User-worn device for noninvasively measuring a physiological parameter of a user

Description

BACKGROUND

The standard of care in caregiver environments includes patient monitoring through spectroscopic analysis using, for example, a pulse oximeter. Devices capable of spectroscopic analysis generally include a light source(s) transmitting optical radiation into or reflecting off a measurement site, such as, body tissue carrying pulsing blood. After attenuation by tissue and fluids of the measurement site, a photodetection device(s) detects the attenuated light and outputs a detector signal(s) responsive to the detected attenuated light. A signal processing device(s) process the detector(s) signal(s) and outputs a measurement indicative of a blood constituent of interest, such as glucose, oxygen, methemoglobin, total hemoglobin, other physiological parameters, or other data or combinations of data useful in determining a state or trend of wellness of a patient.

In noninvasive devices and methods, a sensor is often adapted to position a finger proximate the light source and light detector. For example, noninvasive sensors often include a clothespin-shaped housing that includes a contoured bed conforming generally to the shape of a finger.

SUMMARY

This disclosure describes embodiments of noninvasive methods, devices, and systems for measuring a blood constituent or analyte, such as oxygen, carbon monoxide, methemoglobin, total hemoglobin, glucose, proteins, glucose, lipids, a percentage thereof (e.g., saturation) or for measuring many other physiologically relevant patient characteristics. These characteristics can relate, for example, to pulse rate, hydration, trending information and analysis, and the like.

In an embodiment, the system includes a noninvasive sensor and a patient monitor communicating with the noninvasive sensor. The non-invasive sensor may include different architectures to implement some or all of the disclosed features. In addition, an artisan will recognize that the non-invasive sensor may include or may be coupled to other components, such as a network interface, and the like. Moreover, the patient monitor may include a display device, a network interface communicating with any one or combination of a computer network, a handheld computing device, a mobile phone, the Internet, or the like. In addition, embodiments may include multiple optical sources that emit light at a plurality of wavelengths and that are arranged from the perspective of the light detector(s) as a point source.

In an embodiment, a noninvasive device is capable of producing a signal responsive to light attenuated by tissue at a measurement site. The device may comprise an optical source and a plurality of photodetectors. The optical source is configured to emit optical radiation at least at wavelengths between about 1600 nm and about 1700 nm. The photodetectors are configured to detect the optical radiation from said optical source after attenuation by the tissue of the measurement site and each output a respective signal stream responsive to the detected optical radiation.

In an embodiment, a noninvasive, physiological sensor is capable of outputting a signal responsive to a blood analyte present in a monitored patient. The sensor may comprise a sensor housing, an optical source, and photodetectors. The optical source is positioned by the housing with respect to a tissue site of a patient when said housing is applied to the patient. The photodetectors are positioned by the housing with respect to said tissue site when the housing is applied to the patient with a variation in path length among at least some of the photodetectors from the optical source. The photodetectors are configured to detect a sequence of optical radiation from the optical source after attenuation by tissue of the tissue site. The photodetectors may be each configured to output a respective signal stream responsive to the detected sequence of optical radiation. An output signal responsive to one or more of the signal streams is then usable to determine the blood analyte based at least in part on the variation in path length.

In an embodiment, a method of measuring an analyte based on multiple streams of optical radiation measured from a measurement site is provided. A sequence of optical radiation pulses is emitted to the measurement site. At a first location, a first stream of optical radiation is detected from the measurement site. At least at one additional location different from the first location, an additional stream of optical radiation is detected from the measurement site. An output measurement value indicative of the analyte is then determined based on the detected streams of optical radiation.

In various embodiments, the present disclosure relates to an interface for a noninvasive sensor that comprises a front-end adapted to receive an input signals from optical detectors and provide corresponding output signals. In an embodiment, the front-end is comprised of switched-capacitor circuits that are capable of handling multiple streams of signals from the optical detectors. In another embodiment, the front-end comprises transimpedance amplifiers that are capable of handling multiple streams of input signals. In addition, the transimpedance amplifiers may be configured based on the characteristics of the transimpedance amplifier itself, the characteristics of the photodiodes, and the number of photodiodes coupled to the transimpedance amplifier.

In disclosed embodiments, the front-ends are employed in noninvasive sensors to assist in measuring and detecting various analytes. The disclosed noninvasive sensor may also include, among other things, emitters and detectors positioned to produce multi-stream sensor information. An artisan will recognize that the noninvasive sensor may have different architectures and may include or be coupled to other components, such as a display device, a network interface, and the like. An artisan will also recognize that the front-ends may be employed in any type of noninvasive sensor.

In an embodiment, a front-end interface for a noninvasive, physiological sensor comprises: a set of inputs configured to receive signals from a plurality of detectors in the sensor; a set of transimpedance amplifiers configured to convert the signals from the plurality of detectors into an output signal having a stream for each of the plurality of detectors; and an output configured to provide the output signal.

In an embodiment, a front-end interface for a noninvasive, physiological sensor comprises: a set of inputs configured to receive signals from a plurality of detectors in the sensor; a set of switched capacitor circuits configured to convert the signals from the plurality of detectors into a digital output signal having a stream for each of the plurality of detectors; and an output configured to provide the digital output signal.

In an embodiment, a conversion processor for a physiological, noninvasive sensor comprises: a multi-stream input configured to receive signals from a plurality of detectors in the sensor, wherein the signals are responsive to optical radiation from a tissue site; a modulator that converts the multi-stream input into a digital bit-stream; and a signal processor that produces an output signal from the digital bit-stream.

In an embodiment, a front-end interface for a noninvasive, physiological sensor comprises: a set of inputs configured to receive signals from a plurality of detectors in the sensor; a set of respective transimpedance amplifiers for each detector configured to convert the signals from the plurality of detectors into an output signal having a stream for each of the plurality of detectors; and an output configured to provide the output signal.

In certain embodiments, a noninvasive sensor interfaces with tissue at a measurement site and deforms the tissue in a way that increases signal gain in certain desired wavelengths.

In some embodiments, a detector for the sensor may comprise a set of photodiodes that are arranged in a spatial configuration. This spatial configuration may allow, for example, signal analysis for measuring analytes like glucose. In various embodiments, the detectors can be arranged across multiple locations in a spatial configuration. The spatial configuration provides a geometry having a diversity of path lengths among the detectors. For example, the detector in the sensor may comprise multiple detectors that are arranged to have a sufficient difference in mean path length to allow for noise cancellation and noise reduction.

In an embodiment, a physiological, noninvasive detector is configured to detect optical radiation from a tissue site. The detector comprises a set of photodetectors and a conversion processor. The set of photodetectors each provide a signal stream indicating optical radiation from the tissue site. The set of photodetectors are arranged in a spatial configuration that provides a variation in path lengths between at least some of the photodetectors. The conversion processor that provides information indicating an analyte in the tissue site based on ratios of pairs of the signal streams.

The present disclosure, according to various embodiments, relates to noninvasive methods, devices, and systems for measuring a blood analyte, such as glucose. In the present disclosure, blood analytes are measured noninvasively based on multi-stream infrared and near-infrared spectroscopy. In some embodiments, an emitter may include one or more sources that are configured as a point optical source. In addition, the emitter may be operated in a manner that allows for the measurement of an analyte like glucose. In embodiments, the emitter may comprise a plurality of LEDs that emit a sequence of pulses of optical radiation across a spectrum of wavelengths. In addition, in order to achieve the desired SNR for detecting analytes like glucose, the emitter may be driven using a progression from low power to higher power. The emitter may also have its duty cycle modified to achieve a desired SNR.

In an embodiment, a multi-stream emitter for a noninvasive, physiological device configured to transmit optical radiation in a tissue site comprises: a set of optical sources arranged as a point optical source; and a driver configured to drive the at least one light emitting diode and at least one optical source to transmit near-infrared optical radiation at sufficient power to measure an analyte in tissue that responds to near-infrared optical radiation.

In an embodiment, an emitter for a noninvasive, physiological device configured to transmit optical radiation in a tissue site comprises: a point optical source comprising an optical source configured to transmit infrared and near-infrared optical radiation to a tissue site; and a driver configured to drive the point optical source at a sufficient power and noise tolerance to effectively provide attenuated optical radiation from a tissue site that indicates an amount of glucose in the tissue site.

In an embodiment, a method of transmitting a stream of pulses of optical radiation in a tissue site is provided. At least one pulse of infrared optical radiation having a first pulse width is transmitted at a first power. At least one pulse of near-infrared optical radiation is transmitted at a power that is higher than the first power.

In an embodiment, a method of transmitting a stream of pulses of optical radiation in a tissue site is provided. At least one pulse of infrared optical radiation having a first pulse width is transmitted at a first power. At least one pulse of near-infrared optical radiation is then transmitted, at a second power that is higher than the first power.

For purposes of summarizing the disclosure, certain aspects, advantages and novel features of the inventions have been described herein. It is to be understood that not necessarily all such advantages can be achieved in accordance with any particular embodiment of the inventions disclosed herein. Thus, the inventions disclosed herein can be embodied or carried out in a manner that achieves or optimizes one advantage or group of advantages as taught herein without necessarily achieving other advantages as can be taught or suggested herein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Throughout the drawings, reference numbers can be re-used to indicate correspondence between referenced elements. The drawings are provided to illustrate embodiments of the inventions described herein and not to limit the scope thereof.

FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram of an example data collection system capable of noninvasively measuring one or more blood analytes in a monitored patient, according to an embodiment of the disclosure;

FIGS. 2A-2D illustrate an exemplary handheld monitor and an exemplary noninvasive optical sensor of the patient monitoring system of FIG. 1, according to embodiments of the disclosure;

FIGS. 3A-3C illustrate side and perspective views of an exemplary noninvasive sensor housing including a finger bed protrusion and heat sink, according to an embodiment of the disclosure;

FIG. 3D illustrates a side view of another example noninvasive sensor housing including a heat sink, according to an embodiment of the disclosure;

FIG. 3E illustrates a perspective view of an example noninvasive sensor detector shell including example detectors, according to an embodiment of the disclosure;

FIG. 3F illustrates a side view of an example noninvasive sensor housing including a finger bed protrusion and heat sink, according to an embodiment of the disclosure;

FIGS. 4A through 4C illustrate top elevation, side and top perspective views of an example protrusion, according to an embodiment of the disclosure;

FIG. 5 illustrates an example graph depicting possible effects of a protrusion on light transmittance, according to an embodiment of the disclosure;

FIGS. 6A through 6D illustrate perspective, front elevation, side and top views of another example protrusion, according to an embodiment of the disclosure;

FIG. 6E illustrates an example sensor incorporating the protrusion of FIGS. 6A through 6D, according to an embodiment of the disclosure;

FIGS. 7A through 7B illustrate example arrangements of conductive glass that may be employed in the system of FIG. 1, according to embodiments of the disclosure;

FIGS. 8A through 8D illustrate an example top elevation view, side views, and a bottom elevation view of the conductive glass that may be employed in the system of FIG. 1, according to embodiments of the disclosure;

FIG. 9 shows example comparative results obtained by an embodiment of a sensor;

FIGS. 10A and 10B illustrate comparative noise floors of various embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 11A illustrates an exemplary emitter that may be employed in the sensor, according to an embodiment of the disclosure;

FIG. 11B illustrates a configuration of emitting optical radiation into a measurement site for measuring blood constituents, according to an embodiment of the disclosure;

FIG. 11C illustrates another exemplary emitter that may be employed in the sensor according to an embodiment of the disclosure;

FIG. 11D illustrates another exemplary emitter that may be employed in the sensor according to an embodiment of the disclosure;

FIG. 12A illustrates an example detector portion that may be employed in an embodiment of a sensor, according to an embodiment of the disclosure;

FIGS. 12B through 12D illustrate exemplary arrangements of detectors that may be employed in an embodiment of the sensor, according to some embodiments of the disclosure;

FIGS. 12E through 12H illustrate exemplary structures of photodiodes that may be employed in embodiments of the detectors, according to some embodiments of the disclosure;

FIG. 13 illustrates an example multi-stream operation of the system of FIG. 1, according to an embodiment of the disclosure;

FIG. 14A illustrates another example detector portion having a partially cylindrical protrusion that can be employed in an embodiment of a sensor, according to an embodiment of the disclosure;

FIG. 14B depicts a front elevation view of the partially cylindrical protrusion of FIG. 14A;

FIGS. 14C through 14E illustrate embodiments of a detector submount;

FIGS. 14F through 14H illustrate embodiment of portions of a detector shell;

FIG. 14I illustrates a cutaway view of an embodiment of a sensor;

FIGS. 15A through 15F illustrate embodiments of sensors that include heat sink features;

FIGS. 15G and 15H illustrate embodiments of connector features that can be used with any of the sensors described herein;

FIG. 15I illustrates an exemplary architecture for a transimpedance-based front-end that may be employed in any of the sensors described herein;

FIG. 15J illustrates an exemplary noise model for configuring the transimpedance-based front-ends shown in FIG. 15I;

FIG. 15K shows different architectures and layouts for various embodiments of a sensor and its detectors;

FIG. 15L illustrates an exemplary architecture for a switched-capacitor-based front-end that may be employed in any of the sensors described herein;

FIGS. 16A and 16B illustrate embodiments of disposable optical sensors;

FIG. 17 illustrates an exploded view of certain components of an example sensor; and

FIGS. 18 through 22 illustrate various results obtained by an exemplary sensor of the disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present disclosure generally relates to non-invasive medical devices. In the present disclosure, a sensor can measure various blood constituents or analytes noninvasively using multi-stream spectroscopy. In an embodiment, the multi-stream spectroscopy can employ visible, infrared and near infrared wavelengths. As disclosed herein, the sensor is capable of noninvasively measuring blood analytes or percentages thereof (e.g., saturation) based on various combinations of features and components.

In various embodiments, the present disclosure relates to an interface for a noninvasive glucose sensor that comprises a front-end adapted to receive an input signals from optical detectors and provide corresponding output signals. The front-end may comprise, among other things, switched capacitor circuits or transimpedance amplifiers. In an embodiment, the front-end may comprise switched capacitor circuits that are configured to convert the output of sensor's detectors into a digital signal. In another embodiment, the front-end may comprise transimpedance amplifiers. These transimpedance amplifiers may be configured to match one or more photodiodes in a detector based on a noise model that accounts for characteristics, such as the impedance, of the transimpedance amplifier, characteristics of each photodiode, such as the impedance, and the number of photodiodes coupled to the transimpedance amplifier.

In the present disclosure, the front-ends are employed in a sensor that measures various blood analytes noninvasively using multi-stream spectroscopy. In an embodiment, the multi-stream spectroscopy can employ visible, infrared and near infrared wavelengths. As disclosed herein, the sensor is capable of noninvasively measuring blood analytes, such as glucose, total hemoglobin, methemoglobin, oxygen content, and the like, based on various combinations of features and components.

In an embodiment, a physiological sensor includes a detector housing that can be coupled to a measurement site, such as a patient's finger. The sensor housing can include a curved bed that can generally conform to the shape of the measurement site. In addition, the curved bed can include a protrusion shaped to increase an amount of light radiation from the measurement site. In an embodiment, the protrusion is used to thin out the measurement site. This allows the light radiation to pass through less tissue, and accordingly is attenuated less. In an embodiment, the protrusion can be used to increase the area from which attenuated light can be measured. In an embodiment, this is done through the use of a lens which collects attenuated light exiting the measurement site and focuses onto one or more detectors. The protrusion can advantageously include plastic, including a hard opaque plastic, such as a black or other colored plastic, helpful in reducing light noise. In an embodiment, such light noise includes light that would otherwise be detected at a photodetector that has not been attenuated by tissue of the measurement site of a patient sufficient to cause the light to adequately included information indicative of one or more physiological parameters of the patient. Such light noise includes light piping.

