Patent Application
20100196535
The present invention relates to the use of phytase in a method of preparing a fermented soy-based product and to a fermented soy-based product that has been subjected to treatment with phytase.
Soy derived products, such a soy protein concentrates and isolates, naturally contain considerable quantities of phytic acid (inositol hexaphosphate). Phytic acid is an undigestible potent chelator that strongly binds multivalent metal cations such as Fe2+, Fe3+, Mg2+, Ca2+ and Zn2+. Since some of the latter minerals naturally occur in soy derived products, the phytic acid contained in these products adversely affects the bioavailability of these minerals. Thus, whereas soy contains appreciable levels of the aforementioned minerals, these soy minerals have limited nutritional relevance due to the fact that their bioavailability is low. Furthermore, the phytic acid naturally present in soy derived products also adversely affects bioavailability of supplemented minerals such as Fe2+, Zn2+ and Cu2+.
Phytase can be used to break down phytic acid into digestible components. Thus, phytase treatment can be used to enhance the bioavailability of multivalent metal cations that are contained in soy derived products.
Phytase treatment of soy derived products is disclosed in WO 2006/098721. This international patent application describes a process for the preparation of a protein material having a reduced phytic acid content, said process comprising:
US 2007/0014910 describes an acidic, protein-containing drink comprising 0.6-4.6 wt. % of a soy protein product, wherein the soy protein product is prepared by a process comprising acid precipitation of the protein:
WO 2006/043478 describes a method of preparing a fermented soy milk having excellent flavour with reduced greenish (grassy) taste and harsh palate, a smooth texture and a favourable feel on the palate, said method comprising carrying out a lactic acid fermentation starting with soy milk which has been treated with an enzyme having phytic acid decomposing enzyme activity. WO 2006/043478 teaches to deactivate the phytase by sterilization after the phytic acid has been decomposed.
A drawback of the above mentioned methods resides in the fact that phytase treated soy protein compositions exhibit a strongly reduced oxidative stability. This reduced oxidative stability, as evidenced by an increased predisposition to develop oxidation off-flavours, results from the fact that phytase treatment negates the sequestering effect of phytic acid on e.g. iron and copper cations. Both iron and copper are well-known pro-oxidants that catalyze lipid oxidation, notably the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids that yields strong smelling aldehydes. Since oxidation-sensitive polyunsaturated fatty acids are usually abundantly present in soy derived materials, enzymatic degradation of phytic acid will decrease the oxidative stability of said soy derived materials. This decreased oxidative stability becomes manifest in an increased tendency of such soy derived materials to develop off-flavours during storage, processing or in the final product application.
The inventors have discovered that in lactic acid bacteria fermented soy based products it is possible to realise the benefits of phytase treatment, e.g. increasing bioavailability of iron, whilst at the same time minimizing adverse effects associated with reduced oxidative stability.
More particularly, the present inventors have unexpectedly found that if phytase treatment and fermentation are conducted concurrently, the negative effect of phytic acid degradation on lipid oxidation and especially on off-flavour formation can be minimized very effectively. The inventors have also found that off-flavor formation may be further minimized by terminating the fermentation of the soy-based substrate using pasteurization, cooling and/or pH-adjustment.
Thus, the present invention concerns a method of preparing a fermented soy-based product, said method comprising:
Although the inventors do not wish to be bound by theory, it is believed that in the present method the sequestering effect of the phytic acid is gradually decreased whilst at the same time the increased oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids resulting from the ‘release’ of previously sequestered iron and/or copper cations is counteracted by the ability of the lactic acid bacteria to digest off-flavour inducing oxidation products. Thus, the present method is capable of yielding a fermented product comprising metallic minerals, such as iron, that are highly bioavailable and that has little or no off-flavour. In contrast, if a soy protein material is subjected to phytase treatment and subsequently applied in a method that yields a fermented soy-based product, a more pronounced off-flavour will develop as non-sequestered metallic pro-oxidants can exert their full pro-oxidative effect during the preparation of the fermentation substrate and the subsequent fermentation.
Off-flavor formation is further minimized by terminating the fermentation by pasteurization, cooling or pH-adjustment. The inventors have found that e.g. sterilization of the fermented soy-based product gives rise to the formation of pronounced off-flavor notes. In contrast, such off-flavor note are hardly formed if fermentation is terminated by pasteurization, cooling or pH-adjustment.
