Patent Application
20110170473
1. Field
This disclosure generally relates to repeaters in wireless communication systems.
2. Background
Wireless communication systems and techniques have become an important part of the way we communicate. However, providing coverage can be a significant challenge to wireless service providers. One way to extend coverage is to deploy repeaters.
In general, a repeater is a device that receives a signal, amplifies the signal, and transmits the amplified signal.
Signals from base station 125 are amplified using forward link circuitry 135, while signals from mobile device 130 are amplified using reverse link circuitry 140. Many configurations may be used for forward link circuitry 135 and reverse link circuitry 140.
There are many types of repeaters. In some repeaters, both the network and mobile interfaces are wireless; while in others, a wired network interface is used. Some repeaters receive signals with a first carrier frequency and transmit amplified signals with a second different carrier frequency, while others receive and transmit signals using the same carrier frequency. For “same frequency” repeaters, one particular challenge is managing the feedback that occurs since some of the transmitted signal can leak back to the receive circuitry and be amplified and transmitted again.
Existing repeaters manage feedback using a number of techniques; for example, the repeater is configured to provide physical isolation between the two antennae, filters are used, or other techniques may be employed.
Systems, apparatuses, and methods disclosed herein allow for enhanced repeater capability. According to one embodiment of the present invention, a wireless repeater has a first antenna and a second antenna to receive an input signal and transmit an amplified signal where the input signal is a sum of a remote signal to be repeated and a feedback signal resulting from a feedback channel between the first antenna and the second antenna. The repeater includes a first receiver circuit coupled to the first antenna to receive the input signal and generating a digitized input signal, a first transmitter circuit coupled to generate the amplified signal to transmit on the second antenna based on a digitized transmit signal, a second receiver circuit coupled to receive at least a portion of a signal to be transmitted prior to transmission over the second antenna and to generate a digitized transmit reference signal, and a repeater baseband block coupled to the first receiver circuit, the second receiver circuit, and the first transmitter circuit. The repeater baseband block is operative to receive the digitized input signal from the first receiver circuit, to access a feedback signal estimate, and to cancel the feedback signal estimate from the digitized input signal to generate the digitized transmit signal for the first transmitter circuit. Furthermore, the repeater baseband block includes a channel estimation block to estimate the feedback channel and to provide a feedback channel estimate where the channel estimation block uses the digitized transmit reference signal as a reference signal for channel estimation.
According to another aspect of the present invention, a method for providing echo cancellation in a wireless repeater in a wireless communication system includes receiving an input signal at a first antenna of the repeater where the input signal is a sum of a remote signal to be repeated and a feedback signal resulting from a feedback channel between the first antenna and a second antenna, generating a digitized input signal, cancelling a feedback signal estimate from the digitized input signal, generating a digitized transmit signal based on the digitized input signal, generating an amplified signal based on the digitized transmit signal, transmitting the amplified signal on the second antenna, receiving at least a portion of a signal to be transmitted prior to transmission over the second antenna and generating a digitized transmit reference signal, and estimating a feedback channel between the first antenna and the second antenna using the digitized transmit reference signal as a reference signal for channel estimation and providing a feedback channel estimate.
The nature, objectives, and advantages of the disclosed method and apparatus will become more apparent to those skilled in the art after considering the following detailed description in connection with the accompanying drawings.
Prior art repeaters such as those described above may provide significant advantages for cellular telephone or similar networks. However, existing repeater configurations may not be suitable for some applications. For example, existing repeater configurations may not be suitable for indoor coverage applications (e.g., repeating signals for a residence or business environment) which may require substantially more isolation between the repeater's antennas. Moreover, in some traditional repeater implementations, the target is to achieve as high a gain as reasonable while maintaining a stable feedback loop (loop gain less than unity). However, increasing the repeater gain renders isolation more difficult due to the increased signal leaking back into the donor antenna. In general, loop stability demands require that the signal leaking back into the donor antenna from the coverage antenna be much lower than the remote signal (the signal to be repeated). Thus, to ensure stability, a repeater's gain is traditionally limited to less than the isolation from the server antenna to the donor antenna, by some margin. When the gain of a traditional repeater exceeds its isolation, a positive feedback condition occurs resulting in oscillation. High gain and improved isolation form two contradicting demands required for modern day repeaters, especially those for indoor applications.
