Use of lactulose in the treatment of autism

Information

  • Patent Grant
  • 11033563
  • Patent Number
    11,033,563
  • Date Filed
    Friday, May 24, 2019
    5 years ago
  • Date Issued
    Tuesday, June 15, 2021
    3 years ago
Abstract
A treatment for autism in which an effective amount of lactulose is administered in order to bind excess ammonia in the gastrointestinal tract, the bloodstream, and the nervous system in order to prevent or reverse ammonia poisoning caused by the administration of certain antibiotics. Lactulose molecules in the colon are fermented by certain bacteria. The fermentation process lowers the colonic pH, and ammonia, in the form of ammonium ions, is used by the bacteria for amino acid and protein synthesis. This lowers the serum ammonia levels and reduces neurotoxicity.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to a treatment for autism, and more particularly, to the use of lactulose in the treatment of autism.


BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Autism is the most prevalent of a subset of disorders organized under the umbrella of pervasive developmental disorder (PDD). Autism is a serious developmental disorder characterized by profound deficits in language, communication, and socialization, resistance to learning, and displays of stereotypical behavior including perseveration. Known now as a spectrum disorder (ASD), it includes a myriad of behavioral, emotional, and physiological symptoms. Autism is a life-long developmental disorder affecting as many as 1 in 500 children. Recent studies have indicated that the prevalence is closer to 1 in 166 live births. The causes of this profound disorder are largely unknown. Recent research has uncovered pathology in the gastrointestinal tract of autistic children. The pathology is reported to extend from the esophagus to the colon.


Lactulose is presently used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. The efficacy of lactulose in these conditions is based on its fermentation in the colon by certain bacteria and the increase of the biomass of these bacteria in the colon. The products of fermentation are mainly organic acids, such as lactic acid and small-chain fatty acids, which, by exerting a local osmotic effect in the colon, result in increased fecal bulk and stimulation of peristalsis. The higher doses used for hepatic encephalopathy lower the colonic pH, and ammonia, in the form of ammonium ions, is used by the bacteria for amino acid and protein synthesis. This lowers the serum ammonia levels and improves mental function.


Increased or high levels of ammonia in the blood stream can produce toxicity to the cells of the body especially to the cells of the nervous system. This neurotoxicity can alter brain function and cause other neurological diseases, including autism. Thus, decreasing the levels of ammonia in the blood would decrease the levels of ammonia in the brain thereby reducing the neurotoxic effects.


Certain drugs such as Augmentin® (amoxicillin+clavulanate potassium) have been known to leave an ammonia residue in the gastrointestinal tract. The increased levels of ear infections in children with autism and the use of Augmentin® to treat these and other infections makes the child vulnerable to the potential buildup of ammonia in the digestive system as well as the blood, thus leading to a potential neurotoxic state. By giving lactulose immediately following the administration of Augmentin® or other ammonia producing substances, the potential for a neurotoxic disease is reduced.


It can be appreciated that lactulose has been used for years as a treatment for constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. However, lactulose has not previously been used as a treatment for autism or autism prevention. Presently, there exists no other pharmaceutical or biological treatment for autism. Since there is no pharmaceutical or biological treatment for autism, other than psychotropic medications for symptoms, only behavioral and educational solutions have been offered. Behavioral treatments, such as applied behavioral analysis and TEACCH (Treatment and Education of Autistic and related Communication Handicapped Children) and others, have some value in the treatment of these children but do not address the physiological, specifically gastrointestinal, problems encountered by them.


What is needed, therefore, is a treatment for autism that works by preventing the build up of ammonia in the gastrointestinal tract, the bloodstream, and the nervous system.


SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is a goal of the present invention provide a treatment for autism that addresses the physiological symptoms of the disorder.


It is another goal of the present invention to provide a treatment for autism that works by preventing the build up of ammonia in the gastrointestinal tract, the bloodstream, and the nervous system.


It is a further goal of the present invention to provide a treatment for autism that reverses the effects of ammonia poisoning on the gastrointestinal tract, the bloodstream, and the nervous system caused by certain antibiotics.


In one embodiment, lactulose is used to bind ammonia in the gastrointestinal tract, the bloodstream, and the nervous system.


The features and advantages described herein are not all-inclusive and, in particular, many additional features and advantages will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art in view of the drawings, specification, and claims. Moreover, it should be noted that the language used in the specification has been principally selected for readability and instructional purposes, and not to limit the scope of the inventive subject matter.





BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS


FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating the mechanism of the function of lactulose in the colon.





DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Lactulose is a semisynthetic disaccharide comprised of the sugars D-galactose and D-fructose. It is not found naturally. The sugars are joined by a beta glycosidic linkage making it resistant to hydrolysis by human digestive enzymes. There is no disaccharidase in the microvillus membrane of small intestine enterocytes that can hydrolyze lactulose; nor is the disaccharide absorbed from the small intestine. Lactulose is, however, fermented by a limited number of colonic bacteria. This can lead to changes in the colonic ecosystem in favor of some bacteria, such as lactobacilli and bifidobacteria, which may confer some health benefits.


Lactulose is a solid substance that is very soluble in water and has a sweet taste. It is sweeter than lactose but not as sweet as fructose. Lactulose is also known as 4-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-D-fructofuranose. Its molecular formula is C12H22O11, and its molecular weight is 342.30 daltons. The structural formula is:




embedded image


Lactulose has an inhibiting action on ammonia production in the ileum and reduces the ammonia level in portal circulation. Referring to FIG. 1, lactulose molecules pass through the stomach and ileum unsplit. Once in the colon, the lactulose is fermented by certain bacteria, which supplies carbohydrates and energy. This results in an increase of the biomass of these bacteria in the colon. The products of fermentation are mainly organic acids, such as lactic acid and small-chain fatty acids, which, by exerting a local osmotic effect in the colon, result in increased fecal bulk and stimulation of peristalsis. The fermentation process lowers the colonic pH, and ammonia, in the form of ammonium ions, is used by the bacteria for amino acid and protein synthesis. This lowers the serum ammonia levels and improves mental function.


It has been postulated that there is a relationship between the use of the antibiotic Augmentin® and autism. Many autistic children suffer from chronic otitis media (ear infections) prior to age three. Otitis media is generally by two strains of bacteria, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Hemophilus influenzae. Augmentin® (amoxicillin-clavulanate) is a frequently prescribed antibiotic for this condition because it is effective against both of these strains. However, the process of manufacturing Augmentin® involves the addition of urea or another available ammonia source to a fermentation broth. This additional ammonia represses the number of enzymes involved in the metabolism of nitrogen, including urease, which catalyzes the conversion of urea to ammonia and carbon dioxide. Thus, there is the possibility of urea and/or nitrogen poisoning.


Urea and/or nitrogen poisoning has a two-fold effect in humans: 1) a neurotoxic effect on brain tissue and 2) a corrosive effect on the digestive tract, specifically damage to the secretory cells of the small intestine, due to the highly alkaline nature of NH3. Signs of urea poisoning include colic, bloating, diarrhea, muscle tremors, difficulty with coordination, weakness, and poor appetite.


In a study conducted by the inventor, 206 children with autism not related to a known genetic condition, birth trauma, or known neurological disease were examined and a detailed case history was obtained. The 206 children tested had a mean number of 9.96 instances of otitis media with a standard error of the mean of ±1.83. This represented a sum total for the 206 children under age three of 2052 bouts of otitis media. These children received a mean number of 12.04 courses of antibiotics with a standard error of the mean of ±0.13. The total number of courses given to all of the children in the study was 2,480. Of those courses, 893 were Augmentin®, with 362 of those courses of Augmentin® being administered to children under age one.


The increased levels of ear infections in children with autism combined with the use of Augmentin® to treat these infections has the potential to make these children vulnerable to the buildup of ammonia in the gastrointestinal tract, the bloodstream, and the nervous system, leading to a neurotoxic state. By administering lactulose subsequent to a course of treatment with Augmentin® or other antibiotics that leave an ammonia residue in the gastrointestinal tract, the potential for a neurological disease, such as autism, is reduced.


In one embodiment of the present invention, the treatment has a formulation of 0.4 g/kg lactulose and 0.1 g/kg mannitol. In another embodiment, the treatment has a formulation of 0.3 g/kg lactulose. In either embodiment, the treatment is administered two to five times per day. The lactulose may be administered in the form of a powder, liquid solution, or syrup.


The foregoing description of the embodiments of the invention has been presented for the purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible in light of this disclosure. It is intended that the scope of the invention be limited not by this detailed description, but rather by the claims appended hereto.

Claims
  • 1. A method of increasing fermentation of bacteria in a colon in a subject diagnosed with Autism, the method comprising administering an effective amount of lactulose and mannitol to the subject, wherein administration of lactulose and mannitol to the subject increases fermentation of bacteria in the colon of the subject.
  • 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the effective amount of lactulose comprises about 0.4 g/kg lactulose per dose.
  • 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the effective amount of lactulose comprises about 0.3 g/kg lactulose per dose.
  • 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the effective amount of mannitol comprises about 0.1 g/kg mannitol per dose.
  • 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the effective amount of lactulose is administered to the subject approximately two to five times per day.
  • 6. The method of claim 1, wherein administration of lactulose increases the fermentation by lactobacilli, bifidobacteria, or a combination of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria in the subject.
  • 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the effective amount of lactulose is administered to the subject in a form selected from the group consisting of a powder, liquid solution, syrup, and a combination thereof.
  • 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the method does not include administration of an antibiotic to the subject.
  • 9. The method of claim 1, wherein administration of lactulose to the subject decreases a level of ammonia in the blood of the subject.
  • 10. The method of claim 1, wherein administration of lactulose to the subject decreases a level of ammonia in the gastrointestinal tract of the subject.
  • 11. The method of claim 1, wherein administration of lactulose to the subject decreases a level of ammonia in the nervous system of the subject.
  • 12. The method of claim 1, wherein increased fermentation of bacteria reduces neurotoxicity in the subject.
  • 13. The method of claim 1, wherein administration of lactulose to the subject reverses ammonia poisoning caused by administration of antibiotics that leave a residue in the gastrointestinal tract.
  • 14. The method of claim 1, wherein administration of lactulose to the subject lowers the colonic pH of the subject.
  • 15. A method for increasing fermentation of bacteria in a colon in a subject diagnosed with Autism, the method comprising administering an effective amount of lactulose and mannitol to the subject, wherein the effective amount of lactulose is administered to the subject approximately two to five times per day.
  • 16. A method for increasing fermentation of bacteria in a colon in a subject diagnosed with Autism, the method comprising administering an effective amount of lactulose and mannitol to the subject, wherein administration of lactulose to the subject reverses ammonia poisoning caused by administration of antibiotics that leave a residue in the gastrointestinal tract.
RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/089,842, filed Apr. 4, 2016, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,350,229, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/087,930, filed Nov. 22, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,345,721, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/204,881, filed Aug. 8, 2011, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,673,877, which is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/049,613, filed Mar. 17, 2008, now abandoned, which is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/468,379, filed Aug. 30, 2006, now abandoned. This application is herein incorporated in its entirety by reference.

