Patent Application
20210126912
The present disclosure relates to user access authorization at secure access points, and, in particular, to a user state monitoring system and method using motion, and a user access authorization system and method employing same.
As portable devices continue to proliferate among users, manufacturers and service providers are constantly devising new and useful applications for use with a user's portable devices. Further, in some cases, the portable device may serve as a mechanism for identifying the users. For example, in some cases users may employ applications on their smart phones for interacting with point-of-sale stations, where charges for goods and services may be billed directly to their phone service. In other cases, portable devices may be employed to carry and display user credentials such as event tickets, coupons, boarding passes, or the like. However, in these applications there is another user that helps verify or authenticate that the user presenting the portable device to purchase items or verify previous purchases is the correct person. Or, in some cases, if the harm that may be caused by mistaken identity is relatively negligible, it may be taken on faith that the portable device is under the control of the legitimate owner. In other words, the access points may be unable to verify that the user of the portable device is the correct person—the person who is the legitimate owner of the portable device.
Some mobile user authentication solutions now include a wearable device, with additional features and functions that permit not only for the wireless authentication of the user wearing the device, for instance to confirm user presence or again to gain wireless access to a resource associated with a wireless access point, but also in some instances, to enhance confirmation of live user presence during such access or presence detection. International which are hereby incorporated herein by reference. In U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2013/0298208, a motion sensor is included for the purposes of restricting access only to a user who is stopping to gain such access, thus seeking to eliminate improper access by a user merely walking by a particular access point.
Once a user has been authenticated, conventional systems remain unlocked or accessible until further action is taken to revoke user access, or again, upon a particular access session time out or upon detecting a connection drop. This, however, may lead to a certain lag time between a user's departure and actual authenticated session termination, presenting a potential security risk.
This background information is provided to reveal information believed by the applicant to be of possible relevance. No admission is necessarily intended, nor should be construed, that any of the preceding information constitutes prior art or forms part of the general common knowledge in the relevant art.
The following presents a simplified summary of the general inventive concept(s) described herein to provide a basic understanding of some aspects of the disclosure. This summary is not an extensive overview of the disclosure. It is not intended to restrict key or critical elements of embodiments of the disclosure or to delineate their scope beyond that which is explicitly or implicitly described by the following description and claims.
A need exists for a user state monitoring system and method using motion, and a user access authorization system and method employing same that overcome some of the drawbacks of known techniques, or at least, provides a useful alternative thereto. Some aspects of this disclosure provide examples of such processes, systems and methods.
An object of the herein-described embodiments is to provide examples of such systems and methods
In accordance with one aspect, there is provided a system for monitoring a physical user presence during an authenticated user access session at an access point, the system comprising: a wireless digital user authentication device (UAD) operable to wirelessly establish the authenticated user access session at the access point, periodically communicate an authenticated presence code to the access point during the authenticated user access session so to actively maintain the authenticated user access session, and acquire motion-related data during the authenticated user access session so to capture a UAD departure motion representative of the user departing from the access point; and a digital application operatively associated with the access point and operable to wirelessly establish the authenticated user access session with the UAD upon arrival at the access point, and periodically receive said authenticated presence code so to maintain the authenticated user access session, and otherwise terminate the authenticated user access session upon failure to timely receive said authenticated presence code; wherein said authenticated user session is terminated upon identifying said UAD departure motion from said motion-related data.
In one embodiment, the UAD is further operable to periodically communicate said motion-related data to said digital application via the access point, wherein said digital application initiates termination of the authenticated user access session upon processing said motion-related data to identify said UAD departure motion therefrom.
In one embodiment, the motion-related data is periodically communicated with said authenticated presence code.
In one embodiment, the digital application communicates termination of the authenticated user access session to said UAD via acknowledgement of said authenticated presence code, which results in termination of said periodic communication of said authenticated presence code.
In one embodiment, the UAD is further operable to process said motion-related data to identify capture of said UAD departure motion, and initiate termination of the authenticated user access session accordingly.
In one embodiment, termination of the authenticated user access session is initiated by said UAD upon identifying capture of said UAD departure motion by communicating a user departing status identifier representative of a user departure to the access point, wherein said digital application terminates the authenticated user session upon receipt of said user departing status identifier.
In one embodiment, the user departing status is communicated with said periodically communicated authenticated presence code.
In one embodiment, the UAD automatically terminates periodic communication of said authenticated presence code upon identifying said UAD departure motion, resulting in termination of the authenticated user access session.
In one embodiment, at least one of said UAD or said digital application is operable to process proximity data related to wireless communications therebetween, wherein said authenticated user session is only terminated upon said identified UAD departure motion coinciding with a change in proximity as determined from said proximity data.
In one embodiment, the proximity data is representative of at least one of a wireless signal attenuation or time-of-flight measurement.
In one embodiment, the proximity data is acquired at or by the UAD, and/or at or by the access point.
In one embodiment, the UAD further comprises a physiological sensor operable to acquire physiological data, and wherein the authenticated user session is further only terminated upon said identified UAD departure motion coinciding with identification of a change in said physiological data representative of an increase in user physical activity consistent with said UAD departure motion.
In one embodiment, the physiological sensor comprises at least one of a photoplethysmogram (PPG) sensor or an electrocardiograms (ECG) sensor.
In accordance with another aspect, there is provided an automated method for monitoring a physical user presence during an authenticated user access session at an access point, the method comprising: wirelessly establishing the authenticated user access session between a wireless digital user authentication device (UAD) and a network application operatively associated with the access point; periodically communicating an authenticated presence code from the UAD to the access point during the authenticated user access session so to actively maintain the authenticated user access session; acquiring motion-related data via said UAD during the authenticated user access session so to capture a UAD departure motion representative of the user departing from the access point; and terminating said authenticated user session upon identifying said UAD departure motion from said motion-related data.
In one embodiment, the motion-related data is periodically communicated with said authenticated presence code so to actively maintain the authenticated user access session until said UAD departure motion is identified therefrom.
In one embodiment, the terminating comprises communicating termination of the authenticated user access session to said UAD via acknowledgement of said authenticated presence code, which results in termination of said periodic communication of said authenticated presence code.
In one embodiment, the method further comprises said UAD processing said motion-related data onboard to identify said UAD departure motion, and initiating termination of the authenticated user access session accordingly.
In one embodiment, initiating termination comprises communicating a user departing status identifier representative of a user departure to the access point, wherein the authenticated user session is terminated upon receipt of said user departing status identifier by the access point.
In one embodiment, the user departing status is communicated with said periodically communicated authenticated presence code.
In one embodiment, the UAD automatically terminates periodic communication of said authenticated presence code upon identifying said UAD departure motion, resulting in termination of the authenticated user access session.
In one embodiment, the method further comprises processing proximity data related to wireless communications between said UAD and said access point, and wherein said terminating comprises only terminating the authenticated user access session upon said identified UAD departure motion coinciding with a change in proximity as determined from said proximity data.
In one embodiment, the method further comprises acquiring physiological data from said UAD, and wherein said terminating comprises only terminating the authenticated user access session upon said identified UAD departure motion coinciding with identification of a change in said physiological data representative of an increase in user physical activity consistent with said UAD departure motion.
In accordance with another aspect, there is provided a portable digital user authentication device for monitoring a physical user presence during an authenticated user access session at an access point, the device comprising: a wireless transceiver; and a digital data processor operable to wirelessly establish the authenticated user access session at the access point via said wireless transceiver, acquire motion-related data during the authenticated user access session representative of user motion, update a user presence status indicator as representative of the user departing from the access point upon said acquired motion-related data corresponding with a designated UAD departure motion, and periodically communicate an authenticated presence code and said user motion status indicator to the access point during the authenticated user access session so to actively maintain the authenticated user access session unless said user motion status indicator is representative of the user departing from the access point, wherein said authenticated user access session is terminated upon the access point failing to timely receive said authenticated presence code.
In one embodiment, the device is further operable to process proximity data related to wireless communications between the device and the access point, wherein said authenticated user session is only terminated upon said identified UAD departure motion coinciding with a change in proximity as determined from said proximity data.
In one embodiment, the proximity data is representative of at least one of a wireless signal attenuation or time-of-flight measurement.
In one embodiment, the device further comprises a physiological sensor operable to acquire physiological data, and wherein the authenticated user session is further only terminated upon said identified UAD departure motion coinciding with identification of a change in said physiological data representative of an increase in user physical activity consistent with said UAD departure motion.
In one embodiment, the physiological sensor comprises at least one of a photoplethysmogram (PPG) sensor or an electrocardiograms (ECG) sensor.
Other aspects, features and/or advantages will become more apparent upon reading of the following non-restrictive description of specific embodiments thereof, given by way of example only with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Several embodiments of the present disclosure will be provided, by way of examples only, with reference to the appended drawings, wherein:
Elements in the several figures are illustrated for simplicity and clarity and have not necessarily been drawn to scale. For example, the dimensions of some of the elements in the figures may be emphasized relative to other elements for facilitating understanding of the various presently disclosed embodiments. Also, common, but well-understood elements that are useful or necessary in commercially feasible embodiments are often not depicted in order to facilitate a less obstructed view of these various embodiments of the present disclosure.
Various implementations and aspects of the specification will be described with reference to details discussed below. The following description and drawings are illustrative of the specification and are not to be construed as limiting the specification. Numerous specific details are described to provide a thorough understanding of various implementations of the present specification. However, in certain instances, well-known or conventional details are not described in order to provide a concise discussion of implementations of the present specification.
Various apparatuses and processes will be described below to provide examples of implementations of the system disclosed herein. No implementation described below limits any claimed implementation and any claimed implementations may cover processes or apparatuses that differ from those described below. The claimed implementations are not limited to apparatuses or processes having all of the features of any one apparatus or process described below or to features common to multiple or all of the apparatuses or processes described below. It is possible that an apparatus or process described below is not an implementation of any claimed subject matter.
Furthermore, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the implementations described herein. However, it will be understood by those skilled in the relevant arts that the implementations described herein may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known methods, procedures and components have not been described in detail so as not to obscure the implementations described herein.
In this specification, elements may be described as “configured to” perform one or more functions or “configured for” such functions. In general, an element that is configured to perform or configured for performing a function is enabled to perform the function, or is suitable for performing the function, or is adapted to perform the function, or is operable to perform the function, or is otherwise capable of performing the function.
It is understood that for the purpose of this specification, language of “at least one of X, Y, and Z” and “one or more of X, Y and Z” may be construed as X only, Y only, Z only, or any combination of two or more items X, Y, and Z (e.g., XYZ, XY, YZ, ZZ, and the like). Similar logic may be applied for two or more items in any occurrence of “at least one . . . ” and “one or more . . . ” language.
Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs.
Throughout the specification and claims, the following terms take the meanings explicitly associated herein, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. The phrase “in one of the embodiments” or “in at least one of the various embodiments” as used herein does not necessarily refer to the same embodiment, though it may. Furthermore, the phrase “in another embodiment” or “in some embodiments” as used herein does not necessarily refer to a different embodiment, although it may. Thus, as described below, various embodiments may be readily combined, without departing from the scope or spirit of the innovations disclosed herein.
In addition, as used herein, the term “or” is an inclusive “or” operator, and is equivalent to the term “and/or,” unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. The term “based on” is not exclusive and allows for being based on additional factors not described, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. In addition, throughout the specification, the meaning of “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural references. The meaning of “in” includes “in” and “on.”
As used in the specification and claims, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.
The term “comprising” as used herein will be understood to mean that the list following is non-exhaustive and may or may not include any other additional suitable items, for example one or more further feature(s), component(s) and/or element(s) as appropriate.
The terms “physiological,” “physiological data,” or “physiological signal” as used herein are understood to mean any signal that can be obtained via a sensor or device when operatively interfacing with a user to confirm a live user presence. Non-limiting examples of physiological signals are heart rate, galvanic skin response, temperature, electrocardiogram (ECG), photoplethysmogram (PPG), electromyogram, electroencephalogram, transient otoacoustic emissions, phonocardiogram, perspiration, or a combination thereof. A live user presence can also be confirmed using any combination of the above or other physiological parameters, as can other physiological signals and/or sensors be considered alone or in combination to produce this result.