In an embodiment, the protrusion can be formed from the curved bed, or can be a separate component that is positionable with respect to the bed. In an embodiment, a lens made from any appropriate material is used as the protrusion. The protrusion can be convex in shape. The protrusion can also be sized and shaped to conform the measurement site into a flat or relatively flat surface. The protrusion can also be sized to conform the measurement site into a rounded surface, such as, for example, a concave or convex surface. The protrusion can include a cylindrical or partially cylindrical shape. The protrusion can be sized or shaped differently for different types of patients, such as an adult, child, or infant. The protrusion can also be sized or shaped differently for different measurement sites, including, for example, a finger, toe, hand, foot, ear, forehead, or the like. The protrusion can thus be helpful in any type of noninvasive sensor. The external surface of the protrusion can include one or more openings or windows. The openings can be made from glass to allow attenuated light from a measurement site, such as a finger, to pass through to one or more detectors. Alternatively, some of all of the protrusion can be a lens, such as a partially cylindrical lens.

The sensor can also include a shielding, such as a metal enclosure as described below or embedded within the protrusion to reduce noise. The shielding can be constructed from a conductive material, such as copper, in the form of a metal cage or enclosure, such as a box. The shielding can include a second set of one or more openings or windows. The second set of openings can be made from glass and allow light that has passed through the first set of windows of the external surface of the protrusion to pass through to one or more detectors that can be enclosed, for example, as described below.

In various embodiments, the shielding can include any substantially transparent, conductive material placed in the optical path between an emitter and a detector. The shielding can be constructed from a transparent material, such as glass, plastic, and the like. The shielding can have an electrically conductive material or coating that is at least partially transparent. The electrically conductive coating can be located on one or both sides of the shielding, or within the body of the shielding. In addition, the electrically conductive coating can be uniformly spread over the shielding or may be patterned. Furthermore, the coating can have a uniform or varying thickness to increase or optimize its shielding effect. The shielding can be helpful in virtually any type of noninvasive sensor that employs spectroscopy.

In an embodiment, the sensor can also include a heat sink. In an embodiment, the heat sink can include a shape that is functional in its ability to dissipate excess heat and aesthetically pleasing to the wearer. For example, the heat sink can be configured in a shape that maximizes surface area to allow for greater dissipation of heat. In an embodiment, the heat sink includes a metalicized plastic, such as plastic including carbon and aluminum to allow for improved thermal conductivity and diffusivity. In an embodiment, the heat sink can advantageously be inexpensively molded into desired shapes and configurations for aesthetic and functional purposes. For example, the shape of the heat sink can be a generally curved surface and include one or more fins, undulations, grooves or channels, or combs.

The sensor can include photocommunicative components, such as an emitter, a detector, and other components. The emitter can include a plurality of sets of optical sources that, in an embodiment, are arranged together as a point source. The various optical sources can emit a sequence of optical radiation pulses at different wavelengths towards a measurement site, such as a patient's finger. Detectors can then detect optical radiation from the measurement site. The optical sources and optical radiation detectors can operate at any appropriate wavelength, including, as discussed herein, infrared, near infrared, visible light, and ultraviolet. In addition, the optical sources and optical radiation detectors can operate at any appropriate wavelength, and such modifications to the embodiments desirable to operate at any such wavelength will be apparent to those skilled in the art.

In certain embodiments, multiple detectors are employed and arranged in a spatial geometry. This spatial geometry provides a diversity of path lengths among at least some of the detectors and allows for multiple bulk and pulsatile measurements that are robust. Each of the detectors can provide a respective output stream based on the detected optical radiation, or a sum of output streams can be provided from multiple detectors. In some embodiments, the sensor can also include other components, such as one or more heat sinks and one or more thermistors.

The spatial configuration of the detectors provides a geometry having a diversity of path lengths among the detectors. For example, a detector in the sensor may comprise multiple detectors that are arranged to have a sufficient difference in mean path length to allow for noise cancellation and noise reduction. In addition, walls may be used to separate individual photodetectors and prevent mixing of detected optical radiation between the different locations on the measurement site. A window may also be employed to facilitate the passing of optical radiation at various wavelengths for measuring glucose in the tissue.

In the present disclosure, a sensor may measure various blood constituents or analytes noninvasively using spectroscopy and a recipe of various features. As disclosed herein, the sensor is capable of non-invasively measuring blood analytes, such as, glucose, total hemoglobin, methemoglobin, oxygen content, and the like. In an embodiment, the spectroscopy used in the sensor can employ visible, infrared and near infrared wavelengths. The sensor may comprise an emitter, a detector, and other components. In some embodiments, the sensor may also comprise other components, such as one or more heat sinks and one or more thermistors.

In various embodiments, the sensor may also be coupled to one or more companion devices that process and/or display the sensor's output. The companion devices may comprise various components, such as a sensor front-end, a signal processor, a display, a network interface, a storage device or memory, etc.

A sensor can include photocommunicative components, such as an emitter, a detector, and other components. The emitter is configured as a point optical source that comprises a plurality of LEDs that emit a sequence of pulses of optical radiation across a spectrum of wavelengths. In some embodiments, the plurality of sets of optical sources may each comprise at least one top-emitting LED and at least one super luminescent LED. In some embodiments, the emitter comprises optical sources that transmit optical radiation in the infrared or near-infrared wavelengths suitable for detecting blood analytes like glucose. In order to achieve the desired SNR for detecting analytes like glucose, the emitter may be driven using a progression from low power to higher power. In addition, the emitter may have its duty cycle modified to achieve a desired SNR.

The emitter may be constructed of materials, such as aluminum nitride and may include a heat sink to assist in heat dissipation. A thermistor may also be employed to account for heating effects on the LEDs. The emitter may further comprise a glass window and a nitrogen environment to improve transmission from the sources and prevent oxidative effects.

The sensor can be coupled to one or more monitors that process and/or display the sensor's output. The monitors can include various components, such as a sensor front end, a signal processor, a display, etc.

The sensor can be integrated with a monitor, for example, into a handheld unit including the sensor, a display and user controls. In other embodiments, the sensor can communicate with one or more processing devices. The communication can be via wire(s), cable(s), flex circuit(s), wireless technologies, or other suitable analog or digital communication methodologies and devices to perform those methodologies. Many of the foregoing arrangements allow the sensor to be attached to the measurement site while the device is attached elsewhere on a patient, such as the patient's arm, or placed at a location near the patient, such as a bed, shelf or table. The sensor or monitor can also provide outputs to a storage device or network interface.

Reference will now be made to the Figures to discuss embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a data collection system 100. In certain embodiments, the data collection system 100 noninvasively measure a blood analyte, such as oxygen, carbon monoxide, methemoglobin, total hemoglobin, glucose, proteins, glucose, lipids, a percentage thereof (e.g., saturation) or for measuring many other physiologically relevant patient characteristics. The system 100 can also measure additional blood analytes and/or other physiological parameters useful in determining a state or trend of wellness of a patient.

The data collection system 100 can be capable of measuring optical radiation from the measurement site. For example, in some embodiments, the data collection system 100 can employ photodiodes defined in terms of area. In an embodiment, the area is from about 1 mm²-5 mm²(or higher) that are capable of detecting about 100 nanoamps (nA) or less of current resulting from measured light at full scale. In addition to having its ordinary meaning, the phrase “at full scale” can mean light saturation of a photodiode amplifier (not shown). Of course, as would be understood by a person of skill in the art from the present disclosure, various other sizes and types of photodiodes can be used with the embodiments of the present disclosure.

The data collection system 100 can measure a range of approximately about 2 nA to about 100 nA full scale. The data collection system 100 can also include sensor front-ends that are capable of processing and amplifying current from the detector(s) at signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) of about 100 decibels (dB) or more, such as about 120 dB in order to measure various desired analytes. The data collection system 100 can operate with a lower SNR if less accuracy is desired for an analyte like glucose.

The data collection system 100 can measure analyte concentrations, including glucose, at least in part by detecting light attenuated by a measurement site 102. The measurement site 102 can be any location on a patient's body, such as a finger, foot, ear lobe, or the like. For convenience, this disclosure is described primarily in the context of a finger measurement site 102. However, the features of the embodiments disclosed herein can be used with other measurement sites 102.

In the depicted embodiment, the system 100 includes an optional tissue thickness adjuster or tissue shaper 105, which can include one or more protrusions, bumps, lenses, or other suitable tissue-shaping mechanisms. In certain embodiments, the tissue shaper 105 is a flat or substantially flat surface that can be positioned proximate the measurement site 102 and that can apply sufficient pressure to cause the tissue of the measurement site 102 to be flat or substantially flat. In other embodiments, the tissue shaper 105 is a convex or substantially convex surface with respect to the measurement site 102. Many other configurations of the tissue shaper 105 are possible. Advantageously, in certain embodiments, the tissue shaper 105 reduces thickness of the measurement site 102 while preventing or reducing occlusion at the measurement site 102. Reducing thickness of the site can advantageously reduce the amount of attenuation of the light because there is less tissue through which the light must travel. Shaping the tissue in to a convex (or alternatively concave) surface can also provide more surface area from which light can be detected.

The embodiment of the data collection system 100 shown also includes an optional noise shield 103. In an embodiment, the noise shield 103 can be advantageously adapted to reduce electromagnetic noise while increasing the transmittance of light from the measurement site 102 to one or more detectors 106 (described below). For example, the noise shield 103 can advantageously include a conductive coated glass or metal grid electrically communicating with one or more other shields of the sensor 101 or electrically grounded. In an embodiment where the noise shield 103 includes conductive coated glass, the coating can advantageously include indium tin oxide. In an embodiment, the indium tin oxide includes a surface resistivity ranging from approximately 30 ohms per square inch to about 500 ohms per square inch. In an embodiment, the resistivity is approximately 30, 200, or 500 ohms per square inch. As would be understood by a person of skill in the art from the present disclosure, other resistivities can also be used which are less than about 30 ohms or more than about 500 ohms. Other conductive materials transparent or substantially transparent to light can be used instead.

In some embodiments, the measurement site 102 is located somewhere along a non-dominant arm or a non-dominant hand, e.g., a right-handed person's left arm or left hand. In some patients, the non-dominant arm or hand can have less musculature and higher fat content, which can result in less water content in that tissue of the patient. Tissue having less water content can provide less interference with the particular wavelengths that are absorbed in a useful manner by blood analytes like glucose. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the data collection system 100 can be used on a person's non-dominant hand or arm.

The data collection system 100 can include a sensor 101 (or multiple sensors) that is coupled to a processing device or physiological monitor 109. In an embodiment, the sensor 101 and the monitor 109 are integrated together into a single unit. In another embodiment, the sensor 101 and the monitor 109 are separate from each other and communicate one with another in any suitable manner, such as via a wired or wireless connection. The sensor 101 and monitor 109 can be attachable and detachable from each other for the convenience of the user or caregiver, for ease of storage, sterility issues, or the like. The sensor 101 and the monitor 109 will now be further described.

In the depicted embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the sensor 101 includes an emitter 104, a tissue shaper 105, a set of detectors 106, and a front-end interface 108. The emitter 104 can serve as the source of optical radiation transmitted towards measurement site 102. As will be described in further detail below, the emitter 104 can include one or more sources of optical radiation, such as LEDs, laser diodes, incandescent bulbs with appropriate frequency-selective filters, combinations of the same, or the like. In an embodiment, the emitter 104 includes sets of optical sources that are capable of emitting visible and near-infrared optical radiation.

In some embodiments, the emitter 104 is used as a point optical source, and thus, the one or more optical sources of the emitter 104 can be located within a close distance to each other, such as within about a 2 mm to about 4 mm. The emitters 104 can be arranged in an array, such as is described in U.S. Publication No. 2006/0211924, filed Sep. 21, 2006, titled “Multiple Wavelength Sensor Emitters,” the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. In particular, the emitters 104 can be arranged at least in part as described in paragraphs [0061] through [0068] of the aforementioned publication, which paragraphs are hereby incorporated specifically by reference. Other relative spatial relationships can be used to arrange the emitters 104.

For analytes like glucose, currently available non-invasive techniques often attempt to employ light near the water absorbance minima at or about 1600 nm. Typically, these devices and methods employ a single wavelength or single band of wavelengths at or about 1600 nm. However, to date, these techniques have been unable to adequately consistently measure analytes like glucose based on spectroscopy.

In contrast, the emitter 104 of the data collection system 100 can emit, in certain embodiments, combinations of optical radiation in various bands of interest. For example, in some embodiments, for analytes like glucose, the emitter 104 can emit optical radiation at three (3) or more wavelengths between about 1600 nm to about 1700 nm. In particular, the emitter 104 can emit optical radiation at or about 1610 nm, about 1640 nm, and about 1665 nm. In some circumstances, the use of three wavelengths within about 1600 nm to about 1700 nm enable sufficient SNRs of about 100 dB, which can result in a measurement accuracy of about 20 mg/dL or better for analytes like glucose.

In other embodiments, the emitter 104 can use two (2) wavelengths within about 1600 nm to about 1700 nm to advantageously enable SNRs of about 85 dB, which can result in a measurement accuracy of about 25-30 mg/dL or better for analytes like glucose. Furthermore, in some embodiments, the emitter 104 can emit light at wavelengths above about 1670 nm. Measurements at these wavelengths can be advantageously used to compensate or confirm the contribution of protein, water, and other non-hemoglobin species exhibited in measurements for analytes like glucose conducted between about 1600 nm and about 1700 nm. Of course, other wavelengths and combinations of wavelengths can be used to measure analytes and/or to distinguish other types of tissue, fluids, tissue properties, fluid properties, combinations of the same or the like.

For example, the emitter 104 can emit optical radiation across other spectra for other analytes. In particular, the emitter 104 can employ light wavelengths to measure various blood analytes or percentages (e.g., saturation) thereof. For example, in one embodiment, the emitter 104 can emit optical radiation in the form of pulses at wavelengths about 905 nm, about 1050 nm, about 1200 nm, about 1300 nm, about 1330 nm, about 1610 nm, about 1640 nm, and about 1665 nm. In another embodiment, the emitter 104 can emit optical radiation ranging from about 860 nm to about 950 nm, about 950 nm to about 1100 nm, about 1100 nm to about 1270 nm, about 1250 nm to about 1350 nm, about 1300 nm to about 1360 nm, and about 1590 nm to about 1700 nm. Of course, the emitter 104 can transmit any of a variety of wavelengths of visible or near-infrared optical radiation.

Due to the different responses of analytes to the different wavelengths, certain embodiments of the data collection system 100 can advantageously use the measurements at these different wavelengths to improve the accuracy of measurements. For example, the measurements of water from visible and infrared light can be used to compensate for water absorbance that is exhibited in the near-infrared wavelengths.

As briefly described above, the emitter 104 can include sets of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as its optical source. The emitter 104 can use one or more top-emitting LEDs. In particular, in some embodiments, the emitter 104 can include top-emitting LEDs emitting light at about 850 nm to 1350 nm.

