Patent Application
20220002668
This invention concerns a new method for differentiating oral neuroectodermal stem cells (CSO-NE), in particular human gingival neuroectodermal stem cells (CSGh), into oligodendrocytes (OL), and their use in the repair of head injuries.
In the description below, references in square brackets ([ ]) refer to the list of references at the end of the text.
Brain injury or Head Injury/trauma (HI) remains, even today, one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity in young adults. In Europe, the incidence of HI is about 235 per 100,000 hospitalized subjects per year (Tazaourte et al., 2008) [1], with an average mortality rate of about 15 per 100 000 hospitalized subjects. It is therefore a major public health problem because of its frequency, complexity, the severity of the sequelae involved and the high cost of health care. The main causes are road accidents, sports accidents, industrial accidents, domestic accidents and assaults. HI alters short-term consciousness and cognitive and physical abilities, leading to long-term behavioral or emotional problems. These disorders can be transient or permanent, leading to partial or total disability (Mathé et al., 2005) [2].
In recent years, in response to favourable results obtained in animals (Angoa Perez, 2014) [3], about fifteen clinical trials have evaluated the protective effects of neurons by several molecules (Narayan et al., 2002) [4]. Unfortunately, none of these studies have been able to demonstrate a therapeutic benefit in head injury patients (Bramlett and Dietrich, 2004; Beauchamp and Childress, 2008) [5, 6], leaving the medical profession largely helpless today in the face of trauma patients.
The severity of a HI is first of all related to the severity of the primary lesions that form at the time of the trauma, and then to the occurrence of secondary lesions in the hours, days, and months following the HI. Primary lesions consist of vascular, neural, glial or axonal lesions that occur at the time of the accident. These primary lesions trigger a neuro-inflammatory response that will play an important role in worsening the lesions and in the occurrence of long-term functional sequelae, including a risk of neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders (Marmarou et al., 1994; Van Den Heuvel et al., 2007) [7, 8]. Post-traumatic injuries affect both gray and white matter. The latter are responsible for poor clinical prognosis with serious social consequences (Parvizi and Damasio, 2003) [9].
Among the white matter lesions, HI causes diffuse axonal lesions and demyelination of axons which comes from oligodendrocyte (OL) degeneration, cells responsible for myelin sheath formation (Biennow et al., 2012; Caprariello et al., 2012) [10, 11]. Oligodendrocytes play a crucial role since each is responsible for the myelination of an average of 50 neurons (Raine, 1984) [12]. These cells are cells that are vital to the functioning and survival of neurons. Without the protection by formation of the myelin sheath synthesized by the OLs, neurons quickly degenerate. The involvement or dysfunction of OLs therefore leads to serious pathologies of the central nervous system (CNS).
Myelin is the main component of the white matter. It facilitates the conduction of nerve impulses in the myelinated segments of axons. Myelin contains 80% lipids, some of which are specific to myelin such as galactoceramide, and 20% proteins such as myelin base protein or Myelin Basic Protein (MBP), oligodendrocyte myelin glycoprotein or Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein (MOG), 2′,3′-cyclic nucleotide phospho-diesterase (CNPase) (Hartline and Colman, 2007) [13].
CNS damage is known to activate several cell types that can influence the normal physiology of oligodendrocytes. Following a brain injury, macrophages from the blood are among the first cells to arrive at the site of the injury (Fawcett and Asher, 1999) [14]. These immune cells accumulate at the lesion site within a few hours of the injury. CNS microglia (OL) and macrophages phagocyte cell debris and foreign bodies and participate in inflammation, promotion and direction of tissue repair and maintenance of cell homeostasis (Den et al., 2015) [15).
Oral neuroectodermal stem cells isolated from oral mucous membranes, including the human gum (Human Gingival Stem Cells; CSGh), have recently been identified by the inventors (Fournier et al., 2010) [16]. These CSGs have the same embryological origin as maxillary bones, i.e. neural ridges. While many currently known adult stem cells derive from the endoderm, mesoderm or ectoderm and have specific markers that allow their isolation, the embryological origin of oral neuroectodermal stem cells gives them a particular plasticity, including their ability to differentiate into nerve cells, for example into oligodendrocytes. The latter are responsible for white matter repair and are currently considered key cells in brain injury repair.