US Referenced Citations (346)
Number Name Date Kind
3002883 Butt et al. Oct 1961 A
3223594 Hoek Dec 1965 A
3322626 D'Argento May 1967 A
3357894 Uriel et al. Dec 1967 A
3515642 Hiroyuki et al. Jun 1970 A
3536809 Applezweig et al. Oct 1970 A
3574819 Gross et al. Apr 1971 A
3598123 Zaffaroni Aug 1971 A
3710795 Higuchi et al. Jan 1973 A
3786615 Bauer Jan 1974 A
3845770 Theeuwes et al. Nov 1974 A
3860708 Prout Jan 1975 A
3916899 Theeuwes et al. Nov 1975 A
3940478 Kurtz Feb 1976 A
RE28819 Thompson May 1976 E
4008719 Theeuwes et al. Feb 1977 A
4044126 Cook et al. Aug 1977 A
4079125 Sipos Mar 1978 A
4145410 Sears Mar 1979 A
4199322 Danna et al. Apr 1980 A
4241046 Papahadjopoulos et al. Dec 1980 A
4280971 Wischniewski et al. Jul 1981 A
4328245 Yu et al. May 1982 A
4358603 Yu Nov 1982 A
4364923 Cook et al. Dec 1982 A
4395454 Baldwin Jul 1983 A
4409239 Yu Oct 1983 A
4410545 Yu et al. Oct 1983 A
4414209 Cook et al. Nov 1983 A
4447412 Bilton May 1984 A
4456544 Lupova et al. Jun 1984 A
4500515 Libby Feb 1985 A
4623624 Schultze Nov 1986 A
4710384 Rotman Dec 1987 A
4826679 Roy May 1989 A
5023108 Bagaria et al. Jun 1991 A
5059595 Le Grazie Oct 1991 A
5073543 Marshall et al. Dec 1991 A
5120548 McClelland et al. Jun 1992 A
5190775 Klose Mar 1993 A
5227166 Ueda et al. Jul 1993 A
5250418 Moeller et al. Oct 1993 A
5324514 Sipos Jun 1994 A
5354556 Sparks et al. Oct 1994 A
5378462 Boedecker et al. Jan 1995 A
5436319 Kung et al. Jul 1995 A
5437319 Garuglieri Aug 1995 A
5439935 Rawlings et al. Aug 1995 A
5460812 Sipos Oct 1995 A
5476661 Pillai et al. Dec 1995 A
5527678 Blaser et al. Jun 1996 A
5585115 Sherwood et al. Dec 1996 A
5591767 Mohr et al. Jan 1997 A
5607863 Chandler Mar 1997 A
5639476 Oshlack et al. Jun 1997 A
5648335 Lewis et al. Jul 1997 A
5674532 Atzl et al. Oct 1997 A
5674533 Santus et al. Oct 1997 A
5686255 Deth Nov 1997 A
5686311 Shaw Nov 1997 A
5750104 Sipos May 1998 A
5753223 Shibahara et al. May 1998 A
5776917 Blank et al. Jul 1998 A
5858758 Hillman et al. Jan 1999 A
5860957 Jacobsen et al. Jan 1999 A
5948433 Burton et al. Sep 1999 A
5952178 Lapidus et al. Sep 1999 A
5958875 Longo et al. Sep 1999 A
5977175 Lin Nov 1999 A
5983134 Ostrow Nov 1999 A
5985317 Venkateshwaran et al. Nov 1999 A
5985891 Rowe Nov 1999 A
6010715 Wick et al. Jan 2000 A
6011001 Navia et al. Jan 2000 A
6013286 Klose Jan 2000 A
6020310 Beck et al. Feb 2000 A
6020314 McMichael Feb 2000 A
6024975 D'Angelo et al. Feb 2000 A
6096338 Lacy et al. Aug 2000 A
6100080 Johansen Aug 2000 A
6149585 Gray Nov 2000 A
6153236 Wu et al. Nov 2000 A
6167301 Flower et al. Dec 2000 A
6168569 McEwen et al. Jan 2001 B1
6187309 McMichael et al. Feb 2001 B1
6197746 Beck et al. Mar 2001 B1
6210950 Johnson et al. Apr 2001 B1
6238727 Takemoto et al. May 2001 B1
6251478 Pacifico et al. Jun 2001 B1
6256533 Yuzhakov et al. Jul 2001 B1
6261595 Stanley et al. Jul 2001 B1
6261602 Calanchi et al. Jul 2001 B1
6261613 Narayanaswamy et al. Jul 2001 B1
6267983 Fujii et al. Jul 2001 B1
6280726 Weinrauch et al. Aug 2001 B1
6287585 Johansen Sep 2001 B1
6309669 Setterstrom et al. Oct 2001 B1
6312741 Navarro Nov 2001 B1
6399101 Frontanes et al. Jun 2002 B1
6482839 Thornfeldt Nov 2002 B1
6498143 Beck et al. Dec 2002 B1
6534063 Fallon Mar 2003 B1
6534259 Wakefield Mar 2003 B1
6558708 Lin May 2003 B1
6562629 Lin et al. May 2003 B1
6569463 Patel et al. May 2003 B2
6616954 Dally et al. Sep 2003 B1
6632429 Fallon Oct 2003 B1
6660831 Fallon Dec 2003 B2
6699885 Phillips Mar 2004 B2
6727073 Moore et al. Apr 2004 B1
6743447 Labergerie et al. Jun 2004 B2
6764447 Iliff Jul 2004 B2
6783757 Brudnak Aug 2004 B2
6790825 Beck et al. Sep 2004 B2
6797291 Richardson Sep 2004 B2
6808708 Houston Oct 2004 B2
6821514 Houston Nov 2004 B2
6827688 Goto et al. Dec 2004 B2
6835397 Lee et al. Dec 2004 B2
6852487 Barany et al. Feb 2005 B1
6861053 Lin et al. Mar 2005 B1
6890561 Blatt et al. May 2005 B1
6899876 Houston May 2005 B2
6923988 Patel et al. Aug 2005 B2
6980958 Surwit et al. Dec 2005 B1
7048906 Lin et al. May 2006 B2
7081239 Lin Jul 2006 B2
7091182 Beck et al. Aug 2006 B2
7101573 Szymczak et al. Sep 2006 B2
7122357 Sander-Struckmeier et al. Oct 2006 B2
7129053 Reiter et al. Oct 2006 B1
7138123 Fallon Nov 2006 B2
7232670 D'Azzo et al. Jun 2007 B2
7244412 Lin Jul 2007 B2
7285633 Wu et al. Oct 2007 B2
RE40059 Pacifico et al. Feb 2008 E
7381698 Fein et al. Jun 2008 B2
7395216 Rosenfeld et al. Jul 2008 B2
7479378 Potthoff et al. Jan 2009 B2
7483747 Gliner et al. Jan 2009 B2
7588757 Ozawa et al. Sep 2009 B2
7608245 Lin Oct 2009 B2
7630913 Kay Dec 2009 B2
7658918 Ortenzi et al. Feb 2010 B1
7718169 Margolin et al. May 2010 B2
7736622 Lin et al. Jun 2010 B2
7935799 Lin et al. May 2011 B2
7945451 Cosentino et al. May 2011 B2
8008036 Fallon Aug 2011 B2
8012710 Fallon Sep 2011 B2
8012930 Fallon Sep 2011 B2
8030002 Fallon Oct 2011 B2
8055516 Iliff Nov 2011 B2
8066636 Iliff Nov 2011 B2
8084025 Fallon Dec 2011 B2
8105584 Fallon Jan 2012 B2
8163278 Fallon Apr 2012 B2
8211661 Fallon Jul 2012 B2
8221747 Ortenzi et al. Jul 2012 B2
8318158 Fallon Nov 2012 B2
8437689 Mazar May 2013 B2
8486390 Fallon Jul 2013 B2
8580522 Fallon Nov 2013 B2
8613918 Fallon Dec 2013 B2
8658163 Fallon Feb 2014 B2
8673877 Fallon et al. Mar 2014 B2
8778335 Fallon Jul 2014 B2
8815233 Fallon Aug 2014 B2
8921054 Fallon Dec 2014 B2
8980252 Fallon et al. Mar 2015 B2
9017665 Fallon Apr 2015 B2
9023344 Fallon May 2015 B2
9056050 Fallon et al. Jun 2015 B2
9061033 Fallon Jun 2015 B2
9084784 Fallon et al. Jul 2015 B2
9107419 Fallon et al. Aug 2015 B2
9233146 Fallon Jan 2016 B2
9320780 Fallon Apr 2016 B2
9345721 Fallon et al. May 2016 B2
9377459 Fallon Jun 2016 B2
9408895 Fallon Aug 2016 B2
9492515 Fallon et al. Nov 2016 B2
9511125 Fallon et al. Dec 2016 B2
9624525 Fallon Apr 2017 B2
9624526 Fallon Apr 2017 B2
9687534 Fallon Jun 2017 B2
9895427 Fallon et al. Feb 2018 B2
9925250 Fallon Mar 2018 B2
9931302 Fallon et al. Apr 2018 B2
10098844 Fallon et al. Oct 2018 B2
10209253 Fallon Feb 2019 B2
10272141 Fallon Apr 2019 B2
10279016 Fallon May 2019 B2
10350229 Fallon et al. Jul 2019 B2
10350278 Fallon et al. Jul 2019 B2
10413601 Fallon Sep 2019 B2
20010006644 Bova et al. Jul 2001 A1
20010023360 Nelson et al. Sep 2001 A1
20010024660 Ullah et al. Sep 2001 A1
20020001575 Foreman Jan 2002 A1
20020037284 Fallon Mar 2002 A1
20020061302 Sander-Struckmeier et al. May 2002 A1
20020081628 Fallon Jun 2002 A1
20020090653 Fallon Jul 2002 A1
20020094367 Fuglsang et al. Jul 2002 A1
20020103675 Vanelli Aug 2002 A1
20020119914 Zhu et al. Aug 2002 A1
20020141987 Bjarnason Oct 2002 A1
20020183229 Simpson Dec 2002 A1
20030097122 Ganz et al. May 2003 A1
20040005304 Brudnak Jan 2004 A1
20040028689 Borody Feb 2004 A1
20040029752 Sava et al. Feb 2004 A1
20040057944 Galle et al. Mar 2004 A1
20040057962 Timmerman Mar 2004 A1
20040071683 Fallon Apr 2004 A1
20040076590 Wilkins Apr 2004 A1
20040101562 Maio May 2004 A1
20040121002 Lee et al. Jun 2004 A1
20040209790 Sava et al. Oct 2004 A1
20050026892 Bodor Feb 2005 A1
20050036950 Jones et al. Feb 2005 A1
20050079594 Marion Apr 2005 A1
20050137134 Gill et al. Jun 2005 A1
20050170479 Weaver et al. Aug 2005 A1
20050187130 Brooker et al. Aug 2005 A1
20050232894 Weiner et al. Oct 2005 A1
20060105379 Wu et al. May 2006 A1
20060115467 Pangborn et al. Jun 2006 A1
20060121017 Margolin et al. Jun 2006 A1
20060182728 Fallon Aug 2006 A1
20060183180 Fallon Aug 2006 A1
20060198838 Fallon Sep 2006 A1
20060253045 Coifman Nov 2006 A1
20060258599 Childers Nov 2006 A1
20060259995 Cayouette et al. Nov 2006 A1
20060294108 Adelson et al. Dec 2006 A1
20070031399 Edens et al. Feb 2007 A1
20070053895 Fallon Mar 2007 A1
20070092501 Houston Apr 2007 A1
20070116695 Fallon May 2007 A1
20070148151 Frink et al. Jun 2007 A1
20070148152 Shlieout et al. Jun 2007 A1
20070148153 Shlieout et al. Jun 2007 A1
20070203426 Kover et al. Aug 2007 A1
20080019959 Becher et al. Jan 2008 A1
20080020036 Jolly Jan 2008 A1
20080057086 Etter Mar 2008 A1
20080058282 Fallon et al. Mar 2008 A1
20080112900 Du-Thumm et al. May 2008 A1
20080112944 Pangborn et al. May 2008 A1
20080152637 Fallon Jun 2008 A1
20080161265 Fallon et al. Jul 2008 A1
20080166334 Fallon Jul 2008 A1
20080177578 Zakim Jul 2008 A1
20080187525 Porubcan Aug 2008 A1
20080199448 Ross et al. Aug 2008 A1
20080219966 Fallon Sep 2008 A1
20080248558 Deinhammer et al. Oct 2008 A1
20080254009 Finegold Oct 2008 A1
20080274174 Ortenzi et al. Nov 2008 A1
20080279839 Schuler et al. Nov 2008 A1
20080279953 Ortenzi et al. Nov 2008 A1
20080311554 Slotman Dec 2008 A1
20080317731 Gramatikova et al. Dec 2008 A1
20090004285 Yu et al. Jan 2009 A1
20090063402 Hayter Mar 2009 A1
20090110674 Loizou Apr 2009 A1
20090117180 Ortenzi et al. May 2009 A1
20090130081 Fallon May 2009 A1
20090171696 Allard et al. Jul 2009 A1
20090197289 Fallon Aug 2009 A1
20090226414 Tijssen et al. Sep 2009 A1
20090232789 Fallon Sep 2009 A1
20090233344 Kurfurst et al. Sep 2009 A1
20090263372 Fallon Oct 2009 A1
20090285790 Fallon Nov 2009 A1
20090286270 Fallon Nov 2009 A1
20090304670 Edens et al. Dec 2009 A1
20090324572 Fallon Dec 2009 A1
20090324730 Fallon Dec 2009 A1
20100092447 Fallon Apr 2010 A1
20100169409 Fallon et al. Jul 2010 A1
20100196344 Margolin et al. Aug 2010 A1
20100209507 Lin et al. Aug 2010 A1
20100233218 Fallon Sep 2010 A1
20100239559 Freedman et al. Sep 2010 A1
20100260857 Fallon et al. Oct 2010 A1
20100270183 Ortenzi et al. Oct 2010 A1
20100285116 Joshi Nov 2010 A1
20110029922 Hoffberg et al. Feb 2011 A1
20110052706 Moest et al. Mar 2011 A1
20110065628 Johnson et al. Mar 2011 A1
20110081320 Westall et al. Apr 2011 A1
20110112005 Brooker et al. May 2011 A1
20110182818 Fallon Jul 2011 A1
20110200574 Jolly et al. Aug 2011 A1
20110280853 Fallon et al. Nov 2011 A1
20110280854 Fallon et al. Nov 2011 A1
20120003628 Fallon Jan 2012 A1
20120004192 Fallon et al. Jan 2012 A1
20120027848 Fallon et al. Feb 2012 A1
20120070504 Fallon Mar 2012 A1
20120128764 Venkatesh et al. May 2012 A1
20120189703 Fallon et al. Jul 2012 A1
20120201875 Ortenzi et al. Aug 2012 A1
20120207740 Fallon Aug 2012 A1
20120230970 Fallon Sep 2012 A1
20130059001 Fallon Mar 2013 A1
20130095152 Fallon Apr 2013 A1
20130113129 Fallon et al. May 2013 A1
20130195833 Fallon Aug 2013 A1
20130202581 Fallon et al. Aug 2013 A1
20130224172 Fallon et al. Aug 2013 A1
20140030333 Fallon Jan 2014 A1
20140127184 Fallon et al. May 2014 A1
20140147500 Fallon et al. May 2014 A1
20140161787 Fallon Jun 2014 A1
20140170637 Fallon Jun 2014 A1
20140348881 Fallon Nov 2014 A1
20150023944 Fallon Jan 2015 A1
20150147308 Fallon et al. May 2015 A1
20150151198 Dugan et al. Jun 2015 A1
20150182607 Jolly et al. Jul 2015 A1
20150246105 Fallon et al. Sep 2015 A1
20150273030 Fallon Oct 2015 A1
20150335589 Fallon et al. Nov 2015 A1
20160045576 Fallon et al. Feb 2016 A1
20160206708 Fallon et al. Jul 2016 A1
20170157221 Fallon Jun 2017 A1
20170202934 Fallon Jul 2017 A1
20170246265 Fallon Aug 2017 A1
20180071375 Fallon Mar 2018 A1
20180104315 Fallon Apr 2018 A1
20180161409 Fallon Jun 2018 A1
20180243282 Fallon Aug 2018 A1
20180296650 Fallon Oct 2018 A1
20180360759 Fallon Dec 2018 A1
20190175704 Fallon Jun 2019 A1
20190183990 Fallon et al. Jun 2019 A1
20190201507 Fallon Jul 2019 A1
20190209667 Fallon Jul 2019 A1
20190275128 Fallon et al. Sep 2019 A1
20200282030 Fallon et al. Sep 2020 A1
20200286620 Fallon et al. Sep 2020 A1
Foreign Referenced Citations (105)
Number Date Country
2198317 Aug 1998 CA
2263703 Aug 1999 CA
2667976 May 2008 CA
2719102 Sep 2009 CA
1031562 Mar 1989 CN
1275897 Dec 2000 CN
1329923 Jan 2002 CN
1552836 Dec 2004 CN
1791430 Jun 2006 CN
101039667 Sep 2007 CN
101208092 Jun 2008 CN
3738599 May 1989 DE
4332985 Mar 1995 DE
202010004926 Jul 2010 DE
0425214 May 1991 EP
0436110 Jul 1991 EP
0451484 Oct 1991 EP
0564739 Oct 1993 EP
0564739 Apr 1995 EP
1162995 Jun 2003 EP
1413202 Apr 2004 EP
1335706 Apr 2005 EP
1019072 May 2005 EP
1604677 Dec 2005 EP
1931317 Dec 2008 EP
2258837 Dec 2010 EP
2318035 May 2011 EP
2373791 Oct 2011 EP
669782 Apr 1952 GB
2347742 Sep 2000 GB
2480772 Nov 2011 GB
2506537 Apr 2014 GB
S523819 Jan 1977 JP
S62230714 Oct 1987 JP
H04364119 Dec 1992 JP
2003517831 Jun 2003 JP
2004500591 Jan 2004 JP
2005515223 May 2005 JP
2006512091 Apr 2006 JP
2007523664 Aug 2007 JP
2007530503 Nov 2007 JP
2008512468 Apr 2008 JP
2008521906 Jun 2008 JP
2008283895 Nov 2008 JP
2013517251 May 2013 JP
20050084485 Aug 2005 KR
2356244 May 2009 RU
310277 Jul 1997 TW
WO-8402846 Aug 1984 WO
WO-8908694 Sep 1989 WO
WO-9002562 Mar 1990 WO
WO-9219708 Nov 1992 WO
WO-9219709 Nov 1992 WO
WO-9419005 Sep 1994 WO
WO-9522344 Aug 1995 WO
WO-9732480 Sep 1997 WO
WO-9822499 May 1998 WO
WO-9826807 Jun 1998 WO
WO-9822499 Jul 1998 WO
WO-9832336 Jul 1998 WO
WO-9852593 Nov 1998 WO
WO-9964059 Dec 1999 WO
WO-0009142 Feb 2000 WO
WO-9964059 Mar 2000 WO
WO-0021504 Apr 2000 WO
WO-0127612 Apr 2001 WO
WO-0143764 Jun 2001 WO
WO-0145835 Jun 2001 WO
WO-0127612 Oct 2001 WO
WO-0143764 Nov 2001 WO
WO-0214537 Feb 2002 WO
WO-0219828 Mar 2002 WO
WO-0214537 May 2002 WO
WO-02051352 Jul 2002 WO
WO-02051436 Jul 2002 WO
WO-03051345 Jun 2003 WO
WO-03059088 Jul 2003 WO
WO-2004060074 Jul 2004 WO
WO-2004093883 Nov 2004 WO
WO-2005092370 Oct 2005 WO
WO-2005115445 Dec 2005 WO
WO-2006031554 Mar 2006 WO
WO-2006044529 Apr 2006 WO
WO-2006060414 Jun 2006 WO
WO-2006031554 Sep 2006 WO
WO-2007002572 Jan 2007 WO
WO-2007074454 Jul 2007 WO
WO-2007147714 Dec 2007 WO
WO-2008021987 Feb 2008 WO
WO-2008102264 Aug 2008 WO
WO-2009114757 Sep 2009 WO
WO-2009155689 Dec 2009 WO
WO-2010002972 Jan 2010 WO
WO-2010025126 Mar 2010 WO
WO-2010080830 Jul 2010 WO
WO-2010080835 Jul 2010 WO
WO-2010120781 Oct 2010 WO
WO-2011000924 Jan 2011 WO
WO-2011050135 Apr 2011 WO
WO-2011114225 Sep 2011 WO
WO-2012067621 May 2012 WO
WO-2012145651 Oct 2012 WO
WO-2013103746 Jul 2013 WO
WO-2013116732 Aug 2013 WO
WO-2013181447 Dec 2013 WO
Non-Patent Literature Citations (834)
Entry
Horsmans, Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1997; 11:165-170. (Year: 1997).
Schlessingerman, Mass of an Adult, The Physics Factbook, Edited by Glenn Elert, 2003. (Year: 2003).
D'Eufemia, Acta Paediatr 85: 1076-9, 1996. (Year: 1996).
Barboza, Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research (1999) 32: 1499-1504. (Year: 1999).
Capua et al., Influenza A viruses grow in human pancreatic cells and cause pancreatitis and diabetes in an animal model. Journal of Virology 87(1): 597-610 (2013).
DeFelice, Viruses Part 2—results of two informal studies, Chapter 14. In: Enzymes: Go with your Gut—more practical guidelines for digestive enzymes. Published by ThunderSnow. pp. 195-218 (2006).
National Institutes of Health. Thin Bones Seen in Boys with Autism and Autism Spectrum Disorder. 3 pages (2008).
U.S. Appl. No. 13/733,873 Final Office Action dated Feb. 6, 2020.
U.S. Appl. No. 15/889,917 Final Office Action dated Feb. 13, 2020.
U.S. Appl. No. 12/535,676 Notice of Allowance dated Apr. 1, 2020.
U.S. Appl. No. 13/757,412 Non-Final Office Action dated Mar. 18, 2020.
U.S. Appl. No. 14/713,242 Notice of Allowance dated Apr. 2, 2020.
U.S. Appl. No. 15/074,115 Notice of Allowance dated Feb. 11, 2020.
U.S. Appl. No. 15/265,620 Non-Final Office Action dated Jan. 30, 2020.
U.S. Appl. No. 15/889,917 Office Action dated May 24, 2019.
U.S. Appl. No. 16/296,546 Non-Final Office Action dated Feb. 14, 2020.
Wang et al., Extraction of Pancreatin from Pig Pancreas and Isolation and Purification of Kallikrein. Academic Journal of Kunming Medical College 1: 107-108 (2002).
ABCnews. Changing Face of Autism: Numbers Rise as More Behaviors Included. ABCnews. Nov. 1, 2007.
Adams. “Summary of Defeat Autism Now! (DNN!) Oct. 2001 Conference,” retrieved from the internet Dec. 18, 2008. http://puterakembara.org/rm/DAN2001.htm.
Advisory Action dated Jun. 3, 2008 for U.S. Appl. No. 10/681,018.
Aman, et al. Outcome measures for clinical drug trials in autism. CNS Spectr. Jan. 2004;9(1):36-47.
Amendment dated Oct. 28, 2009 in Reply to Final Office Action dated Apr. 28, 2009 for U.S. Appl. No. 10/681,018.