The terms “biometric,” “biometric data,” or “biometric signal” as used herein are understood to mean any signal that can be obtained from a user that can uniquely identify the user, including, but not limited to, one or more unique physiological signals or signatures that can be processed to uniquely identifier the user. Non-limiting examples of biometric signals are gait, heart rate, galvanic skin response, temperature, fingerprint, voice or voiceprint, body electrical characteristic, body thermal characteristic, iris pattern, vein pattern, eye vein pattern, facial or other anatomical structure, electrocardiogram (ECG), photoplethysmogram (PPG), electromyogram, electroencephalogram, transient otoacoustic emissions, phonocardiogram, DNA, one or more chemical markers, one or more biochemical markers, skin-color variation or discolouration, perspiration, or a combination thereof. A unique identity of a user can also be obtained by observing patterns or combinations of one or more biometric characteristic. For example, a person may have a unique heart rate at a particular temperature and with a particular amount of sweat. In this way, two or more biometric observations can be combined or fused to obtain a multi-modal unique biometric profile. This is especially useful in situations wherein one particular biometric is not sufficient as a standalone identifier. In one example, perspiration and gait can be combined or fused to provide a unique biometric profile for a user. Information from sources that are standalone identifiers can also be combined in order to increase accuracy and/or security. In another example, a multi-modal biometric system may fuse fingerprints with iris and face characteristics.
The terms “access point” and “resource” are used interchangeably herein refer to any logical or physical gateway, device, or application that requires authentication, such as for security or personalization purposes, and is otherwise locked or inaccessible to the user. Some non-limiting examples of physical access points are electronically locked doors, parking transceivers, smart environment technologies, vehicle doors and transit systems. Some non-limiting examples of logical access points are password, PIN, passcode or otherwise digitally protected electronic devices (e.g. smartphone, desktop computer, laptop, tablet, workstation, onboard vehicular device, etc.) or accounts, proof of payment systems, point of sale stations, automated bank teller machines, library checkout systems, and hotel and airport check-in stations. Further, access points may be considered a generic term for applications, computers, terminals, devices, or the like, that are enabled to communicate using the protocols described herein. For example, a wireless access point may be operatively associated with a network application to identify, monitor or track an authenticated user presence without necessarily invoking a further action in response to such recognized user presence. Namely, while some embodiments may encompass an access point for the purposes of authenticating a user presence in order to grant the user authenticated access to a particular resource, user presence authentication may not be limited to such applications, but may also include embodiments where a user's authenticated presence is recognized, monitored and/or tracked for other purposes, such as for advertising, analyzing user traffic an/or usage of designated physical spaces, law enforcement, etc. For simplicity, the terms “access point” and “resource” will be used interchangeably herein to refer not only to the computational device or application (e.g. physical hardware, firmware and/or software application) being accessed and operated to implement or provide for user presence authentication and/or access authorizations, but also any one or more resources that are operatively associated therewith, whereby a resources may include, but is not limited to: a physical space, room, zone or area contained or otherwise restricted by an electronically controlled gateway, door, gate or entryway; physical or computational workstation, device, equipment and/or tool for manufacturing, testing, verification, simulation, development, research, experimentation, development, assembly, etc.; physical or digital library, directory, repository and/or other classified or restricted information repository; and/or the like.
The term “access control signal” as used herein refers to a signal sent by an access control device, such as a user authentication device (UAD), to a physical or logical access point and/or resource that may enable the user to unlock, interface and/or access the access point/resource. The control signal may be a binary encoded sequence or user identifier transmitted wired or wirelessly using but not limited to Bluetooth (e.g. BLE), near field communication, ultra-wide band, RFID, or Wifi. The control signal may include, represent or correspond with a biometric, non-biometric, physiological and/or non-physiological signal depending on the application and/or context at hand.
The term “finger” as used herein refers to any digit attached to a hand or foot, including a thumb or a toe.
The term “encryption” as used herein is understood to refer to actions that change (information) from one form to another to hide its meaning. Further, in some embodiments, encryption as used herein may include employing pseudorandom transformations that produce pseudorandom outputs in the sense that a cipher text may be distinguishable from a completely random sequence of bits of the same length without revealing anything about the plaintext. For example, consider adding one or more zeros at the end of every encryption output. In at least one of the various embodiments, encryption may include applying pseudorandom function information, where the key of the pseudorandom function may be stored locally on a mobile device.
The terms “authorized authentication device” and “user authentication device” as used herein refer to devices and/or access points that may be arranged to include specialized applications for enrolling/registering a mobile device with a user. Authorized authentication devices (AADs) may be arranged to store keys, encrypted biometric user profiles, or the like. In some embodiments, implementation of at least some of the AAD functionality may be incorporated and/or otherwise embedded within the functions of a portable device, such as embedded within a wearable authentication/user access authorization device or the like, and/or distributed between such portable/wearable devices and/or one or more network-accessible servers, client computers, access points or the like. In some of the examples provided herein, a user authentication device or “UAD” is defined as a portable or wearable device operable to execute onboard user authentication procedures to thereby activate the UAD to broadcast or otherwise communicate or distribute an authenticated user status or identity, and/or motion- or ranging-related data for implementing/processing authenticated user presence or access privileges with one or more access points/resources.
The terms “motion-related data” or “motion-related sensor”, and “proximity or ranging-related data” or “proximity or ranging-related sensor” as used herein refer to any data/sensor that may be used to infer motion or range/proximity, respectively. For example, while a motion-related sensor may readily output data directly related to motion, sequential position data output from a GPS sensor may also be used to derive motion data. Furthermore, sensors capturing physiological signals may also be used to infer motion. For example, an electrocardiogram (ECG) or photoplethysmogram (PPG) sensor can determine heart rate changes indicating the extent or intensity of motion. Accordingly, motion-related sensors can support user presence and proximity functions and features, as described further below for example, in tracking a user presence status (e.g. arriving, present, departing) and automatically recognizing an intended departure to automatically initiate and/or support authorized access termination. Accordingly, motion-related sensors for acquiring motion-related data may include, but are not limited to, an accelerometer, a motion sensor, a step counter, a proximity sensor, a (near) IR sensor, a GPS, a gyroscope, capacitive sensors, a radio fingerprint, and/or the like. Conversely, one or more ranging-related (proximity) sensors may be used, for example, to complement motion-related data in wirelessly capturing a range between communicating devices. Such sensors may include, but are not limited to, sensors and/or systems for acquiring or automatically evaluating a wireless signal strength, time-of-flight, or the like.
The following briefly describes various embodiments in order to provide a basic understanding of some aspects of the herein described technology. This brief description is not intended as an extensive overview. It is not intended to identify key or critical elements, or to delineate or otherwise narrow the scope. Its purpose is merely to present some concepts in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later.
Briefly stated, various embodiments are directed towards communicating using a mobile device, such as a mobile or wearable user authentication and user presence and/or access authorization device in a secured environment. Co-pending Canadian Patent Application No. 2,992,333 for a User Access Authorization System and Method, and Physiological User Sensor and Authentication Device Therefor, U.S. Pat. No. 9,197,414 for a Cryptographic Protocol for Portable Devices, and co-pending Canadian Patent Application No. 3,022,117 for a Cryptographic Process for Portable Devices, and User Presence and/or Access Authorization System and Method Employing Same, the entire contents of each of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference, provide illustrative environments and contexts for implementation of the herein described embodiments.
As will be described in greater detail below, systems, devices and methods as described herein may comprise and/or invoke an access control system, subsystem or process whereby a user's motion can be taken into account to monitor a user presence state (i.e. whether a user is arriving or present at, or departing from) an access point, also herein referred to interchangeably as an endpoint, where access restrictions apply. For example, an administrator of such an access control system may wish to grant only to a user or users with enough privilege access to, for instance, a computer, software, workstation or physical door, gateway or workspace. In a system where an access session is initiated during or after authentication, such as at system sign-on or login, or again during or after a user enrolment process as may be applicable in a given implementation, the confirmed presence of the user at the endpoint may provide an additional level of assurance that the correct user is present beyond initial authentication. For instance, user enrolment at the access point may be initiated upon user arrival (e.g. user presence state=arriving), either automatically via automatic mobile/endpoint detection and/or in response to a user enrolment action, and a user access session maintained in so long as the user presence at or near the end point is confirmed (e.g. user presence state =present). In some embodiments, however, where motion-related data indicates a user departure (e.g. user presence state=departing), authorized access may be automatically terminated. In this respect, a user access authorization may be terminated immediately upon departure thus minimizing any persisting access authorization lag that may otherwise apply in systems requiring an active logout, invoking an access authorization timeout due to inactivity, or again where access termination is otherwise invoked due to a loss of signal from the user's authentication device.
It will be appreciated by the skilled artisan from the following description of exemplary embodiments that different user access authorization scenarios may be applied within the present context, without departing from the general scope and nature of the present disclosure, that may involve authenticated access to different access point resources and/or authenticated user presence tracking, monitoring and/or logging and thus, invoke different prescribed user access or presence session timelines, restrictions and/or privileges.
In some embodiments, a logical or physical access system may comprise a set of endpoints (access points) where users may request access. Each endpoint may be equipped with one or more communication devices, such as short-range radio transceivers, that use proprietary or standard protocols that may include, but are not limited to, Bluetooth Classic, Bluetooth LE, Ultra-Wideband, Wi-Fi, and the like, and are capable of receiving inputs, and performing computation and bi-directional communication. Endpoints may also comprise a notification system as part of its interface, examples of which may include, but are not limited to, a graphical display, LED(s), haptic feedback and the like. As further described below, access points may be operatively associated with different user access or presence resources such that user access to such resources is only authorized upon maintained authenticated user presence confirmation.
Some of the embodiments described herein provide for a wearable user authentication device (UAD) capable of authenticating the identity of a live user, bi-directional communication, and may also comprise any number of the endpoint features described. UADs considered herein may also comprise at least one sensor capable of detecting motion through the acquisition of motion-related data. Such a sensor may comprise, but is not limited to, one or more of an inertial measurement unit (IMU), a global positioning system (GPS), an accelerometer, a step counter, a magnetometer, or the like. In some embodiments, ranging-related (proximity) data may also be complementarily acquired to complement motion-related data in confirming a user presence state, for example, to reduce the occurrence of false motion-related state conclusions, such as may be the case where a UAD is unintentionally moved or shaken while range-related data indicate no or little change in proximity (e.g. minimal change in signal strength reading, or change in radio fingerprint, as described below).
In some embodiments, upon successful identification and authentication at a given access point using, for example, credentials like a password, biometric, mobile device or a security token, the user may be granted access to an access point or related resource, thereby initiating an authenticated user access session at the access point. This session may be limited to a prescribed amount of time or again maintained indeterminately in so long as the user's authenticated presence can be confirmed. In either case, and in accordance with some embodiments, the UAD periodically communicates appropriate session access credentials (e.g. authenticated user ID, secure active session access token, short-term advertising key, etc.) with the access point so to maintain the active session, in the absence of which the session is terminated. In some of the herein described embodiments, motion-related data is also periodically communicated as part of, or distinctly from, the session access credentials, so to reflect a current user presence state based on this motion-related data, wherein the capture of motion-related data representative of a user departure can result in automatic termination of the active session. As detailed below, motion-related data can be captured by the UAD and communicated, in various forms, to the access point for processing by a (network) application operatively associated with the access point in governing user access, e.g. whereby receipt of a “departing” state token, or raw or processed motion-related data representative thereof, results in termination of user access. As will be appreciated by the skilled artisan, processing resources for processing motion-related data may be applied at either or both the UAD and access point depending on the application at hand.
As noted above, in some embodiments, motion-related data and user presence state conclusions derived therefrom are provided to replace or complement proximity data otherwise captured via conventional wireless ranging mechanisms. For example, conventional mechanisms to detect and communicate presence of a wearable device to an endpoint can involve performing a range estimation between a pair of radio devices. For example, if the range between devices is determined to be below a certain distance, the user and/or device is considered to be present in the region of the endpoint. However, such estimations typically rely on radio signal properties like attenuation of radio signal power, signal time-of-flight, or phase change of the signal. Such properties often suffer from signal fading due to multi-path propagation or shadowing from obstacles, which can lead to inaccurate range estimates.
These issues are exacerbated in wearable devices, as the associated radio transceivers are continuously moving and can be obstructed by the wearer's body. This can lead to a frustrating user experience, as ranging errors can lead to incorrectly limiting or denying access to a user. There is therefore a need to replace, enhance, or complement such presence detection schemes to improve the usability and functionality of access control systems.