There is therefore a need to open up new therapeutic prospects for head injuries for which the use of oligodendrocytes obtained from oral neuroectodermal stem cells in cell therapy could constitute a major scientific innovation. However, many essential developments are necessary, and suitable culture methods have yet to be defined before their use in cell therapy can be fully considered.
As part of the treatment of head injuries in humans or animals, the inventors have therefore developed a protocol for differentiating oral neuroectodermal stem cells (CSO-NE), in particular human gingival neuroectodermal stem cells (CSGh), into oligodendrocytes (OL).
Autologous CSO-NE or CSG were obtained without sequelae under local anesthesia (gingival sampling). The cells were easy to grow and proved to be particularly resistant. Gingival healing is considered embryo-like. Gingival tissue is probably the most aggressive tissue in the body (mechanical, thermal, chemical and bacterial aggressions), however no scars are visible in the oral cavity even after dental extractions.
The inventors tested both the degree of maturation of oligodendrocytes obtained from CSGh and then improved the differentiation medium to obtain cells with a higher degree of maturity and better functional capacity. This functionality has been tested by demonstrating the ability of oligodencrocytes differentiated from CSGh to myelinate by co-cultivating them with neurons. Indeed, myelination by oligodendrocytes is a key element in the repair of central nervous tissue and the derivation of such cells from neuroectodermal gingival stem cells offers very innovative therapeutic prospects (
Inventors have thus established their protocol on the basis of several protocols that are described in the literature to differentiate embryonic stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells (Brüustle et al., 1999; Nistor et al., 2005; Chen et al., 2007; Hu et al., 2009; Najm et al., 2011; Leite et al., 2014) [17-22]. The protocol was then adapted according to the specific profile of CSO-NEs, and several tests performed on these cells to define the appropriate protocol for these cells.
The inventors' protocol consists of several steps to change the profile of CSO-NE or CSGs into oligodendrocytes as shown in
Briefly, this protocol includes the induction of neural stem cells (NSCs) from CSO-NEs (or CSGs), the acquisition of the identity of neural progenitors that express OLIG2, the specification to early oligodendrocyte precursor cells (pre-OPCs) that express OLIG2/NKX2.2, and the generation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) and their differentiation into oligodendrocytes.
In the first part (Stades 1 and 2), the CSO-NE (or CSGs) are directed towards the fate of the neuroectoderm under a chemically defined condition for 2 weeks. Neuroepithelial differentiation can be reliably identified by observing the organization of these colonar epithelial cells that form rosettes, a characteristic topography of the neural tube from which OPCs derive during development (Marquardt and Pfaff, 2001; Pankratz et al, 2007; Hu et al., 2009) [23, 24 and 20] and the expression of neuroectodermal transcription factors, including PAX6 and SOX1 (Li et al., 2005; Pankratz et al., 2007) [25, and 24].
The second part consists of modelling neural stem cells (NSCs) to the progenitors of the ventral neural tube by adding retinoic acid (RA) and SHH factor within 10 days. The identity of progenitors is defined by their OLIG2 expression (Hu et al., 2009) [20]. These OLIG2+ cells can then differentiate into spinal motor neurons. To avoid this differentiation and promote OPC generation, basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF2 or FGFb) is used in the third part of the protocol for 10 days (Hu et al., 2009) [20]. At day 35, the progenitors co-express OLIG2 and NKX2.2 and can no longer differentiate into motor neurons (Hu et al., 2009; Hu and Zhang, 2009] [20, 26].
Co-expression of OLIG2 and NKX2.2 generally indicates oligodencrocyte precursor (OPC) identity (Qi et al., 2001; Zhou et al., 2001; Fu et al., 2002; Vallstedt et al., 2005; Hu et al., 2009) [27-30, 20]. However, these cells in their early differentiation phase do not possess the morphological, biochemical and functional characteristics of OPC. This is why some authors call them pre-OPC cells (Hu et al., 2009) [20]. These pre-OPCs are grown in a glial differentiation medium and more precisely an oligodendrocyte differentiation medium. This medium contains mainly triodothyronine (T3), Neurotrophin 3 (NT3), PDGF-AA, cAMP, IGF-1 and biotin, factors which, individually or synergistically, can promote the survival and proliferation of CSGh-derived OPCs. These OPCs have a bipolar or multipolar form and express OLIG2, NKX2.2 and PDGFRα Finally, these cells are mobile and can differentiate into oligodendrocyte-like cells.