The emitter 104 can also use super luminescent LEDs (SLEDs) or side-emitting LEDs. In some embodiments, the emitter 104 can employ SLEDs or side-emitting LEDs to emit optical radiation at about 1600 nm to about 1800 nm. Emitter 104 can use SLEDs or side-emitting LEDs to transmit near infrared optical radiation because these types of sources can transmit at high power or relatively high power, e.g., about 40 mW to about 100 mW. This higher power capability can be useful to compensate or overcome the greater attenuation of these wavelengths of light in tissue and water. For example, the higher power emission can effectively compensate and/or normalize the absorption signal for light in the mentioned wavelengths to be similar in amplitude and/or effect as other wavelengths that can be detected by one or more photodetectors after absorption. However, the embodiments of the present disclosure do not necessarily require the use of high power optical sources. For example, some embodiments may be configured to measure analytes, such as total hemoglobin (tHb), oxygen saturation (SpO₂), carboxyhemoglobin, methemoglobin, etc., without the use of high power optical sources like side emitting LEDs. Instead, such embodiments may employ other types of optical sources, such as top emitting LEDs. Alternatively, the emitter 104 can use other types of sources of optical radiation, such as a laser diode, to emit near-infrared light into the measurement site 102.

In addition, in some embodiments, in order to assist in achieving a comparative balance of desired power output between the LEDs, some of the LEDs in the emitter 104 can have a filter or covering that reduces and/or cleans the optical radiation from particular LEDs or groups of LEDs. For example, since some wavelengths of light can penetrate through tissue relatively well, LEDs, such as some or all of the top-emitting LEDs can use a filter or covering, such as a cap or painted dye. This can be useful in allowing the emitter 104 to use LEDs with a higher output and/or to equalize intensity of LEDs.

The data collection system 100 also includes a driver 111 that drives the emitter 104. The driver 111 can be a circuit or the like that is controlled by the monitor 109. For example, the driver 111 can provide pulses of current to the emitter 104. In an embodiment, the driver 111 drives the emitter 104 in a progressive fashion, such as in an alternating manner. The driver 111 can drive the emitter 104 with a series of pulses of about 1 milliwatt (mW) for some wavelengths that can penetrate tissue relatively well and from about 40 mW to about 100 mW for other wavelengths that tend to be significantly absorbed in tissue. A wide variety of other driving powers and driving methodologies can be used in various embodiments.

The driver 111 can be synchronized with other parts of the sensor 101 and can minimize or reduce jitter in the timing of pulses of optical radiation emitted from the emitter 104. In some embodiments, the driver 111 is capable of driving the emitter 104 to emit optical radiation in a pattern that varies by less than about 10 parts-per-million.

The detectors 106 capture and measure light from the measurement site 102. For example, the detectors 106 can capture and measure light transmitted from the emitter 104 that has been attenuated or reflected from the tissue in the measurement site 102. The detectors 106 can output a detector signal 107 responsive to the light captured or measured. The detectors 106 can be implemented using one or more photodiodes, phototransistors, or the like.

In addition, the detectors 106 can be arranged with a spatial configuration to provide a variation of path lengths among at least some of the detectors 106. That is, some of the detectors 106 can have the substantially, or from the perspective of the processing algorithm, effectively, the same path length from the emitter 104. However, according to an embodiment, at least some of the detectors 106 can have a different path length from the emitter 104 relative to other of the detectors 106. Variations in path lengths can be helpful in allowing the use of a bulk signal stream from the detectors 106. In some embodiments, the detectors 106 may employ a linear spacing, a logarithmic spacing, or a two or three dimensional matrix of spacing, or any other spacing scheme in order to provide an appropriate variation in path lengths.

The front end interface 108 provides an interface that adapts the output of the detectors 106, which is responsive to desired physiological parameters. For example, the front end interface 108 can adapt a signal 107 received from one or more of the detectors 106 into a form that can be processed by the monitor 109, for example, by a signal processor 110 in the monitor 109. The front end interface 108 can have its components assembled in the sensor 101, in the monitor 109, in connecting cabling (if used), combinations of the same, or the like. The location of the front end interface 108 can be chosen based on various factors including space desired for components, desired noise reductions or limits, desired heat reductions or limits, and the like.

The front end interface 108 can be coupled to the detectors 106 and to the signal processor 110 using a bus, wire, electrical or optical cable, flex circuit, or some other form of signal connection. The front end interface 108 can also be at least partially integrated with various components, such as the detectors 106. For example, the front end interface 108 can include one or more integrated circuits that are on the same circuit board as the detectors 106. Other configurations can also be used.

The front end interface 108 can be implemented using one or more amplifiers, such as transimpedance amplifiers, that are coupled to one or more analog to digital converters (ADCs) (which can be in the monitor 109), such as a sigma-delta ADC. A transimpedance-based front end interface 108 can employ single-ended circuitry, differential circuitry, and/or a hybrid configuration. A transimpedance-based front end interface 108 can be useful for its sampling rate capability and freedom in modulation/demodulation algorithms. For example, this type of front end interface 108 can advantageously facilitate the sampling of the ADCs being synchronized with the pulses emitted from the emitter 104.

The ADC or ADCs can provide one or more outputs into multiple channels of digital information for processing by the signal processor 110 of the monitor 109. Each channel can correspond to a signal output from a detector 106.

In some embodiments, a programmable gain amplifier (PGA) can be used in combination with a transimpedance-based front end interface 108. For example, the output of a transimpedance-based front end interface 108 can be output to a PGA that is coupled with an ADC in the monitor 109. A PGA can be useful in order to provide another level of amplification and control of the stream of signals from the detectors 106. Alternatively, the PGA and ADC components can be integrated with the transimpedance-based front end interface 108 in the sensor 101.

In another embodiment, the front end interface 108 can be implemented using switched-capacitor circuits. A switched-capacitor-based front end interface 108 can be useful for, in certain embodiments, its resistor-free design and analog averaging properties. In addition, a switched-capacitor-based front end interface 108 can be useful because it can provide a digital signal to the signal processor 110 in the monitor 109.

As shown in FIG. 1, the monitor 109 can include the signal processor 110 and a user interface, such as a display 112. The monitor 109 can also include optional outputs alone or in combination with the display 112, such as a storage device 114 and a network interface 116. In an embodiment, the signal processor 110 includes processing logic that determines measurements for desired analytes, such as glucose, based on the signals received from the detectors 106. The signal processor 110 can be implemented using one or more microprocessors or subprocessors (e.g., cores), digital signal processors, application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), combinations of the same, and the like.

The signal processor 110 can provide various signals that control the operation of the sensor 101. For example, the signal processor 110 can provide an emitter control signal to the driver 111. This control signal can be useful in order to synchronize, minimize, or reduce jitter in the timing of pulses emitted from the emitter 104. Accordingly, this control signal can be useful in order to cause optical radiation pulses emitted from the emitter 104 to follow a precise timing and consistent pattern. For example, when a transimpedance-based front end interface 108 is used, the control signal from the signal processor 110 can provide synchronization with the ADC in order to avoid aliasing, cross-talk, and the like. As also shown, an optional memory 113 can be included in the front-end interface 108 and/or in the signal processor 110. This memory 113 can serve as a buffer or storage location for the front-end interface 108 and/or the signal processor 110, among other uses.

The user interface 112 can provide an output, e.g., on a display, for presentation to a user of the data collection system 100. The user interface 112 can be implemented as a touch-screen display, an LCD display, an organic LED display, or the like. In addition, the user interface 112 can be manipulated to allow for measurement on the non-dominant side of patient. For example, the user interface 112 can include a flip screen, a screen that can be moved from one side to another on the monitor 109, or can include an ability to reorient its display indicia responsive to user input or device orientation. In alternative embodiments, the data collection system 100 can be provided without a user interface 112 and can simply provide an output signal to a separate display or system.

A storage device 114 and a network interface 116 represent other optional output connections that can be included in the monitor 109. The storage device 114 can include any computer-readable medium, such as a memory device, hard disk storage, EEPROM, flash drive, or the like. The various software and/or firmware applications can be stored in the storage device 114, which can be executed by the signal processor 110 or another processor of the monitor 109. The network interface 116 can be a serial bus port (RS-232/RS-485), a Universal Serial Bus (USB) port, an Ethernet port, a wireless interface (e.g., WiFi such as any 802.1x interface, including an internal wireless card), or other suitable communication device(s) that allows the monitor 109 to communicate and share data with other devices. The monitor 109 can also include various other components not shown, such as a microprocessor, graphics processor, or controller to output the user interface 112, to control data communications, to compute data trending, or to perform other operations.

Although not shown in the depicted embodiment, the data collection system 100 can include various other components or can be configured in different ways. For example, the sensor 101 can have both the emitter 104 and detectors 106 on the same side of the measurement site 102 and use reflectance to measure analytes. The data collection system 100 can also include a sensor that measures the power of light emitted from the emitter 104.

FIGS. 2A through 2D illustrate example monitoring devices 200 in which the data collection system 100 can be housed. Advantageously, in certain embodiments, some or all of the example monitoring devices 200 shown can have a shape and size that allows a user to operate it with a single hand or attach it, for example, to a patient's body or limb. Although several examples are shown, many other monitoring device configurations can be used to house the data collection system 100. In addition, certain of the features of the monitoring devices 200 shown in FIGS. 2A through 2D can be combined with features of the other monitoring devices 200 shown.

Referring specifically to FIG. 2A, an example monitoring device 200A is shown, in which a sensor 201a and a monitor 209a are integrated into a single unit. The monitoring device 200A shown is a handheld or portable device that can measure glucose and other analytes in a patient's finger. The sensor 201a includes an emitter shell 204a and a detector shell 206a. The depicted embodiment of the monitoring device 200A also includes various control buttons 208a and a display 210a.

The sensor 201a can be constructed of white material used for reflective purposes (such as white silicone or plastic), which can increase the usable signal at the detector 106 by forcing light back into the sensor 201a. Pads in the emitter shell 204a and the detector shell 206a can contain separated windows to prevent or reduce mixing of light signals, for example, from distinct quadrants on a patient's finger. In addition, these pads can be made of a relatively soft material, such as a gel or foam, in order to conform to the shape, for example, of a patient's finger. The emitter shell 204a and the detector shell 206a can also include absorbing black or grey material portions to prevent or reduce ambient light from entering into the sensor 201a.

In some embodiments, some or all portions of the emitter shell 204a and/or detector shell 206a can be detachable and/or disposable. For example, some or all portions of the shells 204a and 206a can be removable pieces. The removability of the shells 204a and 206a can be useful for sanitary purposes or for sizing the sensor 201a to different patients. The monitor 209a can include a fitting, slot, magnet, or other connecting mechanism to allow the sensor 201c to be removably attached to the monitor 209a.

The monitoring device 200a also includes optional control buttons 208a and a display 210a that can allow the user to control the operation of the device. For example, a user can operate the control buttons 208a to view one or more measurements of various analytes, such as glucose. In addition, the user can operate the control buttons 208a to view other forms of information, such as graphs, histograms, measurement data, trend measurement data, parameter combination views, wellness indications, and the like. Many parameters, trends, alarms and parameter displays could be output to the display 210a, such as those that are commercially available through a wide variety of noninvasive monitoring devices from Masimo® Corporation of Irvine, Calif.

Furthermore, the controls 208a and/or display 210a can provide functionality for the user to manipulate settings of the monitoring device 200a, such as alarm settings, emitter settings, detector settings, and the like. The monitoring device 200a can employ any of a variety of user interface designs, such as frames, menus, touch-screens, and any type of button.

FIG. 2B illustrates another example of a monitoring device 200B. In the depicted embodiment, the monitoring device 200B includes a finger clip sensor 201b connected to a monitor 209b via a cable 212. In the embodiment shown, the monitor 209b includes a display 210b, control buttons 208b and a power button. Moreover, the monitor 209b can advantageously include electronic processing, signal processing, and data storage devices capable of receiving signal data from said sensor 201b, processing the signal data to determine one or more output measurement values indicative of one or more physiological parameters of a monitored patient, and displaying the measurement values, trends of the measurement values, combinations of measurement values, and the like.

The cable 212 connecting the sensor 201b and the monitor 209b can be implemented using one or more wires, optical fiber, flex circuits, or the like. In some embodiments, the cable 212 can employ twisted pairs of conductors in order to minimize or reduce cross-talk of data transmitted from the sensor 201b to the monitor 209b. Various lengths of the cable 212 can be employed to allow for separation between the sensor 201b and the monitor 209b. The cable 212 can be fitted with a connector (male or female) on either end of the cable 212 so that the sensor 201b and the monitor 209b can be connected and disconnected from each other. Alternatively, the sensor 201b and the monitor 209b can be coupled together via a wireless communication link, such as an infrared link, radio frequency channel, or any other wireless communication protocol and channel.

The monitor 209b can be attached to the patient. For example, the monitor 209b can include a belt clip or straps (see, e.g., FIG. 2C) that facilitate attachment to a patient's belt, arm, leg, or the like. The monitor 209b can also include a fitting, slot, magnet, LEMO snap-click connector, or other connecting mechanism to allow the cable 212 and sensor 201b to be attached to the monitor 209B.

The monitor 209b can also include other components, such as a speaker, power button, removable storage or memory (e.g., a flash card slot), an AC power port, and one or more network interfaces, such as a universal serial bus interface or an Ethernet port. For example, the monitor 209b can include a display 210b that can indicate a measurement for glucose, for example, in mg/dL. Other analytes and forms of display can also appear on the monitor 209b.

In addition, although a single sensor 201b with a single monitor 209b is shown, different combinations of sensors and device pairings can be implemented. For example, multiple sensors can be provided for a plurality of differing patient types or measurement sites or even patient fingers.

FIG. 2C illustrates yet another example of monitoring device 200C that can house the data collection system 100. Like the monitoring device 200B, the monitoring device 200C includes a finger clip sensor 201c connected to a monitor 209c via a cable 212. The cable 212 can have all of the features described above with respect to FIG. 2B. The monitor 209c can include all of the features of the monitor 200B described above. For example, the monitor 209c includes buttons 208c and a display 210c. The monitor 209c shown also includes straps 214c that allow the monitor 209c to be attached to a patient's limb or the like.

FIG. 2D illustrates yet another example of monitoring device 200D that can house the data collection system 100. Like the monitoring devices 200B and 200C, the monitoring device 200D includes a finger clip sensor 201d connected to a monitor 209d via a cable 212. The cable 212 can have all of the features described above with respect to FIG. 2B. In addition to having some or all of the features described above with respect to FIGS. 2B and 2C, the monitoring device 200D includes an optional universal serial bus (USB) port 216 and an Ethernet port 218. The USB port 216 and the Ethernet port 218 can be used, for example, to transfer information between the monitor 209d and a computer (not shown) via a cable. Software stored on the computer can provide functionality for a user to, for example, view physiological data and trends, adjust settings and download firmware updates to the monitor 209b, and perform a variety of other functions. The USB port 216 and the Ethernet port 218 can be included with the other monitoring devices 200A, 200B, and 200C described above.

FIGS. 3A through 3C illustrate more detailed examples of embodiments of a sensor 301a. The sensor 301a shown can include all of the features of the sensors 100 and 200 described above.

Referring to FIG. 3A, the sensor 301a in the depicted embodiment is a clothespin-shaped clip sensor that includes an enclosure 302a for receiving a patient's finger. The enclosure 302a is formed by an upper section or emitter shell 304a, which is pivotably connected with a lower section or detector shell 306a. The emitter shell 304a can be biased with the detector shell 306a to close together around a pivot point 303a and thereby sandwich finger tissue between the emitter and detector shells 304a, 306a.