Various embodiments of the present disclosure perform such replacements, enhancements or complements to presence detection schemes by estimating the state of the user (i.e. arriving at, present at, or departing from an endpoint) through the acquisition and processing of data from one or more wearable sensors. Such sensors may include, but are not limited to radio, IMUs, photoplethysmograms (PPGs), electrocardiograms (ECGs), magnetometers, or IR, proximity, capacitive, or audio sensors. For example, the presence state of a user can be determined, at least in part, by the extent of motion of the user carrying the wearable UAD.
In at least one embodiment of the present disclosure, a motion sensor such as an IMU may determine the walking speed of the user to estimate motion extent.
In another embodiment, a motion sensor such as an IMU can be used to estimate the extent of user motion, with readings complemented by data acquired by another sensor, such as a PPG. In such an example, the user's heart rate may be used to corroborate the extent of user motion as estimated by the IMU, in the event that spurious movements of the wearable sensor may lead to inaccurate determination of the extent of motion.
In yet other embodiments, ranging estimates may also be performed to complement motion data acquired by one or more sensors to estimate the state of the user and/or wearable device. Such raw or processed motion, ranging, and/or complementary data may additionally be fused together in data packets exchanged by the various devices to estimate the state of the wearable device and/or user. While some embodiments may utilise absolute measurements of sensor data, some may, alternatively or in addition thereto, perform estimations of presence states based on such measurements relative to an endpoint.
In accordance with some embodiments, a presence detection scheme may comprise motion data related to radio signals detected by a wearable device and/or an endpoint. In some contexts related to this disclosure, a wearable device may be deployed in environments with many transmitting radios on board endpoint and other infrastructure devices, wherein such signal transmissions may be received by a wearable device. As received signal data may change with the location of the wearable device due to its relative distance to transmitting infrastructure devices, said signal data may be employed in location estimation techniques. This principle is, at least in part, the basis for a location estimation technique referred to herein as radio fingerprinting.
Implementation of a radio fingerprinting technique can involve training to map radio signal measurement data to locations. However, when applied to a presence detection scheme, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure, such training may not be required, as the presence of the wearable device may be simply due to a relative distance to an endpoint. Movement of a user in possession of a wearable device may change the set of radio data acquired, from which user motion may then be inferred. Such data may comprise motion data communicated to establish a user presence state, and/or complement other motion and/or proximity data captured from, for instance, an IMU or a physiological sensor. For example, and in accordance with at least one embodiment, a disappearance of one or more radio devices and an appearance of a new set of radio devices present in the vicinity of a wearable device, as determined by received radio data or radio range data, may indicate that the wearable device, and hence a user, is in motion. Radio data may therefore, in accordance with some embodiments, comprise information related to one or both of proximity data or motion data.
Some embodiments of this disclosure may involve an enrollment step or protocol before and/or during the exchange of motion-related and/or complementary data between a UAD and an endpoint. Such an enrollment, while not necessarily required for the processes and systems herein described, may in theory or in practice involve an association between the UAD and the endpoint wherein their respective identities and any required data for security are shared. Once association is established, communication between the wearable and the endpoint may be cryptographically secured. Such association may also be time-limited, whereby the endpoint and wearable devices forget each other's identity after a prescribed period. Such enrollment processes may also ensure that only one or more authorised endpoints or UADs can decipher presence information broadcast by another device.
In general, embodiments herein described will often comprise the determination of one or more of the presence states of arriving, present, and departing. The wearable is approaching the endpoint in the arriving state, is situated at or near the end point in the present state, and is leaving the endpoint in the departing state. Such estimations of state can be performed using motion-related data, and optionally with ranging-related and/or complementary data from one or more sensors, such as one or more complementary physiological sensors. The sensitivity of such estimations may be adjusted by a user or system administrator to make it more or less restrictive, depending on the use case. For example, the relative weight of motion-related data acquired from a motion sensor may be increased or reduced relative to that of a proximity-related measurement to reduce an error rate in a presence state estimation process for a particular user.
In at least one embodiment of the present disclosure, a verifiable signal may be transmitted between at least one of the UAD, the endpoint, or an external device in the form of a continuous radio transmission of data packets which encodes the identity of the wearable device, the identity of the endpoint, and the presence state of the UAD. This signal could be used by an application on at least one of the UAD, endpoint or external device to confirm, for instance, the presence of the user at the endpoint. Such verifiable signals could be achieved, for instance, with standard symmetric or asymmetric cryptographic techniques and/or timestamps (e.g. as further described below) to, for instance, mitigate replay.
Presence monitoring or tracking may be implemented in many ways. For instance, the UAD and endpoint may collaborate. As an exemplary embodiment of collaborative monitoring, the user of a wearable or an endpoint device may initiate a presence tracking session on the UAD. The UAD may subsequently transmit sequences of data packets to the endpoint. The time between such transmissions may optionally be subject to a maximum prescribed time T that may not be exceeded.
In other similar embodiments, data packets may be exchanged from the endpoint to the UAD, from one or more of the UAD and the endpoint to an external device, or from any one or more of the UAD, endpoint, or external device to any other device operatively connected to, either physically or wirelessly, another component of the system.
Various embodiments may also allow for the UAD to terminate the transmission of wireless signals to improve battery life and/or offer the possibility of enhancing privacy or security, for instance, through limiting exposure to relay attacks.
With reference to
In one particular embodiment, as noted above, the processing of motion-related data and/or presence state monitoring may be primarily performed at or by an application operatively associated with an endpoint. With reference to
For example, in embodiments where motion-related and optionally complementary data is processed onboard the UAD to dispatch an active user presence status tag, token or identifier, the user presence status may be automatically updated at or by the endpoint, or application related thereto, based on this dispatch. In other embodiments where at least some of the UAD-captured motion-related data is processed at or by the endpoint, or application operatively associated therewith, for example, as standalone processing or as a complement to UAD and/or endpoint ranging or other related data, a user presence status will be updated at the endpoint at 1130 upon completion of this endpoint processing. Either way, if a user presence state is determined to be present at 1140, the session will be maintained and the endpoint will then wait for a subsequent transmission. However, if the user presence state is identified as departing, a presence state at the access point will be updated and the active session terminated accordingly.
In other embodiments, however, a departing status need not be explicitly communicated to the access point to invoke motion-related termination. For example, where presence state-related data is entirely processed onboard the UAD, a “departing” tag could be replaced by a generic or shared session “termination” tag, in that departure-specific tagging may not be required to achieve a similar purpose. For example, in some embodiments, various system or onboard events may result in the dispatch of a session termination instructions, such as corruption of the UAD or functions thereof, removal of the UAD by the user, deliberate user sign-off, etc. Accordingly, each or any of these events could, in some embodiments, invoke dispatch of a termination signal, token or tag to achieve a common result: termination of the active session. Accordingly, reference herein to the communication and/or processing of motion-related data for the purposes of maintaining and terminating an active user session may be cooperatively merged or distinctly implemented with other session tracking and management functions, and that, without departing from the general scope and nature of the present disclosure.
For example, in accordance with another embodiment of the present disclosure, the processing of motion-related data and/or presence state monitoring may be primarily performed on the wearable UAD, whereby it may be fully determined onboard, for example, that the user is departing from an endpoint, and communication of such departure, and related termination of an active session, correspondingly invoked. With reference to
As described above, some embodiments of the present disclosure employ variants of the direction of communication between system components. A high-level process overview of the direction of communication of one embodiment is shown in
In another embodiment, the endpoint 1310 may transmit ranging-related data 1312 to a wearable UAD 1300. An onboard digital process or application may then use raw or processed motion-related, and ranging-related data 1312 communicated thereto, and optionally natively acquired ranging-related data 1302, to make a presence status decision 1320.
In yet another embodiment, a high-level process, as illustratively depicted in
In at least one of the embodiments herein described, wearable devices, endpoints, and any external systems are capable of bidirectional communication to both accept and transmit data. Such bi-directional functionality may be employed for reliable and/or secure communication, the means by which this is accomplished will be understood and appreciated by the skilled artisan.
One embodiment of the present disclosure employing bi-directional communication is illustrated in the process diagram of
Embodiments of an access control system such as those herein described may also require the wearable device to have arrived at the endpoint as part of its access control policy. A control process may also automatically perform a sign-off on behalf of a user if said user is no longer present at the endpoint, or determined to not be in the arrived or present state.
Embodiments may also optionally comprise a notification device, system or process on the wearable and/or the endpoint to notify a user or potential user of the presence state. For example, a user may receive a notification on the wearable UAD or at the endpoint that the presence state transitions from arrived to departing. In such an embodiment, the notification may give the user a window of time in which they have the opportunity to change their position or orientation, in the event that the estimated state does not correspond to the user's intended state. In another exemplary embodiment, a notification may be initiated when a presence state of arrived or present is detected in order to receive confirmation, for example by a hand gesture or the like, that a user intends on gaining access to the endpoint.
In general, but not by necessity, the abovementioned systems and processes may be employed following a presence initiation step to ensure privacy and/or security in access control systems. The following description is provided to give context to some non-limiting examples in which the systems and processes for which protection is hereby sought may be implemented for such access control systems.
With reference to
Following from the onboard authentication examples further described below, once a UAD is active, it may be used to securely authenticate the user, for example, to gain authenticated access to certain authorized resources 604 whose access may be at least in part operatively controlled by a security-enabled (network) application 605 operating locally or distributively to communicate with nearby UADs 602 via a related access point or like communication path. For example, a given UAD 602 may be logically linked to a particular user to perform onboard user authentication to activate the UAD 602 and thus actively or selectively communicate or broadcast a user-authenticated status or authenticated user identity. For example, an actively authenticated or pre-authorized UAD may transact with one or more instances of a security enabled (network) application 605 that can be operated to recognize, monitor and/or track an authenticated user presence, for example, to grant authenticated user access to one or more corresponding resources 604 operatively associated therewith. For example, the network application 605 may be operated to securely identify the authenticated user (e.g. using one or more (mutual) user/device/application authentication procedures) in providing authenticated access to the corresponding resource if so authorized. For simplicity, the following examples will relate to a system for granting authenticated user access privileges to authenticated users based on successful user identification, authentication and communications relating thereto between a given UAD and network application (instance).
Accordingly, and as will be detailed below with reference to certain illustrative embodiments, each end user (User A, B, and C) may be attributed one or more customer access privileges or authorizations (e.g. to X, Y and/or Z) to be implemented via their respective UAD 602. To do so, respective digital certificates may be issued to accommodate such diversified access privileges; namely User A may seek to enrol a user-specific certificate to access Resource X (e.g. certificate (A,X) 620)), User B may seek to enrol respective user-specific certificates to respectively access each of Resources Y and Z (but not X), and User C may seek to enrol respective user-specific certificates for each resource along with possibly a higher level authorization certificate to access the enterprise management application 606. Each certificate can then be used to successfully negotiate access to its corresponding resource via the resources' respective SEA instances 605 or Enterprise Management Application (EMA) 606.
In the illustrated embodiment, an external enterprise security services system is implemented for the purposes of providing customer security services in which multiple user authentication devices can be used to routinely authenticate authorized end users and manage user access privileges accordingly. For example, and with reference to the illustrative embodiment of
In order to implement and manage various secure transactions between the UADs 602 and SEAs 605, different encryption key management, deployment and establishment procedures may be considered, along with their associated digital certificate enrolment, management and verification procedures. In U.S. Pat. No. 9,197,414, exemplary protocols were described that relied on Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) advertising procedures using symmetric provision keys. Using this approach, however, various symmetric key establishment and management procedures were required.
As an alternative, and in accordance with some embodiments, short-term symmetric advertising keys can be used in the following examples to mitigate challenges common to the implementation of symmetric provision keys, as noted above. For example, and as will be detailed below, a short-term symmetric advertising (STSA) key can be used by a portable user authentication device (UAD) to periodically compute and advertise an authentication code recognizable by one more instances of the security-enabled application (SEA) executed in association with a corresponding access point and/or resource to which the authenticated user has authorized access, to invoke certain user access privileges associated therewith, and this, without invoking symmetric provision key management protocols and/or system architectures required therefor. In such examples, a STSA key can be negotiated, agreed upon and/or otherwise applied between a given UAD and one or more security-enabled applications based on one or more pre-established encryption key pairs/certificates, and used during a lifetime of the STSA key to provide ongoing authenticated user access privileges accordingly. Naturally, each UAD may actively broadcast one or more STSA key-based authentication codes, for instance, depending on the nature and/or complexity of the user's access privileges (e.g. one STSA key may be applied for each SEA instance, access point and/or resource for which the user has authorized authenticated access). In other exemplary implementations, a single STSA key may be used by a given UAD to advertise and concurrently or sequentially gain access to multiple access points/resources whereby multiple SEA instances, for example, synchronize and/or share information relating to this common STSA key via a secured back-end infrastructure, database or directory, for example.