Amendment dated Nov. 13, 2009 in Reply to Final Office Action dated Jul. 27, 2004 for U.S. Appl. No. 09/990,909.
Amendment dated Dec. 12, 2007 in Reply to Office Action dated Aug. 8, 2007 for U.S. Appl. No. 11/213,382.
Amendment dated Dec. 7, 2007 in Reply to Office Action dated Aug. 7, 2007 for U.S. Appl. No. 10/681,018.
Amendment dated Feb. 2, 2004 in Reply to Office Action dated Jul. 29, 2003 for U.S. Appl. No. 09/990,909.
Amendment dated Feb. 7, 2003 in Reply to Office Action dated Jul. 30, 2002 for U.S. Appl. No. 09/990,909.
Amendment dated Feb. 7, 2009 in Reply to Office Action dated Aug. 18, 2008 for U.S. Appl. No. 10/681,018.
Amendment dated Mar. 1, 2004 in Reply to Office Action dated Aug. 26, 2003 for U.S. Appl. No. 10/041,073.
Amendment dated Mar. 24, 2010 in Reply to Final Office Action dated Sep. 24, 2009 for U.S. Appl. No. 12/046,252.
Amendment dated Mar. 4, 2008 in Reply to Office Action dated Nov. 14, 2007 for U.S. Appl. No. 11/213,255.
Amendment dated May 18, 2007 in Reply to Office Action dated Dec. 22, 2006 for U.S. Appl. No. 10/681,018.
Amendment dated May 19, 2008 in Reply to Final Office Action dated Mar. 17, 2008 for U.S. Appl. No. 10/681,018.
Amendment dated May 27, 2009 in Reply to Final Office Action dated Feb. 27, 2009 for U.S. Appl. No. 11/555,697.
Amendment dated Jun. 15, 2009 in Reply to Final Office Action dated Mar. 13, 2009 for U.S. Appl. No. 11/232,180.
Amendment dated Jun. 8, 2010 in Reply to Office Action dated Jan. 8, 2010 for U.S. Appl. No. 10/681,018.
Amendment dated Aug. 21, 2008 in Reply to Office Action dated Apr. 21, 2008 for U.S. Appl. No. 11/232,180.
Amendment dated Aug. 28, 2008 in Reply to Office Action dated Mar. 28, 2008 for U.S. Appl. No. 11/555,697.
Amendment dated Sep. 25, 2008 in Reply to Final Office Action dated Jun. 25, 2008 for U.S. Appl. No. 11/213,255.
American Family Physician. Cuts, Scrapes, and Stitches. Am Fam Physician 69(11):2647-2648 (Jun. 1, 2004).
Anderson, George M., et al. Determination of serotonin in whole blood, platelet-rich plasma, platelet-poor plasma and plasma ultrafiltrate. Life Sciences 40(11):1063-1070 (Mar. 16, 1987) [Abstract Only].
Ang, et al. Biological role and regulation of the universally conserved heat shock proteins. J Biol Chem. Dec. 25, 1991;266(36):24233-6.
Anonymous: Emulsifiers for the preparation of active dry yeast, Research Disclosure, Mason Publications, Hampshire, GB, 236(6), Dec. 1983 (attached).
APDA. Basic Information About Parkinson's Disease. Jul. 14, 2008.
Arnold, GL et al. Plasma amino acids profiles in children with autism: potential risk of nutritional deficiencies. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 33(4):449-454 (Aug. 2003) [Abstract Only].
Arribas, et al. A comparative study of the chymotrypsin-like activity of the rat liver multicatalytic proteinase and the ClpP from Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem. Oct. 5, 1993;268(28):21165-71.
Arrigo, et al. Expression of heat shock proteins during development in Drosophila. Results Probl Cell Differ. 1991;17:106-19.
Ash. Patient Information Guide—Understanding Hypertension. American Society of Hypertension. 2004. 1-7.
Ashwood, et al. Immune activation of peripheral blood and mucosal CD3+ lymphocyte cytokine profiles in children with autism and gastrointestinal symptoms. J Neuroimmunol. Dec. 19, 2005; 1-9.
Ashwood, et al. Intestinal lymphocyte populations in children with regressive autism: evidence for extensive mucosal immunopathology. J Clin Immunol. Nov. 2003;23(6):504-17.
Ashwood, et al. Spontaneous mucosal lymphocyte cytokine profiles in children with autism and gastrointestinal symptoms: mucosal immune activation and reduced counter regulatory interleukin-10. J Clin Immunol. Nov. 2004;24(6):664-73.
Austic. Development and adaptation of protein digestion. J Nutr. May 1985;115(5):686-97.
Autism Diagnosis. Autism Statistics. Www.autism-diagnosis.com/autism_statistics/autism_statistics.html. 2007.
Autism Society of America. Incidence Numbers from Other Countries. www.autism-society.org. Accessed: Jul. 14, 2008.
Avruch, J., et al. Amino acid regulation of TOR complex 1. AJP: Endocrinology and Metabolism, Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 296(4):E592-E602 (Apr. 2009).
Awazuhara, et al. Antigenicity of the proteins in soy lecithin and soy oil in soybean allergy. Clin Exp Allergy. Dec. 1998;28(12):1559-64.
Axcan Pharma Inc. Cdn Prescribing Information on VIOKASE Pancrelipase, USP tablets, powder. 2000: 1-3.
Axelrod FB et al. Hereditary sensory an autonomic neuropathies: types II, III and IV. Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases, 2:39 (2007).
Axelrod. Secretin Treatment for Gastrointestinal Dysmobility in Patients with Familial Dysautonomia. New York University School of Medicine, Grant Recipient awards, Mar.-May 2000. www.med.nyu.edu/ogars/awards/awards2000/page2.html.
Azilect et al. “Correlation between protein intake and daily levodopa dosage,” Obtained from the internet May 2, 2007, http://www.azilect.eu/media/cnsnews/showitem.aspx?i=d1c603e4-3c61-4aa1-a376-6e519a5a0f80.
Bailey, et al. Co-occurring conditions associated with FMR1 gene variations: findings from a national parent survey. Am J Med Genet A. Aug. 15, 2008;146A(16):2060-9.
Bakkaloglu, et al. Atopic features in early childhood autism. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. Nov. 2008;12(6):476-9.
Balasubramanian, Mukundh N. et al. Asparagine synthetase: regulation by cell stress and involvement in tumor biology, Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 304(8):E789-E799 (Apr. 15, 2013).
Barlow. A comparison of the blood pressure, kidney volume and the pancreatic secretory response following the vein administration of various secretin preparations. Am J Phys. 1927;81:182-188.
Barnhart, et al. Symptomatic granular cell tumor involving the pituitary gland in a dog: a case report and review of the literature. Vet Pathol. May 2001;38(3):332-6.
Beilmann, et al. Neoexpression of the c-met/hepatocyte growth factor-scatter factor receptor gene in activated monocytes. Blood. Dec. 1, 1997;90(11):4450-8.
Beliaev, O.A. The therapeutic efficacy of the triase preparation in experimental pancreatic exocrine insufficiency. Eksp Lin Farmakiol. 57:38-40 (1994) (Abstract Only—English Translation).
Bellanti, et al. Abnormalities of Th1 function in non-IgE food allergy, celiac disease, and ileal lymphonodular hyperplasia: a new relationship? Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. Jun. 2003;90(6 Suppl 3):84-9.
Belmonte et al. Fragile X syndrome and autism at the intersection of genetic and neural networks. Nat Neurosci. Oct. 2006; 9(10):1221-5 (abstract only).
Berg, et al. Section 10.5 Many Enzymes Are Activated by Specific Proteolytic Cleavage. 2002.
Berg, et al. Section 9.1 Proteases: Facilitating a Difficult Reaction. 2002.
Berg, et al. Table of Contents. Biochemistry, 5th edition. 2002.
Bhattacharjee et al., Treatment of Pancreatic Exocrine Insufficiency with Enteric Coated Pancreatin Formulations: An Overview. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology. 6(3):2125-2130 (2013).
Birnbaum, et al. Heat shock or stress proteins and their role as autoantigens in multiple sclerosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci. Dec. 19, 1997;835:157-67. Abstract only.
Blackmer. Parkinson disease: treatment and medication. Mar. 10, 2009., retrieved from the internet on Sep. 15, 2009, http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/312519-treatment.
Block, et al. A rapid food screener to assess fat and fruit and vegetable intake. Am J Prey Med. May 2000;18(4):284-8.
Blog. Acid Phosphatase Research (blog). Acid-phosphatase.blogspot.com. 2008.
Bode et al. Usefulness of a simple photometric determination of chymotrypsin activity in stools—results of a multicentre study. Clin Biochem. 1986; 19:333-37.
Boorom. Is this recently characterized gastrointestinal pathogen responsible for rising rates of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and IBD associated autism in Europe and the United States in the 1990s? Med Hypotheses. 2007;69(3):652-9.
Borlongan. Recent preclinical evidence advancing cell therapy for Alzheimer's disease. Exp Neurol. Sep. 2012;237(1):142-6. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.06.024. Epub Jun. 27, 2012.
Borowitz et al., Study of a novel pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy in pancreatic insufficient subjects with cystic fibrosis J.Pediatr., 149:658-662 (2006).
Borowitz, et al. Use of pancreatic enzyme supplements for patients with cystic fibrosis in the context of fibrosing colonopathy. Consensus Committee. J Pediatr. Nov. 1995;127(5):681-4.
Bouhnik, et al. Lactulose ingestion increases faecal bifidobacterial counts: A randomized double-blind study in healthy humans. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 58:462-466 (2004).
Bowen. Exocrine secretions of the pancreas. Jul. 5, 2006. Accessed online at www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/digestion/pancreas/exocrine.html.
Boyd, et al. Positively charged amino acid residues can act as topogenic determinants in membrane proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. Dec. 1989;86(23):9446-50.
Bradstreet, et al. Detection of Measles Virus Genomic RNA in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Children with Regressive Autism: a Report of Three Cases. J. Am Phys Surg. 2004; 9(2):38-45.
Bray, et al. Effect of dietary protein content on weight gain, energy expenditure, and body composition during overeating. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA. Jan. 4, 2012; 307(1):47-55.
Brinkley, et al. Factor analysis of the aberrant behavior checklist in individuals with autism spectrum disorders. J Autism Dev Disord. Nov. 2007;37(10):1949-59. Epub Dec. 21, 2006.
Brown. Background to Parkinson's Disease. biomed.brown.edu. Jul. 14, 2008.
Brudnak et al. Enzyme-based therapy for autism spectrum disorders—is it worth another look? Med Hypoth. 2002; 58:422-428.
Brudnak, Mark et al., Guide to intestinal health in autism spectrum disorder, Kirkman Laboratories, (Oct. 2001).
Bruhat, et al. Amino acid limitation induces expression of CHOP, a CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-related gene, at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. J Biol Chem. Jul. 11, 1997;272(28):17588-93.
Buie, et al. Evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of gastrointestinal disorders in individuals with ASDs: a consensus report. Pediatrics. Jan. 2010;125 Suppl 1:S1-18.
Button, KS et al. Power failure: why small sample size undermines the reliability of neuroscience. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 14:365376 (2013).
Calderon-Garciduenas, et al. Immunotoxicity and environment: immunodysregulation and systemic inflammation in children. Toxicol Pathol. 2009;37(2):161-9.
Caldwell, et al. Crystalline Pancreatic Amylase. II. Improved Method for its Preparation from Hog Pancreas Glands and Additional Studies of its Properties. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1952; 74(16):4033-4035.
Campbell et al. A genetic variant that disrupts MET transcription is associated with autism. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2006; 103(45):16834-16839.
Campbell, et al. Distinct genetic risk based on association of MET in families with co-occurring autism and gastrointestinal conditions. Pediatrics. Mar. 2009;123(3):1018-24.
Carlton. Autism and malnutrition: the milk connection. Retrieved from the internet on Feb. 18, 2008, http://www.mercola.com/2004/autism_malnutrition.htm.
Caronna, et al. Autism spectrum disorders: clinical and research frontiers. Arch Dis Child. Jun. 2008;93(6):518-23.
Carroccio et al. Effectiveness of Enteric-coated Preparations on Nutritional Parameters in Cystic Fibrosis. Digestion 41:201-206 (1988).
Carroccio et al. Role of pancreatic impairment in growth recovery during gluten-free diet in childhood celiac disease. Gastroenterology 112:1839-1844 (1997).
Carroccio, et al. Pancreatic enzyme therapy in childhood celiac disease. A double-blind prospective randomized study. Dig Dis Sci. Dec. 1995;40(12):2555-60.
Carroccio, et al. Secondary impairment of pancreatic function as a cause of severe malabsorption in intestinal giardiasis: a case report. Am J Trop Med Hyg. Jun. 1997;56(6):599-602.
Carroccio, et al. Secretin-cerulein test and fecal chymotrypsin concentration in children with intestinal giardiasis. Int J Pancreatol. Oct. 1993;14(2):175-80.
Cassidy, et al. A new concept for the mechanism of action of chymotrypsin: the role of the low-barrier hydrogen bond. Biochemistry. Apr. 15, 1997;36(15):4576-84.
CDC, Escherichia coli, Travelers Health, Chapter 3: Infectious Diseases Related to Travel, Jul. 10, 2015, Available Online at: wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2016/infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/escherichia-coli.
CDC. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Www.cdc.org. 2005.
CDC. Autism Information Center/FAQs. Dept of Health and Human Services/CDC. Jan. 30, 2008.
CDC. High Blood Pressure. Division for Heart Disease Stroke Prevention. Jul. 15, 2003.
Chaignon et al. Susceptibility of staphylococcal biofilms to enzymatic treatments depends on their chemical compositions. Appl. Microbiol. Appl. Microbiol. 75:125-132 (2007).
Chazalette, J.P. et al., A double-bind placebo-controlled trial of a pancreatic enzyme formulation (Panzytrat 25000) in the treatment of impaired lipid digestion in patients with cystic fibrosis. Drug Invest., 5(5):274-280 (1993).
Chen, et al. Identification of two lysosomal membrane glycoproteins. J Cell Biol. Jul. 1985;101(1):85-95.
Chen, et al. Lysine 43 is trimethylated in subunit C from bovine mitochondrial ATP synthase and in storage bodies associated with batten disease. J Biol Chem. May 21, 2004;279(21):21883-7.
Chen, et al. Medicinal Functions of Bromelain and Its Application Prospect in Animal Husbandry, China Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine. 2005; vol. 32, No. 1, p. 14-16. (in Chinese with English translation).
Chez, M. et al. Secretin and autism: A two-part clinical investigation. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 30(2), 87-94 (Apr. 2000) [Abstract Only].
Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS), Wikipedia, downloaded May 5, 2014.
Chung, et al. Effects of a central cholinesterase inhibitor on reducing falls in Parkinson disease. Neurology. Oct. 5, 2010;75(14):1263-9. Epub Sep. 1, 2010.
Cichoke, AJ The Complete Book of Enzyme Therapy, Penguin (1999) pp. 206-208 and 38.
Cichoke, et al. The complete book of enzyme therapy. Penguin. 1998: 39, 42, 47, 50, and 53.
Cichoke. Celiac disease. The complete book of enzyme therapy. Penguin. New York, NY. 1999; 174-177.
Cichoke. Influenza. In: The Complete Book of Enzyme Therapy. Anthony J. Cichoke. Avery, a member of Penguin Putnam, Inc., publisher. Ed.: Dara Stewart, pp. 37, 40-45 (1999).
Cichoke. Influenza. In: The Complete Book of Enzyme Therapy. D. Stewart, ed. Copyright 1999. Anthony J. Cichoke. Penguin Putnam, Inc., New York, New York. pp. “Contents”, 50, 273-275 and 455.
Clark et al., The effect of ranitidine versus proton pump inhibitors on gastric secretions: a meta-analysis of randomized control trials, Anaesthesia, 2009, 64, pp. 652-657.
Claud, et a. Hypothesis: inappropriate colonization of the premature intestine can cause neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. FASEB J. Jun. 2001;15(8):1398-403.
Commentary on the Japanese Pharmacopoeia, 14th ed., D929-D931, 2001.
Concerta. ADHD Myths and Facts. ADHD Myths and Facts about medication, girls, and symptoms and causes. Concerta.net. Jul. 15, 2008.
Cornish. A balanced approach towards healthy eating in autism, Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 11:501-509 (1998).