In an embodiment, the pivot point 303a advantageously includes a pivot capable of adjusting the relationship between the emitter and detector shells 304a, 306a to effectively level the sections when applied to a tissue site. In another embodiment, the sensor 301a includes some or all features of the finger clip described in U.S. Publication No. 2006/0211924, incorporated above, such as a spring that causes finger clip forces to be distributed along the finger. Paragraphs [0096] through [0105], which describe this feature, are hereby specifically incorporated by reference.

The emitter shell 304a can position and house various emitter components of the sensor 301a. It can be constructed of reflective material (e.g., white silicone or plastic) and/or can be metallic or include metalicized plastic (e.g., including carbon and aluminum) to possibly serve as a heat sink. The emitter shell 304a can also include absorbing opaque material, such as, for example, black or grey colored material, at various areas, such as on one or more flaps 307a, to reduce ambient light entering the sensor 301a.

The detector shell 306a can position and house one or more detector portions of the sensor 301a. The detector shell 306a can be constructed of reflective material, such as white silicone or plastic. As noted, such materials can increase the usable signal at a detector by forcing light back into the tissue and measurement site (see FIG. 1). The detector shell 306a can also include absorbing opaque material at various areas, such as lower area 308a, to reduce ambient light entering the sensor 301a.

Referring to FIGS. 3B and 3C, an example of finger bed 310 is shown in the sensor 301b. The finger bed 310 includes a generally curved surface shaped generally to receive tissue, such as a human digit. The finger bed 310 includes one or more ridges or channels 314. Each of the ridges 314 has a generally convex shape that can facilitate increasing traction or gripping of the patient's finger to the finger bed. Advantageously, the ridges 314 can improve the accuracy of spectroscopic analysis in certain embodiments by reducing noise that can result from a measurement site moving or shaking loose inside of the sensor 301a. The ridges 314 can be made from reflective or opaque materials in some embodiments to further increase SNR. In other implementations, other surface shapes can be used, such as, for example, generally flat, concave, or convex finger beds 310.

Finger bed 310 can also include an embodiment of a tissue thickness adjuster or protrusion 305. The protrusion 305 includes a measurement site contact area 370 (see FIG. 3C) that can contact body tissue of a measurement site. The protrusion 305 can be removed from or integrated with the finger bed 310. Interchangeable, different shaped protrusions 305 can also be provided, which can correspond to different finger shapes, characteristics, opacity, sizes, or the like.

Referring specifically to FIG. 3C, the contact area 370 of the protrusion 305 can include openings or windows 320, 321, 322, and 323. When light from a measurement site passes through the windows 320, 321, 322, and 323, the light can reach one or more photodetectors (see FIG. 3E). In an embodiment, the windows 320, 321, 322, and 323 mirror specific detector placements layouts such that light can impinge through the protrusion 305 onto the photodetectors. Any number of windows 320, 321, 322, and 323 can be employed in the protrusion 305 to allow light to pass from the measurement site to the photodetectors.

The windows 320, 321, 322, and 323 can also include shielding, such as an embedded grid of wiring or a conductive glass coating, to reduce noise from ambient light or other electromagnetic noise. The windows 320, 321, 322, and 323 can be made from materials, such as plastic or glass. In some embodiments, the windows 320, 321, 322, and 323 can be constructed from conductive glass, such as indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glass. Conductive glass can be useful because its shielding is transparent, and thus allows for a larger aperture versus a window with an embedded grid of wiring. In addition, in certain embodiments, the conductive glass does not need openings in its shielding (since it is transparent), which enhances its shielding performance. For example, some embodiments that employ the conductive glass can attain up to an about 40% to about 50% greater signal than non-conductive glass with a shielding grid. In addition, in some embodiments, conductive glass can be useful for shielding noise from a greater variety of directions than non-conductive glass with a shielding grid.

Turning to FIG. 3B, the sensor 301a can also include a shielding 315a, such as a metal cage, box, metal sheet, perforated metal sheet, a metal layer on a non-metal material, or the like. The shielding 315a is provided in the depicted embodiment below or embedded within the protrusion 305 to reduce noise. The shielding 315a can be constructed from a conductive material, such as copper. The shielding 315a can include one or more openings or windows (not shown). The windows can be made from glass or plastic to thereby allow light that has passed through the windows 320, 321, 322, and 323 on an external surface of the protrusion 305 (see FIG. 3C) to pass through to one or more photodetectors that can be enclosed or provided below (see FIG. 3E).

In some embodiments, the shielding cage for shielding 315a can be constructed in a single manufactured component with or without the use of conductive glass. This form of construction may be useful in order to reduce costs of manufacture as well as assist in quality control of the components. Furthermore, the shielding cage can also be used to house various other components, such as sigma delta components for various embodiments of front end interfaces 108.

In an embodiment, the photodetectors can be positioned within or directly beneath the protrusion 305 (see FIG. 3E). In such cases, the mean optical path length from the emitters to the detectors can be reduced and the accuracy of blood analyte measurement can increase. For example, in one embodiment, a convex bump of about 1 mm to about 3 mm in height and about 10 mm²to about 60 mm²was found to help signal strength by about an order of magnitude versus other shapes. Of course other dimensions and sizes can be employed in other embodiments. Depending on the properties desired, the length, width, and height of the protrusion 305 can be selected. In making such determinations, consideration can be made of protrusion's 305 effect on blood flow at the measurement site and mean path length for optical radiation passing through openings 320, 321, 322, and 323. Patient comfort can also be considered in determining the size and shape of the protrusion.

In an embodiment, the protrusion 305 can include a pliant material, including soft plastic or rubber, which can somewhat conform to the shape of a measurement site. Pliant materials can improve patient comfort and tactility by conforming the measurement site contact area 370 to the measurement site. Additionally, pliant materials can minimize or reduce noise, such as ambient light. Alternatively, the protrusion 305 can be made from a rigid material, such as hard plastic or metal.

Rigid materials can improve measurement accuracy of a blood analyte by conforming the measurement site to the contact area 370. The contact area 370 can be an ideal shape for improving accuracy or reducing noise. Selecting a material for the protrusion 305 can include consideration of materials that do not significantly alter blood flow at the measurement site. The protrusion 305 and the contact area 370 can include a combination of materials with various characteristics.

The contact area 370 serves as a contact surface for the measurement site. For example, in some embodiments, the contact area 370 can be shaped for contact with a patient's finger. Accordingly, the contact area 370 can be sized and shaped for different sizes of fingers. The contact area 370 can be constructed of different materials for reflective purposes as well as for the comfort of the patient. For example, the contact area 370 can be constructed from materials having various hardness and textures, such as plastic, gel, foam, and the like.

The formulas and analysis that follow with respect to FIG. 5 provide insight into how selecting these variables can alter transmittance and intensity gain of optical radiation that has been applied to the measurement site. These examples do not limit the scope of this disclosure.

Referring to FIG. 5, a plot 500 is shown that illustrates examples of effects of embodiments of the protrusion 305 on the SNR at various wavelengths of light. As described above, the protrusion 305 can assist in conforming the tissue and effectively reduce its mean path length. In some instances, this effect by the protrusion 305 can have significant impact on increasing the SNR.

According to the Beer Lambert law, a transmittance of light (I) can be expressed as follows: I=I_o*e^−m*b*c, where l_ois the initial power of light being transmitted, m is the path length traveled by the light, and the component “b*c” corresponds to the bulk absorption of the light at a specific wavelength of light. For light at about 1600 nm to about 1700 nm, for example, the bulk absorption component is generally around 0.7 mm⁻¹. Assuming a typical finger thickness of about 12 mm and a mean path length of 20 mm due to tissue scattering, then I=I_o*e^(−20*0.7).

In an embodiment where the protrusion 305 is a convex bump, the thickness of the finger can be reduced to 10 mm (from 12 mm) for some fingers and the effective light mean path is reduced to about 16.6 mm from 20 mm (see box 510). This results in a new transmittance, I₁=I_o*e^{(−16.6*0.7)}. A curve for a typical finger (having a mean path length of 20 mm) across various wavelengths is shown in the plot 500 of FIG. 5. The plot 500 illustrates potential effects of the protrusion 305 on the transmittance. As illustrated, comparing I and I₁results in an intensity gain of e^{(−16.6*0.7)}/e^(−20*0.7), which is about a 10 times increase for light in the about 1600 nm to about 1700 nm range. Such an increase can affect the SNR at which the sensor can operate. The foregoing gains can be due at least in part to the about 1600 nm to about 1700 nm range having high values in bulk absorptions (water, protein, and the like), e.g., about 0.7 mm⁻¹. The plot 500 also shows improvements in the visible/near-infrared range (about 600 nm to about 1300 nm).

Turning again to FIGS. 3A through 3C, an example heat sink 350a is also shown. The heat sink 350a can be attached to, or protrude from an outer surface of, the sensor 301a, thereby providing increased ability for various sensor components to dissipate excess heat. By being on the outer surface of the sensor 301a in certain embodiments, the heat sink 350a can be exposed to the air and thereby facilitate more efficient cooling. In an embodiment, one or more of the emitters (see FIG. 1) generate sufficient heat that inclusion of the heat sink 350a can advantageously allows the sensor 301a to remain safely cooled. The heat sink 350a can include one or more materials that help dissipate heat, such as, for example, aluminum, steel, copper, carbon, combinations of the same, or the like. For example, in some embodiments, the emitter shell 304a can include a heat conducting material that is also readily and relatively inexpensively moldable into desired shapes and forms.

In some embodiments, the heat sink 350a includes metalicized plastic. The metalicized plastic can include aluminum and carbon, for example. The material can allow for improved thermal conductivity and diffusivity, which can increase commercial viability of the heat sink. In some embodiments, the material selected to construct the heat sink 350a can include a thermally conductive liquid crystalline polymer, such as CoolPoly® D5506, commercially available from Cool Polymers®, Inc. of Warwick, R.I. Such a material can be selected for its electrically non-conductive and dielectric properties so as, for example, to aid in electrical shielding. In an embodiment, the heat sink 350a provides improved heat transfer properties when the sensor 301a is active for short intervals of less than a full day's use. In an embodiment, the heat sink 350a can advantageously provide improved heat transfers in about three (3) to about four (4) minute intervals, for example, although a heat sink 350a can be selected that performs effectively in shorter or longer intervals.

Moreover, the heat sink 350a can have different shapes and configurations for aesthetic as well as for functional purposes. In an embodiment, the heat sink is configured to maximize heat dissipation, for example, by maximizing surface area. In an embodiment, the heat sink 350a is molded into a generally curved surface and includes one or more fins, undulations, grooves, or channels. The example heat sink 350a shown includes fins 351a (see FIG. 3A).

An alternative shape of a sensor 301b and heat sink 350b is shown in FIG. 3D. The sensor 301b can include some or all of the features of the sensor 301a. For example, the sensor 301b includes an enclosure 302b formed by an emitter shell 304b and a detector shell 306b, pivotably connected about a pivot 303a. The emitter shell 304b can also include absorbing opaque material on one or more flaps 307b, and the detector shell 306a can also include absorbing opaque material at various areas, such as lower area 308b.

However, the shape of the sensor 301b is different in this embodiment. In particular, the heat sink 350b includes comb protrusions 351b. The comb protrusions 351b are exposed to the air in a similar manner to the fins 351a of the heat sink 350a, thereby facilitating efficient cooling of the sensor 301b.

FIG. 3E illustrates a more detailed example of a detector shell 306b of the sensor 301b. The features described with respect to the detector shell 306b can also be used with the detector shell 306a of the sensor 301a.

As shown, the detector shell 306b includes detectors 316. The detectors 316 can have a predetermined spacing 340 from each other, or a spatial relationship among one another that results in a spatial configuration. This spatial configuration can purposefully create a variation of path lengths among detectors 316 and the emitter discussed above.

In the depicted embodiment, the detector shell 316 can hold multiple (e.g., two, three, four, etc.) photodiode arrays that are arranged in a two-dimensional grid pattern. Multiple photodiode arrays can also be useful to detect light piping (e.g., light that bypasses measurement site 102). In the detector shell 316, walls can be provided to separate the individual photodiode arrays to prevent or reduce mixing of light signals from distinct quadrants. In addition, the detector shell 316 can be covered by windows of transparent material, such as glass, plastic, or the like, to allow maximum or increased transmission of power light captured. In various embodiments, the transparent materials used can also be partially transparent or translucent or can otherwise pass some or all of the optical radiation passing through them. As noted, this window can include some shielding in the form of an embedded grid of wiring, or a conductive layer or coating.

As further illustrated by FIG. 3E, the detectors 316 can have a spatial configuration of a grid. However, the detectors 316 can be arranged in other configurations that vary the path length. For example, the detectors 316 can be arranged in a linear array, a logarithmic array, a two-dimensional array, a zig-zag pattern, or the like. Furthermore, any number of the detectors 316 can be employed in certain embodiments.

FIG. 3F illustrates another embodiment of a sensor 301f. The sensor 301f can include some or all of the features of the sensor 301a of FIG. 3A described above. For example, the sensor 301f includes an enclosure 302f formed by an upper section or emitter shell 304f, which is pivotably connected with a lower section or detector shell 306f around a pivot point 303f. The emitter shell 304f can also include absorbing opaque material on various areas, such as on one or more flaps 307f, to reduce ambient light entering the sensor 301f. The detector shell 306f can also include absorbing opaque material at various areas, such as a lower area 308f. The sensor 301f also includes a heat sink 350f, which includes fins 351f.

In addition to these features, the sensor 301f includes a flex circuit cover 360, which can be made of plastic or another suitable material. The flex circuit cover 360 can cover and thereby protect a flex circuit (not shown) that extends from the emitter shell 304f to the detector shell 306f. An example of such a flex circuit is illustrated in U.S. Publication No. 2006/02119246, incorporated above (see FIG. 46 and associated description, which is hereby specifically incorporated by reference). The flex circuit cover 360 is shown in more detail below in FIG. 17.

In addition, sensors 301a-f has extra length—extends to second joint on finger—Easier to place, harder to move due to cable, better for light piping.

FIGS. 4A through 4C illustrate example arrangements of a protrusion 405, which is an embodiment of the protrusion 305 described above. In an embodiment, the protrusion 405 can include a measurement site contact area 470. The measurement site contact area 470 can include a surface that molds body tissue of a measurement site, such as a finger, into a flat or relatively flat surface.

The protrusion 405 can have dimensions that are suitable for a measurement site such as a patient's finger. As shown, the protrusion 405 can have a length 400, a width 410, and a height 430. The length 400 can be from about 9 to about 11 millimeters, e.g., about 10 millimeters. The width 410 can be from about 7 to about 9 millimeters, e.g., about 8 millimeters. The height 430 can be from about 0.5 millimeters to about 3 millimeters, e.g., about 2 millimeters. In an embodiment, the dimensions 400, 410, and 430 can be selected such that the measurement site contact area 470 includes an area of about 80 square millimeters, although larger and smaller areas can be used for different sized tissue for an adult, an adolescent, or infant, or for other considerations.

The measurement site contact area 470 can also include differently shaped surfaces that conform the measurement site into different shapes. For example, the measurement site contact area 470 can be generally curved and/or convex with respect to the measurement site. The measurement site contact area 470 can be other shapes that reduce or even minimize air between the protrusion 405 and/or the measurement site. Additionally, the surface pattern of the measurement site contact area 470 can vary from smooth to bumpy, e.g., to provide varying levels of grip.