An object of the present invention is therefore a method for inducing differentiation of oral neuroectodermal stem cells into oligodendrocytes, said method comprising or consisting of:
a) a step of differentiating said neuroectodermal oral stem cells into neuroepithelial stem cells in a neurogenic culture medium comprising DMEMf12, N1 supplement, FGFb and EGF.
b) a step of differentiating the neuroepithelial stem cells obtained in step a) into neural stem cells in a neurogenic culture medium comprising DMEMf12, N1 supplement, Noggin protein, FGFb, retinoic acid and SHH factor.
c) a step of differentiating the neural stem cells obtained in step b) into oligodendrocyte pre-precursor cells in a neurogenic culture medium comprising DMEMf12, N1 supplement, B27 supplement and FGFb. d) a step of differentiating the oligodendrocyte pre-precursor cells obtained in
step c) into oligodendrocyte precursor cells in a neurogenic culture medium comprising DMEMf12, PDGF-AA and SHH factor.
e) a step of differentiating oligodendrocyte precursor cells obtained in step d) into oligodendrocytes, and maturing said oligodendrocytes, in a neurogenic culture medium comprising DMEMf12, IGF-1, biotin, CAMP, PDGF-AA, L-glutamine or Glutamax™, and NT3.
According to a particular embodiment of the method of the present invention, neuroectodemic oral stem cells are derived from gingival tissue.
According to a particular embodiment of the method of the present invention, stade 1 is carried out over a period of 5 days, stade 2 is carried out over a period of 10 days, stade 3 in continuity with stade 4 are carried out over a period of 20 days, and/or stade 5 is carried out over a period of at least 15 days.
According to a particular embodiment of the method of the present invention, supplement N1 can be used at a concentration of about 0.1-1%; FGFb can be used at a concentration of about 10-100 ng/ml, for example at a concentration of about 50 ng/ml; EGF can be used at a concentration ranging from about 2-20 ng/ml, for example at a concentration of about 10 ng/ml; Noggin can be used at a concentration ranging from about 20-200 ng/ml, for example at a concentration of about 100 ng/ml; RA can be used at a concentration ranging from about 2-40 nM, for example at a concentration of about 20 nM; SHH can be used at a concentration ranging from about 20-400 ng/ml, for example at a concentration of about 100 or 200 ng/ml; PDGF-AA can be used at a concentration ranging from about 4-40 ng/ml, for example at a concentration of about 20 ng/ml.
Another object of the present invention is also a cell population comprising or consisting of oligodendrocytes obtained by the method of the present invention, said oligodendrocytes expressing the Msx1 gene (which is not the case for other OL obtained from other stem cells than stem cells from neural crests and/or other methods from prior art).
Another object of the present invention is also a cell population according to the present invention, for use in cellular therapy, preferably for the treatment of head injuries.
Another object of the present invention is also a culture medium for the differentiation of oral neuroectodermal stem cells into neuroepithelial stem cells comprising or essentially consisting of DMEMf12, N1 supplement, FGFb and EGF.
Another object of the present invention is also a culture medium for the differentiation of neuroepithelial stem cells into neural stem cells comprising or essentially consisting of DMEMf12, N1 supplement, Noggin protein, FGFb, retinoic acid and SHH factor.
Another object of the present invention is also a culture medium for the differentiation of neural stem cells into oligodendrocyte pre-precursor cells comprising or essentially consisting of DMEMf12, N1 supplement, B27 supplement and FGFb.
Another object of the present invention is also a culture medium for the differentiation of oligodendrocyte pre-precursor cells into oligodendrocyte precursor cells comprising or essentially consisting of DMEMf12, PDGF-AA and SHH factor.
Another object of the present invention is also a medium for culturing oligodendrocyte precursor cells into oligodendrocytes, and for maturing said oligodendrocytes, comprising or essentially consisting of DMEMf12, IGF-1, biotin, CAMP, PDGF-AA, L-glutamine or Glutamax™ and NT3.
The different experiences were based on the differentiation of: PPSCs (pluripotent stem cells) (Hu et al., 2009 [20]), hESCs: (Human embryonic stem cells) (Nistor et al., 2005 [18]), and MSCs (mesenchimatous stem cells) (Leite et al., 2014 [22]).
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2019/082967 | 11/28/2019 | WO | 00 |
