsorbed with the respective antigenic peptide (20 μg/ml), (2) incubation without the primary antiserum, or (3) incubation with the primary antiserum replaced by normal goat serum.

[2313] Western Blotting

[2314] Membranes were prepared from COS-7 cells transiently transfected with the rat recombinant receptors GAL1, GAL2, and GAL3 as previously described (Borowsky et al., 1999). Transfected cells were lysed by sonication in ice-cold sonication buffer (20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.7, 5 mM EDTA). Cell lysates were subjected to centrifugation at 4° C. for 10 minutes at 200 g. The supernatant was then fractionated by centrifugation at 4° C. for 18 minutes at 32,000 g. The resulting membrane pellet was suspended into 50 mM Tris, pH 7.5, 5 mM MgCl2, 1 mM EDTA. Protein samples (1-10 μg) were solubilized in 2×Laemmli buffer (Bio-Rad, Hercules, Calif.) and fractionated by SDS-PAGE in 10% polyacrylamide gels. Proteins were transferred to polyvinylidine difluoride membranes for immunoblot analysis in ice-cold 25 mM Tris, pH 8, 192 mM glycine, 20% methanol as previously described by Harlow and Lane (1999). Blots were incubated for 1 hour at 25° C. in blocking buffer composed of 5% non-fat dried milk in TTBS (0.1% Tween-20, 500 mM NaCl, 20 mM Tris, pH 7.5) then for 16 hours at 25° C. with the receptor-specific polyclonal antibody (1:1000 dilution in blocking buffer) (0.25 mg/ml for GAL2 or 1.5 mg/ml for GAL3). Immunoreactive bands were detected with the Phototope-HRP Detection Kit for Western Blotting (New England BioLab, Beverly, Mass.) according to the protocol. Briefly, the blots were incubated with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG then developed with a mixture of LumiGLO plus hydrogen peroxide and recorded by chemiluminescence on Kodak Biomax-ML film (Kodak, Rochester, N.Y.).

[2315] Immunohistochemistry

[2316] Male Sprague-Dawley rats, (200-250 g; Charles Rivers, Rochester, N.Y.) were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of ketamine 20 mg/kg (RBI, Natick, Mass.) and xylazine 0.2 mg/kg (Bayer, Shawnee Mission, Kans.) then transcardially perfused with 200 ml PBS, pH 7.4 followed by 200 ml 4% PFA in PBS. The brains and spinal cords were removed, blocked, and postfixed in the same fixative for 4 hours at 4° C. then cryoprotected in 30% sucrose in PBS at 4° C. for 48 hours before freezing on dry ice. Coronal brain sections and transverse spinal cord sections were cut at 30 μm using a freezing microtome. Tissue sections were immediately immersed in PBS and stored at 4° C. until use. Sections were processed free-floating according to the protocol outlined in NEN Life Science Products TSA (Tyramide Signal Amplification) Indirect Kit. Briefly, tissue sections were permeabilized in 0.2% Triton X-100 (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.)/PBS, incubated in 1% hydrogen peroxide (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.)/PBS to remove endogenous peroxidase activity then blocked in TNB Buffer (0.1 M Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 0.15 M NaCl, and 0.5% Blocking Reagent. Sections were incubated for 24 hours at 4° C. in either the anti-GAL2 or anti-GAL3 antiserum (1:100). Following incubation with the primary antiserum, the tissue sections were washed in TNT Buffer (0.1 M Tris-HCl, pH 7.4, 0.15 M NaCl, 0.05% Tween 20) followed by incubation at 25° C. for 30 minutes with horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated goat antirabbit immunoglobulin (1:200) (Sternberger Monoclonals Inc., Lutherville, Md.). Tissue sections were rinsed in TNT Buffer and incubated in a solution containing biotinylated tyramide to amplify the signal then rinsed in TNT buffer and incubated with HRP-conjugated to streptavidin at 25° C. for 30 minutes. An immunoperoxidase reaction was done by incubating the section in 3,3′-diaminobenzidine (DAB) (0.05%) in 0.1 mM Tris, pH 7.4 and adding hydrogen peroxide to 0.006% immediately before use. The reaction was stopped in water and the sections mounted on microscopic slide with mounting medium (40% ethanol: gelatin) and counterstained with Cresyl violet then coverslipped for light microscopy.

[2317] Optimal GAL3 antibody concentrations (1:200) for rat brain sections were determined in preliminary titration experiments. Experimental controls in the tissue sections included (1) incubation in normal rabbit serum or (2) omission of the primary antiserum.

[2318] Analysis

[2319] COS-7 cells and tissue sections were examined using a Zeiss Axioscope. A total of 6 male rats were examined with the anti-GAL3 antiserum. The identification of GAL3-LI in the transfected cells and brain regions was based on the presence of immunoreactivity appearing as a brownish precipitate in individual cells and their projections or in the neuropil of the tissue by light microscopy. The descriptions of neuroanatomic boundaries are based on the atlas of Paxinos and Watson (1998).