For simplicity, the following examples will consider the simplified implementation where each UAD advertises on the basis of a single STSA key to interface with a single authorized SEA and related access point/resource. In each example, the authentication code periodically communicated by a given UAD may be accompanied, in some embodiments, with motion-related data so to provide further confirmation of a user presence status in respect of the target access point. For example, raw or processed motion-related data may be communicated along with the authentication code for processing by resources operatively associated with the access point, whereas in other examples, a user presence status indicator may otherwise be computed and communicated along with the authentication code, for example, as a authentication code packet tag, indicator or header component. In this latter example, such motion indicator may be selected from one of arriving, present or departing, as noted above, or other similar indicators as may be appropriate and readily appreciated by the skilled artisan, which indicator can then be appropriately recognized and processed by the access point or resources operatively associated therewith. In yet other embodiments, motion-related data or indicator(s) can be relayed independently of such authentication codes, for example, in a secure fashion given an established secure data channel between the authenticated UAD and access point. Other examples may readily apply, as will be readily appreciated by the skilled artisan.
Following from the above example with option to incorporate or embed a user presence status indicator along with an authentication code linked to a defined STSA key, each STSA key will generally have a defined lifetime, to be defined in accordance with what may constitute a secure or safe lifetime within the context at hand, such that it can be used during that lifetime to securely advertise and identify an authenticated status of a particular user/UAD for gaining access privileges controlled, at least in part, by security-enabled applications associated and operable to grant or deny such privileges. For example, the lifetime of a particular STSA key may be a configurable parameter whose value is adjusted, for example, according to a potential security risk associated with this key and/or based on an average lifetime required or associated with a typical user access event. For example, a key to access a highly sensitive resource or that may be highly vulnerable to external attack or misuse, may have a comparatively short lifetime, as would a key used to access one-time resources such as a door lock or gateway. Conversely, a key that does not pose a significant risk and/or that is required to maintain user access for a longer time period (e.g. a workstation, device or equipment), may benefit from a longer lifetime, thereby avoiding the renegotiation and/or establishment of a new key for subsequent or maintained activity. Accordingly, a STSA key may have a lifetime ranging from 30 second or a minute, to a few hours or even a day. In some situations, an authentication code generated on the basis of this key for advertisement may be recomputed every few seconds, for example, where active engagement and authenticated access is required to maintain active access to a particular resource. For example, always-on authentication may be required while an authorized user is working on or with a particular workstation, device or equipment, but immediately turned off, terminated or locked when this user leaves the area. Accordingly, the typically short-ranged advertisement signal (e.g. Bluetooth LE) will regularly advertise a new authentication code based on the active STSA key (e.g. every few seconds) such that, when receipt of such routine authentication code is lost (or where a signal strength associated therewith drops below a particular threshold, or where other proximity measures report an above-threshold user distance), access authorization can be automatically terminated.
With reference to
Following with the example of
Once a STSA key has been established, the device 702 will periodically compute and advertise an authentication code, shown as steps 716, based at least in part on the active STSA key. Such routine advertisement will allow the SEA to acknowledge the maintained presence of the authenticated user and device within its vicinity and thus maintain the granted access to the resource 706 at 718. In some embodiments, authentication code advertisement may be implemented every few seconds or minutes via a Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) protocol or other wireless communication protocols (e.g. near field communication (NFC), ultra-wide band, RFID, or Wifi), as noted herein. In so long as the STSA key-based authentication code is advertised and received by the network application 705, the granted access can be maintained. In order to prolong granted access beyond the prescribed lifetime of the STSA key (STSA-1), which may be in the order of a few minutes or hours, the network application 705 may initiate renewal or establishment of a new STSA key (STSA-2) at 720 prior expiry of STSA-1, whereby the device 702 can then proceed to compute and advertise new authentication codes based on this new STSA key at 722.
Once the lifetime of a given STSA key expires without first being renewed (e.g. at the end of the day, when a user goes out of range for a prolong period that prevents renewal, etc.) and the network application 705 ceases to receive valid authentication codes (724), authenticated access is terminated at 726. Naturally, authenticated access can be regained upon repeating the steps in this process, which may be initiated automatically and/or triggered by user action, for instance, signalling a desire to re-establish authenticated user presence/access at the location. Such triggered reinstatements may include, but are not limited to, user action on the UAD (e.g. to trigger further STSA key advertising, for example, by awaking the UAD from a sleep or battery-saving mode), the designated resource and/or network application (e.g. probing, activating or awaking a local application, executing a gesture associated with a local resource such as touching, swiping, gesturing or handling a physical interface), and/or other user-initiated actions as may be readily appreciated by the skilled artisan.
With reference to
At 820, however, authenticated advertisement packets are no longer successfully received or processed by the network application instance despite the STSA key remaining active. This may, for example, be the result of the user leaving the area of the resource (e.g. device signal out of range). Access is thus proactively terminated at 822. The device may nonetheless continue to advertise valid authentication codes, for example, when leaving one authorized area or resource to another where a same STSA key, for example, may be applied. Within the context of motion-related departure detection, as described above, this particular scenario would imply a failure by the system to proactively detect a designated departure motion. Rather, in accordance with one of the herein-described embodiments, an onboard UAD user presence status indicator would be updated to identify the user as departing upon the user starting to move away from the access point, which status would be communicated to the access point accordingly along or as part of the last authentication code 816, and that, possibly long before the UAD becomes out of signal range. In doing so, the user access session can be proactively terminated to minimize the amount of time the target access point or resources remains available through a still-pending user access session.
In this simplified example, when the user and device 802 return within range of the SEA instance 805, receipt and processing of the advertised STSA key-based authentication codes will resume at 824 and access regained at 826. Such access will again be maintained (828) in so long as valid authentication codes are broadcast and successfully received and processed, and in this particular example, while bearing an appropriate user presence status indicator (i.e. present).
With reference to
Given this arrangement, and within the present context, a master secret lifetime may be set in accordance with various criteria, such as potential risk factors, use cases, user convenience, computation resources on either end, and/or a potential user or application performance impact factor associated with lag times/latencies typically associated with public key processing. Accordingly, a master key lifetime of a few hours to a few days may be reasonable in some circumstances, as compared to a few weeks or even months in other lower risk scenarios.
As will be appreciated by the skilled artisan, various mechanisms may be deployed to establish a master key post authentication, such as via a key agreement protocol as discussed above with respect to the establishment of a STSA key.
Following with the example of
The session may nonetheless be resumed at 926 by performing a symmetric key authentication using STSM-1, presuming it remains active (i.e. within its initially prescribed lifetime), and thus regain access at 928. Since the STSA-1 has now expired in this example, a new STSA key (STSA-2) is established as above at 930 to compute and advertise a valid authentication code at 932 to maintain the renewed access at 934.
In this example, to avoid having to eventually re-initiate a session with the application via public key cryptography, as in 910, upon STSM-1 expiry, a new STSM key is pre-emptively established at 936. For example, in some embodiments, a client (e.g. UAD 902) may be configured to preemptively perform a full authentication using public key cryptography in order to refresh the master secret, for instance, while the end user (UAD) is not waiting for a server (e.g. SEA) response, and hence, the latency incurred will not be noticeable. In some examples, a client may invoke preemptive authentication after every session resumption operation when other operations have completed and the connection is idle. In other examples, a client may also or otherwise refresh authentication as dictated by local policy, e.g. when the client application recognizes that the master secret is close to expiry. In yet other embodiments, a client may refresh authentication as prompted by a server (e.g. SEA instance). For example, a server may indicate during a session resumption operation that a refresh is needed (e.g. due to the master secret being close to expiry).
In the particular example of
Naturally, upon expiry of a STSM key without prior pre-emptive establishment of a new STSM (e.g. upon the user/device leaving the system for a prolong period of time), a subsequent session will be initiated by repeating the steps of the process 900 starting at public key authentication at 910.
While the above example describes the implementation and processing of pre-emptive renewal of a short-term symmetric master key within the context of a user authentication system operable for the purposes, in some examples, of authenticating a user presence, such pre-emptive renewal protocols may also or alternatively be implemented within the context of other applications that do not necessarily involve authenticated user presence. Namely, while STSM key and STSA key implementation and processing protocols are discussed herein within a common example, these protocols may be independently considered in different and independent applications. Namely, the use of pre-emptively renewed STSM keys for session resumption applications may be considered independently of any type of user presence authentication, advertising and/or tracking. These or other such considerations will be readily understood by the skilled artisan.
Furthermore,
At least one embodiment of client computers 102-105 is described in more detail below in conjunction with
Computers that may operate as client computer 102 may include computers that typically connect using a wired or wireless communications medium such as personal computers, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based or programmable electronic devices, network PCs, or the like. In some embodiments, client computers 102-105 may include virtually any portable computer capable of connecting to another computer and receiving information such as, laptop computer 103, mobile computer 104, tablet computers 105, or the like. However, portable computers are not so limited and may also include other portable computers such as cellular telephones, display pagers, radio frequency (RF) devices, infrared (IR) devices, Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), handheld computers, wearable computers, integrated devices combining one or more of the preceding computers, or the like. As such, client computers 102-105 typically range widely in terms of capabilities and features. Moreover, client computers 102-105 may access various computing applications, including a browser, or other web-based application.
A web-enabled client computer may include a browser application that is configured to receive and to send web pages, web-based messages, and the like. The browser application may be configured to receive and display graphics, text, multimedia, and the like, employing virtually any web-based language, including a wireless application protocol messages (WAP), and the like. In one embodiment, the browser application is enabled to employ Handheld Device Markup Language (HDML), Wireless Markup Language (WML), WMLScript, JavaScript, Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML), HyperText Markup Language (HTML), eXtensible Markup Language (XML), JavaScript Object Notation (JSON), or the like, to display and send a message. In one embodiment, a user of the client computer may employ the browser application to perform various activities over a network (online). However, another application may also be used to perform various online activities.
One embodiment of Client computers 102-105 are described in more detail below in conjunction with
Client computers 102-105 may further be configured to include a client application that enables an end-user to log into an end-user account that may be managed by another computer, such as server computer 116, or the like. Such an end-user account, in one non-limiting example, may be configured to enable the end-user to manage one or more online activities, including in one non-limiting example, project management, system administration, configuration management, search activities, social networking activities, browse various websites, communicate with other users, or the like.
One embodiment of device 106 is described in more detail below in conjunction with
As noted above, some embodiments of device 106 will further include one or more physiological sensors and/or proximity detection mechanisms to provide secondary authentication and/or authorization measures to gain and/or maintain authentication/authorization in use.
Non-limiting examples of suitable wearable authentication devices may include, but are not limited to, a wristband, wristwatch, bracelet, necklace, ring, belt, glasses, clothing, hat, anklet, headband, chest harness, patch, skin probe or earring(s), to name a few, or any other wearable item that is capable of obtaining a biometric signal. The device 106 can also be incorporated into clothing. In another embodiment, the device 106 may comprise more than one biometric and/or physiological sensors, to be used alone and/or in combination, to carry out user authentication and/or liver user presence confirmation. Device 106 may be arranged to communicate with one or more of client computer 102-105 over a network, such as wireless network 108. Further, device 106 may be arranged to communicate with access points, enabling user access to secure locations and secured electronic devices as well as customization of a user experience.
As will be appreciated by the skilled artisan, some of the features and/or functions noted above with respect to client computers 102-105 may be interchangeably applied to the functions and features of the herein described embodiments of portable device 106. For instance, while client computers are distinctly illustrated herein in one particular embodiment, some embodiments may further or alternatively contemplate portable and/or wearable client computers, as can other embodiments be considered to implement the features and functions of there herein described embodiments.
Wireless network 108 is configured to couple client computers 102-105 and/or authentication device 106 with network 110. Wireless network 108 may include any of a variety of wireless sub-networks that may further overlay stand-alone ad-hoc networks, and the like, to provide an infrastructure-oriented connection for client computers 102-105 and/or authentication device 106. Such sub-networks may include mesh networks, Bluetooth, Wireless LAN (WLAN) networks, cellular networks, and the like. In one embodiment, the system may include more than one wireless network.