In FIGS. 4A and 4C, openings or windows 420, 421, 422, and 423 can include a wide variety of shapes and sizes, including for example, generally square, circular, triangular, or combinations thereof. The windows 420, 421, 422, and 423 can be of non-uniform shapes and sizes. As shown, the windows 420, 421, 422, and 423 can be evenly spaced out in a grid like arrangement. Other arrangements or patterns of arranging the windows 420, 421, 422, and 423 are possible. For example, the windows 420, 421, 422, and 423 can be placed in a triangular, circular, or linear arrangement. In some embodiments, the windows 420, 421, 422, and 423 can be placed at different heights with respect to the finger bed 310 of FIG. 3. The windows 420, 421, 422, and 423 can also mimic or approximately mimic a configuration of, or even house, a plurality of detectors.

FIGS. 6A through 6D illustrate another embodiment of a protrusion 605 that can be used as the tissue shaper 105 described above or in place of the protrusions 305, 405 described above. The depicted protrusion 605 is a partially cylindrical lens having a partial cylinder 608 and an extension 610. The partial cylinder 608 can be a half cylinder in some embodiments; however, a smaller or greater portion than half of a cylinder can be used. Advantageously, in certain embodiments, the partially cylindrical protrusion 605 focuses light onto a smaller area, such that fewer detectors can be used to detect the light attenuated by a measurement site.

FIG. 6A illustrates a perspective view of the partially cylindrical protrusion 605. FIG. 6B illustrates a front elevation view of the partially cylindrical protrusion 605. FIG. 6C illustrates a side view of the partially cylindrical protrusion 605. FIG. 6D illustrates a top view of the partially cylindrical protrusion 605.

Advantageously, in certain embodiments, placing the partially cylindrical protrusion 605 over the photodiodes in any of the sensors described above adds multiple benefits to any of the sensors described above. In one embodiment, the partially cylindrical protrusion 605 penetrates into the tissue and reduces the path length of the light traveling in the tissue, similar to the protrusions described above.

The partially cylindrical protrusion 605 can also collect light from a large surface and focus down the light to a smaller area. As a result, in certain embodiments, signal strength per area of the photodiode can be increased. The partially cylindrical protrusion 605 can therefore facilitate a lower cost sensor because, in certain embodiments, less photodiode area can be used to obtain the same signal strength. Less photodiode area can be realized by using smaller photodiodes or fewer photodiodes (see, e.g., FIG. 14). If fewer or smaller photodiodes are used, the partially cylindrical protrusion 605 can also facilitate an improved SNR of the sensor because fewer or smaller photodiodes can have less dark current.

The dimensions of the partially cylindrical protrusion 605 can vary based on, for instance, a number of photodiodes used with the sensor. Referring to FIG. 6C, the overall height of the partially cylindrical protrusion 605 (measurement “a”) in some implementations is about 1 to about 3 mm. A height in this range can allow the partially cylindrical protrusion 605 to penetrate into the pad of the finger or other tissue and reduce the distance that light travels through the tissue. Other heights, however, of the partially cylindrical protrusion 605 can also accomplish this objective. For example, the chosen height of the partially cylindrical protrusion 605 can be selected based on the size of the measurement site, whether the patient is an adult or child, and so on. In an embodiment, the height of the protrusion 605 is chosen to provide as much tissue thickness reduction as possible while reducing or preventing occlusion of blood vessels in the tissue.

Referring to FIG. 6D, the width of the partially cylindrical protrusion 605 (measurement “b”) can be about 3 to about 5 mm. In one embodiment, the width is about 4 mm. In one embodiment, a width in this range provides good penetration of the partially cylindrical protrusion 605 into the tissue to reduce the path length of the light. Other widths, however, of the partially cylindrical protrusion 605 can also accomplish this objective. For example, the width of the partially cylindrical protrusion 605 can vary based on the size of the measurement site, whether the patient is an adult or child, and so on. In addition, the length of the protrusion 605 could be about 10 mm, or about 8 mm to about 12 mm, or smaller than 8 mm or greater than 12 mm.

In certain embodiments, the focal length (f) for the partially cylindrical protrusion 605 can be expressed as:

$f = \frac{R}{n - 1},$

where R is the radius of curvature of the partial cylinder 608 and n is the index of refraction of the material used. In certain embodiments, the radius of curvature can be between about 1.5 mm and about 2 mm. In another embodiment, the partially cylindrical protrusion 605 can include a material, such as nBK7 glass, with an index of refraction of around 1.5 at 1300 nm, which can provide focal lengths of between about 3 mm and about 4 mm.

A partially cylindrical protrusion 605 having a material with a higher index of refraction such as nSF11 glass (e.g., n=1.75 at 1300 nm) can provide a shorter focal length and possibly a smaller photodiode chip, but can also cause higher reflections due to the index of refraction mismatch with air. Many types of glass or plastic can be used with index of refraction values ranging from, for example, about 1.4 to about 1.9. The index of refraction of the material of the protrusion 605 can be chosen to improve or optimize the light focusing properties of the protrusion 605. A plastic partially cylindrical protrusion 605 could provide the cheapest option in high volumes but can also have some undesired light absorption peaks at wavelengths higher than 1500 nm. Other focal lengths and materials having different indices of refraction can be used for the partially cylindrical protrusion 605.

Placing a photodiode at a given distance below the partially cylindrical protrusion 605 can facilitate capturing some or all of the light traveling perpendicular to the lens within the active area of the photodiode (see FIG. 14). Different sizes of the partially cylindrical protrusion 605 can use different sizes of photodiodes. The extension 610 added onto the bottom of the partial cylinder 608 is used in certain embodiments to increase the height of the partially cylindrical protrusion 605. In an embodiment, the added height is such that the photodiodes are at or are approximately at the focal length of the partially cylindrical protrusion 605. In an embodiment, the added height provides for greater thinning of the measurement site. In an embodiment, the added height assists in deflecting light piped through the sensor. This is because light piped around the sensor passes through the side walls of the added height without being directed toward the detectors. The extension 610 can also further facilitate the protrusion 605 increasing or maximizing the amount of light that is provided to the detectors. In some embodiments, the extension 610 can be omitted.

FIG. 6E illustrates another view of the sensor 301f of FIG. 3F, which includes an embodiment of a partially cylindrical protrusion 605b. Like the sensor 301A shown in FIGS. 3B and 3C, the sensor 301f includes a finger bed 310f. The finger bed 310f includes a generally curved surface shaped generally to receive tissue, such as a human digit. The finger bed 310f also includes the ridges or channels 314 described above with respect to FIGS. 3B and 3C.

The example of finger bed 310f shown also includes the protrusion 605b, which includes the features of the protrusion 605 described above. In addition, the protrusion 605b also includes chamfered edges 607 on each end to provide a more comfortable surface for a finger to slide across (see also FIG. 14D). In another embodiment, the protrusion 605b could instead include a single chamfered edge 607 proximal to the ridges 314. In another embodiment, one or both of the chamfered edges 607 could be rounded.

The protrusion 605b also includes a measurement site contact area 670 that can contact body tissue of a measurement site. The protrusion 605b can be removed from or integrated with the finger bed 310f. Interchangeable, differently shaped protrusions 605b can also be provided, which can correspond to different finger shapes, characteristics, opacity, sizes, or the like.

FIGS. 7A and 7B illustrate block diagrams of sensors 701 that include example arrangements of conductive glass or conductive coated glass for shielding. Advantageously, in certain embodiments, the shielding can provide increased SNR. The features of the sensors 701 can be implemented with any of the sensors 101, 201, 301 described above. Although not shown, the partially cylindrical protrusion 605 of FIG. 6 can also be used with the sensors 701 in certain embodiments.

For example, referring specifically to FIG. 7A, the sensor 701a includes an emitter housing 704a and a detector housing 706. The emitter housing 704a includes LEDs 104. The detector housing 706a includes a tissue bed 710a with an opening or window 703a, the conductive glass 730a, and one or more photodiodes for detectors 106 provided on a submount 707a.

During operation, a finger 102 can be placed on the tissue bed 710a and optical radiation can be emitted from the LEDs 104. Light can then be attenuated as it passes through or is reflected from the tissue of the finger 102. The attenuated light can then pass through the opening 703a in the tissue bed 710a. Based on the received light, the detectors 106 can provide a detector signal 107, for example, to the front end interface 108 (see FIG. 1).

In the depicted embodiment, the conductive glass 730 is provided in the opening 703. The conductive glass 730 can thus not only permit light from the finger to pass to the detectors 106, but it can also supplement the shielding of the detectors 106 from noise. The conductive glass 730 can include a stack or set of layers. In FIG. 7A, the conductive glass 730a is shown having a glass layer 731 proximate the finger 102 and a conductive layer 733 electrically coupled to the shielding 790a.

In an embodiment, the conductive glass 730a can be coated with a conductive, transparent or partially transparent material, such as a thin film of indium tin oxide (ITO). To supplement electrical shielding effects of a shielding enclosure 790a, the conductive glass 730a can be electrically coupled to the shielding enclosure 790a. The conductive glass 730a can be electrically coupled to the shielding 704a based on direct contact or via other connection devices, such as a wire or another component.

The shielding enclosure 790a can be provided to encompass the detectors 106 to reduce or prevent noise. For example, the shielding enclosure 790a can be constructed from a conductive material, such as copper, in the form of a metal cage. The shielding or enclosure a can include an opaque material to not only reduce electrical noise, but also ambient optical noise.

In some embodiments, the shielding enclosure 790a can be constructed in a single manufactured component with or without the use of conductive glass. This form of construction may be useful in order to reduce costs of manufacture as well as assist in quality control of the components. Furthermore, the shielding enclosure 790a can also be used to house various other components, such as sigma delta components for various embodiments of front end interfaces 108.

Referring to FIG. 7B, another block diagram of an example sensor 701b is shown. A tissue bed 710b of the sensor 701b includes a protrusion 705b, which is in the form of a convex bump. The protrusion 705b can include all of the features of the protrusions or tissue shaping materials described above. For example, the protrusion 705b includes a contact area 370 that comes in contact with the finger 102 and which can include one or more openings 703b. One or more components of conductive glass 730b can be provided in the openings 703. For example, in an embodiment, each of the openings 703 can include a separate window of the conductive glass 730b. In an embodiment, a single piece of the conductive glass 730b can used for some or all of the openings 703b. The conductive glass 730b is smaller than the conductive glass 730a in this particular embodiment.

A shielding enclosure 790b is also provided, which can have all the features of the shielding enclosure 790a. The shielding enclosure 790b is smaller than the shielding enclosure 790a; however, a variety of sizes can be selected for the shielding enclosures 790.

In some embodiments, the shielding enclosure 790b can be constructed in a single manufactured component with or without the use of conductive glass. This form of construction may be useful in order to reduce costs of manufacture as well as assist in quality control of the components. Furthermore, the shielding enclosure 790b can also be used to house various other components, such as sigma delta components for various embodiments of front end interfaces 108.

FIGS. 8A through 8D illustrate a perspective view, side views, and a bottom elevation view of the conductive glass described above with respect to the sensors 701a, 701b. As shown in the perspective view of FIG. 8A and side view of FIG. 8B, the conductive glass 730 includes the electrically conductive material 733 described above as a coating on the glass layer 731 described above to form a stack. In an embodiment where the electrically conductive material 733 includes indium tin oxide, surface resistivity of the electrically conductive material 733 can range approximately from 30 ohms per square inch to 500 ohms per square inch, or approximately 30, 200, or 500 ohms per square inch. As would be understood by a person of skill in the art from the present disclosure, other resistivities can also be used which are less than 30 ohms or more than 500 ohms. Other transparent, electrically conductive materials can be used as the material 733.

Although the conductive material 733 is shown spread over the surface of the glass layer 731, the conductive material 733 can be patterned or provided on selected portions of the glass layer 731. Furthermore, the conductive material 733 can have uniform or varying thickness depending on a desired transmission of light, a desired shielding effect, and other considerations.

In FIG. 8C, a side view of a conductive glass 830a is shown to illustrate an embodiment where the electrically conductive material 733 is provided as an internal layer between two glass layers 731, 835. Various combinations of integrating electrically conductive material 733 with glass are possible. For example, the electrically conductive material 733 can be a layer within a stack of layers. This stack of layers can include one or more layers of glass 731, 835, as well as one or more layers of conductive material 733. The stack can include other layers of materials to achieve desired characteristics.

In FIG. 8D, a bottom perspective view is shown to illustrate an embodiment where a conductive glass 830b can include conductive material 837 that occupies or covers a portion of a glass layer 839. This embodiment can be useful, for example, to create individual, shielded windows for detectors 106, such as those shown in FIG. 3C. The conductive material 837 can be patterned to include an area 838 to allow light to pass to detectors 106 and one or more strips 841 to couple to the shielding 704 of FIG. 7.

Other configurations and patterns for the conductive material can be used in certain embodiments, such as, for example, a conductive coating lining periphery edges, a conductive coating outlaid in a pattern including a grid or other pattern, a speckled conductive coating, coating outlaid in lines in either direction or diagonally, varied thicknesses from the center out or from the periphery in, or other suitable patterns or coatings that balance the shielding properties with transparency considerations.

FIG. 9 depicts an example graph 900 that illustrates comparative results obtained by an example sensor having components similar to those disclosed above with respect to FIGS. 7 and 8. The graph 900 depicts the results of the percentage of transmission of varying wavelengths of light for different types of windows used in the sensors described above.

A line 915 on the graph 900 illustrates example light transmission of a window made from plain glass. As shown, the light transmission percentage of varying wavelengths of light is approximately 90% for a window made from plain glass. A line 920 on the graph 900 demonstrates an example light transmission percentage for an embodiment in which a window is made from glass having an ITO coating with a surface resistivity of 500 ohms per square inch. A line 925 on the graph 900 shows an example light transmission for an embodiment in which a window is made from glass that includes a coating of ITO oxide with a surface resistivity of 200 ohms per square inch. A line 930 on the graph 900 shows an example light transmission for an embodiment in which a window is made from glass that includes a coating of ITO oxide with a surface resistivity of 30 ohms per square inch.

The light transmission percentage for a window with currently available embedded wiring can have a light transmission percentage of approximately 70%. This lower percentage of light transmission can be due to the opacity of the wiring employed in a currently available window with wiring. Accordingly, certain embodiments of glass coatings described herein can employ, for example, ITO coatings with different surface resistivity depending on the desired light transmission, wavelengths of light used for measurement, desired shielding effect, and other criteria.

FIGS. 10A through 10B illustrate comparative noise floors of example implementations of the sensors described above. Noise can include optical noise from ambient light and electro-magnetic noise, for example, from surrounding electrical equipment. In FIG. 10A, a graph 1000 depicts possible noise floors for different frequencies of noise for an embodiment in which one of the sensors described above included separate windows for four (4) detectors 106. One or more of the windows included an embedded grid of wiring as a noise shield. Symbols 1030-1033 illustrate the noise floor performance for this embodiment. As can be seen, the noise floor performance can vary for each of the openings and based on the frequency of the noise.

In FIG. 10B, a graph 1050 depicts a noise floor for frequencies of noise 1070 for an embodiment in which the sensor included separate openings for four (4) detectors 106 and one or more windows that include an ITO coating. In this embodiment, a surface resistivity of the ITO used was about 500 ohms per square inch. Symbols 1080-1083 illustrate the noise floor performance for this embodiment. As can be seen, the noise floor performance for this embodiment can vary less for each of the openings and provide lower noise floors in comparison to the embodiment of FIG. 10A.