In some traditional repeaters, interference cancellation or echo cancellation is used to improve the isolation between the repeaters' donor and coverage antennas. Digital baseband interference cancellation is often employed in traditional repeaters to realize active isolation in the repeater, enabling the ability to achieve higher overall isolation and higher gain. Conventional digital baseband interference cancellation or echo cancellation is implemented by using samples of the transmit signal, in digital baseband, in conjunction with samples of the receive signals, also in digital baseband, to estimate the feedback channel (or the “leakage channel”) between the donor antenna and the server antenna. The feedback channel estimate is then used to generate an estimated feedback signal, also referred to as the “estimated leakage signal.” The estimated leakage signal is then subtracted from the receive signal to actively cancel the interference, thereby allowing higher gain to be used while preventing oscillation. Effective echo cancellation requires very accurate channel estimation. In general, the more accurate the channel estimate, the higher the cancellation and hence the higher the effective isolation. Herein, “interference cancellation” or “echo cancellation” refers to techniques that reduce or eliminate the amount of leakage signal between repeater antennas; that is, “interference cancellation” refers to cancellation of an estimated leakage signal, which provides for partial or complete cancellation of the actual leakage signal.
However, real world impairments in practical receiver and transmitter circuitry of the repeater limit the performance of conventional interference cancellation approaches. Furthermore, the echo cancellation performance requirements for repeaters often exceed the typical capability of commodity components. To meet the desired echo cancellation performance requirements, high performance components have to be used, driving the cost of the transceiver components in repeaters to an unacceptable level.
Systems and techniques herein provide for repeaters employing interference cancellation or echo cancellation to improve the isolation between the repeaters' donor antenna (“the receiving antenna” for the example of a forward link transmission) and the coverage antenna (“the transmitting antenna” for forward link transmissions). More specifically, in some embodiments, systems and techniques herein provide for a repeater employing interference cancellation using the RF transmit signal as the reference signal to improve the accuracy of the channel estimation. In some embodiments, the interference cancellation or echo cancellation is implemented using the RF transmitted signal as the reference signal for channel estimation. By using the RF transmit signal as the reference signal instead of the digital baseband transmit signal, distortions to the transmit signal due to the transmitter circuitry of the repeater are accounted for and cancelled out as part of the estimated feedback signal. Accordingly, the requirements on the performance of the RF transmitter components in the repeater can be relaxed and the manufacturing cost of the repeater is reduced.
In practice, the gain of repeater 210 is limited by the isolation between donor antenna 215 and server antenna 220. If the gain is too large, the repeater can become unstable due to signal leakage. Signal leakage refers to the phenomenon where a portion of the signal that is transmitted from one antenna (in
The communication system in which the repeater of the present invention can be deployed includes various wireless communication networks based on infrared, radio, and/or microwave technology. Such networks can include, for example, a wireless wide area network (WWAN), a wireless local area network (WLAN), a wireless personal area network (WPAN), a WiMAX network and so on. A WWAN may be a Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) network, a Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) network, a Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) network, an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) network, a Single-Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) network, and so on. A CDMA network may implement one or more radio access technologies (RATs) such as CDMA2000, Wideband-CDMA (W-CDMA), and so on. CDMA2000 includes IS-95, IS-2000, and IS-856 standards. A TDMA network may implement Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Digital Advanced Mobile Phone System (D-AMPS), or some other RAT. GSM and W-CDMA are described in documents from a consortium named “3rd Generation Partnership Project” (3GPP). CDMA2000 is described in documents from a consortium named “3rd Generation Partnership Project 2” (3GPP2). 3GPP and 3GPP2 documents are publicly available. A WLAN may be an IEEE 802.11x network, and a WPAN may be a Bluetooth network, an IEEE 802.15x, or some other type of network. The systems and techniques described herein may also be used for any combination of WWAN, WLAN and/or WPAN.
As shown in
Repeater 300A implements digital baseband interference cancellation by using the digital transmit signal generated in the repeater baseband block 314 as the reference signal for channel estimation. More specifically, the channel estimation and echo cancellation functions of repeater 300A are implemented in the repeater baseband block 314 which operates in the digital domain. In repeater baseband block 314, the feedback channel is estimated using digital samples of the transmit signal as the reference signal and also using digital samples of the receive signal. The channel estimate is then used to estimate the feedback signal using the digital samples of the transmit signal. The estimated feedback signal is then used to cancel out the undesired feedback signal in the receive signal, thereby providing active isolation and improving stability.
