Patent Application
20080008774
The present invention relates to the use of an additive containing one or more components from plant materials, plant extracts or nature-identical essential oil compounds in order to improve the energy or nitrogen retention of the rumen fermentation, or to decrease lactic acidosis. The compounds are suitably orally administered to the ruminant via the animal feed or the drinking water.
The rumen is the first stomach of ruminants such as cattle, sheep and goats. Its structure and nutritional significance is described by Hungate (1966). The rumen enables these animals to digest high-fibre plant materials unsuitable for most non-ruminant animals. The rumen is a huge organ, containing in excess of 150 kg of digesta in dairy cows, in which all of the digestion is carried out by micro-organisms. The rumen evolved in the way it has done for the animal to benefit from the fibre-digesting activities of the microbes. The end-products, the volatile fatty acids, are absorbed across the rumen wall and used for energy and protein synthesis. The principal benefit of the rumen foregut fermentation in comparison with hindgut fermentation is that the microbial cells formed during the fermentation pass to the abomasum, where they are digested and their amino acids are absorbed. Unlike the hindgut fermentation, therefore, microbial amino acids become available to the host animal. The rumen is therefore a highly efficient organ in the context of the evolution of a herbivore subsisting on poor pasture.
Rumen fermentation also brings some disadvantages. Methane is produced as a natural consequence of the anaerobic fermentation (Hungate, 1966). The release of methane also represents a loss of energy from the animal. Furthermore, methane is a potent greenhouse gas, so in this sense, ruminants damage the environment (Leng, 1992). The ruminant is also less efficient than other species in the utilization of dietary protein. Nitrogen losses from ruminants are exceptionally high, particularly in grazing animals (Nolan, 1975). This is an environmental problem as well as an economic one, because of the impact of nitrogen-rich excreta on the environment. Furthermore, there are digestive disorders unique to ruminants which occur as a direct consequence of rumen microbial fermentation being impaired.
Chemical and antibiotic feed additives have in the past been used to alleviate some of these problems. The presence of such materials in the food chain is becoming ever less acceptable to regulatory authorities and the consumer. Thus, solutions to the problems of ruminant livestock production must be natural and sustainable.
Dietary protein entering the rumen is broken down in an apparently uncontrolled way, resulting in ammonia formation and subsequent loss of nitrogen in the urine (Nolan, 1975). The low efficiency of nitrogen retention, which represents a major economic loss, causes metabolic stress in the animal, and also places a burden on the environment, by way of nitrogen-rich wastes. If the breakdown process could be decreased these problems would be decreased.
Further, the second possibility which exists for improving the protein retention in the rumen is the suppression of the population of rumen ciliate protozoa. Protozoa consume large quantities of bacteria in the rumen, their breakdown can result in a decrease of the net yield of microbial protein from rumen fermentation of up to 50% (Wallace et al., 1997). If the protozoa could be suppressed, there would be less ammonia formation and less need for dietary protein supplementation.
Lactic acid is normally only a minor product of rumen fermentation. However, when a rapidly degraded feed is introduced too quickly, or when concentrates form a high proportion of the diet, volatile fatty acid production will exceed the buffering capacity of the rumen. This may lead to a so low pH value in the rumen that only lactic acid-producing bacteria can grow (Russell & Hino, 1985).
As lactic acid is a stronger acid than the volatile fatty acids, pH falls even more, the recovery of the normal fermentation becomes impossible, and the animal dies. More typically, however, ruminants on high-concentrate diets suffer sub-clinical acidosis, which is distressing and decreases production efficiency although not life-threatening. Chemical buffers can reverse this condition, but it would be better if the growth of the lactic acid-producing bacteria could be suppressed.
The publication WO 03/094628 describes an attempt to reduce the methane production emanating from the digestive activities of ruminants by the additions of one or more essential oil compounds selected from the group consisting of limonene, eugenol, a salicylate, quinoline, vanilla, thymol and a cresol. At the same time the microbial activities in the rumen and the production of the volatile fatty acids, e g propionic acid, can be maintained on an acceptable level.