FIG. 11A illustrates an example structure for configuring the set of optical sources of the emitters described above. As shown, an emitter 104 can include a driver 1105, a thermistor 1120, a set of top-emitting LEDs 1102 for emitting red and/or infrared light, a set of side-emitting LEDs 1104 for emitting near infrared light, and a submount 1106.

The thermistor 1120 can be provided to compensate for temperature variations. For example, the thermistor 1120 can be provided to allow for wavelength centroid and power drift of LEDs 1102 and 1104 due to heating. In addition, other thermistors can be employed, for example, to measure a temperature of a measurement site. The temperature can be displayed on a display device and used by a caregiver. Such a temperature can also be helpful in correcting for wavelength drift due to changes in water absorption, which can be temperature dependent, thereby providing more accurate data useful in detecting blood analytes like glucose. In addition, using a thermistor or other type of temperature sensitive device may be useful for detecting extreme temperatures at the measurement site that are too hot or too cold. The presence of low perfusion may also be detected, for example, when the finger of a patient has become too cold. Moreover, shifts in temperature at the measurement site can alter the absorption spectrum of water and other tissue in the measurement cite. A thermistor's temperature reading can be used to adjust for the variations in absorption spectrum changes in the measurement site.

The driver 1105 can provide pulses of current to the emitter 1104. In an embodiment, the driver 1105 drives the emitter 1104 in a progressive fashion, for example, in an alternating manner based on a control signal from, for example, a processor (e.g., the processor 110). For example, the driver 1105 can drive the emitter 1104 with a series of pulses to about 1 milliwatt (mW) for visible light to light at about 1300 nm and from about 40 mW to about 100 mW for light at about 1600 nm to about 1700 nm. However, a wide number of driving powers and driving methodologies can be used. The driver 1105 can be synchronized with other parts of the sensor and can minimize or reduce any jitter in the timing of pulses of optical radiation emitted from the emitter 1104. In some embodiments, the driver 1105 is capable of driving the emitter 1104 to emit an optical radiation in a pattern that varies by less than about 10 parts-per-million; however other amounts of variation can be used.

The submount 1106 provides a support structure in certain embodiments for aligning the top-emitting LEDs 1102 and the side-emitting LEDs 1104 so that their optical radiation is transmitted generally towards the measurement site. In some embodiments, the submount 1106 is also constructed of aluminum nitride (AlN) or beryllium oxide (BEO) for heat dissipation, although other materials or combinations of materials suitable for the submount 1106 can be used.

FIG. 11B illustrates a configuration of emitting optical radiation into a measurement site for measuring a blood constituent or analyte like glucose. In some embodiments, emitter 104 may be driven in a progressive fashion to minimize noise and increase SNR of sensor 101. For example, emitter 104 may be driven based on a progression of power/current delivered to LEDs 1102 and 1104.

In some embodiments, emitter 104 may be configured to emit pulses centered about 905 nm, about 1050 nm, about 1200 nm, about 1300 nm, about 1330 nm, about 1610 nm, about 1640 nm, and about 1665 nm. In another embodiment, the emitter 104 may emit optical radiation ranging from about 860 nm to about 950 nm, about 950 nm to about 1100 nm, about 1100 nm to about 1270 nm, about 1250 nm to about 1350 nm, about 1300 nm to about 1360 nm, and about 1590 nm to about 1700 nm. Of course, emitter 104 may be configured to transmit any of a variety of wavelengths of visible, or near-infrared optical radiation.

For purposes of illustration, FIG. 11B shows a sequence of pulses of light at wavelengths of around 905 nm, around 1200 nm, around 1300 nm, and around 1330 nm from top emitting LEDs 1102. FIG. 11B also shows that emitter 104 may then emit pulses centered at around 1630 nm, around 1660 nm, and around 1615 nm from side emitting LEDs 1104. Emitter 104 may be progressively driven at higher power/current. This progression may allow driver circuit 105 to stabilize in its operations, and thus, provide a more stable current/power to LEDs 1102 and 1104.

For example, as shown in FIG. 11B, the sequence of optical radiation pulses are shown having a logarithmic-like progression in power/current. In some embodiments, the timing of these pulses is based on a cycle of about 400 slots running at 48 kHz (e.g. each time slot may be approximately 0.02 ms or 20 microseconds). An artisan will recognize that term “slots” includes its ordinary meaning, which includes a time period that may also be expressed in terms of a frequency. In the example shown, pulses from top emitting LEDs 1102 may have a pulse width of about 40 time slots (e.g., about 0.8 ms) and an off period of about 4 time slots in between. In addition, pulses from side emitting LEDs 1104 (e.g., or a laser diode) may have a pulse width of about 60 time slots (e.g., about 1.25 ms) and a similar off period of about 4 time slots. A pause of about 70 time slots (e.g. 1.5 ms) may also be provided in order to allow driver circuit 1105 to stabilize after operating at higher current/power.

As shown in FIG. 11B, top emitting LEDs 1102 may be initially driven with a power to approximately 1 mW at a current of about 20-100 mA. Power in these LEDs may also be modulated by using a filter or covering of black dye to reduce power output of LEDs. In this example, top emitting LEDs 1102 may be driven at approximately 0.02 to 0.08 mW. The sequence of the wavelengths may be based on the current requirements of top emitting LEDs 502 for that particular wavelength. Of course, in other embodiments, different wavelengths and sequences of wavelengths may be output from emitter 104.

Subsequently, side emitting LEDs 1104 may be driven at higher powers, such as about 40-100 mW and higher currents of about 600-800 mA. This higher power may be employed in order to compensate for the higher opacity of tissue and water in measurement site 102 to these wavelengths. For example, as shown, pulses at about 1630 nm, about 1660 nm, and about 1615 nm may be output with progressively higher power, such as at about 40 mW, about 50 mW, and about 60 mW, respectively. In this embodiment, the order of wavelengths may be based on the optical characteristics of that wavelength in tissue as well as the current needed to drive side emitting LEDs 1104. For example, in this embodiment, the optical pulse at about 1615 nm is driven at the highest power due to its sensitivity in detecting analytes like glucose and the ability of light at this wavelength to penetrate tissue. Of course, different wavelengths and sequences of wavelengths may be output from emitter 104.

As noted, this progression may be useful in some embodiments because it allows the circuitry of driver circuit 1105 to stabilize its power delivery to LEDs 1102 and 1104. Driver circuit 1105 may be allowed to stabilize based on the duty cycle of the pulses or, for example, by configuring a variable waiting period to allow for stabilization of driver circuit 1105. Of course, other variations in power/current and wavelength may also be employed in the present disclosure.

Modulation in the duty cycle of the individual pulses may also be useful because duty cycle can affect the signal noise ratio of the system 100. That is, as the duty cycle is increased so may the signal to noise ratio.

Furthermore, as noted above, driver circuit 1105 may monitor temperatures of the LEDs 1102 and 1104 using the thermistor 1120 and adjust the output of LEDs 1102 and 1104 accordingly. Such a temperature may be to help sensor 101 correct for wavelength drift due to changes in water absorption, which can be temperature dependent.

FIG. 11C illustrates another exemplary emitter that may be employed in the sensor according to an embodiment of the disclosure. As shown, the emitter 104 can include components mounted on a substrate 1108 and on submount 1106. In particular, top-emitting LEDs 1102 for emitting red and/or infrared light may be mounted on substrate 1108. Side emitting LEDS 1104 may be mounted on submount 1106. As noted, side-emitting LEDs 1104 may be included in emitter 104 for emitting near infrared light.

As also shown, the sensor of FIG. 11C may include a thermistor 1120. As noted, the thermistor 1120 can be provided to compensate for temperature variations. The thermistor 1120 can be provided to allow for wavelength centroid and power drift of LEDs 1102 and 1104 due to heating. In addition, other thermistors (not shown) can be employed, for example, to measure a temperature of a measurement site. Such a temperature can be helpful in correcting for wavelength drift due to changes in water absorption, which can be temperature dependent, thereby providing more accurate data useful in detecting blood analytes like glucose.

In some embodiments, the emitter 104 may be implemented without the use of side emitting LEDs. For example, certain blood constituents, such as total hemoglobin, can be measured by embodiments of the disclosure without the use of side emitting LEDs. FIG. 11D illustrates another exemplary emitter that may be employed in the sensor according to an embodiment of the disclosure. In particular, an emitter 104 that is configured for a blood constituent, such as total hemoglobin, is shown. The emitter 104 can include components mounted on a substrate 1108. In particular, top-emitting LEDs 1102 for emitting red and/or infrared light may be mounted on substrate 1108.

As also shown, the emitter of FIG. 11D may include a thermistor 1120. The thermistor 1120 can be provided to compensate for temperature variations. The thermistor 1120 can be provided to allow for wavelength centroid and power drift of LEDs 1102 due to heating.

FIG. 12A illustrates a detector submount 1200 having photodiode detectors that are arranged in a grid pattern on the detector submount 1200 to capture light at different quadrants from a measurement site. One detector submount 1200 can be placed under each window of the sensors described above, or multiple windows can be placed over a single detector submount 1200. The detector submount 1200 can also be used with the partially cylindrical protrusion 605 described above with respect to FIG. 6.

The detectors include photodiode detectors 1-4 that are arranged in a grid pattern on the submount 1200 to capture light at different quadrants from the measurement site. As noted, other patterns of photodiodes, such as a linear row, or logarithmic row, can also be employed in certain embodiments.

As shown, the detectors 1-4 may have a predetermined spacing from each other, or spatial relationship among one another that result in a spatial configuration. This spatial configuration can be configured to purposefully create a variation of path lengths among detectors 106 and the point light source discussed above.

Detectors may hold multiple (e.g., two, three, four, etc.) photodiode arrays that are arranged in a two-dimensional grid pattern. Multiple photodiode arrays may also be useful to detect light piping (i.e., light that bypasses measurement site 102). As shown, walls may separate the individual photodiode arrays to prevent mixing of light signals from distinct quadrants. In addition, as noted, the detectors may be covered by windows of transparent material, such as glass, plastic, etc., to allow maximum transmission of power light captured. As noted, this window may comprise some shielding in the form of an embedded grid of wiring, or a conductive layer or coating.

FIGS. 12B through 12D illustrate a simplified view of exemplary arrangements and spatial configurations of photodiodes for detectors 106. As shown, detectors 106 may comprise photodiode detectors 1-4 that are arranged in a grid pattern on detector submount 1200 to capture light at different quadrants from measurement site 102.

As noted, other patterns of photodiodes may also be employed in embodiments of the present disclosure, including, for example, stacked or other configurations recognizable to an artisan from the disclosure herein. For example, detectors 106 may be arranged in a linear array, a logarithmic array, a two-dimensional array, and the like. Furthermore, an artisan will recognize from the disclosure herein that any number of detectors 106 may be employed by embodiments of the present disclosure.

For example, as shown in FIG. 12B, detectors 106 may comprise photodiode detectors 1-4 that are arranged in a substantially linear configuration on submount 1200. In this embodiment shown, photodiode detectors 1-4 are substantially equally spaced apart (e.g., where the distance D is substantially the same between detectors 1-4).

In FIG. 12C, photodiode detectors 1-4 may be arranged in a substantially linear configuration on submount 1200, but may employ a substantially progressive, substantially logarithmic, or substantially semi-logarithmic spacing (e.g., where distances D1>D2>D3). This arrangement or pattern may be useful for use on a patient's finger and where the thickness of the finger gradually increases.

In FIG. 12D, a different substantially grid pattern on submount 1200 of photodiode detectors 1-4 is shown. As noted, other patterns of detectors may also be employed in embodiments of the present invention.

FIGS. 12E through 12H illustrate several embodiments of photodiodes that may be used in detectors 106. As shown in these figures, a photodiode 1202 of detector 106 may comprise a plurality of active areas 1204. These active areas 204 may be coupled together via a common cathode 1206 or anode 1208 in order to provide a larger effective detection area.

In particular, as shown in FIG. 12E, photodiode 1202 may comprise two (2) active areas 1204a and 1204b. In FIG. 12F, photodiode 1202 may comprise four (4) active areas 1204c-f. In FIG. 12G, photodiode 1202 may comprise three (3) active areas 1204g-i. In FIG. 12H, photodiode 1202 may comprise nine (9) active areas 1204j-r. The use of smaller active areas may be useful because smaller active areas can be easier to fabricate and can be fabricated with higher purity. However, one skilled in the art will recognize that various sizes of active areas may be employed in the photodiode 1202.

FIG. 13 illustrates an example multi-stream process 1300. The multi-stream process 1300 can be implemented by the data collection system 100 and/or by any of the sensors described above. As shown, a control signal from a signal processor 1310 controls a driver 1305. In response, an emitter 1304 generates a pulse sequence 1303 from its emitter (e.g., its LEDs) into a measurement site or sites 1302. As described above, in some embodiments, the pulse sequence 1303 is controlled to have a variation of about 10 parts per million or less. Of course, depending on the analyte desired, the tolerated variation in the pulse sequence 1303 can be greater (or smaller).

In response to the pulse sequence 1300, detectors 1 to n (n being an integer) in a detector 1306 capture optical radiation from the measurement site 1302 and provide respective streams of output signals. Each signal from one of detectors 1-n can be considered a stream having respective time slots corresponding to the optical pulses from emitter sets 1-n in the emitter 1304. Although n emitters and n detectors are shown, the number of emitters and detectors need not be the same in certain implementations.

A front end interface 1308 can accept these multiple streams from detectors 1-n and deliver one or more signals or composite signal(s) back to the signal processor 1310. A stream from the detectors 1-n can thus include measured light intensities corresponding to the light pulses emitted from the emitter 1304.

The signal processor 1310 can then perform various calculations to measure the amount of glucose and other analytes based on these multiple streams of signals. In order to help explain how the signal processor 1310 can measure analytes like glucose, a primer on the spectroscopy employed in these embodiments will now be provided.

Spectroscopy is premised upon the Beer-Lambert law. According to this law, the properties of a material, e.g., glucose present in a measurement site, can be deterministically calculated from the absorption of light traveling through the material. Specifically, there is a logarithmic relation between the transmission of light through a material and the concentration of a substance and also between the transmission and the length of the path traveled by the light. As noted, this relation is known as the Beer-Lambert law.

The Beer-Lambert law is usually written as:

Absorbance A=m*b*c, where:

m is the wavelength-dependent molar absorptivity coefficient (usually expressed in units of M⁻¹cm⁻¹);

b is the mean path length; and

c is the analyte concentration (e.g., the desired parameter).

In spectroscopy, instruments attempt to obtain the analyte concentration (c) by relating absorbance (A) to transmittance (T). Transmittance is a proportional value defined as:

T=I/I_o, where:

I is the light intensity measured by the instrument from the measurement site; and

l_ois the initial light intensity from the emitter.

Absorbance (A) can be equated to the transmittance (T) by the equation:

A=−log T

Therefore, substituting equations from above:

A=−log(I/I_o)

In view of this relationship, spectroscopy thus relies on a proportional-based calculation of −log(I/I_o) and solving for analyte concentration (c).

Typically, in order to simplify the calculations, spectroscopy will use detectors that are at the same location in order to keep the path length (b) a fixed, known constant. In addition, spectroscopy will employ various mechanisms to definitively know the transmission power (I_o), such as a photodiode located at the light source. This architecture can be viewed as a single channel or single stream sensor, because the detectors are at a single location.