However, impairments in the transmitter circuitry of repeater 300 or repeater 300A limit the interference cancellation performance. More specifically, the transmitter circuitry introduces distortions into the RF transmit signal. The distortions can include quantization noise from the digital-to-analog converter (DAC) 375, phase noise from the local oscillator 380, IQ imbalance and linearity errors from IQ up converter 378, inter-channel interference (ICI) or inter-signal interference (ISI) from the RF SAW filter 382 and finally, non-linearity errors from the power amplifier 384. These transmitter distortions limit performance of the conventional repeater and add significant implementation cost if the performance limitations are to be overcome through transmitter circuit modifications.
RF Reference for Interference/Echo Cancellation
In some embodiments, a repeater employing echo cancellation uses an RF transmit signal as the reference signal for channel estimation.
In the present discussion, receiver circuit 412 is sometimes referred to as a “signal receiver” and transmitter circuit 416 is sometimes referred to as a “signal transmitter” to indicate that receiver circuit 412 is used to receive the desired remote signal and transmitter circuit 416 is used to transmit the desired amplified signal.
According to one aspect of the present invention, repeater 400 includes a reference receiver circuit 430 for receiving the RF transmit signal prior to over-the-air transmission. In the present embodiment, reference receiver 430 samples the RF transmit signal through a splitter 450 coupled to the output of signal transmitter 416. Reference receiver 430 generates a digital baseband signal based on the RF transmit signal for use by the repeater baseband block 414 as the reference signal for channel estimation. It is instructive to note that reference receiver 430 for receiving the RF transmit signal Y(t) is separate from the signal receiver 412 which is used to receive the incoming remote signal S(t) in the forward link. In the present embodiment, splitter 450 is used to enable reference receiver 430 to sample the RF transmit signal at the server antenna 420. In other embodiments, other techniques, such as a directional coupler, to sample the output of the transmitter and feed back a portion of the transmitted signal to the reference receiver can be used.
In the present embodiment, the reference signal generated by reference receiver 430 is used for channel estimation for forward link communications. As thus constructed, the reference signal derived from the RF transmit signal will include distortions caused by the transmitter circuit 416. These distortions are then accounted for in the channel estimation and echo cancellation process so that improved interference cancellation performance is attained without requiring the use of costly non-commodity components. More specifically, using the RF transmit signal as the reference signal for channel estimation rather than using a digital baseband reference signal generated in the repeater baseband block will allow the channel estimation reference signal to include distortions due to the transmitter circuit. As discussed above, the transmitter distortion can include such as DAC quantization noise, phase noise, IQ imbalance and linearity errors, ICI and ISI noise, and power amplifier non-linearity errors. Because these transmitter distortions are included in the reference signal sampled by the reference receiver, the transmitter distortions will be cancelled out as part of the leakage signal. When the transmitter distortions can be thus removed, the requirements placed upon the RF transmitter components in the interference cancellation repeater are relaxed, allowing for use of low cost commodity components, thereby reducing manufacturing cost. Furthermore, in some embodiments, use of the RF transmit signal as the channel estimation reference signal has been shown to improve the SNR (signal-to-noise ratio) of the repeated signal by 8 to 10 dB, and the output power by at least 10 dB due to the reduced linearity requirements.
In the present illustration, reference receiver 430 is a dedicated receiver for receiving the RF transmit signal at antenna 420 prior to over-the-air transmission in the forward link. In other embodiments, repeater 400 includes the reverse link circuitry for receiving reverse link communications on antenna 420. In that case, a signal receiver is coupled to antenna 420 and a signal transmitter is coupled to antenna 415. A second reference receiver would be coupled through a splitter or directional coupler to antenna 415 to receive the RF transmit signal at antenna 415 prior to over-the-air transmission over the reverse link. The second reference receiver generates a digital baseband signal based on the RF transmit signal sampled at antenna 415. In this manner, channel estimation and echo cancellation of the reverse link is realized. Furthermore, echo cancellation for the forward link and the reverse link are typically provided separately in separate baseband blocks. In essence,
When repeater 400 is constructed with both forward link and reverse link circuitry, reference receiver 430 is a separate receiver from signal receiver 412 for receiving the forward link remote signal and is also a separate receiver from the signal receiver associated with antenna 420 for receiving the reverse link remote signal. Similarly, the second reference receiver is a separate receiver from signal receiver 412 for receiving the forward link remote signal and is also a separate receiver from the signal receiver associated with antenna 420 for receiving the reverse link remote signal.