Corring, et al. Development of digestive enzymes in the piglet from birth to 8 weeks. I. Pancreas and pancreatic enzymes. Nutr Metab. 1978;22(4):231-43.
Couet, et al. Identification of peptide and protein ligands for the caveolin-scaffolding domain. Implications for the interaction of caveolin with caveolae-associated proteins. J Biol Chem. Mar. 7, 1997;272(10):6525-33.
Coutinho, AM et al. Variants of the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) significantly contribute to hyperserotonemia in autism. Mol Psychiatry. Mar. 2004;9(3):264-71.
Cox, RJ et al. Influenza Virus: Immunity and Vaccination Strategies. Comparison of the Immune Response to Inactivated and Live, Attenuated Influenza Vaccines. Scandinavian Journal of Immunology 59, 1-15 (2004).
Coyle. Treating the Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia: An Expert Interview with Joseph Coyle, MD. www.narsad.org/?q=node/438/latest-research. 2006.
Craig, et al. Heat shock proteins: molecular chaperones of protein biogenesis. Microbiol Rev. Jun. 1993;57(2):402-14.
Creon—FDA Prescribing information side effects and uses. Revised Apr. 2015.
Creon digestive enzymes. Celic.com/ Jun. 2009. http://www.celiac.com/gluten-free/topic/59195-creon-digestive-enzymes.
Creon. Full prescribing information. Last edited Mar. 2013. Abbvie Inc 2012. www.rxabbvie.com/pdf/creon_PI.pdf.
Croonenberghs, et al. Peripheral markers of serotonergic and noradrenergic function in post-pubertal, caucasian males with autistic disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology. Mar. 2000;22(3):275-83.
Cruse et al. Illustrated dictionary of immunology. CRC Press, New York. 1995.
Cuervo, et al. Cathepsin A regulates chaperone-mediated autophagy through cleavage of the lysosomal receptor. EMBO J. Jan. 2, 2003;22(1):47-59.
Curemark press release. Curemark Receives Investigational New Drug Clearance for CM-AT for Autism. Mar. 26, 2009. http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/143723.php.
Curemark Trademark/Service mark application, Principal Register. Serial No. 77527223. Filing date: Jul. 21, 2008.
Dajcs, et al. Lysostaphin is effective in treating methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Endophthalmitis in the rabbit. Curr Eye Res. Jun. 2001;22(6):451-7.
Daly, E., et al. Response inhibition and serotonin in autism: A functional MRI study using acute tryptophan depletion. Brain, 137(9), 2600-2610 (Sep. 2014).
Darman. An introduction to alternative medicine for psychiatric conditions. Oct. 22, 2007, retrieved on Sep. 18, 2009, http://web.archive.org/web/20071022104238/http://altp[therapies4bipolar.info/ortho/html.
Dawe, et al. Antipsychotic drugs dose-dependently suppress the spontaneous hyperactivity of the chakragati mouse. Neuroscience. Nov. 24, 2010;171(1):162-72. Epub Sep. 17, 2010.
Dawe, et al. The chakragati mouse: a mouse model for rapid in vivo screening of antipsychotic drug candidates. Biotechnol J. Nov. 2007;2(11):1344-52.
Dawn. Autism: the Latest Prevalence Rates in USA—Now 1 in 175. Disabled Women's Network Ontario. Dawn.thot.net/autism2.html. 2006.
Dawson lab. Research Projects in Synthetic Protein Chemistry. 2005; 1-2.
Delong. News on Parkinson's. The Dana Foundation. Jul. 14, 2008.
Derwent. English abstract for RU 2286785 Nov. 10, 2006. Downloaded from the Derwent file Jul. 13, 2011.
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Primary Care Version, Chapter 6, American Psychiatric Association (2000).
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision, DSM-IV-TR, American Psychiatric Association (2000).
Diaz-Hernandez, et al. Neuronal induction of the immunoproteasome in Huntington's disease. J Neurosci. Dec. 17, 2003;23(37):11653-61.
Digestive Enzyme Preparation: Pancreatin listed in Japanese Pharmacopoeia, Aug. 2008, < URL:http: > (in Japanese with English translation) < /URL:http: >.
Digestive Enzyme Wikipedia. Retrieved from the internet Sep. 10, 2009, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestive_enzyme.
Ding, et al. Proteasome inhibition in oxidative stress neurotoxicity: implications for heat shock proteins. J Neurochem. May 2001;77(4):1010-7.
Dobbs et al. Link between helicobacter pylori infection and idiopathic parkinsonism. Medical Hypothesis. 2000; 55(2):93-98.
Dockter et al. Determination of chymotrypsin in the feces by a new photometric method. Padiatr Padol. 1985; 20(3):257-265.
Dominquez-Munoz, et al. Optimising the therapy of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency by the association of a proton pump inhibitor to enteric coated pancreatic extracts. Gut. Jul. 2006;55(7):1056-7.
Drabkin, H., et al. Initiation of protein synthesis in mammalian cells with codons other than AUG and amino acids other than methionine. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 18(9): 5140-5147 (Sep. 1998).
Dudzinska. Dissertation. Development of lipid-based enteric coatings. Oct. 18, 1988. Martin Luther University, Halle-Wittenberg. pp. 1-125.
Dupiereux, et al. Creutzfeldt-Jakob, Parkinson, lewy body dementia and Alzheimer diseases: from diagnosis to therapy. Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem. Mar. 2009;9(1):2-11.
Durie et al. Uses and abuses of enzyme therapy in cystic fibrosis. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 91:(Suppl. 34):2-13 (1998).
Durkin, et al. Socioeconomic inequality in the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder: evidence from a U.S. cross-sectional study. PLoS One. Jul. 12, 2010;5(7):e11551.
Eaves, et al. The criterion-related validity of the Childhood Autism Rating Scale and the Autism Behavior Checklist. J Abnorm Child Psychol. Oct. 1993;21(5):481-91. abstract only.
Edelson, et al. 3-Cyclohexene-1-glycine, an Isoleucine Antagonist. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1958;80(11):2698-2700.
Elkashef, et al. Biological markers of cocaine addiction: implications for medications development. Addict Biol. Jun. 2003;8(2):123-39.
Elphick, et al. Impaired luminal processing of human defensin-5 in Crohn's disease: persistence in a complex with chymotrypsinogen and trypsin. Am J Pathol. Mar. 2008;172(3):702-13.
Emc, Creon 10000 Capsules, May 18, 2015, Available Online at: www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/2068.
EMedExpert, Antibiotics: Cephalosporins, Available online at: http://www.emedexpert.com/compare/ cephalosporins.shtml, available as early as Jun. 2, 2007 per Internet Archive Wayback Machine.
Ethridge, et al. Acute pancreatitis results in induction of heat shock proteins 70 and 27 and heat shock factor-1. Pancreas. Oct. 2000;21(3):248-56.
Evans, C. et al. Altered amino acid excretion in children with autism. Nutritional Neuroscience, 11(1):9-17 (Feb. 2008).
Evans, et al. Pancreatic insufficiency in adult celiac disease: do patients require long-term enzyme supplementation? Dig Dis Sci. Oct. 2010;55(10):2999-3004. doi: 10.1007/s10620-010-1261-y. Epub May 11, 2010.
Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency (Enzymes) Document downloaded online on Jan. 8, 2016 at: http://www.epi4dogs.com/enzyme.htm < http: > < /http: >.
Fafournoux, et al. Amino acid regulation of gene expression. Biochem J. Oct. 1, 2000;351(Pt 1):1-12.
Fafournoux, P. et al. Amino acid regulation of gene expression. Biochemical Journal, 351:1-12(2000).
Fairclough, P. et al. Comparison of the absorption of two protein hydrolysates and their effects on water and electrolyte movements in the human jejunum. Gut, 21(10):829-834 (1980).
Fallingborg, et al. Measurement of gastrointestinal pH and regional transit times in normal children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. Aug. 1990;11(2):211-4.
Fallon. Could one of the most widely prescribed antibiotics amoxicillin/clavulanate “augmentin” be a risk factor for autism? Med Hypotheses. 2005;64(2):312-5.
Family Caregiver Alliance. Fact Sheet: Parkinson's Disease. Caregiver.org. Jul. 14, 2008.
Felig, P. Amino acid metabolism in man. Annual Review of Biochemistry, 44(1):933-955 (1975). [Abstract Only].
Fernell, et al. No evidence for a clear link between active intestinal inflammation and autism based on analyses of faecal calprotectin and rectal nitric oxide. Acta Paediatr. Jul. 2007;96(7):1076-9.
Ferrone, et al. Pancreatic enzyme pharmacotherapy. Pharmacotherapy. 2007; 27:910-920.
Fido, et al. Olanzapine in the treatment of behavioral problems associated with autism: an open-label trial in Kuwait. Med Princ Pract. 2008;17(5):415-8. doi: 10.1159/000141508. Epub Aug. 6, 2008.
Filipek et al. The screening and diagnosis of autistic spectrum disorders. J. of Autism and Dev Disorders. 1999; 29(6).
Final Office Action dated Jan. 3, 2012 for U.S. Appl. No. 10/681,018.
Final Office Action dated Jan. 26, 2012 for U.S. Appl. No. 12/487,864.
Final Office Action dated Nov. 8, 2011 for U.S. Appl. No. 12/054,343.
Final Office Action dated Nov. 8, 2011 for U.S. Appl. No. 12/786,739.
Final Office Action dated Nov. 9, 2010 for U.S. Appl. No. 09/990,909.
Final Office Action dated Feb. 14, 2011 for U.S. Appl. No. 12/049,613.
Final Office Action dated Feb. 27, 2009 for U.S. Appl. No. 11/555,697.
Final Office Action dated Mar. 13, 2009 for U.S. Appl. No. 11/232,180.
Final Office Action dated Mar. 17, 2008 for U.S. Appl. No. 10/681,018.
Final Office Action dated Apr. 28, 2009 for U.S. Appl. No. 10/681,018.
Final Office Action dated May 11, 2010 for U.S. Appl. No. 11/555,697.
Final Office Action dated Jun. 25, 2008 for U.S. Appl. No. 11/213,255.
Final Office Action dated Jul. 2, 2010 for U.S. Appl. No. 12/046,252.
Final Office Action dated Jul. 27, 2004 for U.S. Appl. No. 09/990,909.
Finegold et al. Gastrointestinal microflora studies in late-onset autism. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2002; 35(1):56-515.
First, M. Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV-TR axis I disorders, research version, patient edition. (SCID-I/P) New York: Biometrics Research, New York State Psychiatric Institute. (2002).
Fitzsimmons, et al. High-dose pancreatic-enzyme supplements and fibrosing colonopathy in children with cystic fibrosis. N Engl J Med. May 1, 1997;336(18):1283-9.
Flament, M.P. et al. Development of 400 μm Pellets by Extrusion-Spheronization Application with Gelucire 50/02 to Produce a “Sprinkle” Form, Drug Development and industrial Pharmacy, 30:1, 43-51, DOI: 10.1081/DDC-120027510 (2004).
Fliri, et al. Drug effects viewed from a signal transduction network perspective. J Med Chem. Dec. 24, 2009;52(24):8038-46. doi: 10.1021/jm901001p.
Frossard, et al. Both thermal and non-thermal stress protect against caerulein induced pancreatitis and prevent trypsinogen activation in the pancreas. Gut. Jan. 2002;50(1):78-83.
Frossard. Trypsin activation peptide (TAP) in acute pancreatitis: from pathophysiology to clinical usefulness. JOP. Mar. 2001;2(2):69-77.
Furlano, et al. Colonic CD8 and gamma delta T-cell infiltration with epithelial damage in children with autism. J Pediatr. Mar. 2001;138(3):366-72.
Garcia et al. Detection of Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar, and Cryptosporidium parvum antigens in human fecal specimens using the triage parasite panel enzyme immunoassay. Am Soc for Microbiology. 2000; 38(9):3337-3340.
Gardner. Absorption of intact peptides: studies on transport of protein digests and dipeptides across rat small intestine in vitro. Q J Exp Physiol. Oct. 1982;67(4):629-37.
Garner Jr, et al. Porcine Pancreatic Lipase—A Glycoprotein. J Biol Chem. Jan. 25, 1972;247(2):561-5.
Gass, et al. Enhancement of dietary protein digestion by conjugated bile acids. Gastroenterology. Jul. 2007;133(1):16-23.
Generation Rescue. Autism and Vaccines Around the World: Vaccine Schedules, Autism Rates, and Under 5 Mortality. Apr. 1, 2009.
German, et al., Apple iPhone Review: Apple iPhone, Jun. 30, 2007; Cinet.
Giglio, et al. Failure to thrive: the earliest feature of cystic fibrosis in infants diagnosed by neonatal screening. Acta Paediatr. Nov. 1997;86(11):1162-5.
Girella, E. et al. The assay of chymotrypsin in stool as a simple and effective test of exocrine pancreatic activity in cystic fibrosis. Pancreas, 3(3):254-262 (1988).
GM Chemie 2010 “Products: Hypromellose Phthalate” accessed from www.gmchemie.com on Sep. 22, 2014.
Goff, et al. Production of abnormal proteins in E. coli stimulates transcription of Ion and other heat shock genes. Cell. Jun. 1985;41(2):587-95.
Gonzalez, et al. Endoscopical, histological and immunological characteristics of the digestive mucosa in autistic children with gastrointestinal symptoms. 2005; 1-7.
Green, et al. Amino-terminal polymorphisms of the human beta 2-adrenergic receptor impart distinct agonist-promoted regulatory properties. Biochemistry. Aug. 16, 1994;33(32):9414-9.
Guesnet, P. et al. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and the developing central nervous system (CNS)—Implications for dietary recommendations. Biochimie, 93(1):7-12(2011). [Abstract Only].
Gupta, et al. Analysis of data gaps pertaining to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in low and medium human development index countries, 1984-2005. Epidemiol Infect. 2008; 136:721-738.
Gupta, et al. Th1- and Th2-like cytokines in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in autism. J Neuroimmunol. May 1, 1998;85(1):106-9.
Hadjivassiliou, et al. Does cryptic gluten sensitivity play a part in neurological illness? Lancet. Feb. 10, 1996;347(8998):369-71.
Hamel, E. et al. Effects of Cocaine on Rat Pancreatic Enzyme Secretion and Protein Synthesis, Digestive Diseases, 23(3):264-268 (Mar. 1978).
Happe et al. The neuropsychology of autism. Brain. 1996; 119:1377-1400.
Happe et al. Time to give up on a simple explanation for autism. Nat Neurosci. Oct. 2006; 9(10):1218-20.
HEALTH.com. Who is affected by Parkinson's disease. www.health.com. Jul. 14, 2008.
Heijerman, et al. Omeprazole enhances the efficacy of pancreatin (pancrease) in cystic fibrosis. Ann Intern Med. Feb. 1, 1991;114(3):200-1.
Heil, M., et al. Low endogenous fecal chymotrypsin: a possible biomarker for autism. Poster presented at the annual IMFAR Conference on Autism, Atlanta, GA.(May 2014) p. 1.
Hendren et al. Mechanistic biomarkers for autism treatment. Medical Hypotheses. 2009; 73:950-954.
Hitti. Allergy, celiac disease, and ileal lymphonodular. WebMD. 2005. 1-2.
Holquist et al. FDA safety page: Delayed-release vs. extended release Rxs. Drug Topics [online] Jul. 23, 2007 [Retrieved on Jul. 30, 2012] Retrieved from the internet: http://drugtopics.modernmedicine.com/drugtopics/Top+News/FDA-safety-page-Delayed-release-vs-extended-release/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/442606.
Holten, et al. Appropriate prescribing of oral beta-lactam antibiotics. Am Fam Physician. Aug. 1, 2000;62(3):611-20.
Horvath et al. Improved social and language skills after secretin administration in patients with autistic spectrum disorders. Journal of the Association for Academic Minority Physicians. Jan. 1998; 9(1):9-15.
Horvath, et al. Autism and gastrointestinal symptoms. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. Jun. 2002;4(3):251-8.
Horvath, et al. Autistic disorder and gastrointestinal disease. Curr Opin Pediatr. Oct. 2002;14(5):583-7.
Horvath, et al. Gastrointestinal abnormalities in children with autistic disorder. J Pediatr. Nov. 1999;135(5):559-63.
Hoshiko et al. The effect of the gastrointestinal hormones on colonic muscosal blood flow. Acta Medica Nagasakiensia. 1994; 39(4):125-130.
Houston. Autism—One Conference. May 2006. 1-83.
Hsiao, et al. The microbes of the intestine: an introduction to their metabolic and signaling capabilities. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. Dec. 2008;37(4):857-71.
Huang, et al. Apoptotic cell death in mouse models of GM2 gangliosidosis and observations on human Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff diseases. Hum Mol Genet. Oct. 1997;6(11):1879-85.