The inventors have additionally discovered that fermented soy-based products containing considerable quantities of bioavailable iron and/or magnesium and exhibiting surprisingly high oxidative stability can be obtained by ensuring that the enzymatic breakdown of phytic acid progresses only to such an extent that the average number of phosphate residues in the inositol phosphates (i.e. inositol mono- to hexa-phosphates) contained in the fermented product is within the range of 1.5-4.0.
Accordingly, another aspect of the invention relates to a fermented product containing:
A first aspect of the present invention concerns a method of preparing a fermented soy-based product, said method comprising:
The term “lactic acid bacterium” as used herein refers to acid tolerant, non-sporulating, non-respiring rod-shaped Gram positive bacilli or cocci that produce lactic acid as the major metabolic endproduct of carbohydrate fermentation. As used herein, the term “lactic acid bacterium” does not encompass Bifidobacterium.
The term “lactate” as used herein encompasses lactic acid as well as edible salts of lactic acid.
The term “phytase” as used herein refers to an enzyme that is capable of breaking down phytic acid (inositol hexaphosphate), e.g. by hydrolyzing phytic acid so as to release one or more phosphates therefrom. Preferably, the phytase is capable of removing at least 3 phosphate groups from phytic acid.
The phytase can suitably be incorporated in the aqueous liquid containing soy protein by first adding the soy protein and subsequently the phytase. The phytase may also be incorporated in the aqueous liquid by first adding the phytase and subsequently the soy protein, or by adding phytase and soy protein simultaneously.
In the present method phytase is typically incorporated in the aqueous liquid or the pasteurized or sterilized liquid in an amount of at least 0.1 FTU per g of soy protein; one FTU being the activity of phytase that generates 1 μmol of inorganic phosphorus per minute from an excess of sodium phytate at pH 5.5 and 37° C. A suitable methodology for determining phytase activity is described in M. Wyss et al.; Biophysical Characterisation of fungal phytases (myo-Inositol hexakisphosphate phosphohydrolase): Molecular size, glycosylation pattern, and engineering of proteolytic resistance. Appl. Envir. Micr., 65 (2), 359-366, 1999.
Preferably, the phytase is added in an amount of at least 0.2 FTU per g of soy protein, more preferably of at least 1 FTU per gram of soy protein and most preferably at least 1.5 FTU per gram of soy protein. The inventors have found that it is advantageous to employ a relatively small amount of phytase so as to avoid full degradation of phytic acid into inositol and phosphoric acid. Accordingly, in a preferred embodiment, the amount of phytase activity added does not exceed 5 FTU per gram of soy protein and most preferably it does not exceed 2.3 FTU per gram of soy protein.
It is preferred to add the phytase well before termination of the fermentation step d. in order to realize the full benefits associated with the concurrent fermentation. According to a preferred embodiment, the phytase is added at least 30 minutes, preferably at least 1 hour before termination of fermentation step d.
Depending on the phytase dosage used and the fermentation conditions employed it is usually no problem to achieve sufficient degradation of phytic acid within 12 hours, or even within 6 hours. Thus, advantageously the phytase is added not more than 12 hours, even more preferably not more than 6 hours before termination of fermentation step d and most preferably not more than 4 hours before termination of fermentation step d.
Since some commercially available phytases exhibit very high thermostability it is feasible to add phytase to the present aqueous liquid prior to pasteurisation as sufficient phytase activity will remain after pasteurisation to achieve adequate degradation of phytic acid within e.g. 12 hours. In order to minimize loss of phytase activity, however, it is preferred to add the phytase to the pasteurized or sterilized aqueous liquid.
According to a particularly preferred embodiment, the phytase is added within 15 minutes of the inoculation of the pasteurised or sterilised liquid. Even more preferably, the phytase is added within 10 minutes, or even within 5 minutes of the moment of the inoculation. Here the expression “within X minutes of” means that the phytase is added less than X minutes before inoculation and less than X minutes after inoculation.
By combining phytase addition with inoculation it can be ensured that phytase activity in the final fermented product is minimised, especially if such fermented product is pasteurized or sterilized. The inventors have found that sufficient degradation of phytic acid to substantially increase the bioavailability of minerals that are bound by the acid can be achieved by adding a low dose of phytase to the pasteurised or sterilised simultaneously with the inoculation of said liquid. Advantageously, the present method comprises the addition of phytase to the pasteurised or sterilised liquid in an amount that is equivalent to 0.0005-5.75 FTU/ml, more preferably in an amount of 0.005-0.58 FTU/ml and most preferably in an amount of 0.0075-0.23 FTU/ml.