The object of the present invention is to generally and collectively address the digestive disorders in the rumen and to promote the utilisation of energy and nitrogen sources available for the growth of the ruminant. This object can be achieved by favouring the formation of volatile fatty acids, which are absorbed across the rumen wall and are used for energy and protein synthesis, and by diminishing the breakdown of dietary protein and microbial protein. Other methods are to limit the methanogenesis and to control or suppress the lactic acid-producing bacteria.
According to the invention said object can be achieved by orally administering, suitably via the animal feed or the drinking water, an additive containing one or more components of plant materials selected from the group consisting of Lonicera japonica, Gentiana asclepidea, Gentiana lutea, Eugenia caryophyllata, Bellis perennis, Olea europaea, Symphytum officinale, Carduus pycnocephalus, Paeoniae alba radix, Populus tremula, Prunus avium, Salix caprea, Rheum nobile, Helianthemum canum, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Peltiphyllum peltatum, Epilobium montanum, Knautia arvensis, Latuca sativa and Urtica dioica and extracts thereof, and β-myrcene. The total amount of the components administered to an animal is suitably from 0.02 mg to 20 g per day and kg bodyweight.
The components of the invention have all been shown to essentially contribute to the efficiency of the fermentation in the rumen without having any considerable drawbacks. Some of the components suppress the activity of protozoa and others decrease the proteolytic activity, the methanogenic activity or the production of lactic acid.
The invention also relates to an additive and a feed composition containing one or more of the defined components.
Since the components have influence on the fermentation in different ways, it is advantageous to combine specific compounds to optimize the fermentation in accordance with the object of the invention.
Extensive studies have shown that the components of a subgroup consisting of plant materials from Helianthemum canum, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Epilobium montanum, Knautia arvensis and Peltiphyllum peltatum and extracts thereof, considerably reduce the ruminal proteolysis. In addition, all of these components inhibit the activity of protozoa and most of them have also beneficial influences on other essential fermentation parameters, such as the methane production, the amount of volatile fatty acids, the digestibility, the microbial biomass and/or the fermentation efficiency. The most suitable components are plant materials from Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Knautia arvensis and Helianthemum canum and extracts thereof. Most preferred components are plant materials from Knautia arvensis and its extracts, especially methanol extracts.
Plant materials from Lonicera japonica, Gentiana asclepidea, Gentiana lutea, Eugenia caryophyllata, Bellis perennis, Olea europaea and Symphytum officinale and extracts thereof and β-myrcene, form another subgroup, components of which suppress the bacteriolytic activity of ciliate protozoa in the rumen fluid. Eugenia caryophyllata also increases the microbial biomass and reduces the methane production. Bellis perennis has a small reduction of the methane production and also improves the fermentation efficiency and the microbial biomass production, while Symphytum officinale increases the fermentation efficiency and reduces the acidosis effects. β-Myrcene has a moderate inhibiting effect on the protozoal activity but finds also a use for the decrease of the methane production. An extract prepared from the flowers of Lonicera japonica abolished the bacterolytic activity of ciliate protozoa. A seed preparation of Lonicera japonica also depressed the protozoal activity, but only to about 60%. Preferred components from this subgroup are plant materials from Bellis perennis, Eugenia caryophyllata, Olea europaea and Symphytum officinale and the extracts thereof, especially methanol and water extracts of Bellis perennis and Gentiana asclepidea.
Plant materials from Carduus pycnocephalus, Paeoniae alba radix, Populus tremula, Prunus avium, Salix caprea, and Rheum nobile and extracts thereof form a third subgroup, components of which are suitably used to decrease the methanogenic activity in the rumen digesta. For these components no important detrimental effects have been observed on other fermentation parameters. Preferred components are the plant materials from Carduus pycnocephalus, Populus tremula, and Rheum nobile and extracts thereof, especially preferred are Carduus pycnocephalus and Rheum nobile.
Finally, a fourth subgroup is formed by plant materials from Latuca sativa and Urtica dioica and extracts thereof. These components lower the activity and/or the formation of lactic acid. Latuca sativa, sometimes called Latuca virosa, also diminishes the methane production and the protozoal activities and increases the formation of volatile fatty acids. Urtica dioica has also additional effects and inhibits the proteolysis and protozoal activities and favours the formation of volatile fatty acids.