Huang, et al. Mapping of the human APOB gene to chromosome 2p and demonstration of a two-allele restriction fragment length polymorphism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. Feb. 1986;83(3):644-8.
Ijuin, H. Evaluation of pancreatic exocrine function and zinc absorption in alcoholism. The Kurume Medical Journal 45.1 (1998): 1-5.
Information of Papain from Worthington Enzymes webpage http://www.worthington-biochem.com/pap/default.html Downloaded Jan. 17, 2013.
International Application No. PCT/US18/26841 International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Jul. 3, 2018.
International preliminary report on patentability dated Jul. 17, 2014 for PCT/US2013/020183.
International Preliminary Report on Patentability dated Oct. 15, 2019 for PCT/US2018/026841.
International search report and written opinion dated Feb. 21, 2013 for PCT/US2013/020183.
International search report and written opinion dated May 9, 2013 for PCT/US2013/024453.
International search report and written opinion dated Aug. 27, 2013 for PCT/US2013/043444.
International search report and written opinion dated Jan. 18, 2011 for PCT/US2010/057341.
International search report and written opinion dated Nov. 12, 2012 for PCT/US2012/034489.
International search report and written opinion dated Feb. 15, 2011 for PCT/US2010/053484.
International search report and written opinion dated Mar. 2, 2010 for PCT/US2010/020253.
International search report and written opinion dated Mar. 5, 2010 for PCT/US2010/020259.
International search report and written opinion dated Jun. 9, 2010 for PCT/US2010/030895.
International search report and written opinion dated Sep. 25, 2009 for PCT/US2009/049374.
International search report dated Mar. 11, 2002 for PCT/US2001/25343.
International search report dated Jun. 29, 2001 for PCT/US2000/34000.
Isaksson, et al. Pain reduction by an oral pancreatic enzyme preparation in chronic pancreatitis. Digestive Dis. Sci. 1983; 28(2):97-102.
James, et al. Thimerosal neurotoxicity is associated with glutathione depletion: protection with glutathione precursors. Neurotoxicology. 2004; 26(1):1-8.
Jeffrey. Global burden of hypertension may reach 1.5 billion by 2025. Medscape Medical News. Jul. 14, 2008.
Jenkins, et al. Management of gastroenteritis. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1990; 65:939-941.
Johnson et al. Eating Habits and Dietary Status in Young Children with Autism. J Dev Phys Disabil 20:437-448 (2008).
Juhl. Fibromyalgia and the serotonin pathway. Altern Med Rev. 1998; 3(5):367-375.
Jyonouchi, et al. Dysregulated innate immune responses in young children with autism spectrum disorders: their relationship to gastrointestinal symptoms and dietary intervention. Neuropsychobiology. 2005;51(2):77-85.
Jyonouchi, et al. Evaluation of an association between gastrointestinal symptoms and cytokine production against common dietary proteins in children with autism spectrum disorders. J Pediatr. May 2005;146(5):605-10.
Jyonouchi, et al. Proinflammatory and regulatory cytokine production associated with innate and adaptive immune responses in children with autism spectrum disorders and developmental regression. J Neuroimmunol. Nov. 1, 2001;120(1-2):170-9.
Kachrimanis, et al. Tensile strength and disintegration of tableted silicified microcrystalline cellulose: influences of interparticle bonding. J Pharm Sci. Jul. 2003;92(7):1489-501.
Kaemmerer, et al. Effects of lipid peroxidation-related protein modifications on RPE lysosomal functions and POS phagocytosis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. Mar. 2007;48(3):1342-7.
Kaminski, et al. Polymorphism of bovine beta-casein and its potential effect on human health. J Appl Genet. 2007;48(3):189-98.
Kaspar et al. New photometric assay for chymotrypsin in stool. Clinical Chemistry. 1984; 30(11):1753-1757.
Katritos. New finding may have implications for schizophrenia, autism. Autism/Schizophrenia findings relating to protein, etc. Feb. 10, 2011. e-mail.
Kearney, et al. Global burden of hypertension: analysis of worldwide data. Lancet. Jan. 15-21, 2005;365(9455):217-23. Abstract only.
Keeley et al., Gradual vs. abrupt withdrawal of methylphenidate in two older dependent males. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 2(2):123-125 (1985).
Keller, et al. Pancreatic enzyme supplementation therapy. Current Treatment Options in Gastroenterology 6.5 (2003): 369-374.
Kidd, P.M., Autism, an extreme challenge to integrative medicine. Part 2: medical management. Altern. Med. Rev., 7(6):172-499 (Dec. 2002).
King, et al. Effects of bacterial microflora of the lower digestive tract of free-range waterfowl on influenza virus activation. Appl Environ Microbiol. Jun. 2011;77(12):4119-25. doi: 10.1128/AEM.02578-10. Epub Apr. 29, 2011.
Klopfleisch et al. Encephalitis in a stone marten (Martes foina) after natural infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H5N1. Journal of Comparative Pathology 137:155-159 (2007).
Knivsberg, et al. A randomised, controlled study of dietary intervention in autistic syndromes. Nutr Neurosci. Sep. 2002;5(4):251-61.
Koh et al. Inflammation and wound healing: The role of the macrophage. Expert Rev Mol Med. 13:e23 (Author manuscript).
Koivu et al. Determination of Phylloquinone in Vegetables, Fruits, and Berries by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Electrochemical Detection. J. Agric. Food Chem. 45(12):4644-4649 (1997).
Kokai-Kun, et al. Lysostaphin as a treatment for systemic Staphylococcus aureus infection in a mouse model. J Antimicrob Chemother. Nov. 2007;60(5):1051-9. Epub Sep. 10, 2007.
Koller, et al. Falls and Parkinson's Disease (Abstract). Clin Neuropharmacol. 1989; 12(2):98-105.
Koplin, et al. Soy consumption is not a risk factor for peanut sensitization. J Allergy Clin Immunol. Jun. 2008;121(6):1455-9.
Korean Patent Application No. 10-2014-7021425 Office Action dated Sep. 26, 2019.
Koster et al. Evidence based medicine and extradigestive manifestations of helicobacter pylori. Acta Gastro-Enterologica Belgica. 2000; 63(4):388-392.
Krishnaswami, et al. A systematic review of secretin for children with autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics. May 2011;127(5):e1322-5. doi: 10.1542/peds.2011-0428. Epub Apr. 4, 2011.
Kronenberg, et al. Folate deficiency induces neurodegeneration and brain dysfunction in mice lacking uracil DNA glycosylase. J Neurosci. Jul. 9, 2008;28(28):7219-30.
Kujoth, et al. Mitochondrial DNA mutations, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in mammalian aging. Science. Jul. 15, 2005;309(5733):481-4.
Kumar. Neurologic presentations of nutritional deficiencies. Neurol Clin. Feb. 2010;28(1):107-70.
Larimore. How Common Is ADHD? Facts About ADHD. Jul. 15, 2008.
Lashkari, et al. Williams-Beuren Syndrome: An update and review for the primary physician. Clinical Pediatrics. 1999; 38(4):189-208.
Layer et al. Pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy. Current Gastroenterology Reports. 2001; 3:101-108.
Lebenthal, et al. Enzyme therapy for pancreatic insufficiency: present status and future needs. Pancreas. Jan. 1994;9(1):1-12.
Leeds, et al. Is exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in adult coeliac disease a cause of persisting symptoms? Aliment Pharmacol Ther. Feb. 1, 2007;25(3):265-71.
Levy, et al. Relationship of dietary intake to gastrointestinal symptoms in children with autistic spectrum disorders. Biol Psychiatry. Feb. 15, 2007;61(4):492-7.
Leyfer, et al. Comorbid psychiatric disorders in children with autism: interview development and rates of disorders. J Autism Dev Disord. Oct. 2006;36(7):849-61.
Lieberman. Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms. vol. 2: Disperse Systems. New York Marcel Dekker, Inc. 1996; 243-258.
Life Plus Somazyne accessed Jun. 10, 2016, Online at www.lifeplus.com/media/pdf/piSheets/US/ 6141-PI_EN.pdf.
Lipase 30, Technical Data sheet, 1 page, Scientific Protein Laboratories LLC Jun. 13, 2005.
Liyanage, et al. Bioavailability of iron from micro-encapsulated iron sprinkle supplement. Food and Nutrition bulletin. 2002; 23(3):133-137.
Lloyd. Lysosome membrane permeability: implications for drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. Mar. 30, 2000;41(2):189-200.
Lockner et al. Dietary intake and parents' perception of mealtime behaviors in preschool-age children with autism spectrum disorder and in typically developing children. J Am Diet Assoc 108(8):1360-1363 (2008).
Loh, et al. Highly tolerated amino acid substitutions increase the fidelity of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I. J Biol Chem. Apr. 20, 2007;282(16):12201-9.
Lord, et al. Diagnostic Instruments in Autistic Spectrum Disorders. info.med.yale.edu. 2005; 11:730-771.
Luedtke, et al. Cathepsin A is expressed in a cell- and region-specific manner in the testis and epididymis and is not regulated by testicular or pituitary factors. J Histochem Cytochem. Aug. 2000;48(8):1131-46.
MacDonald. Thyrotoxicosis treated with pancreatic extract and iodine. Lancet. 1943; 244(6251):788.
MacFabe, et al. Neurobiological effects of intraventricular propionic acid in rats: possible role of short chain fatty acids on the pathogenesis and characteristics of autism spectrum disorders. Behav Brain Res. 2006;176(1):149-69.
MacReady. Parkinson's Disease Treatment: what you should know. Retrieved from the internet on Sep. 15, 2009, http://www.everydayhealth.com/parkinsons-disease-treatment-overview.aspx.
Mannino, et al. Surveillance for asthma—United States, 1960-1995. MMWR CDC Surveill Summ. Apr. 24, 1998;47(1):1-27.
Marcus, et al. A placebo-controlled, fixed-dose study of aripiprazole in children and adolescents with irritability associated with autistic disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. Nov. 2009;48(11):1110-19.
Marczewska et al. Protein intake in parkinsonian using the EPIC food frequency questionnaire. Mov Diord. Aug. 2006; 21(8):1229-1231.
Marion et al., A New Procedure Allowing the Complete Removal and Prevention of Hemodialysis. Blood Purification, 23:339-348 (2005).
Marlicz et al. Determination of chymotrypsin in the stool in the diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis. Wiadomosci lekarskie. 1988; 41(11):704-707. (in Polish with English abstract/summary).
Marsh. Neuropsychiatric aspects of Parkinson's disease. Psychosomatics. 2000; 41(1):15-23.
Martin, et al. A rapid and sensitive spectrophotometric method for the assay of chymotrypsin. Biol Chem. Feb. 1959;234(2):294-8.
Matikainen, et al. Autonomic dysfunction in long-standing alcoholism. Alcohol. 1986;21(1):69-73. Abstract only.
Matthews, D. Intestinal absorption of amino acids and peptides. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 31(2):171-177(1972).
Maurin, et al. Cellular adaptation to amino acid availability: mechanisms involved in the regulation of gene expression. 2006; 319-326.
Mayo Clinic Staff. Autism. Retrieved from internet Mar. 10, 2008, http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/autism/DS00348DSECTION=2.
Mayo Clinic Staff. Bipolar disorder. Jan. 4, 2008, http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/bipolardisorder/DS00356/DSECTION=symptoms.
Mayo Clinic Staff. Obsessive-compulsive disorder. Dec. 21, 2006. http://www.preferredalternatives.org/lat/WellnessLibrary/anxiety&PanicDisorders/Obsessive-CompulsiveDisorder/Obsessive-CompulsiveDisorder-Mayoclinic.pdf.
Mayo Clinic Staff. Oppositional defiant disorder. Dec. 19, 2007, http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/oppositional-defiant-disorder/DS00630/DSECTION=symptoms.
McAlonan, et al. Brain anatomy and sensorimotor gating in Asperger's syndrome. ain. Jul. 2002;125(Pt 7):1594-606.
McClung, C., et al. Regulation of gene expression and cocaine reward by CREB and DeltaFosB. Nature Neuroscience, 6(11):1208-1215 (2003). [Abstract Only].
McClung, C.A. et al. DeltaFosB: A molecular switch for long-term adaptation in the brain. Molecular Brain Research, 132(2):146-154 (Dec. 20, 2004).
McCormack, et al. Localization of the disulfide bond involved in post-translational processing of glycosylasparaginase and disrupted by a mutation in the Finnish-type aspartylglycosaminuria. J Biol Chem. Feb. 17, 1995;270(7):3212-5.
McCracken, et al. Risperidone in children with autism and serious behavioral problems. N Engl J Med. Aug. 1, 2002;347(5):314-21.
Medori et al. Fatal Familial Insomnia, A Prion Disease With a Mutation at Condon 178 of the Prion Protein Case. N Engl J Med 326:444-449 (1992).
Medsafe. Data sheet for alpha-lactose, Jul. 21, 2008, http://www.medsafe.govt.nz/Profs/Datasheet/a/Alphalactulosesyrup.htm.
Medscape. Burden of Hypertension in the United States Greater Than Ever. www.medscape.com. Jul. 14, 2004.
Melmed, et al. Metabolic markers and gastrointestinal symptoms in children with autism and related disorders. J Pediatr Gast Nutr. 2000; 31:S31-S32. Abstract only.
Merck. Autism, Merck manual online medical library home addition, retrieved from the internet Mar. 10, 2008, http://www.mercl.com/mmhge/sec23/ch286/ch286b.html.
Merriam-Webster 2014 “Definition: Precipitate” accessed from www.mirriam-webster.com on Sep. 22, 2014.
MeSH browser. “Child Development Disorders, Pervasive,” and “Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders,” National Library of medicine. 2001, http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/2002/Mbrowser.html.
Meyer-Lindenberg, et al. Neural mechanisms in Williams syndrome: a unique window to genetic influences on cognition and behavior. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2006; 7(5):380-93.
Michael's Naturopathic Programs, Digestive Enzymes, Product #011161, Accessed on Jun. 10, 2016, online at: www.michaelshealth.com/retail/digestive-enzymes-659.html.
Michell et al. Biomarkers and Parkinson's disease. Brain. 2004; 127(8):1693-1705.
Millipore EMD catalog (online). Papain, unit definition, EMD Millipore Corp, 2013. Downloaded May 13, 2013.
Minamino, et al. Vascular cell senescence: contribution to atherosclerosis. Circ Res. Jan. 5, 2007;100(1):15-26.
Ming, et al. Autism spectrum disorders: concurrent clinical disorders. J Child Neurol. Jan. 2008;23(1):6-13.
Mitchell, et al. Comparative trial of viokase, pancreatin and Pancrease pancrelipase (enteric coated beads) in the treatment of malabsorption in cystic fibrosis. Aust Paediatr J. Jun. 1982;18(2):114-7.
Mitsui, et al. Role of aminopeptidases in the blood pressure regulation. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin of Japan, Pharmaceutical Society of Japan. 2004; 27(6):768-771.
Mizutani, et al. Effects of placental proteases on maternal and fetal blood pressure in normal pregnancy and preeclampsia. Am J Hypertens. Jun. 1996;9(6):591-7.
Mononen, et al. Aspartylglycosaminuria in the Finnish population: identification of two point mutations in the heavy chain of glycoasparaginase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. Apr. 1, 1991;88(7):2941-5.
Moretti, et al. Acute pancreatitis: hypertonic saline increases heat shock proteins 70 and 90 and reduces neutrophil infiltration in lung injury. Pancreas. Jul. 2009;38(5):507-14. Abstract only.
Morimoto, R. The heat shock response: Systems biology of proteotoxic stress in aging and disease. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology, 76:91-99 (2011) (Epub: Feb. 27, 2012).
Mosqueira, et al. Chronic hypoxia impairs muscle function in the Drosophila model of Duchenne's muscular dystrophy (DMD). PLoS One. Oct. 20, 2010;5(10):e13450.
Munasinghe et al. Digestive enzyme supplementation for autism spectrum disorders: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. J Autism Dev Disord. Sep. 2010;40(9):1131-8.
Munesue, et al. High prevalence of bipolar disorder comorbidity in adolescents and young adults with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder: a preliminary study of 44 outpatients. Journal of Affective Disorders 111.2-3 (2008): 170-175.
Nachaegari et al. Coprocessed excipients for solid dosage forms. Pharmaceutical Technology. 2004; p. 52, 54, 56 ,58, 60, 64.