By adding phytase in a low dose, phytase activity in the final fermented product can be kept low, and pasteurization will reduce said activity to an insignificant level, even if a heat-stable phytase is used. It will be understood that it is advantageous to have no phytase activity in the final product as such residual activity may adversely affect product stability. Typically, phytase activity in the fermented product does not exceed 0.12 FTU/ml. Even more preferably, phytase activity in the fermented product does not exceed 0.06 FTU/ml, most preferably it does not exceed 0.01 FTU/ml.
According to a particularly preferred embodiment, the present method comprises pasteurisation of the fermented product, said pasteurisation causing a reduction in phytase activity of at least 90%, more preferably of at least 95% and most preferably of at least 99%.
The dosage level in which phytase should be added in order to achieve a final product in which phytic acid has been degraded sufficiently to make bound minerals bioavailable as well as a final product that contains-little or no phytase activity, especially if the product is pasteurised and/or a heat-stable phytase is used, depends on a number of factors such as the duration of the enzymolysis, pH, temperature, phytic acid concentration etc. The relationship between phytase activity and temperature and pH has been studied and can be described as follows:
10−(T+5)/15×10(pH−11.5)/2≦Dosage (in FTU/ml)≦10−(T−25)/15×10(pH−7.5)/2
wherein T is within the range of 25 and 50° C. and represents the fermentation temperature in ° C. and pH is within the range of 3.5 and 7.5 and represents the pH of the aqueous liquid when the phytase is added.
According to a particularly preferred embodiment, the present method utilizes a heat-stable phytase, The term “heat-stable phytase” as used herein refers to a phytase that when present in 10 mM sodium acetate (pH 7) in an amount of 5.75 FTU/ml, looses less than 50%, preferably less than 30% of said phytase activity when exposed to 80° C. for 30 min.
The aqueous liquid employed in the present method advantageously comprises 0.75-6 wt %, preferably 2-3.5 wt % of soy protein. The soy protein content of the pasteurised or sterilized liquid as well as of the fermented product are preferably within these same ranges.
The soy protein may suitably be provided in the form of soy milk, soy milk powders, soy protein concentrate, soy protein isolate, hydrolysed soy protein isolate or a combination thereof. Suitable soy milk (extracts), soy protein concentrates, soy protein isolates or hydrolysed soy protein isolates are commercially available, for example from suppliers such as Solae, Cargill, Kerry Group plc and SunOpta plc. In a particular preferred embodiment of the invention the soy milk (extract), soy protein isolate or hydrolyzed soy protein isolate has been de-flavoured using any of the methods described in the prior art, such as for example in U.S. Pat. No. 7,108,881.
The aqueous liquid containing soy protein is pasteurized or sterilized prior to fermentation in order to avoid microbial contamination. Sterilisation and pasteurization may be achieved using different techniques well-known in the art, such as heat treatment, membrane filtration, ultra high pressure etc.
The inventors have found that particularly good results may be obtained with the present method in case fermentation step d. comprises incubation at a temperature in the range of 25-48° C., even more preferably in the range of 30-43° C. Typically, said incubation has a duration of 0.5-14 hours, preferably of 0.5-10 hours and most preferably 1-8 hours.
The fermentation step d. is terminated by one or more of the following actions:
In a further preferred embodiment the fermented product is homogenized to yield a product having a viscosity at 7° C. of less than 50 mPa·s at 100 s−1. Homogenization yields a very smooth fermented product of low viscosity that forms an excellent basis for a beverage.
Examples of lactic acid bacteria that may be used in the present method include: Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Lactobacillus helveticus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus sake, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactococcus lactis subsp lactis, Lactococcus lactis subsp cremoris Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Leuconostoc cremoris, Leuconostoc lactis. Naturally, the present invention also encompasses the combined use of two or more of the aforementioned lactic acid bacteria.
In accordance with one embodiment of the present method, the lactic acid bacterium preferably produces a significant quantity of lactic acid during fermentation step d. Accordingly, during fermentation step d. fermentative production of lactate preferably causes pH to decrease by at least 1.2 pH units, more preferably by at least 1.5 pH units.