In a suitable embodiment of the invention, the additive contains components from more than one of the subgroups defined above and it may be favourable that the additive contains components from all four subgroups. Advantageously the additive contains at least one component selected from each of the groups consisting of
The total amount of the components belonging to the groups i)-iv) is suitably from 20-100% by weight, preferably 40-100% by weight of the total amount of the components present according to the invention.
Extracts of plant materials according to the invention include, but are not limited to concretes, essential oils, resinoids, tinctures, absolutes and absolute oils. When producing extracts of plants or plant parts, water, organic solvents and mixtures thereof can be used in accordance with conventional methods but also dry distillation may be applied. Examples of suitable organic solvents are methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, ethyl acetate, methyl ethyl ether, diethyl ethers, methylene chloride, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, benzene, toluene, petroleum ether and acetone.
The total amount of the components administered to the animal depends on whether the components are an essential oil compound, extracts of plant material or plant material. In the case that the components are all β-myrcene, and/or extracts, then the administered amount is normally from 0.1-50 mg per day and kg bodyweight, while when the components only consist of plant material, the amount administered is normally from 0.02-10 g per day and kg bodyweight.
The additive of the invention may contain other ingredients than the components of the invention. Suitably the additive contain 0.1-100%, preferably 0.2-90% by weight of the components, as well as growth improving agents, flavourings, absorbing supports and/or other feed ingredients. Preferably the total amount of the growth improving agents, the flavourings, the absorbing supports and/or the other feed ingredients is from 10 to 75% by weight of the additive. In case any of the components are plant material they are suitably dried and ground to a particulate or powder before they are mixed with the other ingredients in the additive, if any.
Example of suitable growth-improving additives and flavourings are cresol, anethol, deca-, undeca- and/or dodeca-lactones, ionones, irone, gingerol, piperidine, propylidene phatalide, butylidene phatalide, capsaicin and/or tannin. The support may contain, for example, 40-50% by weight of wood fibres, 8-10% by weight of stearine, 4-5% by weight of curcuma powder, 4-5% by weight of rosemary powder, 22-28% by weight of limestone, 1-3% by weight of a gum, such as gum arabic, 5-50% by weight of sugar and/or starch and 5-15% by weight of water. The other feed ingredients are suitably selected from the group consisting of vitamins, enzymes, mineral salts, ground cereals, protein-containing components, carbohydrate-containing components, wheat middlings and/or brans. The additive is suitably added to the feed composition according to the invention in such quantities that the feed will normally contain 0.4 ppm-80% by weight of the components.
The feed composition according to the invention usually contains, calculated on the dry weight of the feed, the following ingredients.
When preparing the feed composition, the additive can be mixed with the dry ingredients consisting of cereals, such as ground or crushed wheat, oats, barley, maize and rice; vegetable protein sources based on e.g. rape-seed, soya bean and sunflower seed; animal protein sources; molasses; and milk products, such as various milk powders and whey powders. After mixing all the dry ingredients, the liquid ingredients and ingredients, which after heating become liquid, can be added. The liquid ingredients may consist of lipids, such as fat, for example vegetable fat, optionally liquefied by heating, and/or of carboxylic acids, such as a fatty acid. After thorough mixing, a mealy or particulate consistency is obtained, depending on the degree grinding of the ingredients. To prevent separation during storage, water should preferably be added to the animal feed, which then is subjected to a conventional pelletizing, expanding or extruding process. Any excess water can be removed by drying. If desired, the resulting granular animal feed can also be crushed to a smaller particle size. The described feed composition is usually administered in combination with dried green forage and/or silage.
The drinking water supplement may contain at least 1%, suitably 1-99% by dry weight, preferably 10-50% by dry weight, of the components. Beside one or more of the components, the supplement may also contain 1-99% by dry weight of a large number of other ingredients. Suitable examples of other ingredients are mineral salts, vitamins, health and growth enhancing additives, flavourings, water-soluble or water-dispersible carriers, such as sugars, powdered milk, milk-by-products and cellulose derivatives, dispersing agents and stabilizers, such as water-soluble or water-dispersible polymers, and mixtures thereof. When preparing the drinking water, the supplement is normally added to the water in such an amount that the concentration of the components becomes 1 ppm-10% by weight.