Nagamoto. Jacobson: Psychiatric Secrets, 2nd ed. 2001. Ch 28 Antipsychotic meds.
Naushad, Shaik Mohammad et al. Autistic children exhibit distinct plasma amino acid profile. Indian Journal of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 50(5):474-478 (Oct. 2013).
Naver.com entry for Rare Disease Information: Osteopenia—Osteopsathyrosis, Fragilitasossium, Fragilitasossium (accessed Sep. 25, 2019).
Nestler, E.J. Molecular basis of long-term plasticity underlying addiction. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2(2):119-128 (Feb. 2001).
Nestler, et al. Delta-FosB: A sustained molecular switch for addiction. PNAS 98(20): 11042-11046 (Sep. 25, 2001).
Neuer, et al. The role of heat shock proteins in reproduction. Hum Reprod Update. Mar.-Apr. 2000;6(2):149-59.
Neumeyer, Ann. M. et al. Brief Report: Bone Fractures in Children and Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 45(3):881-887 (Mar. 2016).
Nevo et al. Acute immune polyneuropathies: correlations of serum antibodies to Campylobacter jejuni and helicobacter pylori with anti-gm antibodies and clinical patterns of disease. J of Inf Diseases . 1997; 175(S2):S154-6.
NewHorizons. ADD/ADHD: New Perspectives on Attentional Priority Disorders. New Horizons for Learning. Jul. 15, 2008.
NIH, “Celiac Disease”, National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse: Bethesda, MD, 2008; 12 pages.
NIH. National Institutes of Health. National Diabetes Statistics 2007. diabetes.niddk.nih.gov. Jun. 1, 2008.
NINDS Guillain-Barre Syndrome Information Page, retrieved from the internet Sep. 15, 2009, http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/gbs/gbs.htm.
NINDS Dysautonomia Information Page, retrieved from the internet Sep. 10, 2009, http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/dysautonomia/dysautonomia.htm.
No Author. RSDSA, 2015: Telltale signs and symptoms of CRPS/RSD on the web at rsds.org/telltale-signs-and-symptoms-of-crpsrsd. [Accessed: Sep. 5, 2018].
Norton, L. et al. Leucine regulates translation initiation of protein synthesis in skeletal muscle after exercise. The Journal of Nutrition, 136(2):533S-537S (Feb. 2006).
Notice Non-Compliant Amendment dated Jun. 19, 2009 for U.S. Appl. No. 11/232,180.
Notice Non-responsive Amendment dated Sep. 22, 2008 for U.S. Appl. No. 11/232,180.
Notice of allowance dated Jan. 2, 2014 for U.S. Appl. No. 13/204,881.
Notice of allowance dated Feb. 2, 2015 for U.S. Appl. No. 13/926,822.
Notice of Allowance dated Feb. 17, 2012 for U.S. Appl. No. 10/681,018.
Notice of allowance dated Feb. 20, 2015 for U.S. Appl. No. 12/386,051.
Notice of allowance dated Feb. 27, 2015 for U.S. Appl. No. 14/037,696.
Notice of allowance dated Mar. 1, 2016 for U.S. Appl. No. 14/087,930.
Notice of Allowance dated Mar. 21, 2012 for U.S. Appl. No. 12/487,864.
Notice of allowance dated Apr. 3, 2015 for U.S. Appl. No. 13/737,225.
Notice of allowance dated Apr. 10, 2015 for U.S. Appl. No. 13/144,290.
Notice of allowance dated Apr. 14, 2015 for U.S. Appl. No. 13/144,286.
Notice of Allowance dated Apr. 15, 2011 for U.S. Appl. No. 12/487,868.
Notice of allowance dated Apr. 22, 2016 for U.S. Appl. No. 14/528,715.
Notice of Allowance dated Apr. 29, 2011 for U.S. Appl. No. 12/046,402.
Notice of Allowance dated May 23, 2011 for U.S. Appl. No. 09/990,909.
Notice of Allowance dated May 29, 2013 for U.S. Appl. No. 13/481,087.
Notice of allowance dated Jun. 12, 2014 for U.S. Appl. No. 13/448,061.
Notice of Allowance dated Jun. 27, 2011 for U.S. Appl. No. 12/238,415.
Notice of Allowance dated Jun. 28, 2011 for U.S. Appl. No. 12/487,868.
Notice of Allowance dated Jun. 30, 2011 for U.S. Appl. No. 09/990,909.
Notice of Allowance dated Jul. 3, 2012 for U.S. Appl. No. 13/271,783.
Notice of Allowance dated Jul. 8, 2011 for U.S. Appl. No. 12/046,402.
Notice of Allowance dated Aug. 8, 2011 for U.S. Appl. No. 12/426,794.
Notice of allowance dated Aug. 11, 2014 for U.S. Appl. No. 13/193,346.
Notice of allowance dated Aug. 19, 2013 for U.S. Appl. No. 13/208,963.
Notice of allowance dated Aug. 30, 2013 for U.S. Appl. No. 12/047,818.
Notice of allowance dated Sep. 9, 2015 for U.S. Appl. No. 13/193,346.
Notice of allowance dated Sep. 15, 2014 for U.S. Appl. No. 14/037,652.
Notice of Allowance dated Sep. 20, 2011 for U.S. Appl. No. 12/283,090.
Notice of allowance dated Oct. 29, 2013 for U.S. Appl. No. 13/204,881.
Notice of allowance dated Nov. 16, 2015 for U.S. Appl. No. 14/493,734.
Notice of allowance dated Dec. 23, 2014 for U.S. Appl. No. 14/007,793.
Notice of allowance dated Dec. 23, 2015 for U.S. Appl. No. 12/493,122.
O'Connell. Hypertension Guide. cmbi.bjmu.edu. Jul. 14, 2008.
Office action dated Jan. 12, 2012 for U.S. Appl. No. 12/047,818.
Office action dated Jan. 15, 2014 for U.S. Appl. No. 13/836,135.
Office action dated Jan. 15, 2016 for U.S. Appl. No. 13/502,989.
Office action dated Jan. 16, 2014 for U.S. Appl. No. 12/046,252.
Office action dated Jan. 16, 2015 for U.S. Appl. No. 12/535,676.
Office action dated Jan. 22, 2013 for U.S. Appl. No. 13/562,999.
Office action dated Jan. 24, 2014 for U.S. Appl. No. 12/054,343.
Office action dated Jan. 24, 2014 for U.S. Appl. No. 12/786,739.
Office action dated Jan. 25, 2013 for U.S. Appl. No. 13/208,963.
Office action dated Jan. 26, 2016 for U.S. Appl. No. 12/054,343.
Office action dated Jan. 29, 2016 for U.S. Appl. No. 12/786,739.
Office Action dated Feb. 1, 2012 for U.S. Appl. No. 12/493,122.
Office action dated Feb. 1, 2016 for U.S. Appl. No. 13/503,844.
Office action dated Feb. 14, 2013 for U.S. Appl. No. 13/193,346.
Office action dated Feb. 14, 2013 for U.S. Appl. No. 13/407,408.
Office action dated Feb. 17, 2016 for U.S. Appl. No. 14/713,178.
Office action dated Feb. 21, 2013 for U.S. Appl. No. 12/047,818.
Office action dated Feb. 26, 2016 for U.S. Appl. No. 12/535,676.
Office action dated Mar. 2, 2016 for U.S. Appl. No. 14/693,711.
Office Action dated Mar. 5, 2012 for U.S. Appl. No. 12/535,676.
Office action dated Mar. 5, 2013 for U.S. Appl. No. 12/493,122.
Office action dated Mar. 6, 2015 for U.S. Appl. No. 13/757,412.
Office action dated Mar. 11, 2014 for U.S. Appl. No. 11/533,818.
Office Action dated Mar. 19, 2012 for U.S. Appl. No. 13/204,881.
Office action dated Mar. 22, 2016 for U.S. Appl. No. 13/733,873.
Office Action dated Mar. 23, 2012 for U.S. Appl. No. 13/271,783.
Office Action dated Mar. 29, 2011 for U.S. Appl. No. 12/054,343.
Office Action dated Mar. 30, 2011 for U.S. Appl. No. 12/786,739.
Office action dated Mar. 30, 2016 for U.S. Appl. No. 14/296,091.
Office action dated Apr. 4, 2016 for U.S. Appl. No. 13/313,629.
Office Action dated Apr. 5, 2012 for U.S. Appl. No. 11/555,697.
Office action dated Apr. 5, 2016 for U.S. Appl. No. 14/713,242.
Office action dated Apr. 6, 2015 for U.S. Appl. No. 14/493,734.
Office action dated Apr. 6, 2016 for U.S. Appl. No. 13/313,708.
Office Action dated Apr. 9, 2012 for U.S. Appl. No. 13/208,963.
Office action dated Apr. 10, 2014 for U.S. Appl. No. 13/502,989.
Office action dated Apr. 13, 2016 for U.S. Appl. No. 14/612,604.
Office action dated Apr. 16, 2014 for U.S. Appl. No. 13/705,763.
Office action dated Apr. 21, 2015 for U.S. Appl. No. 13/660,642.
Office action dated Apr. 21, 2015 for U.S. Appl. No. 14/087,930.
Office action dated Apr. 22, 2015 for U.S. Appl. No. 13/836,135.
Office action dated Apr. 24, 2015 for U.S. Appl. No. 12/786,739.
Office Action dated Apr. 27, 2011 for U.S. Appl. No. 10/681,018.
Office action dated Apr. 27, 2015 for U.S. Appl. No. 12/054,343.
Office Action dated Apr. 28, 2011 for U.S. Appl. No. 12/283,090.
Office action dated May 6, 2015 for U.S. Appl. No. 12/493,122.
Office action dated May 7, 2015 for U.S. Appl. No. 13/705,763.
Office action dated May 9, 2013 for U.S. Appl. No. 13/204,881.
Office action dated May 12, 2014 for U.S. Appl. No. 13/733,873.
Office action dated May 13, 2014 for U.S. Appl. No. 13/313,629.
Office action dated May 15, 2013 for U.S. Appl. No. 13/502,989.
Office action dated May 15, 2014 for U.S. Appl. No. 13/448,061.
Office action dated May 16, 2014 for U.S. Appl. No. 13/313,708.
Office Action dated May 24, 2011 for U.S. Appl. No. 12/487,864.
Office action dated May 27, 2015 for U.S. Appl. No. 13/502,989.
Office action dated Jun. 3, 2015 for U.S. Appl. No. 13/002,136.
Office action dated Jun. 13, 2012 for U.S. Appl. No. 12/493,122.
Office action dated Jun. 17, 2014 for U.S. Appl. No. 13/737,225.
Office action dated Jun. 17, 2014 for U.S. Appl. No. 13/757,412.
Office action dated Jun. 19, 2014 for U.S. Appl. No. 12/386,051.
Office action dated Jun. 25, 2013 for U.S. Appl. No. 13/144,286.
Office action dated Jun. 25, 2013 for U.S. Appl. No. 13/144,290.
Office action dated Jun. 27, 2012 for U.S. Appl. No. 12/493,147.
Office action dated Jun. 27, 2014 for U.S. Appl. No. 14/007,793.
Office action dated Jun. 29, 2011 for U.S. Appl. No. 11/555,697.
Office action dated Jul. 7, 2014 for U.S. Appl. No. 12/535,676.
Office action dated Jul. 11, 2012 for U.S. Appl. No. 12/573,353.
Office action dated Jul. 15, 2013 for U.S. Appl. No. 13/002,136.
Office action dated Jul. 17, 2015 for U.S. Appl. No. 13/733,873.
Office action dated Jul. 18, 2012 for U.S. Appl. No. 12/047,818.
Office action dated Jul. 31, 2013 for U.S. Appl. No. 13/757,412.
Office action dated Aug. 2, 2013 for U.S. Appl. No. 12/535,676.
Office action dated Aug. 7, 2014 for U.S. Appl. No. 13/836,135.
Office action dated Aug. 13, 2012 for U.S. Appl. No. 13/208,963.
Office action dated Aug. 14, 2013 for U.S. Appl. No. 13/448,061.
Office action dated Aug. 28, 2013 for U.S. Appl. No. 13/313,629.
Office action dated Aug. 29, 2014 for U.S. Appl. No. 13/144,286.
Office action dated Aug. 31, 2015 for U.S. Appl. No. 12/535,676.
Office action dated Sep. 8, 2015 for U.S. Appl. No. 11/533,818.
Office action dated Sep. 9, 2013 for U.S. Appl. No. 13/502,989.
Office action dated Sep. 10, 2015 for U.S. Appl. No. 13/313,629.
Office action dated Sep. 11, 2015 for U.S. Appl. No. 13/313,708.
Office action dated Sep. 13, 2012 for U.S. Appl. No. 13/481,087.
Office action dated Sep. 18, 2014 for U.S. Appl. No. 13/502,989.
Office action dated Sep. 19, 2014 for U.S. Appl. No. 11/533,818.
Office action dated Sep. 19, 2014 for U.S. Appl. No. 13/737,225.
Office action dated Sep. 30, 2014 for U.S. Appl. No. 13/144,290.
Office action dated Sep. 30, 2014 for U.S. Appl. No. 13/660,642.
Office Action dated Jan. 21, 2011 for U.S. Appl. No. 12/386,051.
Office Action dated jan. 29, 2002 for U.S. Appl. No. 09/707,395.
Office Action dated Jan. 8, 2010 for U.S. Appl. No. 10/681,018.
Office action dated Oct. 2, 2014 for U.S. Appl. No. 12/054,343.
Office action dated Oct. 6, 2014 for U.S. Appl. No. 12/493,122.
Office action dated Oct. 9, 2014 for U.S. Appl. No. 12/786,739.
Office Action dated Oct. 1, 2001 for U.S. Appl. No. 09/466,559.
Office action dated Oct. 10, 2012 for U.S. Appl. No. 13/204,881.
Office action dated Oct. 19, 2011 for U.S. Appl. No. 12/386,051.
Office action dated Oct. 24, 2013 for U.S. Appl. No. 13/313,708.
Office action dated Oct. 25, 2012 for U.S. Appl. No. 13/144,286.
Office action dated Oct. 25, 2012 for U.S. Appl. No. 13/144,290.
Office action dated Oct. 30, 2015 for U.S. Appl. No. 14/528,715.
Office Action dated Oct. 5, 2010 for U.S. Appl. No. 12/046,402.
Office action dated Nov. 7, 2014 for U.S. Appl. No. 13/705,763.
Office Action dated Nov. 14, 2007 for U.S. Appl. No. 11/213,255.
Office Action dated Nov. 15, 2010 for U.S. Appl. No. 12/238,415.
Office action dated Nov. 16, 2015 for U.S. Appl. No. 13/705,763.
Office action dated Nov. 19, 2015 for U.S. Appl. No. 14/713,242.
Office action dated Nov. 20, 2015 for U.S. Appl. No. 14/296,091.
Office action dated Nov. 20, 2015 for U.S. Appl. No. 14/612,604.
Office action dated Nov. 21, 2014 for U.S. Appl. No. 13/926,822.
Office Action dated Nov. 25, 2009 for U.S. Appl. No. 11/232,180.
Office Action dated Nov. 26, 2001 for U.S. Appl. No. 09/466,559.
Office action dated Nov. 29, 2013 for U.S. Appl. No. 13/193,346.
Office action dated Dec. 6, 2012 for U.S. Appl. No. 13/002,136.
Office action dated Dec. 10, 2013 for U.S. Appl. No. 13/407,408.
Office action dated Dec. 10, 2015 for U.S. Appl. No. 13/836,135.
Office action dated Dec. 12, 2013 for U.S. Appl. No. 13/144,286.
Office action dated Dec. 13, 2013 for U.S. Appl. No. 12/493,122.
Office action dated Dec. 13, 2013 for U.S. Appl. No. 13/144,290.
Office action dated Dec. 15, 2011 for U.S. Appl. No. 12/493,147.
Office action dated Dec. 15, 2015 for U.S. Appl. No. 14/087,930.
Office action dated Dec. 16, 2013 for U.S. Appl. No. 12/535,676.
Office action dated Dec. 18, 2014 for U.S. Appl. No. 14/037,696.
Office action dated Dec. 18, 2015 for U.S. Appl. No. 14/640,385.
Office Action dated Dec. 19, 2005 for U.S. Appl. No. 10/730,567.
Office action dated Dec. 19, 2014 for U.S. Appl. No. 13/733,873.
Office Action dated Dec. 22, 2006 for U.S. Appl. No. 10/681,018.
Office action dated Dec. 24, 2015 for U.S. Appl. No. 13/757,412.
Office Action dated Mar. 18, 2008 for U.S. Appl. No. 11/468,379.
Office Action dated Mar. 25, 2008 for U.S. Appl. No. 11/213,382.
Office Action dated Mar. 28, 2008 for U.S. Appl. No. 11/555,697.
Office Action dated Apr. 12, 2010 for U.S. Appl. No. 09/990,909.
Office Action dated Apr. 21, 2008 for U.S. Appl. No. 11/232,180.
Office Action dated Apr. 22, 2003 for U.S. Appl. No. 09/929,592.
Office Action dated May 22, 2002 for U.S. Appl. No. 09/466,559.
Office Action dated Jun. 30, 2004 for U.S. Appl. No. 10/730,567.
Office Action dated Jul. 22, 2010 for U.S. Appl. No. 12/049,613.
Office Action dated Jul. 29, 2003 for U.S. Appl. No. 09/990,909.
Office Action dated Jul. 30, 2002 for U.S. Appl. No. 09/707,395.
Office Action dated Jul. 30, 2002 for U.S. Appl. No. 09/990,909.
Office Action dated Jul. 6, 2010 for U.S. Appl. No. 11/533,818.
Office Action dated Aug. 13, 2002 for U.S. Appl. No. 09/929,592.
Office Action dated Aug. 18, 2008 for U.S. Appl. No. 10/681,018.
Office Action dated Aug. 18, 2010 for U.S. Appl. No. 10/681,018.
Office Action dated Aug. 20, 2010 for U.S. Appl. No. 12/283,090.
Office Action dated Aug. 25, 2010 for U.S. Appl. No. 12/487,868.
Office Action dated Aug. 26, 2003 for U.S. Appl. No. 10/041,073.
Office Action dated Aug. 3, 2003 for U.S. Appl. No. 11/555,697.
Office Action dated Aug. 7, 2007 for U.S. Appl. No. 10/681,018.
Office Action dated Aug. 8, 2007 for U.S. Appl. No. 11/213,382.
Office Action dated Sep. 22, 2004 for U.S. Appl. No. 10/730,567.
Office Action dated Sep. 24, 2009 for U.S. Appl. No. 12/046,252.
Office Action dated May 11, 2016 U.S. Appl. No. 14/713,242.
Okahata, et al. Lipid-coated enzymes as efficient catalysts in organic media. Trends in Biotechnology. 1997; 15(2):50-54.
O'Keefe, Stephen J.D. et al. The Exacerbation of Pancreatic Endocrine Dysfunction by Potent Pancreatic Exocrine Supplements in Patients with Chronic Pancreatitis. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 32(4):319-323 (2001).
Olivar-Parra, et al. Training referential communicative skills to individuals with autism spectrum disorder: a pilot study. Psychological Reports. 2011; 109:921-939.
Owley, et al. Multisite, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of porcine secretin in autism. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. Nov. 2001;40(11):1293-9.
P.Ya. Grigoryev et al., Reference Guide on Gastroenterology, Moscow, MIA-2003, pp. 454,460,465.
Pancrease. Patient information leaflet. Pancrease HL Capsules. Last updated Apr. 30, 2013. Janssen-cilag Ltd. www.medicines.org.uk/EMC/medicine/7326.
Pancreatic Enzyme Concentrate (PEC) Undiluted, Technical Data Sheet. 1 page, Scientific Protein Laboratories LLC Jun. 13, 2005.
Pancreatin 4X USP, Technical Data Sheet, 1 page, Scientific Protein laboratories LLC Jun. 13, 2005.
Pancreatin 8X USP Powder. Product Specification. Jul. 2000. In: Product Manual. American Laboratories Incorporated. Omaha, NE. p. 1.