According to another embodiment of the present method, only a limited a quantity of lactic acid is produced during fermentation step d., meaning that during said fermentation step production of lactate causes a pH decrease of less than 1.2 pH units, preferably of less than 1.0 pH unit. Mesophilic lactic acid bacteria are particularly suitable for use in accordance with this embodiment.
In order to produce a fermented product without off-flavour notes, the fermentation conditions in the present method are controlled so as to promote metabolisation of C5-C9 n-alkanals and/or trans-2-hexenal. Accordingly, in a particularly preferred embodiment of the present method, during the fermentation step d. the concentration of at least one C5-C9 n-alkanal, preferably of at least 3 C5-C9 n-alkanals does not increase. Even more preferably, during the fermentation step d. the concentration of at least one C5-C9 n-alkanal decreases by at least 30%, preferably by at least 50%.
In accordance with another preferred embodiment, during the fermentation step d. concentration of trans-2-hexenal does not increase. Even more preferably, during the fermentation step d. the concentration of trans-2-hexenal decreases by at least 30%, preferably by at least 50%.
A decrease in concentration of a particular substance by X % means that if the starting concentration was Y ppm, the decreased concentration equals Y(100−X)/100 ppm.
The alkanal and alkenal concentrations referred to in this document are determined by the analytical methodology described in the examples.
Using the aforementioned analytical methods it is well within the skill of a person skilled in the art of food fermentation to select suitable LAB strains and to optimise the process conditions in such a way that the desired digestion of unwanted aldehydes is realised.
As explained herein before, the phytase treatment in the present method offers the advantage that it increases bioavailability of multivalent metal cations that were complexed by phytic acid. Since soy protein isolates and concentrates typically contain appreciable amounts of iron and/or magnesium, the present method is particularly effective in case the aqueous liquid contains at least 0.01 mmol/l of iron and/or at least 0.5 mmol/l of magnesium. Preferably, the iron concentration in the aqueous liquid is within the range of 0.02-7.5 mmol/l, more preferably within the range of 0.1-1 mmol/l. Likewise, the preferred magnesium concentration in the aqueous liquid lies within the range of 1-375 mmol/l, more preferably within the range of 5-50 mmol/l.
It will be understood that the benefits of the present method are most pronounced in case the pasteurized or sterilized liquid contains appreciable levels of phytic acid. Since partially hydrolysed forms of phytic acid, especially inositol-pentaphosphate, also have the ability to complex multivalent metals, also these inositol phosphates can adversely affect the bioavailability of minerals such as iron and magnesium. In accordance with a preferred embodiment the combined content of inositol-hexaphosphate and inositol-pentaphosphate of the aqueous liquid exceeds 1 μmol per gram of soy protein, more preferably it exceeds 5 μmol per gram of soy protein and most preferably it exceeds 20 μmol per gram of soy protein.
Since the present method aims to substantially reduce the levels of chelating phytic acid, the combined content of inositol-hexaphosphate and inositol-pentaphosphate of the fermented product preferably does not exceed 5 μmol per gram of soy protein. Even more preferably the combined content of inositol-hexaphosphate and inositol-pentaphosphate of the fermented product does not exceed 3 μmol per gram of soy protein, most preferably it does not exceed 1 μmol per gram of soy protein.
Typically, in the method of the present invention the combined content of inositol-hexaphosphate and inositol-pentaphosphate expressed in mol is reduced by at least 80% during the period starting with the addition of the phytase and ending with the termination of fermentation step d. Even more preferably the aforementioned reduction is at least 85%, most preferably at least 95%.
As a result of the phytase treatment, the present method yields a fermented product in which the average number of phosphate residues in the inositol phosphate esters is reduced substantially. Typically, inositol-hexaphosphate and inositol-pentaphosphate together represent less than 50 mol. %, more preferably less than 30 mol. %, and most preferably less than 15 mol. % of the total amount of inositol and inositol-phosphate that is contained in the fermented product.
Likewise, inositol-diphosphate and inositol-triphosphate together preferably represent at least 30 mol. %, more preferably at least 50 mol. % of the total amount of inositol-phosphate that is contained in the fermented product.