Within the scope of the invention, it is also possible to produce a suspension of the feed composition. This is especially convenient if the feed is prepared for immediate consumption.
The present invention will now be further illustrated by the following Examples.
In the present Examples a number of tests were performed with samples of plant materials, extracts of plant materials and an essential-oil compound. The samples of plant materials were freeze-dried and ground and passed through a 1 mm screen. The samples were as follows.
The effects on the ruminal digesta of the samples 1-22 according to the present invention were tested with regard to the bacterolytic activity of ruminal ciliated protozoa, proteolytic activity of ruminal digesta, the methane formation caused by ruminal digest, the lactic acidosis and the formation of volatile fatty acids as well as other effects on fermentation. In the tests the following methodologies were applied.
Bacteriolytic Activity of Ruminal Ciliate Protozoa
The rate of breakdown of [14C]leucine-labelled Selenomonas ruminantium was determined by incubating strained ruminal fluid in vitro with labelled S. ruminantium in the presence of 5 mM unlabelled L-leucine as described previously (Wallace & McPherson, 1987). Under these conditions, the great majority of bacterial protein breakdown is caused by the ingestion and digestion of bacteria by ciliate protozoa. The samples were, unless stated otherwise, added at a concentration of 5 mg/ml. The sheep received a mixed grass hay:concentrate diet (Frumholtz et al., 1989).
Persistency of antiprotozoal activity The samples were subjected to a pre-incubation with Coleman's buffer, ruminal fluid or water for 24 h, then were subsequently incubated with fresh ruminal fluid in the bacteriolysis assay described above.
Proteolytic Activity of Ruminal Digesta
Method 1. Strained ruminal fluid from the same sheep was used to determine proteolytic activity using the 14C-casein method of Wallace (1983). Samples were added to a final concentration of 2.5 mg/ml, and an incubation time of 1 h was used.
Method 2. Based on Hoffman et al. (2003a,b). Five fistulated lactating Holstein cows, fed a typical dairy cow diet, served as donor animals. Rumen fluid was withdrawn manually from the feed mat prior to morning feeding. The rumen fluid was filtered through a 100 μm nylon net and mixed with incubation buffer ad 10% (v/v). Buffered rumen fluid in a volume of 75 ml was dispensed into the (RPT) incubation bottles containing a substrate mixture of 450 mg maize silage, 225 mg barley grain (both ground to pass a 1 mm screen), and a protein supplement composed of 150 mg defatted, raw soybean meal and 10 mg bovine serum albumin. This substrate without addition of test plants was incubated as negative control. When test plants were added, they replaced the silage. Monensin used as a positive control was dissolved in ethanol (14 mg/ml) and 11.25 μl of this stock solution were dosed into each flask immediately after filling to an end concentration of 3 μM monensin. All flasks were incubated at 39° C. for up to 12 h. Two replicates of each treatment were sampled at regular intervals while a third subreplicate was reserved for gas reading. At each sampling time 2×900 μl were withdrawn from the incubation bottle under vigorous stirring and prepared for the determination of SCFA, ammonia and protein concentration. SDS-PAGE was carried out by the Laemmli method, total protein quantitation by dot blot according to Hoffman et al. (2002).
General Effects on Ruminal Fermentation
Hohenheim Methods for General Effects on Fermentation
Experimental Design:
Parallels: 3 independent runs (3 different donor animals) in duplicates
Detailed Description of Methods:
In Vitro Incubation
The rumen fluid was collected from cannulated cows receiving a grass silage hay mix at maintenance fed in two equal portions at 8:00 and 16:00. Rumen fluid was collected before feeding in thermos bottles, filtered through a 100 μm nylon net and added to the reduced buffer-mineral solution. All steps were carried out at 39° C. under CO2 to maintain anaerobic conditions.
Substrates were incubated at a ratio of 10 mg/ml medium, i.e. 750 mg of substrate was incubated with 75 ml of buffered rumen fluid containing 7.5 ml of filtered rumen fluid (10% v/v rumen fluid).