Wireless network 108 may further include an autonomous system of terminals, gateways, routers, and the like connected by wireless radio links, and the like. These connectors may be configured to move freely and randomly and organize themselves arbitrarily, such that the topology of wireless network 108 may change rapidly.
Wireless network 108 may further employ a plurality of access technologies including 2nd (2G), 3rd (3G), 4th (4G) 5th (5G) generation radio access for cellular systems, WLAN, Bluetooth, Wireless Router (WR) mesh, and the like. Access technologies such as 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G, and future access networks may enable wide area coverage for mobile computers, such as client computers 102-105, and authentication device 106 with various degrees of mobility. In one non-limiting example, wireless network 108 may enable a radio connection through a radio network access such as Global System for Mobil communication (GSM), General Packet Radio Services (GPRS), Enhanced Data GSM Environment (EDGE), code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA), High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA), Long Term Evolution (LTE), and the like. In essence, wireless network 108 may include virtually any wireless communication mechanism by which information may travel between client computers 102-105, authentication device 106, and another computer, network, a cloud-based network, a cloud instance, or the like.
Network 110 is configured to couple network computers with other computers, including, authentication server computer 116, client computers 102-105, authentication device 106 through wireless network 108, or the like. Network 110 is enabled to employ any form of computer readable media for communicating information from one electronic device to another. Also, network 110 can include the Internet in addition to local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), direct connections, such as through a universal serial bus (USB) port, other forms of computer-readable media, or any combination thereof. On an interconnected set of LANs, including those based on differing architectures and protocols, a router acts as a link between LANs, enabling messages to be sent from one to another. In addition, communication links within LANs typically include twisted wire pair or coaxial cable, while communication links between networks may utilize analog telephone lines, full or fractional dedicated digital lines including T1, T2, T3, and T4, and/or other carrier mechanisms including, for example, E-carriers, Integrated Services Digital Networks (ISDNs), Digital Subscriber Lines (DSLs), wireless links including satellite links, or other communications links known to those skilled in the art. Moreover, communication links may further employ any of a variety of digital signaling technologies, including without limit, for example, DS-0, DS-1, DS-2, DS-3, DS-4, OC-3, OC-12, OC-48, or the like. Furthermore, remote computers and other related electronic devices could be remotely connected to either LANs or WANs via a modem and temporary telephone link. In one embodiment, network 110 may be configured to transport information of an Internet Protocol (IP).
Additionally, communication media typically embodies computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other transport mechanism and includes any information delivery media. By way of example, communication media includes wired media such as twisted pair, coaxial cable, fiber optics, wave guides, and other wired media and wireless media such as acoustic, RF, infrared, and other wireless media.
One embodiment of authentication server computer 116 is described in more detail below in conjunction with
Although
Described herein, in accordance with some embodiments, is a system, method and device that authenticates a user while confirming that the user being authenticated is a genuine living human being. This system may also, or alternatively, seek to confirm a live user presence during authenticated/authorized usage, confirm proximity of such user to a given access point or associated resource during use (i.e. within a designated authorization zone, area or distance threshold), and/or evaluate other secondary user authorization parameters. In the herein illustrated embodiment, the system is centred around a wearable authentication device that authenticates the wearer based on available authentication data, which may include biometric data, while confirming, based on an acquired physiological signal, that the wearer is in fact a living human being. Some embodiments further allow for confirmation that the same user (i.e. the wearer) is both the source of the physiological signal and the authentication data, for instance, within the context of biometric authentication. In yet other embodiments, such live user presence, proximity and/or other related provisions may not be implemented, for instance, in reduced security environments and/or to reduce or limit complexity of the implemented authentication devices/systems.
In one embodiment, once authenticated, the wearable authentication device synchronizes with a pre-initialized authorized registration application to authorize the wearable authentication device to wirelessly communicate a pre-authenticated user identity to other devices and systems. In another embodiment, once authenticated, the wearable authentication device activates and privately broadcasts the user's identification to other devices and systems. In yet other embodiments, authentication and/or physiological data is communicated or otherwise transferred to a trusted computation device, such as authentication server 116, for remote processing, thereby reducing a computational load on the wearable device. This enables logical and physical access by the user at one or more access points as a result of a single user authorization.
In contrast, traditional access systems, including biometric access systems, may be subject to hacking and/or misuse. For example, hackers may lift a fingerprint and create a fingerprint mold, which can be applied to a fingerprint sensor, in order to gain access. Hackers may also take a picture of a fingerprint, and hold it in front of a scanner. Similarly, a user of an authentication device that authenticates once, and then pre-authorizes access for a defined period of time, may be worn by a person without authorization while a person with authorization authenticates the device. Other drawbacks naturally exist, such as maintaining authorized access activations when a user removes the authentication device and/or leaves or moves away from the restricted access area or resource. Such possibilities may be unacceptable to security-conscious institutions, resulting in additional layers of security being added, e.g. re-occurring user authentication, or using out of band mechanisms.
The herein-described embodiments provide a compelling security solution to at least some of these typical drawbacks by significantly reducing if not eliminating concerns about hacking and misuse of an authentication/authorization device. For example, in one illustrative embodiment where a biometric authentication sensor, such as a fingerprint reader, shares a contact point with a complementary physiological sensor, such as an ECG, even if a hacker were to lift a fingerprint, create a fingerprint mold, and attach or otherwise embed the fingerprint mold onto a glove while touching biometric authentication sensor, an analysis of the physiological sensor would determine that the user is not a live, in-the-flesh, human being, and so the authentication device would not authenticate the user. Furthermore, following from the same illustrative example, misuse of the authentication device, e.g. authenticating a device worn by another individual, is also prevented, as the physiological sensor could be configured to fail to take a reading unless the device was both worn and authenticated by the same user (e.g. an electrocardiogram or galvanic skin response does not exist across two people). Accordingly, the authentication device would not authenticate, even if the biometric feature (e.g. a fingerprint) is a match. In addition, at least some of the presently described embodiments allow for faster access control since the user does not require authentication every time she needs to access a physical or logical system. As noted above, other features, advantages and benefits of the herein described embodiments, such as live user confirmation during and/or post-authentication, user proximity metrics, and/or other such features and advantages, will be readily apparent to the skilled artisan from the present disclosure.
As shown in the figure, client computer 200 includes a processor 202 in communication with a mass memory 226 via a bus 234. In some embodiments, processor 202 may include one or more central processing units (CPU). Client computer 200 also includes a power supply 228, one or more network interfaces 236, an audio interface 238, a display 240, a keypad 242, an illuminator 244, a video interface 246, an input/output interface 248, a haptic interface 250, and a global positioning system (GPS) receiver 232.
Power supply 228 provides power to client computer 200. A rechargeable or non-rechargeable battery may be used to provide power. The power may also be provided by an external power source, such as an alternating current (AC) adapter or a powered docking cradle that supplements and/or recharges a battery, or directly powering the unit.
Client computer 200 may optionally communicate with a base station (not shown), or directly with another computer. Network interface 236 includes circuitry for coupling client computer 200 to one or more networks, and is constructed for use with one or more communication protocols and technologies including, but not limited to, GSM, CDMA, TDMA, GPRS, EDGE, WCDMA, HSDPA, LTE, user datagram protocol (UDP), transmission control protocol/Internet protocol (TCP/IP), short message service (SMS), WAP, ultra-wide band (UWB), IEEE 802.16 Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMax), session initiated protocol/real-time transport protocol (SIP/RTP), or any of a variety of other wireless communication protocols. Network interface 236 is sometimes known as a transceiver, transceiving device, or network interface card (NIC).
Audio interface 238 is arranged to produce and receive audio signals such as the sound of a human voice. For example, audio interface 238 may be coupled to a speaker and microphone (not shown) to enable telecommunication with others and/or generate an audio acknowledgement for some action.
Display 240 may be a liquid crystal display (LCD), gas plasma, light emitting diode (LED), organic LED, AMOLED, PMOLED, or any other type of display used with a computer. Display 240 may also include a touch sensitive screen arranged to receive input from an object such as a stylus or a digit from a human hand.
Keypad 242 may comprise any input device arranged to receive input from a user. For example, keypad 242 may include a push button numeric dial, or a keyboard. Keypad 242 may also include command buttons that are associated with selecting and sending images.
Illuminator 244 may provide a status indication and/or provide light. Illuminator 244 may remain active for specific periods of time or in response to events. For example, when illuminator 244 is active, it may backlight the buttons on keypad 242 and stay on while the client computer is powered. Also, illuminator 244 may backlight these buttons in various patterns when particular actions are performed, such as dialing another client computer. Illuminator 244 may also cause light sources positioned within a transparent or translucent case of the client computer to illuminate in response to actions.
Video interface 246 is arranged to capture video images, such as a still photo, a video segment, an infrared video, or the like. For example, video interface 246 may be coupled to a digital video camera, a web-camera, or the like. Video interface 246 may comprise a lens, an image sensor, and other electronics. Image sensors may include a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) integrated circuit, charge-coupled device (CCD), or any other integrated circuit for sensing light.
Client computer 200 also comprises input/output interface 248 for communicating with external devices, such as a headset, or other input or output devices not shown in
Haptic interface 250 is arranged to provide tactile feedback to a user of the client computer. For example, the haptic interface 250 may be employed to vibrate client computer 200 in a particular way when another user of a computer is calling. In some embodiments, haptic interface 250 may be optional.
Client computer 200 may also include GPS transceiver 232 to determine the physical coordinates of client computer 200 on the surface of the Earth. GPS transceiver 232, in some embodiments, may be optional. GPS transceiver 232 typically outputs a location as latitude and longitude values. However, GPS transceiver 232 can also employ other geo-positioning mechanisms, including, but not limited to, triangulation, assisted GPS (AGPS), Enhanced Observed Time Difference (E-OTD), Cell Identifier (CI), Service Area Identifier (SAI), Enhanced Timing Advance (ETA), Base Station Subsystem (BSS), or the like, to further determine the physical location of client computer 200 on the surface of the Earth. It is understood that under different conditions, GPS transceiver 232 can determine a physical location within millimeters for client computer 200; and in other cases, the determined physical location may be less precise, such as within a meter or significantly greater distances. In one embodiment, however, client computer 200 may through other components, provide other information that may be employed to determine a physical location of the computer, including for example, a Media Access Control (MAC) address, IP address, or the like.
Mass memory 226 includes a Random Access Memory (RAM) 204, a Read-only Memory (ROM) 222, and other storage means. Mass memory 226 illustrates an example of computer readable storage media (devices) for storage of information such as computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data. Mass memory 226 stores a basic input/output system (BIOS) 224, or the like, for controlling low-level operation of client computer 200. The mass memory also stores an operating system 206 for controlling the operation of client computer 200. It will be appreciated that this component may include a general-purpose operating system such as a version of UNIX, or LINUX™, or a specialized client communication operating system such as Microsoft Corporation's Windows Mobile™ Apple Corporation's iOS™, Google Corporation's Android™, or the like. The operating system may include, or interface with a Java virtual machine module that enables control of hardware components and/or operating system operations via Java application programs.
Mass memory 226 further includes one or more data storage 208, which can be utilized by client computer 200 to store, among other things, applications 214 and/or other data. For example, data storage 208 may also be employed to store information that describes various capabilities of client computer 200. The information may then be provided to another computer based on any of a variety of events, including being sent as part of a header during a communication, sent upon request, or the like. Data storage 208 may also be employed to store social networking information including address books, buddy lists, aliases, user profile information, user credentials, or the like. Further, data storage 208 may also store messages, web page content, or any of a variety of user generated content.
At least a portion of the information stored in data storage 208 may also be stored on another component of client computer 200, including, but not limited to processor readable storage media 230, a disk drive or other computer readable storage devices (not shown) within client computer 200. Further, at least a portion of data storage 208 may be used to store user (e.g. authentication, authorization and/or biometric) profile information 210 for one or more users and/or one or more authentication devices.
Processor readable storage media 230 may include volatile, non-transitive, non-transitory, non-volatile, removable, and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information, such as computer- or processor-readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data. Examples of computer readable storage media include RAM, ROM, Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-only Memory (EEPROM), flash memory or other memory technology, Compact Disc Read-only Memory (CD-ROM), digital versatile disks (DVD) or other optical storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other physical medium which can be used to store the desired information and which can be accessed by a computer. Processor readable storage media 230 may also be referred to herein as computer readable storage media and/or computer readable storage device.