The inventors have discovered that it is advantageous to manipulate the enzymatic breakdown of phytic acid in order to ensure that on the one hand sufficient degradation of inositol-hexaphosphate and inositol-pentaphosphate is achieved to increase the bioavailability of minerals that were complexed by these inositol phosphates and on the other hand to not completely convert the inositol phosphates into inositol monophosphate and phosphoric acid. More particularly, the inventors have observed that it is advantageous to degrade the phytic acid to such a level that the average number of phosphate residues contained in the inositol phosphates (i.e. inositol mono- to hexa-phosphates) is within the range of 1.5-4.0, preferably within the range of 2.0-4.0. Although the inventors do not wish to be bound by theory it is believed that, for instance, inositol diphosphate and inositol triphosphate have virtually no effect on the bioavailability of minerals such as iron cations, whereas these inositol phosphate do somehow mitigate the pro-oxidant effect of such minerals.
The present method can suitably comprise the addition of one or more food ingredients and/or micronutrients. The method may, for instance, comprise addition of fruit and/or vegetable constituents, to the aqueous liquid, the pasteurized or sterilized product, or to the fermented product. Examples of fruit constituents that can be added include fruit chunks, fruit juice and fruit concentrate. Examples of other ingredients and additives that can be added at some stage of the present method include sweeteners, flavouring substances, preservatives, vitamins, minerals, satiety inducing or enhancing agents, cholesterol lowering agents, etc.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the method comprises the addition to the fermented product of one or minerals selected from the group consisting of iron, copper, magnesium or zinc, more preferably of one or minerals selected from iron and magnesium. Most preferably, the present method comprises the addition of iron to the fermented product obtained from step d. The addition of one or more of these minerals makes it possible to standardize the level of these minerals in the end product as the concentrations of these minerals in the raw materials, notably in the soy protein source material, can vary considerably. According to a particularly preferred embodiment iron is incorporated in the fermented product in an amount of at least 0.01 mmol/l so as to achieve a final iron concentration of at least 0.15 mmol/1.
Typically, the step of inoculating the pasteurized or sterilized liquid, involves applying a starter culture containing a sufficient amount of viable lactic acid bacteria to the liquid. Preferably, starter culture is added in an amount that is adequate to yield in the order of 104−109 Cfu/ml of lactic acid bacteria right at the end of fermentation step d. According to a preferred embodiment, the starter culture delivers at the end of the fermentation 104.5−108.5, preferably 105-108 per ml of viable lactic acid bacteria cells.
Another aspect of the present invention concerns a lactic acid bacteria fermented soy-based product that has been subjected to phytase treatment, said fermented product containing:
According to a preferred embodiment, phytase activity in the fermented product is reduced to less than 0.1 FTU/1, more preferably less than 0.05 FTU/l, most preferably less than 0.005 FTU/l. Phytase activity in the fermented product can suitably be reduced by pasteurisation or sterilisation, especially by sterilisation. Accordingly, the fermented soy-based product preferably is a pasteurised or sterilised product, most preferably sterilised product.
The fermented product of the present invention typically contains lactic acid bacteria material in an amount equivalent to 104-109 lactic acid bacteria cells per ml, said lactic acid bacteria material being selected from live lactic acid bacteria, dead lactic acid bacteria, residue of lactic acid bacteria and combinations thereof. Most preferably, the fermented product contains lactic acid bacteria material, especially lactic acid bacteria material selected from live lactic acid bacteria, dead lactic acid bacteria and combinations thereof, in an amount equivalent to 106-108.5 lactic acid bacteria cells per ml.
The fermented product typically contains at least 0.1 wt. % of oil. Advantageously, the fermented product contains 0.1-20 wt. % of oil, especially soy oil.
The iron concentrations mentioned herein preferably relate to cationic iron, notably cationic iron selected from Fe2+, Fe3+ and combinations thereof. Likewise, the magnesium concentrations preferably relate to cationic magnesium, notably Mg2+.
The molar amount of phytic acid found in soy protein sources frequently exceeds the molar amount of iron that is present in these same soy protein sources. Consequently, in order to render the iron bioavailable it is important that the molar ratio of iron to the inositol multiphospates exceeds 1:1. Here the term “inositol multiphosphates” refers to inositol phosphates selected from inositol tetraphosphate, inositol pentaphosphate, inositol hexaphosphate and combinations thereof. Preferably, in accordance with the present invention, the molar ratio of iron to the inositol multiphosphates in the fermented product exceeds 2:1, most preferably it exceeds 3:1.