[2320] B. Results

[2321] Characterization of the GAL3 Antiserum

[2322] Recombinant GAL1, GAL2, and GAL3 receptor transfected Cells

[2323] The ability of the anti-GAL3 antiserum to recognize only the GAL3 receptor protein in vitro was established by performing immunocytochemistry on COS-7 cells transiently transfected with the recombinant receptor proteins for the rat GAL1, GAL2, and GAL3, or mock-transfected- with vector only. Specific porcine 125I-galanin binding was detected for all transfectants except mock-transfected cells. An immune response was detected only in the COS-7 cells incubated with the antiserum generated for the particular recombinant receptor. Specifically, no immune reaction was observed with the anti-GAL3 antiserum (1:1000) in GAL1 or GAL2 transfected cells. Furthermore, no visible immune reaction was detected in the mock-transfected cells. Incubation of the cells in primary antiserum that had been preabsorbed with the antigenic peptide (20 μg/ml) or without the primary antiserum or with the primary replaced by normal goat serum did not result in an immune response.

[2324] Taken together, these data demonstrate that the anti-GAL3 antiserum recognizes the receptor against which it was generated and does not show cross reactivity with other known GAL receptors.

[2325] Western Blots

[2326] To determine the specificity of the anti-GAL3 antiserum, COS-7 cells were transiently transfected either with recombinant rat GAL2 or GAL3 receptors or with expression vector only; membranes were then isolated for evaluation by immunoblotting (see FIG. 5). The anti-GAL3 antiserum labeled proteins in membranes only from rat GAL3-transfected cells; a predominant band was evident with an apparent molecular weight of approximately 56 kDa (FIG. 5), somewhat higher than the amino acid-derived value of 40.4 kDa. (For comparison, apparent molecular weights determined by SDS-PAGE are 56 kDa (Servin et al., 1987) or 54 kDa (Chen et al., 1992) for native GAL receptors purified from rat brain and 54 kDa (Amiranoff et al., 1989) for native GAL receptors purified from Rin m 5F cells. These values are all higher than the amino acid-derived value any known GAL receptor subtype, including the value of 38.9 kDa for rat GAL1 (Parker et al., 1995). The apparently high molecular weight observed for rat GAL3 very likely reflects post-translational processing such as glycosylation; note that rat GAL3 contains multiple N-terminal glycosylation sites (Smith et al., 1998). Relative to the predominant band, additional species of higher molecular weight as well as lower molecular weight were labeled by the corresponding antiserum (FIG. 5). These are presumably receptor-related species composed of protein aggregates of C-terminal fragments, as they are absent in mock-transfected cells.

[2327] Immunohistochemical Distribution of GAL3-LI in the CNS

[2328] GAL3-like immunoreactivity (GAL3-LI) was observed in many regions of the brain, specifically, the neocortex, septum, hippocampus, amygdala, and brainstem (see Table 12). Throughout the brain and spinal cord GAL3-LI was found to be associated with neuronal profiles however, there was neuropil staining observed in several brain regions. Several regions of the CNS almost exclusively expressed GAL3-LI, specifically the accumbens nucleus, dorsal raphe, ventral tegmental area (Table 12). There was no observable staining of the fiber tracts.

[2329] The specificity of the anti-GAL3 antiserum was determined in tissue sections by (1) omission of the primary antiserum or (2) incubation with normal rabbit serum. No specific staining was observed in either condition. Preabsorption of the GAL3 primary antiserum with the antigenic peptide (10 μg/ml) decreased but did not completely block staining in the tissue sections as in the transfected cells. This was most likely related to the different localization approaches. In the transiently transfected COS-7 cells the expression of GAL3 receptor protein was relatively high therefore, indirect immunocytochemistry with no amplification was used. In contrast, GAL3 receptor protein expression is presumed to be relatively. lower in the tissue sections and for that reason the TSA (amplification) technique was employed. It is possible that because of the amplification (1000-fold) in. the TSA technique even small amounts of unabsorbed antiserum may result in a signal.

[2330] Distribution of GAL3-LI in the Rat CNS

[2331] Cerebral Cortex

[2332] GAL3-LI was widespread in the cerebral cortex and the distribution pattern extended rostrocaudally. A weak to moderate GAL3-LI was seen in numerous cell bodies in the anterior cingulate cortex.

[2333] Septal Region

[2334] An extensive and densely stained fiber network was seen throughout the entire lateral, intermediate and medial septal nuclei. The dorsal division of the lateral septum contained scarce moderately GAL3-like immunoreactive somata.

[2335] Basal Ganglia

[2336] Numerous moderately GAL3-like immunoreactive cell bodies and fibers were present in the shell and core of the accumbens nucleus. The cell bodies of the subthalamic nucleus, a relay nucleus in the basal ganglia, contained weak GAL3-LI.

[2337] Amygdala and Extended Amygdala

[2338] In general, GAL3-LI was weak throughout the amygdala. Scattered cell bodies and fibers exhibited weak staining in several nuclei. Very fine GAL3-like immunoreactive fibers with scattered moderately labeled cells were detected in the central amygdaloid nucleus.