Gas volume or the pressure was recorded frequently at 2, 4, 6, 8,10, 12, 16, and 24 hours of incubation and samples were taken after 6, 8, 10, and 24 hours.
Analysis
Gas pressure is recorded in the serum bottles of the RPT system and converted into volume using a experimentally determined calibration curve. After each measurement the gas is released from the serum bottles. In vitro true digestibility was determined by transferring the incubation content to preweighed polyester bags (Ankom 51 μm pore size). The bags were heat-sealed, cooked in neutral detergent solution for 1 hour, dried at 105° C. over night and weighted for determination of digestibility. SCFAs were determined by gas chromatography using a stainless steel column packed with GP 10% SP 1000 1% H3PO4, Chromosob W AW (Suppelco Inc. Bellafonte, Pa.). To 0.9 ml of the incubation supernatant 0.1 ml formic acid containing the internal standard (1% Methylbutryric acid) was added. Proteins were precipitated over night at 4° C. Samples were centrifuged (30,000g, 10 min, 4° C.) and the supernatant was collected into appropriate GC-vials for analysis.
RNA was extracted according to a modified phenol chloroform protocol. 600 μl pH 5.1 phenol, 270 μl pH 5.1 buffer, 30 μl SDS (20% w/v) and 1.0 g of zirconium beads were added to the samples (300 μl). Cells were lysed by beating the samples for 2×2 minutes in the bead-beater (50 Hz) interrupted by a 10 min incubation at 60° C. Samples were cooled on ice for 10 min and 300 μl chloroform were added. After shaking vigorously and another 10 min at RT samples were centrifuged (10,000 g, 5 min, 4° C.) to separate aqueous and organic phases. Aqueous phase was removed quantitatively and transferred to a vial containing 300 μl NH4-acetate (7.5M) and 900 μl isopropanol. Samples were incubated over night at −20° C. and nucleic acids were precipitated by centrifugation (16,000g, 10 min, 4° C.). Supernatant was discarded and the samples were washed once in 80% ethanol. Nucleic acids were loaded on agarose gels and quantified densitometrically after staining with ethidium bromide against a calibration curve (25-300 ng/μl).
Reading Methods for General Effects on Fermentation
A series of thirteen consecutive fermentations, one per week, was undertaken using the Reading Pressure Technique [RPT], to identify potential effects from including these test materials on the fermentation and degradation characteristics of a basal forage [maize silage]. All materials were examined in triplicate and at two inclusion levels [100 and 400 mg g−1 DM substrate], with the exception of β-myrcene [10 and 40 mg g−1 inclusion levels]. The maize silage was pre-dried and milled to pass a 2 mm screen. A total of 1.0 g blended substrate [silage plus substrate] was placed in each fermentation flask. Buffered incubation medium [90 ml] was then added, the flasks sealed and stored overnight at room temperature. Prior to inoculation with prepared rumen fluid, flask contents were raised to 39° C. Rumen fluid was obtained manually [hand-squeezed contents] prior to feeding [07.00 h] from two lactating dairy cows offered a maize/grass silage : concentrate [60:40] ration ad libitum. The fluid was filtered through two layers of muslin and held under CO2 at 39° C. until use. Ten ml prepared fluid was added to each flask and these incubated at 39° C. for the duration of the study. Six negative controls [buffered medium plus rumen fluid only] were included in each run to correct gas values and degradation residues for direct rumen fluid effects. In addition un-supplemented maize silage [1.0 g flask−1] was included in all runs [six flasks per run]. Results within studies were expressed relative to the positive control values.
Headspace gas pressure readings were obtained 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 21 and 24 hours post-inoculation. Following the last measurement approximately 3.0 ml fermentation medium was sampled from each flask and bulked by test material/inclusion level and stored frozen [−20° C.] until later analysis for VFA composition using a Varian 3600 GC. Fermentation residues were recovered by filtering flask contents through 60 ml Gooch crucibles [porosity 1, 100 to 160 μm] under light vacuum. The residues were then dried [100° C. for 24 hours], weighed, ashed [500° C. overnight] and reweighed. The quantity of dry matter [DM] and organic matter [OM] determined were used to assess iDMD and iOMD [in vitro DM and OM degradation, respectively]. The extent [ml gas g−1 OM incubated] and rate of fermentation gas release [ml h−1] were generated using a previously derived quadratic function to convert pressure to volume. Feed fermentation efficiency [FE] was estimated as iDMD [g kg−1]/cumulative gas [ml] release at 24 h post-inoculation. Statistical differences between treatment means and the positive control [maize silage alone] were assessed using Students T-test and significance declared at P>0.05.