Applications 214 may include computer executable instructions which, when executed by client computer 200, transmit, receive, and/or otherwise process network data. Network data may include, but is not limited to, messages (e.g. SMS, Multimedia Message Service (MMS), instant message (IM), email, and/or other messages), audio, video, and enable telecommunication with another user of another client computer. Applications 214 may include, for example, user (e.g. biometric) authentication application 216, enrollment application 218, other applications 220, or the like.
Other applications 220 may include a web browser. The web browser may include virtually any application configured to receive and display graphics, text, multimedia, messages, and the like, employing virtually any web based language. In one embodiment, the browser application is enabled to employ HDML, WML, WMLScript, JavaScript, SGML, HTML, XML, and the like, to display and send a message. However, any of a variety of other web-based programming languages may be employed. In one embodiment, the browser may enable a user of client computer 200 to communicate with another network computer, such as authentication server computer 116 as shown in
Other applications 220 may additionally include, but are not limited to, calendars, search programs, email clients, IM applications, SMS applications, voice over Internet Protocol (VOIP) applications, contact managers, task managers, transcoders, database programs, word processing programs, software development tools, security applications, spreadsheet programs, games, search programs, and so forth.
Network computer 300 includes processor 302, processor readable storage media 328, network interface unit 330, an input/output interface 332, hard disk drive 334, video display adapter 336, and memory 326, all in communication with each other via bus 338. In some embodiments, processor 302 may include one or more central processing units.
As illustrated in
Network computer 300 also comprises input/output interface 332 for communicating with external devices, such as a keyboard, or other input or output devices not shown in FIG. 3. Input/output interface 332 can utilize one or more communication technologies, such as USB, infrared, NFC, Bluetooth, or the like.
Memory 326 generally includes RAM 304, ROM 322 and one or more permanent mass storage devices, such as hard disk drive 334, tape drive, optical drive, and/or floppy disk drive. Memory 326 stores operating system 306 for controlling the operation of network computer 300. Any general-purpose operating system may be employed. Basic input/output system (BIOS) 324 is also provided for controlling the low-level operation of network computer 300.
Although illustrated separately, memory 326 may include processor readable storage media 328. Processor readable storage media 328 may be referred to and/or include computer readable media, computer readable storage media, and/or processor readable storage device. Processor readable storage media 328 may include volatile, non-volatile, non-transitory, non-transitive, removable, and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information, such as computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data. Examples of processor readable storage media include RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disks (DVD) or other optical storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other media which can be used to store the desired information and which can be accessed by a computer.
Memory 326 further includes one or more data storage 308, which can be utilized by network computer 300 to store, among other things, applications 314 and/or other data. For example, data storage 308 may also be employed to store information that describes various capabilities of network computer 300. The information may then be provided to another computer based on any of a variety of events, including being sent as part of a header during a communication, sent upon request, or the like. Data storage 308 may also be employed to store messages, web page content, or the like. At least a portion of the information may also be stored on another component of network computer 300, including, but not limited to processor readable storage media 328, hard disk drive 334, or other computer readable storage medias (not shown) within network computer 300.
Data storage 308 may include a database, text, spreadsheet, folder, file, or the like, that may be configured to maintain and store user account identifiers, user profiles, email addresses, IM addresses, and/or other network addresses; or the like. Data storage 308 may further include program code, data, algorithms, and the like, for use by a processor, such as processor 302 to execute and perform actions. In one embodiment, at least some of data store 308 might also be stored on another component of network computer 300, including, but not limited to processor-readable storage media 328, hard disk drive 334, or the like.
Data storage 308 may include user (e.g. authentication, authorization and/or biometric) profile information 312. In at least one of the various embodiments, user profile information 312 may include information, such as, one or more files, that include authentication (e.g. biometric) data for one or more users, or the like, used for authentications of wearable authentication devices. Also, in at least one of the various embodiments, data storage 308 may include authentication information 313 that may include information about users, access points, access control lists, or the like.
Applications 314 may include computer executable instructions, which may be loaded into mass memory and run on operating system 306. Examples of application programs may include transcoders, schedulers, calendars, database programs, word processing programs, Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) programs, customizable user interface programs, IPSec applications, encryption programs, security programs, SMS message servers, IM message servers, email servers, account managers, and so forth. Applications 314 may also include, enrollment application 320 for enrolling and/or activating authentication devices. Application mat also include registration application 321 for authenticating users by employing biometric information, authentication devices, additional conditions, or the like.
Website server 318 may represent any of a variety of information and services that are configured to provide content, including messages, over a network to another computer. Thus, website server 318 can include, for example, a web server, a File Transfer Protocol (FTP) server, a database server, a content server, email server, or the like. Website server 318 may provide the content including messages over the network using any of a variety of formats including, but not limited to WAP, HDML, WML, SGML, HTML, XML, Compact HTML (cHTML), Extensible HTML (xHTML), or the like.
In at least one of the various embodiments, a wearable authentication device, such as, authentication device 106 may be any device that may be employed, typically, worn or held, by a user and is capable of receiving authentication data as input, such as for example, offering a user input interface for the manual input of authentication data (username, password, code, PIN, etc.) and/or being operable to obtain a biometric signal or like input. Non-limiting examples of wearable authentication devices are a wristband, wristwatch, bracelet, necklace, ring, belt, glasses, clothing, hat, anklet, headband, chest harness or earring(s), or, in the context of a biometric device, any other item that is capable of obtaining a biometric signal. The wearable authentication device can also be incorporated into clothing. In another embodiment, the wearable authentication device may comprise multiple input interfaces so to access distinct authentication inputs (e.g. combined manual and biometric inputs, multiple biometric inputs, etc.).
While wearable authentication devices are contemplated in the illustrated embodiments, for at least one of the various embodiments, authentication devices within the scope of these innovations are not limited exclusively to wearable devices. In at least one of the various embodiments, authentication devices in non-wearable form factors may be considered to be within the scope of the innovations described herein. For example, a fixed authentication device embedded in a chair, desk, handle bar, or the like, or combination thereof. Likewise, authentication devices that may be held rather than worn are also contemplated to be within the scope of the innovations described herein. However, in the interest of clarity and brevity most of the discussion and examples presented herein are described in terms of wearable authentication devices. One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate the other authentication device form factors are within the scope of these innovations and are envisaged.
In at least one of the various embodiments, a user of a wearable authentication device may be authenticated with one or more biometric technologies or sensors that may capture biometric signals and/or data that represent biometric features that may be employed to uniquely identify the user. The uniqueness of a biometric feature may be directly related to the underlying inter-individual differences in a population. Some non-limiting examples of biometric data that may be employed to uniquely identify a user are gait, heart rate, galvanic skin response, temperature, fingerprint, voice or voiceprint, body electrical characteristic, body thermal characteristic, iris pattern, vein pattern, eye vein pattern, facial or other anatomical structure, electrocardiogram, photoplethysmogram, electromyogram, electroencephalogram, transient otoacoustic emissions, phonocardiogram, DNA, one or more chemical markers, one or more biochemical markers, skin-color variation or discoloration, or perspiration. In at least one of the various embodiments, authentication is performed by the authentication device. However, additionally or alternatively, authentication may be performed by an authorized registration application.
In at least one of the various embodiments, a physiological feature is also captured, not to identify a user (although this is also contemplated, with various degrees of weight given based on the uniqueness of the physiological signal for use as a secondary biometric feature type), but to determine whether the authentication data was received from a genuine living human being, and/or to determine whether the genuine living human from whom the authentication data was captured is wearing the authentication device.
For example, in some embodiments, an authentication process invoked by or via the device will be satisfied upon confirming authentication of the input authentication data and concurrent live user presence via the device's physiological feature. Such liver user presence confirmation may further or alternatively persist during use to confirm live user presence in maintaining user authorizations and otherwise revoke such authorizations if the physiological input is lost (e.g. if the device is removed from the user, or, vice-versa).
In some embodiments, as noted above, the user authentication interface and physiological sensor will be configured so to concurrently with the user during authentication, for example, where authentication data input requires user contact (e.g. fingerprint and/or data input) and where such contact invariably results in user contact with a complementary physiological sensor (e.g. probe, interface and/or contact thereof). It will, however, be appreciated that such concurrent user contact need not necessarily proceed through a common interface but rather, may require authentication and physiological interfaces to be closely disposed or arranged to facilitate concurrent or sequential contact. In some embodiments, a physiological signal may further require two concurrent physical contact points by a same genuine user, for example in the context of an ECG, which can be achieved in some embodiments, through a finger input interface and wrist interface in a wristband or likewise configured device.
For example, because an electrocardiogram requires two points of contact across the heart to be detected, an electrocardiogram (ECG) is used in at least one of the various embodiments to validate that a fingerprint (e.g. authenticating biometric data) is being captured by a wearer of an authentication device (e.g. as opposed to a fingerprint from a person standing next to the wearer). The ECG may also be used to defeat a replay attack by validating that the fingerprint is captured from a genuine living person, as opposed to a fingerprint mold intended to fool the authentication device. Both validations are accomplished by positioning one of the ECG sensors proximate to (e.g. adjacent to, on top of, around the bezel of, as part of, etc.) the fingerprint sensor, such that, in one embodiment, both biometric and physiological features are captured concurrently, from the same finger. Additionally or alternatively, authentication and physiological features may be captured sequentially, such that within a defined period of time chosen to prevent another person from substituting their finger, or in parallel. Additionally or alternatively, authentication and physiological features may be captured within a defined period of time such that the wearable authentication device has not detected the removal of the finger between captures. It will be appreciated that while biometric authentication is considered in the above-noted examples, other authentication mechanisms may also be considered to concurrently or sequentially benefit from physiological user presence confirmation. For instance, a user input interface for receiving as input manually entered authentication data (e.g. touch sensitive screen or interface) may double as or be juxtaposed to a physiological probe so to provide a similar effect.
Following from the above example, in one or more of the various embodiments, a second ECG sensor is positioned so as to contact the wrist of the wearer. In this way, an ECG signal is enabled to travel from the heart, through one arm, through one of the ECG sensors, out the other ECG sensor, through the other arm, and back to the heart. Without this electrical connection—e.g. if another person is providing the fingerprint or manual input, such that the ECG does not flow through the finger path of the user touching the authentication interface—the authentication device will determine that the authentication data is not being provided by the wearer of the authentication device. Similarly, if the electrical connection is distorted or in any way modified by the use of a fingerprint mold, for example, the ECG sensor will determine that the fingerprint is not being provided by the wearer of the authentication device.
Throughout this disclosure, and particularly with reference to the illustrative example presented above, for clarity and brevity, authentication features are predominantly discussed as biometric features, and more predominantly fingerprints, and physiological features are predominantly discussed as ECGs, but other types of authentication, and particularly biometric features may be considered, such as but not limited to finger-veins and galvanic skin responses, to name a few. For instance, in the context of the illustrative example provided above, biometric authentication feature may be any feature that is captured based on contact with the user, whereas a physiological feature may be any feature that can be captured, at least in part, using the same body part as is used to capture the biometric feature, and which can determine if the wearable authentication device is worn by the owner of that same body part. While fingerprint and ECG are discussed in greater detail below as options for providing authentication and liver user presence confirmation, such examples should not be considered to limit the general scope and nature of the present disclosure, but rather, merely serve as one example consistent with various embodiments of the present disclosure.
In at least one of the various embodiments, the wearable authentication device may include an onboard power source to enable the authentication device to perform the required functions, such as obtaining the authentication and/or physiological signals, transmitting and receiving these and related control signals, and in some embodiments, maintaining a detector for detecting the removal of the wearable authentication device, for example, such as an electronic continuity detector. Any power source known to the skilled person is acceptable, with non-limiting examples being battery, photovoltaic, kinetic, or microgenerator, thermal, piezo-electric generator, inductive charging, and wireless power transfer.
The wearable authentication device includes one or more radios/transceivers for transmitting and receiving communications. The one or more radios/transceivers may transmit and receive communications from systems installed at access points, e.g. transmitting authorization to gain access to one or more access points.
In one example, the wearable authentication device may incorporate a wireless connectivity module such as Bluetooth 4.0 Low Energy (BLE), Near-Field Communications (NFC), WiFi, or other wireless technology capable of transmitting and receiving functions. In one embodiment, a BLE radio may be used because it may consume significantly less power when communicating in short bursts. In this way, a battery or other power source used to power the wearable authentication device may have an extended life, in some cases on the order of multiple weeks.