The concentration of the inositol phosphates in the fermented product advantageously lies within the range of 0.05-8 mmol/l. Expressed differently, the concentration of the inositol phosphates preferably lies within the range of 5-80 μmol per gram of soy protein, more preferably within the range of 10-50 μmol per gram of soy protein.
According to a particularly preferred embodiment, the average number of phosphate residues of the inositol phosphates contained in the fermented product is within the range of 1.6-3.5.
As explained herein before, the combined content of inositol-hexaphosphate and inositol-pentaphosphate of the fermented product preferably does not exceed 5 μmol per gram of soy protein. Even more preferably the combined content of inositol-hexaphosphate and inositol-pentaphosphate of the fermented product does not exceed 3 μmol per gram of soy protein, most preferably it does not exceed 1 μmol per gram of soy protein.
Advantageously, inositol-hexaphosphate and inositol-pentaphosphate together represent less than 50 mol. %, more preferably less than 30 mol. %, and most preferably less than 15 mol. % of the total amount of inositol and inositol-phosphate that is contained in the fermented product.
According to yet another preferred embodiment, inositol diphosphate and inositol triphosphate together represent at least 20 mol. %, more preferably at least 30 mol. %, and most preferably at least 40 mol. % of the total amount of inositol-phosphate that is contained in the fermented product.
Examples of fermented soy-based products that are encompassed by the present invention include fermented soy drinks and soy-based yoghurt. A particularly preferred fermented product is a fermented soy drink, notably a fermented soy drink containing 0.5-10 wt. % of soy protein and 20-99 wt. %, preferably 60-98 wt. % of water.
The invention is further illustrated by means of the following examples.
Photometric detection of hydrolysed phosphorus from phytate, as described by Wyss et al (Wyss M, Pasamontes L, Friedlein A, Remy R, Tessier M, Kronenberger A et al. Biophysical characterization of fungal phytases (myo-inositol hexakisphosphate phosphohydrolases): Molecular size, glycosylation pattern, and engineering of proteolytic resistance. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 1999; 65(2):359-366).
100 μl sample was taken and immediately diluted with an equal volume of 15% trichloroacetic acid to stop the enzyme reaction. Subsequently, samples were thoroughly mixed for a few seconds and centrifuged for 5 minutes at 15.000 g. Supernatants were diluted 5 times in demineralised water and subsequently liberated phosphate ions were quantified by mixing 10 μl of this diluted sample with 90 μl demineralised water and 100 μl of 0.6 M H2SO4, 2% ascorbic acid and 0.5% ammonium molybdate. After 30 minutes of incubation at 45° C., absorbance at 820 nm was measured in a microtitre plate reader (Spectramax). The contribution of free phosphorus naturally present in soy was measured using a blank solution containing (soy without phytase) and subtracted from the sample values. Standard solutions of potassium phosphate (2-400 μM) were used as a reference.
Headspace vials of 20 ml were filled with 2 ml sample. The vials were stored at 60° C. The temperature of 60° C. was chosen to ensure that the samples did not spoil during the storage period. The samples were stored for a period of 28 days. During this period regularly samples were analyzed in triplicate with static headspace volatile analysis on a GC-MS (HP) (DBwax column: 20 m×180 μm×0.3 μm, J&W scientific) for lipid oxidation markers (acetaldehyde, 1-pentene-3-ol, 1-pentene-3-one, 2t-pentenal, pentanal, pentane, 2t-butanal, propenal, propanal, hexanal). The GC temperature program was as follows: 2 minutes at 35° C., 35° C./min. to 200° C., 2 minutes at 200° C. The injection volume was 250 μl, no split.
Analysis of Off-Flavour Volatiles by SPME Followed by GC-MS:
2 g of sample were put in a 20 ml headspace vial and sealed with an airtight cap.
Samples were analyzed by means of solid phase micro extraction. Fiber used: Carboxen/PDMS 85 μm ex. Supelco. Analyses were carried out on an Agilent GC/MS, equipped with a Gerstel CIS-4 injector and a Gerstel MPS-2 autosamplerz with SPME option. Column: VF-5; 50 m*0.2 mm*0.33 μm
All glassware was incubated over night in 10% (v/v) HNO3. On the day of the experiment all glassware was washed 5 times with milli-Q water to remove HNO3.