Repeater 500 includes a receiver circuit 512, a repeater baseband block 514 and a transmitter circuit 516. Receiver 512 receives an input signal from duplexer 511. The signal received at receiver 512 is referred to as the receive signal (or the “input signal”) and includes the remote signal to be amplified as well as any feedback signal from the feedback channel. In the present embodiment, receiver 512 is implemented as a direct-conversion receiver or a zero-IF receiver. Receiver 512 includes a low noise amplifier 562 for amplifying the receive signal, an RF SAW filter 564 for filtering the receive signal, an IQ down-converter 566 to demodulate the receive signal, an image filter 570 to filter out the image frequency and finally an analog-to-digital converter 572 to digitize the incoming signal. The digitalized signal is coupled to a repeater baseband block 514. Repeater baseband block 514 performs echo cancellation and amplification of the input signal. Repeater baseband block 514 generates a digital transmit signal to be transmitted as the amplified signal on the server antenna 520. A transmitter circuit 516 (also referred to as the “transmitter”) receives the digital transmit signal which is a digital baseband signal. In the present embodiment transmitter 516 is implemented as a direct-conversion transmitter. Transmitter 516 includes a digital-to-analog converter 574 to convert the digital transmit signal to the analog RF transmit signal, an image filter 576 for removing the image frequency, an IQ up-converter 578 driven by a local oscillator 580 to up-convert the analog transmit signal to the RF transmit signal, an RF SAW filter 582 to filter the RF transmit signal and a power amplifier (PA) 584 for amplifying the RF transmit signal. Transmitter 516 generates the RF transmit signal from the digital transmit signal and provides the RF transmit signal to duplexer 519 to be transmitted on antenna 520.
Repeater 500 includes a reference receiver 530 coupled to receive the RF transmit signal prior to the transmit signal being coupled to over-the-air transmission. In the present embodiment, a directional coupler 550 is used to sample the output of transmitter 516 and feed back a portion of the sampled signal to reference receiver 530. In other embodiments, a splitter or other techniques to sample the output of the transmitter and feed back a portion of the signal to the reference receiver can be used.
In the present embodiment, reference receiver 530 mirrors the construction of signal receiver 512. More specifically, reference receiver 530 includes an IQ down-converter 536, an image filter 537 and an analog-to-digital converter 538. Reference receiver 530 does not duplicate all components of the zero-IF receiver because the RF transmit signal is sampled prior to over-the-air transmission and thus not all receiver elements are necessary to receive the sampled signal. For instance, the sampled signal coupled back from the directional coupler 550 does not need to be amplified because the RF transmit signal was just amplified by the transmitter circuit 516 prior to the directional coupler 550. Thus, the low noise amplifier element can be omitted. Also, the sampled signal would be in the correct frequency band and thus an RF SAW filter for band-limiting the sampled signal is not necessary.
Reference receiver 530 takes the RF transmit signal and converts the RF transmit signal into digital samples which are then provided to repeater baseband block 514 as the reference signal for channel estimation. Repeater baseband block 514 uses the digital samples of the RF transmit signal in estimating the feedback channel. The estimated feedback channel is then used in cancelling out the feedback signal in the receive signal to implement echo cancellation. By using an RF reference signal just prior to over-the-air transmission, distortions due to circuitry in the transmitter 516 is accounted for in the interference cancellation operation.
According to another aspect of the present invention, phase noise in the feedback signal is removed by using a common local oscillator. More specifically, in the conventional repeater shown in
In
In the above described embodiments, the RF transmit signal is sampled from the last stage of the transmitter circuit. That is, the RF transmit signal is sampled at a point after the power amplifier 584. In other embodiments of the present invention, the RF transmit signal can be taken at other stages in the transmitter circuit after the digital-to-analog converter. For instance, the RF transmit signal can be taken before the power amplifier or before the RF SAW filter. The RF transmit signal is sampled at these earlier stages by the use of a direction coupler or a splitter or other techniques to sample the transmit signal and feed back a portion of the signal to the reference receiver, as described above. Of course, when the RF transmit signal is taken from a point including less than all the transmitter components, then distortions associated with those components would not be accounted for in the channel estimation and echo cancellation process. Therefore, it is advantageous to sample the RF signal at a point after the last transmitter component (such as the power amplifier 584) so that distortions associated with all of the transmitter circuitry are accounted for. However, it is possible to sample the RF transmit signal at an earlier point in the transmitter circuit as long as the distortion contribution of the remaining components is not significant.
The delayed post cancellation signal is coupled to a variable gain stage 748 providing a variable gain. Variable gain stage 748 is controlled by a gain control block 747 for adjusting the gain value of the repeater. The amplified signal y″[k] (also referred to as the “digital transmit signal”) is coupled to a transmit filter 649 (“Tx Filter”) to generate a digital transmit signal y[k]. The digital transmit signal y[k] is then coupled to the transmitter circuit 716 outside of the repeater baseband block 714 to generate the RF transmit signal Y(t) for transmission over the server antenna 720.