In at least one of the various embodiments, the radios and/or transceivers may be used to transmit data during initialization and authentication, identify the user, and to establish a unique user profile associated with the user and the wearable authentication device. The same or other the radios and/or transceivers included in a wearable authentication device may also transmit and receive motion data, time of flight, signal strength, and proximity data in order to be aware of local access points. In at least one of the various embodiments, the radios and/or transceivers may also be used to receive a positive authentication message that puts the wearable device into an authenticated state, as well as to prompt the user of notification events.
In at least one of the various embodiments, the wearable authentication device may be arranged to include proximity sensors for sensing an access point (physical or logical), or an authorized application. In one embodiment, a feature of the Bluetooth 4.0 standard which may be used by radios and/or transceivers included in the authentication device. Also, in at least one of the various embodiments, the wearable authentication device may be configured to transmit a beacon signal along with the transmitting signal strength. Accordingly, the receiving device may use this information, along with the received signal strength, to estimate the proximity of the wearable authentication device. Non-limiting exemplary uses of the proximity data may include: only unlocking a device when the proximity is within a specified range, i.e., a door lock is only unlocked when the authorized user is within a certain distance, such as 50 cm; a “digital leash” which warns the user when a paired device is no longer within a certain proximity; revoke authorized access to a given resource upon the device moving beyond a designated authorization distance, zone or area, or the like.
In at least one of the various embodiments, in addition to being used to confirm that the person providing the fingerprint is wearing the wearable authentication device, as described above in one example, the wearable authentication device may utilize ECG biometric authentication as a secondary, confirmatory form of biometric authentication in addition to the primary authentication mechanism, e.g. fingerprint, finger-vein, etc. In at least one of the various embodiments, ECG biometric authentication technology may use unique features of a user's electrocardiogram (ECG) to create a highly personalized biometric signature for that individual Like other biometric characteristics, the ECG is universal, unique for every individual, and permanent over time. An ECG may be recorded for every living user, with no exclusion criteria. In addition, studies have shown that even though aspects of the ECG signal may get distorted with time and aging, the overall diacritical characteristics are observable. In the case of ECG, the uniqueness of the biometric feature is a result of several parameters of the cardiac function that control the waveforms. Electrophysiological variations of the myocardium such as the heart mass orientation and exact position, or the timing of depolarization and repolarization add to the idiosyncratic properties of every person's ECG waveforms.
In at least one of the various embodiments, one or more well-known ECG biometrics algorithms may analyze the overall pattern of the signal waveform rather than specific characteristics of the heart-beats and are therefore referred to as “fiducial-independent”. One of the core algorithms is referred to as the AC/LDA (Autocorrelation/Linear Discriminant Analysis) and has become a standard for the comparison of fiducial dependent and independent algorithms.
In at least one of the various embodiments, a number of mechanisms for initiation of ECG capture and authentication may be used. For example, the authentication device may be arranged to automatically sense when a top electrode is touched, such as using an embedded “lead on/off” detection system, optionally with notification of the lead status to the user. Additionally or alternatively, ECG capture is initiated in response to capturing primary authentication data, such as a fingerprint.
In at least one of the various embodiments, when biometric authentication is initiated through fingerprint, one or more images of a finger are captured and stored in a biometric profile 210. In one or more of the various embodiments, when authentication is performed by the registration application, the one or more images of the finger are transmitted to the registration application for processing and stored in biometric profile information 312. Similarly, once ECG capture and liveness validation are initiated, the single-channel filtered ECG data may be processed by the wearable authentication device and/or transmitted to the registration application for processing. In another embodiment, the images of the finger and ECG capture and liveness validation are processed and stored on the device.
Using a function within the registration application, biometric/user enrollment may be initiated, wherein the user touches the wearable authentication device, and then a biometric feature (e.g. a fingerprint, finger-vein) and an ECG are captured and processed by the wearable authentication device, and/or are transmitted to the registration application. This process may take as little as about 1 second and up to a few seconds, a minute, or a few minutes depending on the level of interaction with the user with the wearable authentication device and the type of authentication signals being obtained.
In at least one of the various embodiments, the user (e.g. biometric) profile may be created in a number of different ways. In one way, the biometric signal may be transmitted to a cloud service, where the processing is performed on the cloud servers to generate the biometric profile. Alternatively, the biometric signal may be processed on the registration application to generate the biometric profile.
In at least one of the various embodiments, once the biometric profile is created, it may be associated with a user and stored within a cloud service. Also, in at least one of the various embodiments, the biometric profile may be transmitted to the registration application or stored locally just on the device. In at least one of the various embodiments, the biometric profile may be stored on a wearable authentication device that is arranged to include the processing power required to authenticate the user. In another alternative, the processing for the creation of the biometric profile may be performed on the registration application or in the wearable authentication device itself.
In at least one of the various embodiments, the wearable authentication device may include one or more of: a CPU or system on a chip (SOC) which acts as the controller, a wireless transceiver, an antenna, audible and haptic feedback, and a user interface. The controller may be operative for controlling the overall operation of the wearable authentication device. The controller functionality may be implemented within, for example, one or more digital processing devices within the wearable authentication device. The wireless transceiver is operative for supporting wireless communication between the wearable authentication device and one or more other wireless entities including the AAD and wireless access points. In one embodiment, separate transceivers are provided within the wearable authentication device to support wireless communication between the wearable authentication device and other systems or devices. The wireless transceiver may also be coupled to one or more antennas to facilitate the transmission and reception of wireless signals. Any type of antenna(s) may be used including, for example, a dipole antenna, a patch antenna, a helical antenna, an antenna array, trace antenna, and/or others, including combinations of the above.
In at least one of the various embodiments, a user interface may be operative for providing an interface between a user and the wearable authentication device. The user interface of a authentication device may include structures such as, for example, a keyboard, a liquid crystal display (LCD), light emitting diode (LED), active-matrix organic light-emitting diode (AMOLED), passive-matrix organic light-emitting diode (PMOLED), capacitive touch screen, a speaker, a microphone, mouse, stylus, one or more physical or electronic buttons, and/or any other form of device or structure that enables a user to input information or commands to the wearable authentication device or receive information or a notification from the device.
In one embodiment, the controller may first determine if the wearable authentication device (and, therefore, the user) is within a predetermined distance or proximity to an access point. In one example, if the wearable authentication device is within proximity of an access point and the wearable authentication device transmits a control signal to the access point indicating that the user has been authenticated, the receiver at the access point may automatically enable access to the user. If the wearable authentication device later goes outside the predetermined distance from the access point, the access point may be locked. In one example, if the access point is a security protected desktop computer and the preauthorized user wearing their preauthorized wearable authentication device temporarily leaves her desk to go to lunch, the computer will automatically lock so that no one else may use it in the user's absence. Similarly, if the access point is a smartphone and the smartphone is inadvertently left somewhere by the user, or is stolen, the smartphone will automatically lock up and thus be unusable by an unauthorized party in possession thereof. When the user wearing the preauthorized wearable authentication device again comes within a predetermined distance of the smartphone, the smartphone will simply be unlocked without having to repeat the automatic log in procedure, assuming that the wearable authentication device remains preauthorized.
In at least one of the various embodiments, the wearable authentication device, no matter which type of authentication data is used for authentication, should be able to maintain contact with the user (e.g. via onboard physiological sensor) such that in the case that the wearable device is removed from the user, the wearable device will require re-initialization prior to authorizing access control. The purpose of maintaining contact of the wearable authentication device with the user is to ensure that an authorized authentication device cannot be transferred to a different user without requiring reauthorization. Accordingly, although skin or body contact is not required at all times while the wearable device is in its authenticated state, the wearable device should be on the user in such a way that removal of the wearable will put the wearable device back to its unauthenticated state. In the unauthenticated state, the wearable authentication device is not enabled to transmit a control signal to an access point. The security of at least some of the herein described embodiments depends on ensuring that removal of the wearable device from the user is reliably detected. Accordingly, the wearable authentication device may be arranged such that removal from the user's body may be easily detected.
In one particular embodiment, as a complement to or in the absence of a physiological sensor, the wearable device may comprise a sensored adjustable and/or openable clasp to assist the user with putting on and removing the wearable device while monitoring removal of the device form the user in authenticated use. For example, removal of the wearable device may be sensed by the wearable authentication device, for example, by opening the clasp, or again by cutting the band, or generally severing an electrical conduit such as an electronic continuity detector. One exemplary electronic continuity detector that may be used to detect device removal comprises a simple circuit within the wearable device that runs around the entire wrist and is broken when the clasp is opened or the band is cut. Other types of device removal detection may be used, for example, including disruption in skin contact detection by way of conductivity, heat flux, galvanic skin response or motion, or periodic or continuous biometric signal detection. Yet other non-limiting examples of device removal detection embodiments may include pulse detection, skin temperature detection, ambient temperature detection, blood flow detection, pressure detection, ambient light detection, electromagnetic field detection, respiration detection, heart rate detection, electrocardiogram detection, photoplethysmogram detection, electromyogram detection, electroencephalogram detection, near infra-red detection, skin-color detection, close magnetic contact detection, and mechanical switch detection.
In at least one of the various embodiments, additional sensors may be incorporated into the device to obtain additional biometric or environmental readings. Some non-limiting examples of an additional sensor are motion sensor, proximity sensor, barometric sensor, pressure sensor, thermometer, microphone, near infrared sensor, light sensor, GPS sensor, capacitive sensor, gyroscope, manometer, camera, humidity sensor, hall sensor, galvanic skin sensor, photoplethysmogram sensor, electroencephalogram sensor, electromyogram sensor, blood flow sensor, bioimpedance sensor, otoacoustic emission sensor, optical sensor, altimeter sensor or UV light sensor. These additional sensors may provide one or more contextual signals such as the location of the wearable device and/or proximity to trusted environments.
In at least one of the various embodiments, a wearable authentication device may comprise one or more motion sensors that may be used for a variety of purposes, including but not limited to, user input (e.g., tap detection), activity tracking (e.g., pedometer, sports, fitness, etc.), gesture recognition, or the like. In one embodiment, a wearable authentication device may incorporate a six-axis motion sensor using an integrated accelerometer and gyroscope or a 9-axis motion sensor using integrated accelerometer, gyroscope, and magnetometer application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC). Embedded motion sensors may also be utilized for simple gesture recognition to indicate user intent, such as for example gestures may be used to distinguish between user intents to unlocking different locks on an automobile, such as, the driver door, passenger door, the trunk, or the like. In this way, computational requirements on the wearable authentication device may be kept at a minimum.
In at least one of the various embodiments, the wearable authentication device may be arranged to include notification devices and procedures to alert the user of one or more notification events. Some non-limiting examples of these include one or more notification LEDs and/or a vibration motor. A notification event may be an event detected by the wearable authentication device that the user should be aware of. These events may include: when the wearable device has been put into an authenticated state; when the wearable authentication device is communicating with other devices; when the wearable device is sensing motion; and/or when some event has occurred on a paired device, such as receiving an email or text. A paired device may be any device or system that interacts with the wearable authentication device.
In at least one of the various embodiments, the wearable device may also comprise other components such as a display screen, input devices (such as, for example, button, switch, keypad or touchscreen), timepiece/timers, tracking or global positioning (GPS) detector activity, or physiology or emotion tracking. In at least one of the various embodiments, authentication device may be arranged to indicate proximity to other devices. In at least one of the various embodiments, wearable authentication devices may be arranged to include additional electronics for storing data for access and use not related to the presently described security system.
In at least one of the various embodiments, clasp sensor 408, may be arranged to determine if the clasp, or other securing mechanism, is opened or closed. In at least one of the various embodiments, an opened clasp may indicate that the authentication device may be separated from its authenticated user. Accordingly, for example, the authentication device may be arranged to automatically reset or otherwise de-authenticate itself if clasp sensor 408 indicates that the authentication device is removed from the wearer. Further, removal of the wearable device may be sensed by the wearable authentication device for example, by opening the clasp, cutting the band, or generally severing an electrical conduit such as an electronic continuity detector. One exemplary electronic continuity detector that may be used to detect device removal comprises of a simple circuit within the wearable device that runs around the entire wrist and is broken when the clasp is opened or the band is cut. Other types of device removal detection may be used, for example, including disruption in physiological signal such as skin contact detection by way of conductivity, heat flux, galvanic skin response or motion, or periodic or continuous biometric signal detection. Yet other non-limiting examples of device removal detection embodiments include physiological tests such as pulse detection, skin temperature detection, blood flow detection, pressure detection, electromagnetic field detection, respiration detection, heart rate detection, electrocardiogram detection, photoplethysmogram detection, electromyogram detection, electroencephalogram detection, near infra-red detection, skin-color detection, close magnetic contact detection, and/or non-physiological tests such as mechanical switch detection, ambient temperature detection, ambient light detection, etc.