However, this scheme can encounter several difficulties in measuring analytes, such as glucose. This can be due to the high overlap of absorption of light by water at the wavelengths relevant to glucose as well as other factors, such as high self-noise of the components.

Embodiments of the present disclosure can employ a different approach that in part allows for the measurement of analytes like glucose. Some embodiments can employ a bulk, non-pulsatile measurement in order to confirm or validate a pulsatile measurement. In addition, both the non-pulsatile and pulsatile measurements can employ, among other things, the multi-stream operation described above in order to attain sufficient SNR. In particular, a single light source having multiple emitters can be used to transmit light to multiple detectors having a spatial configuration.

A single light source having multiple emitters can allow for a range of wavelengths of light to be used. For example, visible, infrared, and near infrared wavelengths can be employed. Varying powers of light intensity for different wavelengths can also be employed.

Secondly, the use of multiple-detectors in a spatial configuration allow for a bulk measurement to confirm or validate that the sensor is positioned correctly. This is because the multiple locations of the spatial configuration can provide, for example, topology information that indicates where the sensor has been positioned. Currently available sensors do not provide such information. For example, if the bulk measurement is within a predetermined range of values, then this can indicate that the sensor is positioned correctly in order to perform pulsatile measurements for analytes like glucose. If the bulk measurement is outside of a certain range or is an unexpected value, then this can indicate that the sensor should be adjusted, or that the pulsatile measurements can be processed differently to compensate, such as using a different calibration curve or adjusting a calibration curve. This feature and others allow the embodiments to achieve noise cancellation and noise reduction, which can be several times greater in magnitude that what is achievable by currently available technology.

In order to help illustrate aspects of the multi-stream measurement approach, the following example derivation is provided. Transmittance (T) can be expressed as:

T=e^−m*b*c

In terms of light intensity, this equation can also be rewritten as:

I/I_o=e^−m*b*c

Or, at a detector, the measured light (I) can be expressed as:

I=I_o*e^−m*b*c

As noted, in the present disclosure, multiple detectors (1 to n) can be employed, which results in I₁. . . I_nstreams of measurements. Assuming each of these detectors have their own path lengths, b₁. . . b_n, from the light source, the measured light intensities can be expressed as:

I_n=I_o*e^−m*b_n*c

The measured light intensities at any two different detectors can be referenced to each other. For example:

I₁/I_n=(I_o*e^−mb¹^c)/(I_o*e^−mbⁿ^c)

As can be seen, the terms, I_o, cancel out and, based on exponent algebra, the equation can be rewritten as:

I₁/I_n=e^−m(b¹^−bⁿ⁾^c

From this equation, the analyte concentration (c) can now be derived from bulk signals I₁. . . I_nand knowing the respective mean path lengths b₁and bn. This scheme also allows for the cancelling out of I_o, and thus, noise generated by the emitter 1304 can be cancelled out or reduced. In addition, since the scheme employs a mean path length difference, any changes in mean path length and topological variations from patient to patient are easily accounted. Furthermore, this bulk-measurement scheme can be extended across multiple wavelengths. This flexibility and other features allow embodiments of the present disclosure to measure blood analytes like glucose.

For example, as noted, the non-pulsatile, bulk measurements can be combined with pulsatile measurements to more accurately measure analytes like glucose. In particular, the non-pulsatile, bulk measurement can be used to confirm or validate the amount of glucose, protein, etc. in the pulsatile measurements taken at the tissue at the measurement site(s) 1302. The pulsatile measurements can be used to measure the amount of glucose, hemoglobin, or the like that is present in the blood. Accordingly, these different measurements can be combined to thus determine analytes like blood glucose.

FIG. 14A illustrates an embodiment of a detector submount 1400a positioned beneath the partially cylindrical protrusion 605 of FIG. 6 (or alternatively, the protrusion 605b). The detector submount 1400a includes two rows 1408a of detectors 1410a. The partially cylindrical protrusion 605 can facilitate reducing the number and/or size of detectors used in a sensor because the protrusion 605 can act as a lens that focuses light onto a smaller area.

To illustrate, in some sensors that do not include the partially cylindrical protrusion 605, sixteen detectors can be used, including four rows of four detectors each. Multiple rows of detectors can be used to measure certain analytes, such as glucose or total hemoglobin, among others. Multiple rows of detectors can also be used to detect light piping (e.g., light that bypasses the measurement site). However, using more detectors in a sensor can add cost, complexity, and noise to the sensor.

Applying the partially cylindrical protrusion 605 to such a sensor, however, could reduce the number of detectors or rows of detectors used while still receiving the substantially same amount of light, due to the focusing properties of the protrusion 605 (see FIG. 14B). This is the example situation illustrated in FIG. 14—two rows 1408a of detectors 1410a are used instead of four. Advantageously, in certain embodiments, the resulting sensor can be more cost effective, have less complexity, and have an improved SNR, due to fewer and/or smaller photodiodes.

In other embodiments, using the partially cylindrical protrusion 605 can allow the number of detector rows to be reduced to one or three rows of four detectors. The number of detectors in each row can also be reduced. Alternatively, the number of rows might not be reduced but the size of the detectors can be reduced. Many other configurations of detector rows and sizes can also be provided.

FIG. 14B depicts a front elevation view of the partially cylindrical protrusion 605 (or alternatively, the protrusion 605b) that illustrates how light from emitters (not shown) can be focused by the protrusion 605 onto detectors. The protrusion 605 is placed above a detector submount 1400b having one or more detectors 1410b disposed thereon. The submount 1400b can include any number of rows of detectors 1410, although one row is shown.

Light, represented by rays 1420, is emitted from the emitters onto the protrusion 605. These light rays 1420 can be attenuated by body tissue (not shown). When the light rays 1420 enter the protrusion 605, the protrusion 605 acts as a lens to refract the rays into rays 1422. This refraction is caused in certain embodiments by the partially cylindrical shape of the protrusion 605. The refraction causes the rays 1422 to be focused or substantially focused on the one or more detectors 1410b. Since the light is focused on a smaller area, a sensor including the protrusion 605 can include fewer detectors to capture the same amount of light compared with other sensors.

FIG. 14C illustrates another embodiment of a detector submount 1400c, which can be disposed under the protrusion 605b (or alternatively, the protrusion 605). The detector submount 1400c includes a single row 1408c of detectors 1410c. The detectors are electrically connected to conductors 1412c, which can be gold, silver, copper, or any other suitable conductive material.

The detector submount 1400c is shown positioned under the protrusion 605b in a detector subassembly 1450 illustrated in FIG. 14D. A top-down view of the detector subassembly 1450 is also shown in FIG. 14E. In the detector subassembly 1450, a cylindrical housing 1430 is disposed on the submount 1400c. The cylindrical housing 1430 includes a transparent cover 1432, upon which the protrusion 605b is disposed. Thus, as shown in FIG. 14D, a gap 1434 exists between the detectors 1410c and the protrusion 605b. The height of this gap 1434 can be chosen to increase or maximize the amount of light that impinges on the detectors 1410c.

The cylindrical housing 1430 can be made of metal, plastic, or another suitable material. The transparent cover 1432 can be fabricated from glass or plastic, among other materials. The cylindrical housing 1430 can be attached to the submount 1400c at the same time or substantially the same time as the detectors 1410c to reduce manufacturing costs. A shape other than a cylinder can be selected for the housing 1430 in various embodiments.

In certain embodiments, the cylindrical housing 1430 (and transparent cover 1432) forms an airtight or substantially airtight or hermetic seal with the submount 1400c. As a result, the cylindrical housing 1430 can protect the detectors 1410c and conductors 1412c from fluids and vapors that can cause corrosion. Advantageously, in certain embodiments, the cylindrical housing 1430 can protect the detectors 1410c and conductors 1412c more effectively than currently-available resin epoxies, which are sometimes applied to solder joints between conductors and detectors.

In embodiments where the cylindrical housing 1430 is at least partially made of metal, the cylindrical housing 1430 can provide noise shielding for the detectors 1410c. For example, the cylindrical housing 1430 can be soldered to a ground connection or ground plane on the submount 1400c, which allows the cylindrical housing 1430 to reduce noise. In another embodiment, the transparent cover 1432 can include a conductive material or conductive layer, such as conductive glass or plastic. The transparent cover 1432 can include any of the features of the noise shields 790 described above.

The protrusion 605b includes the chamfered edges 607 described above with respect to FIG. 6E. These chamfered edges 607 can allow a patient to more comfortably slide a finger over the protrusion 605b when inserting the finger into the sensor 301f.

FIG. 14F illustrates a portion of the detector shell 306f, which includes the detectors 1410c on the substrate 1400c. The substrate 1400c is enclosed by a shielding enclosure 1490, which can include the features of the shielding enclosures 790a, 790b described above (see also FIG. 17). The shielding enclosure 1490 can be made of metal. The shielding enclosure 1490 includes a window 1492a above the detectors 1410c, which allows light to be transmitted onto the detectors 1410c.

A noise shield 1403 is disposed above the shielding enclosure 1490. The noise shield 1403, in the depicted embodiment, includes a window 1492a corresponding to the window 1492a. Each of the windows 1492a, 1492b can include glass, plastic, or can be an opening without glass or plastic. In some embodiments, the windows 1492a, 1492b may be selected to have different sizes or shapes from each other.

The noise shield 1403 can include any of the features of the conductive glass described above. In the depicted embodiment, the noise shield 1403 extends about three-quarters of the length of the detector shell 306f. In other embodiments, the noise shield 1403 could be smaller or larger. The noise shield 1403 could, for instance, merely cover the detectors 1410c, the submount 1400c, or a portion thereof. The noise shield 1403 also includes a stop 1413 for positioning a measurement site within the sensor 301f. Advantageously, in certain embodiments, the noise shield 1403 can reduce noise caused by light piping.

A thermistor 1470 is also shown. The thermistor 1470 is attached to the submount 1400c and protrudes above the noise shield 1403. As described above, the thermistor 1470 can be employed to measure a temperature of a measurement site. Such a temperature can be helpful in correcting for wavelength drift due to changes in water absorption, which can be temperature dependent, thereby providing more accurate data useful in detecting blood analytes like glucose.

In the depicted embodiment, the detectors 1410c are not enclosed in the cylindrical housing 1430. In an alternative embodiment, the cylindrical housing 1430 encloses the detectors 1410c and is disposed under the noise shield 1403. In another embodiment, the cylindrical housing 1430 encloses the detectors 1410c and the noise shield 1403 is not used. If both the cylindrical housing 1403 and the noise shield 1403 are used, either or both can have noise shielding features.

FIG. 14G illustrates the detector shell 306f of FIG. 14F, with the finger bed 310f disposed thereon. FIG. 14H illustrates the detector shell 306f of FIG. 14G, with the protrusion 605b disposed in the finger bed 310f.

FIG. 14I illustrates a cutaway view of the sensor 301f. Not all features of the sensor 301f are shown, such as the protrusion 605b. Features shown include the emitter and detector shells 304f, 306f, the flaps 307f, the heat sink 350f and fins 351f, the finger bed 310f, and the noise shield 1403.

In addition to these features, emitters 1404 are depicted in the emitter shell 304f. The emitters 1404 are disposed on a submount 1401, which is connected to a circuit board 1419. The emitters 1404 are also enclosed within a cylindrical housing 1480. The cylindrical housing 1480 can include all of the features of the cylindrical housing 1430 described above. For example, the cylindrical housing 1480 can be made of metal, can be connected to a ground plane of the submount 1401 to provide noise shielding, and can include a transparent cover 1482.

The cylindrical housing 1480 can also protect the emitters 1404 from fluids and vapors that can cause corrosion. Moreover, the cylindrical housing 1480 can provide a gap between the emitters 1404 and the measurement site (not shown), which can allow light from the emitters 1404 to even out or average out before reaching the measurement site.

The heat sink 350f, in addition to including the fins 351f, includes a protuberance 352f that extends down from the fins 351f and contacts the submount 1401. The protuberance 352f can be connected to the submount 1401, for example, with thermal paste or the like. The protuberance 352f can sink heat from the emitters 1404 and dissipate the heat via the fins 351f.

FIGS. 15A and 15B illustrate embodiments of sensor portions 1500A, 15008 that include alternative heat sink features to those described above. These features can be incorporated into any of the sensors described above. For example, any of the sensors above can be modified to use the heat sink features described below instead of or in addition to the heat sink features of the sensors described above.

The sensor portions 1500A, 1500B shown include LED emitters 1504; however, for ease of illustration, the detectors have been omitted. The sensor portions 1500A, 1500B shown can be included, for example, in any of the emitter shells described above.

The LEDs 1504 of the sensor portions 1500A, 1500B are connected to a substrate or submount 1502. The submount 1502 can be used in place of any of the submounts described above. The submount 1502 can be a non-electrically conducting material made of any of a variety of materials, such as ceramic, glass, or the like. A cable 1512 is attached to the submount 1502 and includes electrical wiring 1514, such as twisted wires and the like, for communicating with the LEDs 1504. The cable 1512 can correspond to the cables 212 described above.

Although not shown, the cable 1512 can also include electrical connections to a detector. Only a portion of the cable 1512 is shown for clarity. The depicted embodiment of the cable 1512 includes an outer jacket 1510 and a conductive shield 1506 disposed within the outer jacket 1510. The conductive shield 1506 can be a ground shield or the like that is made of a metal such as braided copper or aluminum. The conductive shield 1506 or a portion of the conductive shield 1506 can be electrically connected to the submount 1502 and can reduce noise in the signal generated by the sensor 1500A, 15008 by reducing RF coupling with the wires 1514. In alternative embodiments, the cable 1512 does not have a conductive shield. For example, the cable 1512 could be a twisted pair cable or the like, with one wire of the twisted pair used as a heat sink.

Referring specifically to FIG. 15A, in certain embodiments, the conductive shield 1506 can act as a heat sink for the LEDs 1504 by absorbing thermal energy from the LEDs 1504 and/or the submount 1502. An optional heat insulator 1520 in communication with the submount 1502 can also assist with directing heat toward the conductive shield 1506. The heat insulator 1520 can be made of plastic or another suitable material. Advantageously, using the conductive shield 1506 in the cable 1512 as a heat sink can, in certain embodiments, reduce cost for the sensor.

Referring to FIG. 15B, the conductive shield 1506 can be attached to both the submount 1502 and to a heat sink layer 1530 sandwiched between the submount 1502 and the optional insulator 1520. Together, the heat sink layer 1530 and the conductive shield 1506 in the cable 1512 can absorb at least part of the thermal energy from the LEDs and/or the submount 1502.

FIGS. 15C and 15D illustrate implementations of a sensor portion 1500C that includes the heat sink features of the sensor portion 1500A described above with respect to FIG. 15A. The sensor portion 1500C includes the features of the sensor portion 1500A, except that the optional insulator 1520 is not shown. FIG. 15D is a side cutaway view of the sensor portion 1500C that shows the emitters 1504.

The cable 1512 includes the outer jacket 1510 and the conductive shield 1506. The conductive shield 1506 is soldered to the submount 1502, and the solder joint 1561 is shown. In some embodiments, a larger solder joint 1561 can assist with removing heat more rapidly from the emitters 1504. Various connections 1563 between the submount 1502 and a circuit board 1519 are shown. In addition, a cylindrical housing 1580, corresponding to the cylindrical housing 1480 of FIG. 14I, is shown protruding through the circuit board 1519. The emitters 1504 are enclosed in the cylindrical housing 1580.