Repeater baseband block 714 includes a channel estimation block 760 which operates to estimate the feedback channel of the repeater and computes an estimate of the feedback signal for the purpose of echo cancellation. In the present embodiment, the digital samples y′[k] of the RF transmit signal Y(t) are generated by a reference receiver 730 and provided to the channel estimation block 760 as the reference signal for channel estimation. That is, instead of using the digital transmit signal generated within the repeater baseband block as the channel estimation reference signal, the channel estimation block 760 receives a reference signal from outside of the repeater baseband block where the reference signal is derived from the RF transmit signal. More specifically, reference receiver 730 receives a sample of the RF transmit signal just prior to over-the-air transmission and generates a digital baseband reference signal y′[k] based on the sampled RF transmit signal. The sample of the RF transmit signal is obtained from a point after the transmitter circuit 716 outside of the repeater baseband block and through the use of a directional coupler 750, for example.
Channel estimation block 760 receives the reference signal y′[k] and also receives the receive signal x[k]. Channel estimation block 760 computes the feedback channel estimate ĥ using a predefined channel estimation algorithm. In the present embodiment, a frequency domain channel estimation algorithm is used. The feedback channel estimate ĥ as thus computed is coupled to a feedback signal estimation block 762. Feedback signal estimation block 762 generates the feedback signal estimate {circumflex over (l)}[k] from the feedback channel estimate ĥ and the digital transmit signal y″[k]. More specifically, feedback signal estimation block 762 performs a convolution of the feedback channel estimate ĥ with the digital transmit signal y″[k] to generate the feedback signal estimate {circumflex over (l)}[k]. In the present embodiment, the feedback signal estimate is computed based on the digital transmit signal y″[k] before the transmit filter 749. The feedback signal estimate {circumflex over (l)}[k] is coupled to summer 744 to be subtracted from the receive signal to realize echo-cancellation of the receive signal. According to embodiments of the present invention, the echo-cancellation realizes partial or complete cancellation of the undesired feedback signal in the receive signal.
In the present embodiment, channel estimation block 760 applies a frequency domain channel estimation algorithm. In other embodiments, other channel estimation techniques can be used, such as time domain channel estimation. In an alternate embodiment, a frequency domain closed form calculation channel estimation algorithm using minimum mean squared error (MMSE) is used. In another embodiment, a MMSE time domain channel estimation algorithm using closed form calculations for equalizer weights for use by a feedback equalizer is used. Such a channel estimation algorithm is described in U.S. Patent Publication serial no. 2008/0225929 A1, entitled “Closed form calculation of temporal equalizer weights used in repeater transmitter leakage cancellation system,” which patent application is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In other embodiments, LMS based channel estimation algorithm can be applied.
Those skilled in the art will understand that information and signals may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example: data, information, signals, bits, symbols, chips, instructions, and commands may be referenced throughout the above description. These may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof.
In one or more exemplary embodiments, the functions and processes described may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored on or transmitted over as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Computer-readable media includes both computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by a computer. By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable media can comprise RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium that can be used to carry or store desired program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a computer. Disk and disc, as used herein, includes compact disc (CD), laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk and blu-ray disc where disks usually reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers. Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media. The term “control logic” used herein applies to software (in which functionality is implemented by instructions stored on a machine-readable medium to be executed using a processor), hardware (in which functionality is implemented using circuitry (such as logic gates), where the circuitry is configured to provide particular output for particular input, and firmware (in which functionality is implemented using re-programmable circuitry), and also applies to combinations of one or more of software, hardware, and firmware.
For a firmware and/or software implementation, the methodologies may be implemented with modules (e.g., procedures, functions, and so on) that perform the functions described herein. Any machine readable medium tangibly embodying instructions may be used in implementing the methodologies described herein. For example, software codes may be stored in a memory, for example the memory of mobile station or a repeater, and executed by a processor, for example the microprocessor of modem. Memory may be implemented within the processor or external to the processor. As used herein the term “memory” refers to any type of long term, short term, volatile, nonvolatile, or other memory and is not to be limited to any particular type of memory or number of memories, or type of media upon which memory is stored.
Also, computer instructions/code may be transmitted via signals over physical transmission media from a transmitter to a receiver. For example, if the software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or physical components of wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave. Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of physical transmission media.
Moreover, the previous description of the disclosed implementations is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the present invention. Various modifications to these implementations will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other implementations without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the features shown herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.