In at least one of the various embodiments, as discussed above, authentication device 402 may be arranged to communicate with various devices, such as, access points, authentication servers and cloud services, or the like, or combination thereof. In at least one of the various embodiments, high bandwidth radio 410 may include radios for communication using high bandwidth mechanisms such as Wi-Fi, or the like. Low bandwidth radio 412 may represent components for communicating using low-power, shorter range radio systems such as, Bluetooth, Bluetooth Low Energy, NFC, RFID, or the like, or combination thereof. Further, in at least one of the various embodiments, these radios may be coupled to one or more antennas to facilitate the transmission and reception of wireless signals. Any type of antenna(s) may be used including, for example, a dipole antenna, a patch antenna, a helical antenna, an antenna array, trace antenna, and/or others, including combinations of the above.
In at least one of the various embodiments, RAM 414 may be non-volatile and/or volatile random access memory for storing information for operation of authentication device 402. In at least one of the various embodiments, all or portions of the contents of RAM 414 may be erased if the authentication device is removed of its wearer. Likewise, in at least one of the various embodiments, ROM 416 may contain data and/or instructions for the operation of the authentication device. In at least one of the various embodiments, ROM 416 may be “flashable,” enabling it to be updated with system updates provided by a registration application or a biometric server service.
In at least one of the various embodiments, secure memory 418 may be a hardened tamper resistant memory device that is resistant to physical tampering. In at least one of the various embodiments, sensitive information such as cryptographic keys, biometric profiles derived from captured biometric features, and the like may be stored in secure memory 418.
In at least one of the various embodiments, authentication device 402 may be arranged to include CPU or System-on-a-Chip (SOC) for controller the operations of the authentication device. The performance capability of CPU/SOC 420 may vary depending on how much processing authentication device 402 is intended to perform.
In at least one of the various embodiments, GPS transceiver 422 may represent the radios, hardware, and instructions (e.g., software) for receiving geo-location. GPS transceiver 422 may determine the physical coordinates of authentication device 402 on the surface of the Earth. GPS transceiver 422 typically outputs a location as latitude and longitude values. However, GPS transceiver 422 may also employ other geo-positioning mechanisms, including, but not limited to, triangulation, assisted GPS (AGPS), Enhanced Observed Time Difference (E-OTD), Cell Identifier (CI), Service Area Identifier (SAI), Enhanced Timing Advance (ETA), Base Station Subsystem (BSS), or the like, to further determine the physical location of authentication device 402 on the surface of the Earth. It is understood that under different conditions, GPS transceiver 422 may determine a physical location within millimeters for authentication device 402; and in other cases, the determined physical location may be less precise, such as within a meter or significantly greater distances.
In at least one of the various embodiments, additional sensors, such as motion/proximity sensor(s) 424, can be included, as further described below, to support user presence and proximity functions and features for example, in tracking a user presence status (e.g. arriving, present, departing) and automatically recognizing an intended departure to automatically initiate and/or support authorized access termination. These may include one or more sensor systems for acquiring motion-related data including, but not limited to, an accelerometer, motion sensor, step counter, proximity sensor, (near) IR sensor, GPS, gyroscope, capacitive sensors and/or the like, as well as, or otherwise, one or more ranging-related (proximity) sensors as may be amenable to compute or evaluate a wireless device range or proximity based on wireless signal strength, time-of-flight, or the like. Additional sensors may further include, but are not limited to, barometric sensors, pressure sensors, thermometers, microphones, near infrared sensors, light sensors, capacitive sensors, gyroscopes, manometers, cameras, humidity sensors, hall sensors, galvanic skin sensors, photoplethysmogram sensors, electroencephalogram sensors, electromyogram sensors, blood flow sensors, bioimpedance sensors, otoacoustic emission sensors, optical sensors, altimeter sensors, UV light sensors, or the like.
In at least one of the various embodiments, as discussed above, authentication device 402 may be arranged to include a variety of biometric and/or physiological sensors and probes for detecting, sensing, and/or sampling a variety of biometric and/or physiological signals from the wearer. ECG sensors 426 represent one or more sensors for detecting, sensing, and/or sampling ECG information as described above. Fingerprint sensor 427, depicted adjacent to ECG sensor 426 to indicate a physical proximity on the physical device, represents a sensor for scanning fingerprints, as described above. Likewise, biometric sensors 428 represent one or more sensors for detecting, sensing, and/or sampling other biometric information as described above. In some embodiments, sensors may be comprised of one or more probes, contacts, or the like. In some embodiments, one or more probes or contacts, represented by probes 436, may be used for to collect signals for more than one sensor.
In at least one of the various embodiments, ECG sensor 426 may be adjacent to, surrounding, internal to, integrated with, and/or otherwise close enough to fingerprint sensor 427 that a user may easily place a finger on probes for both sensors at the same time. In another of the various embodiments, probes for ECG sensor 426 may be located next to/integrated with one or more probes for fingerprint sensor 427 such that it is difficult if not impossible to selectively activate one sensor but not the other, and such that it is difficult if not impossible for two fingers, each from different people, to individually be captured by the different sensors.
In one or more of the various embodiments, one or more probes or other components may be shared by two or more sensors. For example, in some embodiments, a sensor for detecting body temperature, heart rate, ECGs, or the like, may be arranged to share the same probe.
In at least one of the various embodiments, biometric sensor 402 may be arranged to include a variety of components for interacting with the wearer. Vibration motor 430 may enable the authentication device to vibrate to notify the wearer of various changes in state, or the like (as discussed above). Likewise, user interface 432 may comprise elements that enable a user to provide input to the authentication device or for receiving output from the authentication device as discussed above, including biometric data that may be employed to uniquely identify a user, such as gait, heart rate, galvanic skin response, temperature, fingerprint, voice or voiceprint, body electrical characteristic, body thermal characteristic, iris pattern, vein pattern, eye vein pattern, facial or other anatomical structure, electrocardiogram, photoplethysmogram, electromyogram, electroencephalogram, transient otoacoustic emissions, phonocardiogram, DNA, one or more chemical markers, one or more biochemical markers, skin-color variation or discolouration, perspiration, or the like. Also, in at least one of the various embodiments, user interface 432 may include a key pad, buttons, LED's microphone (for voice commands), or the like, or combination thereof.
Also, in at least one of the various embodiments, power source 434 may be arranged to provide power of operating authentication device 402. Power source 434 may include various batteries, storage cells, power adapters, chargers, or the like, as well as, power sources such as, photovoltaic, kinetic, or microgenerator, thermal, piezo-electric generator, inductive charging, and wireless power transfer or the like, or combination thereof.
One or ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that authentication device 402 is a non-limiting example of an authentication device that is in accordance at least one of the various embodiments. Even though authentication device 402 represents a wristband wearable authentication device, authentication devices within the scope of these innovation may be arranged in other form factors, such as those discussed above.
Further, in at least one of the various embodiments, some or all of components described in
In at least one of the various embodiments, because probe 514 and probe 516 are arranged to enable the user to simultaneously contact both probes with the same finger of his or her opposite hand (the hand not wearing the authentication device). Accordingly, while the user's fingertip is in contact with both probes at the same time, probe 514 captures the user's fingerprint information and probe 516 acts as a conductive contact.
In at least one of the various embodiments, probe 518 is arranged to contact the skin of the user's wrist that is wearing the authentication device. Accordingly, a circuit may be made from one hand to the other, enabling ECG signals to be captured through the probes and provided to an ECG sensor, such as, ECG sensor 426, concurrent with a fingerprint of the same finger being captured. Note, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that other sensor arrangements may be employed. Further, more or fewer sensors may be arranged in different positions—however, the arrangement disclosed in
In at least one of the various embodiments, because probe 514 and probe 516 are arranged to enable the user to simultaneously contact both probes with the same finger of his or her opposite hand (the hand not wearing the authentication device). Accordingly, while the user's fingertip is in contact with both probes at the same time, probe 514 captures the user's fingerprint information and probe 516 acts as a conductive contact.
In at least one of the various embodiments, probe 518 (not visible in
Again, one or ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that authentication devices 502/512 are non-limiting examples of authentication devices that are in accordance at least some of the various embodiments. Even though authentication devices 502/512 represent wristband wearable authentication devices, authentication devices within the scope of these innovation may be arranged in other form factors, such as those discussed above.
Further, in at least one of the various embodiments, some or all of components described in
A general operation and implementation of the herein described embodiments, namely of their various functions, features and processes, are further described in co-pending Canadian Patent Application No. 2,992,333, the entire contents of which are hereby again incorporated herein by reference. The person of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that these and other features and/or functions may be considered herein, without departing from the general scope and nature of the present disclosure.
As noted above, in at least one of the various embodiments, a wearable device may be arranged to omit features and components related to biometric sensors, biometric signals, or the like. In such embodiments, the preauthorization and/or authentication of the device may be based on non-biometric security factors. However, in the interest of brevity, the term biometric device is used throughout this description even though some wearable devices may be arranged to omit biometric features for authentication and/or preauthorization.
It will be understood that each block of flowchart illustrations, and combinations of blocks in flowchart illustrations, may be implemented by computer program instructions. These program instructions may be provided to a processor to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute on the processor, create means for implementing the actions specified in a flowchart block or blocks. The computer program instructions may be executed by a processor to cause a series of operational steps to be performed by the processor to produce a computer-implemented process such that the instructions, which execute on the processor to provide steps for implementing the actions specified in a flowchart block or blocks. The computer program instructions may also cause at least some of the operational steps shown in blocks of a flowchart to be performed in parallel. These program instructions may be stored on some type of machine-readable storage media, such as processor readable non-transitive storage media, or the like. Moreover, some of the steps may also be performed across more than one processor, such as might arise in a multi-processor computer system. In addition, one or more blocks or combinations of blocks in a flowchart illustration may also be performed concurrently with other blocks or combinations of blocks, or even in a different sequence than illustrated without departing from the general scope or spirit of the present disclosure.
Accordingly, blocks of a flowchart illustration support combinations of means for performing the specified actions, combinations of steps for performing the specified actions and program instruction means for performing the specified actions. It will also be understood that each block of a flowchart illustration, and combinations of blocks in a flowchart illustration, may be implemented by special purpose hardware-based systems, which perform the specified actions or steps, or combinations of special purpose hardware and computer instructions. The foregoing examples should not be construed as limiting and/or exhaustive, but rather, as illustrative use cases to show implementations of at least one of the various embodiments.
While the present disclosure describes various embodiments for illustrative purposes, such description is not intended to be limited to such embodiments. On the contrary, the applicant's teachings described and illustrated herein encompass various alternatives, modifications, and equivalents, without departing from the embodiments, the general scope of which is defined in the appended claims. Except to the extent necessary or inherent in the processes themselves, no particular order to steps or stages of methods or processes described in this disclosure is intended or implied. In many cases the order of process steps may be varied without changing the purpose, effect, or import of the methods described.
Information as herein shown and described in detail is fully capable of attaining the above-described object of the present disclosure, the presently preferred embodiment of the present disclosure, and is, thus, representative of the subject matter which is broadly contemplated by the present disclosure. The scope of the present disclosure fully encompasses other embodiments which may become apparent to those skilled in the art, and is to be limited, accordingly, by nothing other than the appended claims, wherein any reference to an element being made in the singular is not intended to mean “one and only one” unless explicitly so stated, but rather “one or more.” All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the above-described preferred embodiment and additional embodiments as regarded by those of ordinary skill in the art are hereby expressly incorporated by reference and are intended to be encompassed by the present claims. Moreover, no requirement exists for a system or method to address each and every problem sought to be resolved by the present disclosure, for such to be encompassed by the present claims. Furthermore, no element, component, or method step in the present disclosure is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether the element, component, or method step is explicitly recited in the claims. However, that various changes and modifications in form, material, work-piece, and fabrication material detail may be made, without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure, as set forth in the appended claims, as may be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art, are also encompassed by the disclosure.