León Methods for General Effects on Fermentation
Rumen cannulated sheep fed on a diet consisting of 75% alfalfa hay and 25% barley (free access to vitamin-mineral supplements and water) were used as donors for rumen fluid. Rumen fluid was collected just before the morning meal.
The substrate used for the batch cultures consisted of 50% alfalfa hay, 40% grass hay and 10% barley grain, milled in a hammer mill with a 1-mm screen. The amount of substrate used was 500 mg, and inclusion rate of the test plant was 10% (ca. 50 mg). Both were weighed into serum bottles, where 50 ml of buffered rumen fluid (containing 10 ml of filtered rumen fluid and 40 ml of the medium described by Goering & Van Soest, 1970) were dispensed an-aerobically. The bottles were sealed and incubated at 39° C. After 24 h of incubation, the ensuing measurements were recorded:
Three replicates per plant were incubated, and blanks (no substrate no plant) and controls (500 mg substrate without any plant, and 550 mg substrate without any plant) were used.
Methane Formation by Ruminal Digesta
Incubations carried out by the León general method were analyzed for methane formation. A representative sample of the gas produced was taken for subsequent analysis. Sampling was conducted using special gas-tight glass syringes fitted with a valve allowing for sample locking and storage. The sample was collected directly from the headspace, after inserting the needle through the septum of the stopper, taking a sample in the syringe and closing the valve. This sample was collected after measuring total gas production, assuming that gas composition was the same in the gas released and in that remaining in the headspace.
Methane concentration in the gas produced was determined by gas chromatography. The gas sample (300 to 500 μl) was injected directly from the gas-tight syringe to the corresponding port. The GC parameter settings used for the analysis were:
The standard used for calibration was pure Urethane (99.9%). The standard curve was established by plotting a linear regression of the standard quantities injected of methane versus the area of the peaks to obtain the response factor.
Acidosis Assay
A model was used in which the decrease in incubation medium pH and the concentration of lactic acid produced, relative to the controls over a 48-h fermentation period provided an indication of the ability of the test substrates to offset potential acidotic effects. In this study milled wheat grain [2 mm] was used as the basal substrate and the test materials included at 100 mg g−1 DM [or 10 mg g−1 DM β-myrcene]. As before 1.0 g total substrate was added to each flask. To enhance lactic acid production, the buffer solution prepared was diluted by 50 percent. This was to ensure that the buffering capacity of the incubation medium was exceeded and the resulting decrease in pH encouraged growth of Lactobacilli and other lactic acid producing bacteria. Rumen fluid was obtained and prepared as previously described except that the two cows used were offered an early lactation ration with a high level of coarse milled wheat. Fluid pH measurements were made one hour after inoculation [start pH] then after a further 23 and 47 hours, by inserting a pH electrode directly into each flask. Immediately following the last measurement approximately 3.0 ml fluid were taken from each flask, bulked by sample and stored frozen at −20° C. until analyzed enzymatically for L [+] lactic acid.
Results are presented as absolute differences relative to the controls. A positive effect of on acidosis was identified as reduced rate of pH decline to 24 h, a higher end-point pH and a lowered lactic acid concentration.
Results
The results obtained from the measurements of the fermentation activities are shown in Tables 2a, 2b and 2c below.
The results obtained in the protozoal assay, the proteolytic assay by method 1, and in methane formation are shown in the same tables.
The effects of selected plant/plant extracts at different inclusion rates on bacteriolytic activity of the protozoa in vitro are shown in
From the results obtained it is evident that the tested components of the invention have positive effects on the rumen fermentation, which effects will support the objects of the present invention.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0400996-5 | Apr 2004 | SE | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP05/51673 | 4/15/2005 | WO | 2/1/2007 |