After vigorous shaking, a samples of 60 g were taken and combined with 20 mL water in 100 mL dissolution vessels. These vessels were transferred into a dissolution apparatus (type II, Vankel VK700). The pH was adjusted to 2.0. Subsequently, pepsin (0.5 g/L) was added to each vessel, yielding a 90 mL solution of product-suspension in simulated gastric fluid at pH 2.0. After 60 minutes incubation at 37° C. with mixing at 100 rpm, a sample of the suspension was taken for total iron determination and for a simulation of the intestinal phase in an Erlenmeyer flask.
For the simulation of the intestinal phase, a dialysis membrane (Spectra/Por 7 MWCO 8000) filled with a water solution of NaHCO3 was placed in the Erlenmeyer flask. The amount of sodium bicarbonate present in the dialysis membrane was able to adjust the simulated digestion to pH 6.8. After 30 minutes incubation in a water bath at 37° C. and continuous shaking (100 rpm), a mix of pancreatin (0.4 mg/mL) and bile acids solution (1.25 mg/mL) was added to the flask. The flask was further incubated with the dialysis membrane for another 2 hours in the same water bath at 37° C. with continuous shaking (100 rpm). Hereafter, the dialysis membrane was removed and a sample of the content of the dialysate was taken for determination of the amount of ionic dialysable iron.
Total iron was determined by plasma emission spectroscopy. Ionic iron (sum of Fe2+ and Fe3+) was determined using a Roche/Hitachi Analyser and reagents for the analysis of iron in human serum based on ferrozine.
A soybase of 2.5% protein content was prepared by mixing 5.6% soy milk powder (Soy Supreme Fibre Reduced soy bean powder SunOpta Grains and Food Group, Hope, Minn., USA) in hot water (90° C.). The powder was hydrated for at least 15 minutes before addition of 2% sucrose, 1% glucose. The mix was then allowed to cool down to 43° C. and split into 3 equal aliquots and further processed as followed:
Following incubation, aliquots 1, 2 and 3 were analysed for hexanal levels as described above. The results obtained are described in Table 1
These results clearly indicate that concurrent phytase treatment and fermentation yields less oxidation flavour than phytase treatment followed by fermentation. The observed difference would have been even greater if aliquot 2 had been prepared from a phytase treated soy bean powder, followed by a 3 hour fermentation as described herein before.
A soybase of 5% protein content was prepared using the procedure described in Example 1. In addition, an aqueous phytase solution was prepared by dissolving phytase (DSM phytase 5000 liquid obtained from DSM Food Specialities B.V., Delft, The Netherlands) in tap water (100× dilution).
To 5 L soybase, 5 ml diluted phytase was added (total enzyme dilution=100.000×), followed by incubation at 43° C. In order to mimic a fermentation process in a reproducible way the mixture was gradually acidified with lactic acid. Thus aliquots of lactic acid were added in 30 minutes intervals to decrease the pH of the mixture stepwise by 0.5 pH units each time, reaching a final pH of 4.5 after 5 hours. Samples of 750 ml were taken after 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 hours, diluted 2× with demineralised water, adjusted to pH 4.0 with lactic acid and ultraturraxed for 10 seconds. These samples were immediately subjected to homogenisation and pasteurisation (at 77° C.) in order to stop phytase activity.
The inositol phosphate composition of the pasteurized samples was determined by analyzing the free phosphate levels in the samples, using the phosphorous analysis procedure described herein before. The results are shown in Table 2.
The pasteurized samples were also subjected to an accelerated oxidation test as described herein before. Hexanal levels in the samples were determined at regular intervals using static headspace analysis as described herein before. The development of hexanal levels in all samples was found to follow an S-curve that reached its maximum after 10-15 days. For each sample the time after which hexanal levels reached 50% of their maximum level was determined (t1/2). The results are shown in Table 2.
Ionic iron bioavailability of the iron contained in the pasteurized samples was determined using the in vitro test described herein before.
The results are again depicted in Table 2.
These results show that the best result in terms of flavor and iron bioavailability is achieved by partial dephytinization of the phytic acid. In this test the optimum result was achieved after 2-3 hours, which equates to an average number of phosphate residues in the inositol phosphates of in the range of 2.5 to 3.8.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP09151775 | Jan 2009 | EP | regional |