Parisi et al. Evaluation of new rapid commercial enzyme immunoassay for detection of Crytosporidium oocysts in untreated stool specimens. J Clin Microbiol. 1995; 33(7):1963-1965.
Park, et al. Increased apoptosis in cystinotic fibroblasts and renal proximal tubule epithelial cells results from cysteinylation of protein kinase Cdelta. J Am Soc Nephrol. Nov. 2006;17(11):3167-75.
Parkinsons Disease Foundation. Parkinson's Disease Q&A. 2007. 1-44.
Parkinsons Disease Foundation. Ten Frequently-Asked Questions about Parkinson's Disease. 2006.
Parracho, et al. Differences between the gut microflora of children with autistic spectrum disorders and that of healthy children. J Med Microbiol. Oct. 2005;54(Pt 10):987-91.
Patel, et al. Formulation and evaluation of mucoadhesive glipizide microspheres. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2005; 6(1):E49-E55.
Patton, J. et al. Factor structure of the Barratt impulsiveness scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 51(6): 768-774 (Nov. 1995).
PDTalks. Motivational & Inspirational Speaking From a Parkinson's Patient Perspective. pdtalks.com/Parkinson_s_Disease.html. Jul. 14, 2008.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/499,988, filed Oct. 1, 2019.
Perman et al. Role of pH in production of hydrogen from carbohydrates by colonic bacterial flora. J Clin Invest. 1981; 24(4):684-685.
Persico, et al. Searching for ways out of the autism maze: genetic, epigenetic and environmental clues. Trends Neurosci. Jul. 2006;29(7):349-58.
Peters et al. Prevalence of enteric parasites in homosexual patients attending an outpatient clinic. J of Clin Micro. 1986; 24(4):684-685.
Peters, et al. Treatment of alcoholic polyneuropathy with vitamin B complex: a randomised controlled trial. Alcohol. Nov.-Dec. 2006;41(6):636-42. Epub Aug. 21, 2006.
Petrolatum: Pharmaceutical Excipients. London: Pharmaceutical Press. 2006. 1-6.
Pisani, et al. Levodopa-induced dyskinesia and striatal signaling pathways. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. Mar. 3, 2009;106(9):2973-4. Epub Feb. 26, 2009.
Polanczyk, et al. The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: a systematic review and metaregression analysis. Am J Psychiatry. Jun. 2007;164(6):942-8.
Ponsky, et al. Alterations in gastrointestinal physiology after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. J Am Coll Surg. Jul. 2005;201(1):125-31.
Preliminary Amendment dated May 18, 2009 for U.S. Appl. No. 12/046,252.
Proesmans, Marijke et al. Omeprazole, a proton pump inhibitor, improves residual steatorrhoea in cystic fibrosis patients treated with high dose pancreatic enzymes. European Journal of Pediatrics 162(11): 760-763 (Nov. 2003).
Puri, et al. Isolated segmental duodenal ganglionosis. Indian Journal of Radiology and Imaging. 2000; 153-154.
Qi, et al. Solubility and emulsifying properties of soy protein isolates modified by pancreatin. Journal of Food Science 62.6 (1997): 1110-1115.
Raimondo, et al. Rapid endoscopic secretin simulation test and discrimination of chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer from disease controls. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. Sep. 2003;1(5):397-403.
Rajakumar, et al. Proteasomal activity in placentas from women with preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction: implications for expression of HIF-alpha proteins. Placenta. Mar. 2008;29(3):290-9. Epub Jan. 28, 2008.
Rakonczay, et al. A new severe acute necrotizing pancreatitis model induced by L-ornithine in rats. Crit Care Med. Jul. 2008;36(7):2117-27.
Ray, et al. Growth factor regulation of enterocyte nutrient transport during intestinal adaptation. Am J Surg. Apr. 2002;183(4):361-71.
Reeves, G. et al. Pharmacological Management of Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 5:6; 1313-1320. (Feb. 25, 2005)DOI: 10.1517/14656566.5.6.1313 http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/14656566.5.6.1313.
Regan, et al. Comparative effects of antacids, cimetidine and enteric coating on the therapeutic response to oral enzymes in severe pancreatic insufficiency. N Engl J Med. Oct. 20, 1977;297(16):854-8.
Remtulla et al. Stool chymotrypsin activity measured by a spectrophotometric procedure to identify pancreatic disease in infants. Clinical Biochemistry. Dec. 1986; 19:341-342.
Response dated Jun. 17, 2008 to Advisory Action dated Jun. 3, 2008 for U.S. Appl. No. 10/681,018.
Revolution health. Enzyme therapy. revolutionhealth.com/drugs-treatments/enzyme-therapy. Sep. 2, 2008.
Richards, et al. Diagnosis, management, and treatment of Alzheimer disease: a guide for the internist. Arch Intern Med. Apr. 26, 1999;159(8):789-98.
Rider, et al. Perspective of biochemical research in the neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis. Am J Med Genet. Feb. 15, 1992;42(4):519-24.
Riedel, L et al. Limitations of faecal chymotrypsin as a screening test for chronic pancreatitis. Gut, 32:321-324 (1991).
Rivest, J. et al. A dynamic model of protein digestion in the small intestine of pigs. Journal of Animal Science, 78(2):328-240 (Feb. 2000).
Robinson, T. et al. Incentive-sensitization and addiction. Addiction, 96(1):103-114 (Jan. 2001).
Rogers. No more heartburn: Stop the pain in 30 days+naturally. 2000; 172.
Rottier, et al. Lack of PPCA expression only partially coincides with lysosomal storage in galactosialidosis mice: indirect evidence for spatial requirement of the catalytic rather than the protective function of PPCA. Hum Mol Genet. Oct. 1998;7(11):1787-94.
Roxas, et al. Colds and influenza: a review of diagnosis and conventional, botanical, and nutritional considerations. Alternative Medicine Review. 2007; 12(1):25-48.
Rubenstein, et al. Model of autism: increased ratio of excitation/inhibition in key neural systems. Genes Brain Behav. Oct. 2003;2(5):255-67.
Rudell, et al. The anterior piriform cortex is sufficient for detecting depletion of an indispensable amino acid, showing independent cortical sensory function. J Neurosci. Feb. 2, 2011;31(5):1583-90. Abstract only.
Sabra, et al. Linkage of ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia (ILNH), food allergy and CNS developmental: evidence fora non-IgE association. Ann Aller Asth Immunol. 1999; 82(1):81. Abstract only.
Sahelian. Enzymes. raysahelian.com/enzymes.html. Sep. 2, 2008.
Salpekar, et al. Bipolar Spectrum Disorder Comorbid With Autism Spectrum Disorder; NADD Bulletin, vol. X, 2007. No. 6, Article 1, pp. 1-5, downloaded from http://www.thenadd.org/nadd-bulletin/archive/volunne-x/ on Dec. 11, 2018.
Sandler et al. Short term benefit from oral vancomycin treatment of regressive-onset autism. J of Child Neuro. 2000; 15(7):42-435.
Sandler, et al. Lack of benefit of a single dose of synthetic human secretin in the treatment of autism and pervasive developmental disorder. N Engl J Med. Dec. 9, 1999;341(24):1801-6.
Schafer, et al. Stress kinases and heat shock proteins in the pancreas: possible roles in normal function and disease. J Gastroenterol. 2000;35(1):1-9.
Schain, RJ et al. Studies on 5-hydroxyindole metabolism in autistic and other mentally retarded children. J. Pediatr. 58:315-320 (1961) [Summary Only].
Schedl, H. et al. Absorption of I-methionine from the human small intestine. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 47(2): 417-425 (1968).
Schiller. Review article: the therapy of constipation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2001; 15:749-763.
Schizophreniform disorder. Merck Manuals Online Medical Library. Nov. 2005. (in Japanese with English translation).
Schneider, et al. Oral human immunoglobulin for children with autism and gastrointestinal dysfunction: a prospective, open-label study. J Autism Dev Disord. Nov. 2006;36(8):1053-64.
Schreck et al. Food preferences and factors influencing food selectivity for children with autism spectrum disorders. Res Develop Disabil. 2006; 27:353-363.
Schumann. Medical, nutritional and technological properties of lactulose. An update. Eur J Nutr. Nov. 2002;41 Suppl 1:I17-25.
Seltzer, et al. The Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorders in Adolescence and Adulthood. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2003; 33(6):565-581.
Seneca et al. Enhancement of brain I-dopa concentration with a-chymotrypsin. J American Geriatrics Society. 1973; 256-258. Abstract only.
Serna, et al. Pathogenesis and treatment of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli infections. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. Jan. 2008;24(1):38-47.
Settembre, et al. A block of autophagy in lysosomal storage disorders. Hum Mol Genet. Jan. 1, 2008;17(1):119-29.
Shadel. Expression and maintenance of mitochondrial DNA: new insights into human disease pathology. Am J Pathol. Jun. 2008;172(6):1445-56.
Shaul. Report to the Chairman and Ranking Minority Member, Subcommittee on Human Rights and Wellness, Committee on Government Reform, House of Representatives. GEO. Jan. 2005. 1-40.
Shelby, et al. Enzymatic debridement with activated whole pancreas. American Journal of Surgery. Oct. 1958; 96(4):545-549.
Sherwood et al. A new class of high-functionality excipients: silicified microcrystalline cellulose. Pharm Tech. 1998; 22(10):78-88.
Sherwood, et al. Activation of trypsinogen in large endocytic vacuoles of pancreatic acinar cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. Mar. 27, 2007;104(13):5674-9.
Shimabukuro, et al. Medical expenditures for children with an autism spectrum disorder in a privately insured population. J Autism Dev Disord. 2007;38(3):546-52.
Shpacovitch, et al. Protease-activated receptors: novel PARtners in innate immunity. Trends Immunol. Dec. 2007;28(12):541-50.
Shpacovitch, et al. Role of protease-activated receptors in inflammatory responses, innate and adaptive immunity. J Leukoc Biol. Jun. 2008;83(6):1309-22.
Sienaert, et al. Evidence-based treatment strategies for treatment-resistant bipolar depression: a systematic review. Bipolar Disord. Feb. 2013;15(1):61-9. doi: 10.1111/bdi.12026. Epub Nov. 27, 2012.
Sillanaukee, et al. Improved diagnostic classification of alcohol abusers by combining carbohydrate-deficient transferrin and gamma-glutamyltransferase. Clin Chem. Apr. 2001;47(4):681-5.
Simonoff, et al. Psychiatric disorders in children with autism spectrum disorders: prevalence, comorbidity, and associated factors in a population-derived sample. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. Aug. 2008;47(8):921-9.
Singh et al. Past, Present, and Future Technologies for Oral Delivery of Therapeutic Proteins. J Pham Sci 97(7):2497-2523 (2008).
Singh, et al. Plasma increase of interleukin-12 and interferon-gamma. Pathological significance in autism. J Neuroimmunol. May 1996;66(1-2):143-5.
Singh, Manjit. Alcoholic pancreatitis in rats fed ethanol in a nutritionally adequate liquid diet. International Journal of Pancreatology, 2:311-324 (1987).
Skeels et al. Crytosporidium infection in Oregon public health clinic patients 1985-1988: the value of statewide laboratory surveillance. AJPH. 1990; 80(3):305-308.
Skinner, et al. Treatment of Prion Disease with Heterologous Prion Proteins. PLoS One. Jul. 2, 2015;10(7):e0131993. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131993. eCollection 2015.
Smith, et al. Fecal chymotrypsin and trypsin determinations. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 1971; 104(8):691-4 and 697.
Sousa, et al. Polymorphisms in leucine-rich repeat genes are associated with autism spectrum disorder susceptibility in populations of European ancestry. Mol Autism. Mar. 25, 2010;1(1):7.
Statemaster. Number of Children with Autism (most recent w/graph) by state. Statemaster.com Jul. 14, 2003.
Statemaster. Number of Children with Autism (most recent) by state. Statemaster.com Jul. 14, 2008.
Statemaster. Number of Children with Autism (per capita)(most recent) by state. Statemaster.com Jul. 14, 2003.
Stein, et al. Nitrogen metabolism in normal and hyperkinetic boys. Am J Clin Nutr. Apr. 1984;39(4):520-4.
Steinherz, et al. Patterns of amino acid efflux from isolated normal and cystinotic human leucocyte lysosomes. J Biol Chem. Jun. 10, 1982;257(11):6041-9.
Sternby, et al. Carboxyl Ester Lipase (Bile Salt-Stimulated Lipase), Colipase, Lipase, and Phospholipase A2 Levels in Pancreatic Enzyme Supplements, 1997, Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 32(3): 261-267.
Stoll, et al. Enteral nutrient intake level determines intestinal protein synthesis and accretion rates in neonatal pigs. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. Aug. 2000;279(2):G288-94.
Stott, et al. MMR and Autism in Perspective: the Denmark Story. J. Am Phys Surg. 2004; 9(3):89-91.
Strader, et al. Structural basis of ß-adrenergic receptor function. FASEB J. May 1989;3(7):1825-32.
Sturmey. Secretin is an ineffective treatment for pervasive developmental disabilities: a review of 15 double-blind randomized controlled trials. Res Dev Disabil. Jan.-Feb. 2005;26(1):87-97.
Sundstrom, et al. A deadly prion disease: fatal familial insomnia. J Neurosci Nurs. Dec. 2003;35(6):300-5. Abstract only.
Supplemental Amendment and Response dated Jun. 8, 2010 to Restriction Requirement dated Oct. 7, 2009 for U.S. Appl. No. 12/283,090.
Swayne, et al. Pathobiology of H5N2 Mexican avian influenza virus infections of chickens. Vet Pathol. Nov. 1997;34(6):557-67.
Tager-Flusberg, et al. Language disorders: autism and other pervasive developmental disorders. Pediatr Clin North Am. Jun. 2007;54(3):469-81, vi.
Tamaro. Vitamin K deficiency as a cause of autistic symptoms. Http://web.archive.org/web/20090612022246/http://www.gutresearch.com/VitaminK.pdf. Published Jun. 12, 2009 as per Wayback Engine.
Tang, G. et al. Loss of mTOR-dependent macroautophagy causes autistic-like synaptic pruning deficits. Neuron, 83(5):1131-1143 (Sep. 3, 2014).
Terrie, et al. Understanding Pancreatic Enzyme Products. Dec. 15, 2008.
The Alzheimer's Association. Basics of Alzheimer's Disease. 2005, 32 pages. http://www.alz.org/national/documents/brochure_Basicsofalz_low/pdf.
Thefreedictionary. Term Sprinkles. Www.thefreedictionary.com. Accessed Nov. 2, 2011. 1 page.
Therapeutic research center. Approved Pancreatic Enzyme Products. Pharmacist's Letter/Prescriber's Letter 2010. Oct. 2010. 1-3.
Thomas, et al. Defective protein folding as a basis of human disease. Trends Biochem Sci. Nov. 1995;20(11):456-9.
Tiedermann, et al. Identification of a potent natural triterpenoid inhibitor of proteosome chymotrypsin-like activity and NF-kappaB with antimyeloma activity in vitro and in vivo. Blood. Apr. 23, 2009;113(17):4027-37.
Torrente, et al. Focal-enhanced gastritis in regressive autism with features distinct from Crohn's and Helicobacter pylori gastritis. Am J Gastroenterol. Apr. 2004;99(4):598-605.
Torrente, et al. Small intestinal enteropathy with epithelial IgG and complement deposition in children with regressive autism. Mol Psychiatry. 2002;7(4):375-82, 334.
Tran, et al. Treatment of complex regional pain syndrome: a review of the evidence. Can J Anaesth. Feb. 2010;57(2):149-66.
Trauner, et al. Specific cognitive deficits in young children with cystinosis: evidence for an early effect of the cystinosin gene on neural function. J Pediatr. Aug. 2007;151(2):192-6.
Troy. Pancreatic Enzymes. Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 21st edition. Lippincot Williams & Wilkins, 2006. p. 1304.
Tsan, et al. Heat shock proteins and immune system. J Leukoc Biol. Jun. 2009;85(6):905-10.
Tsang et al. Extragastroduodenal conditions associated with Helicobacter pylori infection. Hong Kong Medical Journal. 1999; 5(2):169-174.
Tuohy, K.M. et al. Using probiotics and prebiotics to improve gut health. Reviews, Therapeutic Focus, DDT 8(15) Aug. 2003.
U.S. Appl. No. 11/533,818 Final Office Action dated Jun. 7, 2016.
U.S. Appl. No. 12/054,343 Final Office Action dated May 10, 2017.
U.S. Appl. No. 12/054,343 Non-Final Office Action dated Dec. 26, 2017.