[2339] Midbrain/Mesencephalon

[2340] Labeled cells were detected within the dorsal raphe and projections from these cells were seen converging toward the midline of the raphe. Moderately immunoreactive scattered cells were evident in the ventral tegmental area.

[2341] Brain Stem

[2342] Intense staining was observed in cell bodies in the locus coeruleus.

[2343] The distribution of rat GAL3 protein in the CNS using receptor subtype selective polyclonal antibodies and tyramide signal amplification (TSA) immunocytochemistry is illustrated in Table 12. These were qualitative evaluations for the rat GAL3 receptor protein distribution based on the relative intensity of the chromogen (3,3′-diaminobenzidine) observed in individual cells at the microscopic level.

[2344] A total of 4 rat brains were analyzed for this study. As shown in Table 12, the strength of the signal obtained in various regions of the rat brain was graded as weak (+), or moderate (++) or intense(+++).

27TABLE 12PotentialREGIONcellsfibersTherapeutic ApplicationTelencephalonFrontal cortex++Anxiety/DepressionCingulate cortex++Anxiety/DepressionBasal gangliaAccumbens nucleus++−Treatment of thepositive symptomsof schizophreniaTreatment of drugaddiction. Thisregion isparticularlysensitive topsychoactive drugs.Anxiety/depressionSeptal RegionRelief of fearLateral septal+++nucleus, dorsalLateral septal+++nucleus, ventralIntermediate−++septal nucleusMedial septal++nucleusAmygdala andTreatment ofextendedanxiety, panicAmygdalaattack, anddepression.Treatment ofdisorders ofintegratedbehaviors such asdefense, ingestion,reproduction, andlearning.Central nucleus++++Fear and anxietyMesencephalonDorsal raphe++−Depression/AnalgesiaVentral tegmental++−DepressionareaBrainstem/Pons/MedullaLocus coeruleus+++−Modulation ofnoradrenergictransmission.Treatment ofdepression

[2345] The GAL3 antiserum was characterized using recombinant GAL receptors in transiently transfected COS-7 cells and Western blot analysis and the specificity of the GAL3 antiserum to recognize only the cognate receptor in vitro was established. The anatomical distribution of the GAL3 receptor protein in the rat CNS was determined using a modified immunohistochemical technique to enhance sensitivity and delectability via tyramide signal amplification (Toda et al., 1999).

[2346] The results indicate that the expression GAL3-LI was primarily found in neuronal profiles with neuropil labeling detectable in several areas. In general, the distribution of GAL3-LI is in good agreement with the reported distribution for galanin-LI, galanin binding sites, and GAL3 mRNA in the rat brain (for recent review, Branchek et al., 2000). Overall, GAL3-LI was extensively distributed throughout the brain. Paralleling the distribution of galanin binding sites GAL3-LI was observed in ventral regions of the brain.

[2347] The localization of the GAL3 protein in the dorsal raphe and locus coeruleus suggests a potential therapeutic application of galanin receptor antagonists in the treatment of depression by attenuating galanin's inhibitory tone on both of these regions.

[2348] A decrease in central serotonin (5-HT) neurotransmission has been implicated in depression. GAL3 antagonists could possibly act via GAL3 receptors on the cell bodies of dorsal raphe neurons to increase firing rate of raphe neurons thus increasing 5-HT release in the telencephalon and diencephalon. Another possible site of action for a GAL3 antagonist could be on postsynaptic GAL3 receptors in the limbic forebrain to block the putative ability of galanin to negatively regulate 5-7 HT1A receptor transmission (Misane et al, 1998).

[2349] Unlike the dorsal raphe cells, the cells of the locus coeruleus express abundant galanin under normal conditions and it has been proposed that galanin may be released from dendrites and soma of the noradrenergic cell bodies (for review, Hökfelt et al., 1998). The ascending afferent projections of the locus coeruleus are extensive throughout the brain. Changes in the noradrenergic system have been hypothesized to be involved in depression-related behaviors and symptoms (for review, Weiss et al., 1998). The ventral tegmental area (VTA) receives projections from the locus coeruleus that have been reported to co-localize galanin and noradrenaline. It has been proposed that in certain pathological states (ex. stress induced depression) galanin released from noradrenergic terminals in the VTA inhibits dopaminergic neurons in the region that results in decreased dopamine release in the forebrain regions, particularly the accumbens nucleus and prefrontal cortex. This decrease in dopamine release produces a decreased motor activation and anhedonia. GAL3 has been identified in all of these regions and thus presents itself as a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of depression. Drugs that would effectively decrease galanin's release in the VTA whether at the level of the locus coeruleus (somatodendritic GAL3 receptors to decrease the activity of LC cells) or in the VTA itself (presynaptically on NE/GAL terminals in the VTA or via GAL3 receptors on VTA-DA neurons to prevent the hyperpolarization VTA-DA cells by released galanin) would produce an antidepressant effect.

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	Number	Date	Country
Parent	10066175	Jan 2002	US
Child	10723961	Nov 2003	US

Use of GAL3 antagonist for treatment of depression

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