U.S. Appl. No. 12/054,343 Office Action dated Aug. 19, 2016.
U.S. Appl. No. 12/535,676 Non-Final Office Action dated Apr. 21, 2017.
U.S. Appl. No. 12/535,676 Non-Final Office Action dated Sep. 6, 2018.
U.S. Appl. No. 12/535,676 Office Action dated Sep. 13, 2016.
U.S. Appl. No. 12/786,739 Final Office Action dated Jun. 23, 2017.
U.S. Appl. No. 12/786,739 Final Office Action dated Sep. 25, 2018.
U.S. Appl. No. 12/786,739 Non-Final Office Action dated Jan. 4, 2018.
U.S. Appl. No. 12/786,739 Office Action dated Sep. 20, 2016.
U.S. Appl. No. 13/002,136 Advisory Office Action dated Jul. 9, 2018.
U.S. Appl. No. 13/002,136 Final Office Action dated Jan. 8, 2018.
U.S. Appl. No. 13/002,136 Final Office Action dated Jun. 24, 2016.
U.S. Appl. No. 13/002,136 Non-Final Office Action dated Dec. 18, 2018.
U.S. Appl. No. 13/002,136 Non-Final Office Action dated Feb. 27, 2017.
U.S. Appl. No. 13/193,346 Notice of Allowability dated Jul. 14, 2016.
U.S. Appl. No. 13/193,346 Notice of Allowability dated Jun. 2, 2016.
U.S. Appl. No. 13/313,629 Notice of Allowance dated Dec. 22, 2016.
U.S. Appl. No. 13/313,708 Notice of Allowance dated Dec. 15, 2016.
U.S. Appl. No. 13/502,989 Notice of Allowance dated Aug. 10, 2016.
U.S. Appl. No. 13/503,844 Final Office Action dated Nov. 30, 2017.
U.S. Appl. No. 13/503,844 Office Action dated Aug. 25, 2016.
U.S. Appl. No. 13/503,844 Office Action dated Mar. 27, 2017.
U.S. Appl. No. 13/705,763 Final Office Action dated May 24, 2016.
U.S. Appl. No. 13/733,873 Final Office Action dated Feb. 21, 2018.
U.S. Appl. No. 13/733,873 Non-Final Office Action dated May 25, 2017.
U.S. Appl. No. 13/757,412 Final Office Action dated Jun. 30, 2016.
U.S. Appl. No. 13/757,412 Final Office Action dated Sep. 12, 2017.
U.S. Appl. No. 13/757,412 Office Action dated Apr. 16, 2019.
U.S. Appl. No. 13/757,412 Office Action dated Feb. 10, 2017.
U.S. Appl. No. 13/836,135 Final Office Action dated Dec. 14, 2018.
U.S. Appl. No. 13/836,135 Final Office Action dated May 15, 2017.
U.S. Appl. No. 13/836,135 Non-Final Office Action dated Mar. 15, 2018.
U.S. Appl. No. 13/836,135 Notice of Allowance dated Apr. 25, 2019.
U.S. Appl. No. 13/836,135 Office Action dated Jul. 22, 2016.
U.S. Appl. No. 14/296,091 Final Office Action dated Aug. 23, 2017.
U.S. Appl. No. 14/296,091 Final Office Action dated Jan. 3, 2017.
U.S. Appl. No. 14/296,091 Final Office Action dated Oct. 1, 2018.
U.S. Appl. No. 14/296,091 Non-Final Office Action dated Mar. 22, 2018.
U.S. Appl. No. 14/612,580 Final Office Action dated Aug. 10, 2017.
U.S. Appl. No. 14/612,580 Notice of Allowability dated Mar. 1, 2018.
U.S. Appl. No. 14/612,580 Notice of Allowance dated Jan. 12, 2018.
U.S. Appl. No. 14/612,580 Office Action dated Sep. 21, 2016.
U.S. Appl. No. 14/612,604 Notice of Allowance dated Jul. 20, 2016.
U.S. Appl. No. 14/639,425 Notice of Allowance dated Mar. 10, 2017.
U.S. Appl. No. 14/639,425 Office Action dated Jul. 14, 2016.
U.S. Appl. No. 14/640,385 Supplemental Notice of Allowability dated May 26, 2016.
U.S. Appl. No. 14/693,711 Final Office Action dated Dec. 15, 2016.
U.S. Appl. No. 14/693,711 Notice of Allowability dated May 26, 2017.
U.S. Appl. No. 14/693,711 Notice of Allowance dated Apr. 21, 2017.
U.S. Appl. No. 14/713,178 Advisory Office Action dated Jan. 19, 2017.
U.S. Appl. No. 14/713,178 Final Office Action dated Oct. 14, 2016.
U.S. Appl. No. 14/713,178 Notice of Allowance dated Apr. 12, 2017.
U.S. Appl. No. 14/713,221 Final Office Action dated Jun. 16, 2016.
U.S. Appl. No. 14/713,221 Non-Final Office Action dated Dec. 30, 2016.
U.S. Appl. No. 14/713,221 Notice of Allowance dated Oct. 19, 2017.
U.S. Appl. No. 14/713,242 Final Office Action dated Jan. 9, 2019.
U.S. Appl. No. 14/713,242 Final Office Action dated Jul. 21, 2017.
U.S. Appl. No. 14/713,242 Non-Final Office Action dated Mar. 29, 2018.
U.S. Appl. No. 14/713,242 Office Action dated Dec. 7, 2016.
U.S. Appl. No. 14/921,896 Final Office Action dated Jan. 25, 2018.
U.S. Appl. No. 14/921,896 Notice of Allowability dated Sep. 12, 2018.
U.S. Appl. No. 14/921,896 Notice of Allowance dated Jul. 18, 2018.
U.S. Appl. No. 14/921,896 Office Action dated Apr. 26, 2017.
U.S. Appl. No. 15/089,842 Final Office Action dated Dec. 4, 2018.
U.S. Appl. No. 15/089,842 Non-Final Office Action dated Jun. 26, 2018.
U.S. Appl. No. 15/089,842 Office Action dated Dec. 8, 2017.
U.S. Appl. No. 15/164,493 Non-Final Office Action dated Feb. 27, 2018.
U.S. Appl. No. 15/164,493 Notice of Allowance dated Nov. 15, 2018.
U.S. Appl. No. 15/185,511 Notice of Allowance dated Nov. 16, 2017.
U.S. Appl. No. 15/265,415 Non-Final Office Action dated Apr. 11, 2018.
U.S. Appl. No. 15/265,620 Non-Final Office Action dated Jan. 22, 2019.
U.S. Appl. No. 15/265,620 Non-Final Office Action dated Jun. 20, 2018.
U.S. Appl. No. 15/354,940 Non-Final Office Action dated Nov. 2, 2018.
U.S. Appl. No. 15/593,121 Non-Final Office Action dated Mar. 8, 2018.
U.S. Appl. No. 15/593,129 Office Action dated Jan. 3, 2019.
U.S. Appl. No. 16/103,192 Office Action dated Nov. 4, 2019.
U.S. Appl. No. 12/786,739 Office Action dated May 8, 2019.
U.S. Appl. No. 13/733,873 Office Action dated May 16, 2019.
U.S. Appl. No. 15/074,115 Office Action dated Mar. 6, 2019.
U.S. Appl. No. 15/265,415 Notice of Allowance dated Dec. 26, 2018.
U.S. Appl. No. 15/354,940 Final Office Action date Aug. 21, 2019.
U.S. Appl. No. 15/593,121 Notice of Allowance dated Dec. 26, 2018.
U.S. Appl. No. 15/840,883 Office Action dated Aug. 8, 2019.
U.S. Appl. No. 12/535,676 Office Action dated Jun. 26, 2019.
U.S. Appl. No. 13/002,136 Office Action dated Jun. 21, 2019.
U.S. Appl. No. 14/612,580 Office Action dated Dec. 24, 2015.
U.S. Appl. No. 15/074,115 Notice of Allowance dated Dec. 11, 2019.
U.S. Appl. No. 15/089,842 Notice of Allowance dated Mar. 29, 2019.
Uhlmann, et al. Potential viral pathogenic mechanism for new variant inflammatory bowel disease. Mol Pathol. Apr. 2002;55(2):84-90.
ULTRESA—FDA Prescribing Information Side Effects and Uses. Revised Sep. 2014.
ULTRESA. Highlights of prescribing information. Aptalis Pharma US Inc. Revised Mar. 2012.
Unis, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of porcine versus synthetic secretin for reducing symptoms of autism. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. Nov. 2002;41(11):1315-21.
UPI. Number of autistic Calif. students triples. United Press International. Jul. 12, 2008.
USDA. FDA Drug Safety Communication: Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea can be associated with stomach acid drugs known as proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). Safety announcement. Feb. 8, 2012. Accessed Apr. 1, 2013. http://www.fda.gov/drugs/drugsafety/ucm290510.htm.
USP (32)-NF(27) 2009, Pancreatin, V.3, pp. 3194-3195.
Valicenti-McDermott, et al. Frequency of gastrointestinal symptoms in children with autistic spectrum disorders and association with family history of autoimmune disease. J Dev Behav Pediatr. Apr. 2006;27(2 Suppl):S128-36.
Vargas, et al. Neuroglial activation and neuroinflammation in the brain of patients with autism. Ann Neurol. Jan. 2005;57(1):67-81.
Vellard. The enzyme as drug: application of enzymes as pharmaceuticals. Curr Opin Biotechnol. Aug. 2003;14(4):444-50.
Vilanova, et al. Preparative isolation of the two forms of pig pancreatic pro-(carboxypeptidase A) and their monomeric carboxypeptidases A. Biochem J. Aug. 1, 1985;229(3):605-9.
VIOKACE—FDA Prescribing Information, Side Effects and Uses. Revised Mar. 2012.
VIOKACE. Highlights of prescribing information. Aptalis Pharma US Inc. Revised Mar. 2012.
Vojdani, et al. Antibodies against CNS antigens in autism: Possible cross-reaction with dietary proteins and infectious agent antigens. Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Infection. 2004; 19:171-186.
Vojdani, et al. Heat shock protein and gliadin peptide promote development of peptidase antibodies in children with autism and patients with autoimmune disease. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. May 2004;11(3):515-24.
Vojdani, et al. Immune response to dietary proteins, gliadin and cerebellar peptides in children with autism. Nutr Neurosci. Jun. 2004;7(3):151-61.
Volkmar, et al. Practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of children, adolescents, and adults with autism and other pervasive developmental disorders. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Working Group on Quality Issues. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. (Part 1) Dec. 1999;38(12 Suppl):32S-54S.
Volkmar, et al. Practice Parameters for the Assessment and Treatment of Children, Adolescents, and Adults with Autism and other Pervasive Developmental Disorders. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. (Part 2) Dec. 1999;38(12):1611-6.
Wakefield, et al. Enterocolitis in children with developmental disorders. Am J Gastroenterol. Sep. 2000;95(9):2285-95.
Wakefield, et al. Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children. Lancet. Feb. 28, 1998;351(9103):637-41.
Wakefield, et al. Review article: the concept of entero-colonic encephalopathy, autism and opioid receptor ligands. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. Apr. 2002;16(4):663-74.
Wakefield, et al. The significance of ileo-colonic lymphoid nodular hyperplasia in children with autistic spectrum disorder. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. Aug. 2005;17(8):827-36.
Wakefield. Autistic enterocolitis: is it a histopathological entity? Histopathology. 2006; 1-5.
Wakefield. Enterocolitis, Autism, and Measles Virus. Consensus in Child Neurology: Biological Bases and Clinical Perspectives in Autism. 2002; 74-81.
Wakefield. The gut-brain axis in childhood developmental disorders. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. May-Jun. 2002;34 Suppl 1:S14-7.
Walsh, et al. Heat shock and the role of the HSPs during neural plate induction in early mammalian CNS and brain development. Cell Mol Life Sci. Feb. 1997;53(2):198-211.
Walsh, et al. Reduced violent behavior following chemical therapy. Physiology and behavior. 2004; 82:835-839.
Wang, et al. Activation of Ras/Erk pathway by a novel MET-interacting protein RanBPM. J Biol Chem. Sep. 27, 2002;277(39):36216-22.
Wang, et al. Effect of chymotrypsin C and related proteins on pancreatic cancer cell migration. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai). May 2011;43(5):362-71. Epub Apr. 2, 2011. Jan. 7, 2011. Abstract only.
We Move, PD Workbook, The WEMOVE Clinician's Guide to Parkinson's Disease, 2006.
Weintraub, et al. Morphometric studies of pancreatic acinar granule formation in NCTR-Balb/c mice. J Cell Sci. May 1992;102 ( Pt 1):141-7.
Welch, et al. Brain effects of chronic IBD in areas abnormal in autism and treatment by single neuropeptides secretin and oxytocin. J Mol Neurosci. 2004;25(3):259-74.
Wender et al. Prevalence of attention deficit disorder, residual type, and other psychiatric disorders in patients with irritable colon syndrome. Am J Psychiatry. 1983; 140(12):1579-82 Abstract only.
Whitehouse. Fact Sheet: Combating Autism Act of 2006. www.whitehouse.gov. Dec. 19, 2006.
Williams, et al. Eating habits of children with autism. Pediatr Nurs. May-Jun. 2000;26(3):259-64.
Williams, et al. Intravenous secretin for autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Apr. 18, 2012;4:CD003495. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003495.pub3.
Williams, K. et al. Cochrane Review: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) for autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Evidence-Based Child Health: A Cochrane Review Journal, 6(4):1044-1078 (Jul. 2011). [Abstract Only].
Wisniewski, et al. Therapeutic approaches for prion and Alzheimer's diseases. FEBS J. Aug. 2007;274(15):3784-98. Epub Jul. 6, 2007.
Witmer. ADD and ADHD Statistics—CDC Report Looks at Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. About.com—Parenting of Adolescents. Jul. 15, 2008.
Wohlman et al. Enhancement of drug activity by chymotrypsin, penicillin penetration into granulomatous lesions and inflammatory fluids. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 1969; 25(9):953-954.
Wolfson, D., Making sense of digestive enzymes, Klaire Labs, Mar. 13, 2006.
Woodward et al. Ischaemic enterocolitis complicating aidiopathic dysautonomia. Gut. 1998; 43:285-287.
Xu. Pancreatin therapy in chronic pancreatitis. Clin J Dig, May 2005; 25(5):313-315. (in Chinese with English translation).
YAHOO!.com. Who is affected by Parkinson's disease. Yahoo! Health. Jul. 14, 2008.
Yang, et al. Polymeric Porous Framework of a Bismuth Citrate-Based Complex: A Potential Vehicle for Drug Delivery. Medical News Today. Dec. 17, 2010. 1-4.
Yang, Xinyi et al. Advances in anti-staphylococcal agent lysostaphin. Chinese Journal of New Drugs 14(9):1113-1117 (2005).
Yazbak. Autism in the United States: a perspective. Journal of American Physicians and Surgeons. 2003;8:103-107.
Youngberg, et al. Comparison of gastrointestinal pH in cystic fibrosis and healthy subjects. Dig Dis Sci. May 1987;32(5):472-80.
Yuan, et al.. Freeze-Thaw Stability of Three Waxy Maize Starch Pastes Measured by Centrifugation and Calorimetry. Cereal Chem. 1998; 75(4):571-573.
Zeiner, et al. Mammalian protein RAP46: an interaction partner and modulator of 70 kDa heat shock proteins. EMBO J. Sep. 15, 1997;16(18):5483-90.
ZENPEP—FDA Prescribing Information, Side Effects and Uses. Revised Sep. 2014.
ZENPEP. Highlights of prescribing information. Eurand Pharmaceuticals Inc. Revised Jul. 2011.
Zhang et al. Lactulose-mannitol intestinal permeability test in children with diarrhea caused by rotavirus and cryptosporidium. J of Pediatric Gastro & Nutrition. 2000; 31(1):16-21.
Amsterdam, D. Susceptibility testing of antimicrobials in liquid media. Antibiotics in Laboratory Medicine. 52-111 (1996).
Barry, J. Mode of action of penetration enhancers in human skin. Controlled Release 6: 85-97 (1987).
D'Eufemia et al., Abnormal intestinal permeability in children with autism. Acta Paediatr 85: 1076-1079 (1996).
Horsmans et al., Lactulose improves psychometric testing in cirrhotic patients with subclinical encephalopathy. Aliment Pharmocol Ther 11:165-170 (1997).
Juby et al., Abnormal intestinal permeability and jejunal morphometry . J Clin Pathol 40: 714-718 (1987).
Schlessingerman, Mass of an Adult. The Physics Factbook (2003).
U.S. Appl. No. 13/002,136 Non-Final Office Action dated May 26, 2020.
U.S. Appl. No. 15/265,620 Notice of Allowance dated Apr. 29, 2020.
U.S. Appl. No. 15/354,940 Final Office Action dated Jul. 2, 2020.
U.S. Appl. No. 15/840,883 Final Office Action dated Jun. 9, 2020.
U.S. Appl. No. 16/281,908 Non-Final Office Action dated May 1, 2020.
U.S. Appl. No. 16/422,079 Non-Final Office Action dated Apr. 20, 2020.
Fan et al., Guidelines for Standard Operation of Toxicological Safety Assessment (vol. 1). University of Electronic Science and Technology Press (2009).
Harrison, Bipolar Disorder. Healing Depression Naturally, Twin Streams. Kensington Publishing Corp: 31-32. (2004).
Merriam Webster Dictionary: definition of prevent.
Thomas, Bipolar Disorder—Balancing Moods by Balancing Nutrients; What Doctors Don't Tell You. 14)7): 1-13 (2003).
U.S. Appl. No. 13/002,136 Final Office Action dated Sep. 11, 2020.
U.S. Appl. No. 13/757,412 Final Office Action dated Dec. 22, 2020.
U.S. Appl. No. 15/889,917 Non-Final Office Action dated Sep. 3, 2020.
U.S. Appl. No. 16/281,908 Notice of Allowance mailed Nov. 3, 2020.
Xie, Development and Application of New Traditional Chinese Medicine 2nd Edition. People's Medical Publishing House (2000).
Related Publications (1)
Number Date Country
20190275066 A1 Sep 2019 US
Divisions (2)
Number Date Country
Parent 12049613 Mar 2008 US
Child 13204881 US
Parent 11468379 Aug 2006 US
Child 12049613 US
Continuations (3)
Number Date Country
Parent 15089842 Apr 2016 US
Child 16422079 US
Parent 14087930 Nov 2013 US
Child 15089842 US
Parent 13204881 Aug 2011 US
Child 14087930 US