FIGS. 15E and 15F illustrate implementations of a sensor portion 1500E that includes the heat sink features of the sensor portion 1500B described above with respect to FIG. 15B. The sensor portion 1500E includes the heat sink layer 1530. The heat sink layer 1530 can be a metal plate, such as a copper plate or the like. The optional insulator 1520 is not shown. FIG. 15F is a side cutaway view of the sensor portion 1500E that shows the emitters 1504.

In the depicted embodiment, the conductive shield 1506 of the cable 1512 is soldered to the heat sink layer 1530 instead of the submount 1502. The solder joint 1565 is shown. In some embodiments, a larger solder joint 1565 can assist with removing heat more rapidly from the emitters 1504. Various connections 1563 between the submount 1502 and a circuit board 1519 are shown. In addition, the cylindrical housing 1580 is shown protruding through the circuit board 1519. The emitters 1504 are enclosed in the cylindrical housing 1580.

FIGS. 15G and 15H illustrate embodiments of connector features that can be used with any of the sensors described above with respect to FIGS. 1 through 15F. Referring to FIG. 15G, the circuit board 1519 includes a female connector 1575 that mates with a male connector 1577 connected to a daughter board 1587. The daughter board 1587 includes connections to the electrical wiring 1514 of the cable 1512. The connected boards 1519, 1587 are shown in FIG. 15H. Also shown is a hole 1573 that can receive the cylindrical housing 1580 described above.

Advantageously, in certain embodiments, using a daughter board 1587 to connect to the circuit board 1519 can enable connections to be made more easily to the circuit board 1519. In addition, using separate boards can be easier to manufacture than a single circuit board 1519 with all connections soldered to the circuit board 1519.

FIG. 15I illustrates an exemplary architecture for front-end interface 108 as a transimpedance-based front-end. As noted, front-end interfaces 108 provide an interface that adapts the output of detectors 106 into a form that can be handled by signal processor 110. As shown in this figure, sensor 101 and front-end interfaces 108 may be integrated together as a single component, such as an integrated circuit. Of course, one skilled in the art will recognize that sensor 101 and front end interfaces 108 may comprise multiple components or circuits that are coupled together.

Front-end interfaces 108 may be implemented using transimpedance amplifiers that are coupled to analog to digital converters in a sigma delta converter. In some embodiments, a programmable gain amplifier (PGA) can be used in combination with the transimpedance-based front-ends. For example, the output of a transimpedance-based front-end may be output to a sigma-delta ADC that comprises a PGA. A PGA may be useful in order to provide another level of amplification and control of the stream of signals from detectors 106. The PGA may be an integrated circuit or built from a set of micro-relays. Alternatively, the PGA and ADC components in converter 900 may be integrated with the transimpedance-based front-end in sensor 101.

Due to the low-noise requirements for measuring blood analytes like glucose and the challenge of using multiple photodiodes in detector 106, the applicants developed a noise model to assist in configuring front-end 108. Conventionally, those skilled in the art have focused on optimizing the impedance of the transimpedance amplifiers to minimize noise.

However, the following noise model was discovered by the applicants:

Noise=√{square root over (aR+bR²)}, where:

aR is characteristic of the impedance of the transimpedance amplifier; and

bR²is characteristic of the impedance of the photodiodes in detector and the number of photodiodes in detector 106.

The foregoing noise model was found to be helpful at least in part due to the high SNR required to measure analytes like glucose. However, the foregoing noise model was not previously recognized by artisans at least in part because, in conventional devices, the major contributor to noise was generally believed to originate from the emitter or the LEDs. Therefore, artisans have generally continued to focus on reducing noise at the emitter.

However, for analytes like glucose, the discovered noise model revealed that one of the major contributors to noise was generated by the photodiodes. In addition, the amount of noise varied based on the number of photodiodes coupled to a transimpedance amplifier. Accordingly, combinations of various photodiodes from different manufacturers, different impedance values with the transimpedance amplifiers, and different numbers of photodiodes were tested as possible embodiments.

In some embodiments, different combinations of transimpedance to photodiodes may be used. For example, detectors 1-4 (as shown, e.g., in FIG. 12A) may each comprise four photodiodes. In some embodiments, each detector of four photodiodes may be coupled to one or more transimpedance amplifiers. The configuration of these amplifiers may be set according to the model shown in FIG. 15J.

Alternatively, each of the photodiodes may be coupled to its own respective transimpedance amplifier. For example, transimpedance amplifiers may be implemented as integrated circuits on the same circuit board as detectors 1-4. In this embodiment, the transimpedance amplifiers may be grouped into an averaging (or summing) circuit, which are known to those skilled in the art, in order to provide an output stream from the detector. The use of a summing amplifier to combine outputs from several transimpedance amplifiers into a single, analog signal may be helpful in improving the SNR relative to what is obtainable from a single transimpedance amplifier. The configuration of the transimpedance amplifiers in this setting may also be set according to the model shown in FIG. 15J.

As yet another alternative, as noted above with respect to FIGS. 12E through 12H, the photodiodes in detectors 106 may comprise multiple active areas that are grouped together. In some embodiments, each of these active areas may be provided its own respective transimpedance. This form of pairing may allow a transimpedance amplifier to be better matched to the characteristics of its corresponding photodiode or active area of a photodiode.

As noted, FIG. 15J illustrates an exemplary noise model that may be useful in configuring transimpedance amplifiers. As shown, for a given number of photodiodes and a desired SNR, an optimal impedance value for a transimpedance amplifier could be determined.

For example, an exemplary “4 PD per stream” sensor 1502 is shown where detector 106 comprises four photodiodes 1502. The photodiodes 1502 are coupled to a single transimpedance amplifier 1504 to produce an output stream 1506. In this example, the transimpedance amplifier comprises 10 MΩ resistors 1508 and 1510. Thus, output stream 1506 is produced from the four photodiodes (PD) 1502. As shown in the graph of FIG. 15J, the model indicates that resistance values of about 10 MΩ may provide an acceptable SNR for analytes like glucose.

However, as a comparison, an exemplary “1 PD per stream” sensor 1512 is also shown in FIG. 15J. In particular, sensor 1512 may comprise a plurality of detectors 106 that each comprises a single photodiode 1514. In addition, as shown for this example configuration, each of photodiodes 1514 may be coupled to respective transimpedance amplifiers 1516, e.g., 1 PD per stream. Transimpedance amplifiers are shown having 40 MΩ resistors 1518. As also shown in the graph of FIG. 15J, the model illustrates that resistance values of 40 MΩ for resistors 1518 may serve as an alternative to the 4 photodiode per stream architecture of sensor 1502 described above and yet still provide an equivalent SNR.

Moreover, the discovered noise model also indicates that utilizing a 1 photodiode per stream architecture like that in sensor 1512 may provide enhanced performance because each of transimpedance amplifiers 1516 can be tuned or optimized to its respective photodiodes 1518. In some embodiments, an averaging component 1520 may also be used to help cancel or reduce noise across photodiodes 1518.

For purposes of illustration, FIG. 15K shows different architectures (e.g., four PD per stream and one PD per stream) for various embodiments of a sensor and how components of the sensor may be laid out on a circuit board or substrate. For example, sensor 1522 may comprise a “4 PD per stream” architecture on a submount 700 in which each detector 106 comprises four (4) photodiodes 1524. As shown for sensor 1522, the output of each set of four photodiodes 1524 is then aggregated into a single transimpedance amplifier 1526 to produce a signal.

As another example, a sensor 1528 may comprise a “1 PD per stream” architecture on submount 700 in which each detector 106 comprises four (4) photodiodes 1530. In sensor 1528, each individual photodiode 1530 is coupled to a respective transimpedance amplifier 1532. The output of the amplifiers 1532 may then be aggregated into averaging circuit 1520 to produce a signal.

As noted previously, one skilled in the art will recognize that the photodiodes and detectors may be arranged in different fashions to optimize the detected light. For example, sensor 1534 illustrates an exemplary “4 PD per stream” sensor in which the detectors 106 comprise photodiodes 1536 arranged in a linear fashion. Likewise, sensor 1538 illustrates an exemplary “1 PD per stream” sensor in which the detectors comprise photodiodes 1540 arranged in a linear fashion.

Alternatively, sensor 1542 illustrates an exemplary “4 PD per stream” sensor in which the detectors 106 comprise photodiodes 1544 arranged in a two-dimensional pattern, such as a zig-zag pattern. Sensor 1546 illustrates an exemplary “1 PD per stream” sensor in which the detectors comprise photodiodes 1548 also arranged in a zig-zag pattern.

FIG. 15L illustrates an exemplary architecture for a switched-capacitor-based front-end. As shown, front-end interfaces 108 may be implemented using switched capacitor circuits and any number of front-end interfaces 108 may be implemented. The output of these switched capacitor circuits may then be provided to a digital interface 1000 and signal processor 110. Switched capacitor circuits may be useful in system 100 for their resistor free design and analog averaging properties. In particular, the switched capacitor circuitry provides for analog averaging of the signal that allows for a lower smaller sampling rate (e.g., 2 KHz sampling for analog versus 48 KHz sampling for digital designs) than similar digital designs. In some embodiments, the switched capacitor architecture in front end interfaces 108 may provide a similar or equivalent SNR to other front end designs, such as a sigma delta architecture. In addition, a switched capacitor design in front end interfaces 108 may require less computational power by signal processor 110 to perform the same amount of decimation to obtain the same SNR.

FIGS. 16A and 16B illustrate embodiments of disposable optical sensors 1600. In an embodiment, any of the features described above, such as protrusion, shielding, and/or heat sink features, can be incorporated into the disposable sensors 1600 shown. For instance, the sensors 1600 can be used as the sensors 101 in the system 100 described above with respect to FIG. 1. Moreover, any of the features described above, such as protrusion, shielding, and/or heat sink features, can be implemented in other disposable sensor designs that are not depicted herein.

The sensors 1600 include an adult/pediatric sensor 1610 for finger placement and a disposable infant/neonate sensor 1602 configured for toe, foot or hand placement. Each sensor 1600 has a tape end 1610 and an opposite connector end 1620 electrically and mechanically interconnected via a flexible coupling 1630. The tape end 1610 attaches an emitter and detector to a tissue site. Although not shown, the tape end 1610 can also include any of the protrusion, shielding, and/or heat sink features described above. The emitter illuminates the tissue site and the detector generates a sensor signal responsive to the light after tissue absorption, such as absorption by pulsatile arterial blood flow within the tissue site.

The sensor signal is communicated via the flexible coupling 1630 to the connector end 1620. The connector end 1620 can mate with a cable (not shown) that communicates the sensor signal to a monitor (not shown), such as any of the cables or monitors shown above with respect to FIGS. 2A through 2D. Alternatively, the connector end 1620 can mate directly with the monitor.

FIG. 17 illustrates an exploded view of certain of the components of the sensor 301f described above. A heat sink 1751 and a cable 1781 attach to an emitter shell 1704. The emitter shell attaches to a flap housing 1707. The flap housing 1707 includes a receptacle 1709 to receive a cylindrical housing 1480/1580 (not shown) attached to an emitter submount 1702, which is attached to a circuit board 1719.

A spring 1787 attaches to a detector shell 1706 via pins 1783, 1785, which hold the emitter and detector shells 1704, 1706 together. A support structure 1791 attaches to the detector shell 1706, which provides support for a shielding enclosure 1790. A noise shield 1713 attaches to the shielding enclosure 1790. A detector submount 1700 is disposed inside the shielding enclosure 1790. A finger bed 1710 provides a surface for placement of the patient's finger. Finger bed 1710 may comprise a gripping surface or gripping features, which may assist in placing and stabilizing a patient's finger in the sensor. A partially cylindrical protrusion 1705 may also be disposed in the finger bed 1710. As shown, finger bed 1710 attaches to the noise shield 1703. The noise shield 1703 may be configured to reduce noise, such as from ambient light and electromagnetic noise. For example, the noise shield 1703 may be constructed from materials having an opaque color, such as black or a dark blue, to prevent light piping.

Noise shield 1703 may also comprise a thermistor 1712. The thermistor 1712 may be helpful in measuring the temperature of a patient's finger. For example, the thermistor 1712 may be useful in detecting when the patient's finger is reaching an unsafe temperature that is too hot or too cold. In addition, the temperature of the patient's finger may be useful in indicating to the sensor the presence of low perfusion as the temperature drops. In addition, the thermistor 1712 may be useful in detecting a shift in the characteristics of the water spectrum in the patient's finger, which can be temperature dependent.

Moreover, a flex circuit cover 1706 attaches to the pins 1783, 1785. Although not shown, a flex circuit can also be provided that connects the circuit board 1719 with the submount 1700 (or a circuit board to which the submount 1700 is connected). A flex circuit protector 1760 may be provided to provide a barrier or shield to the flex circuit (not shown). In particular, the flex circuit protector 1760 may also prevent any electrostatic discharge to or from the flex circuit. The flex circuit protector 1760 may be constructed from well known materials, such as a plastic or rubber materials.

FIG. 18 shows the results obtained by an exemplary sensor 101 of the present disclosure that was configured for measuring glucose. This sensor 101 was tested using a pure water ex-vivo sample. In particular, ten samples were prepared that ranged from 0-55 mg/dL. Two samples were used as a training set and eight samples were then used as a test population. As shown, embodiments of the sensor 101 were able to obtain at least a standard deviation of 13 mg/dL in the training set and 11 mg/dL in the test population.

FIG. 19 shows the results obtained by an exemplary sensor 101 of the present disclosure that was configured for measuring glucose. This sensor 101 was tested using a turbid ex-vivo sample. In particular, 25 samples of water/glucose/Liposyn were prepared that ranged from 0-55 mg/dL. Five samples were used as a training set and 20 samples were then used as a test population. As shown, embodiments of sensor 101 were able to obtain at least a standard deviation of 37 mg/dL in the training set and 32 mg/dL in the test population.

FIGS. 20 through 22 shows other results that can be obtained by an embodiment of system 100. In FIG. 20, 150 blood samples from two diabetic adult volunteers were collected over a 10-day period. Invasive measurements were taken with a YSI glucometer to serve as a reference measurement. Noninvasive measurements were then taken with an embodiment of system 100 that comprised four LEDs and four independent detector streams. As shown, the system 100 obtained a correlation of about 85% and Arms of about 31 mg/dL.

In FIG. 21, 34 blood samples were taken from a diabetic adult volunteer collected over a 2-day period. Invasive measurements were also taken with a glucometer for comparison. Noninvasive measurements were then taken with an embodiment of system 100 that comprised four LEDs in emitter 104 and four independent detector streams from detectors 106. As shown, the system 100 was able to attain a correlation of about 90% and Arms of about 22 mg/dL.

The results shown in FIG. 22 relate to total hemoglobin testing with an exemplary sensor 101 of the present disclosure. In particular, 47 blood samples were collected from nine adult volunteers. Invasive measurements were then taken with a CO-oximeter for comparison. Noninvasive measurements were taken with an embodiment of system 100 that comprised four LEDs in emitter 104 and four independent detector channels from detectors 106. Measurements were averaged over 1 minute. As shown, the testing resulted in a correlation of about 93% and Arms of about 0.8 mg/dL.

Conditional language used herein, such as, among others, “can,” “could,” “might,” “may,” “e.g.,” and the like, unless specifically stated otherwise, or otherwise understood within the context as used, is generally intended to convey that certain embodiments include, while other embodiments do not include, certain features, elements and/or states. Thus, such conditional language is not generally intended to imply that features, elements and/or states are in any way required for one or more embodiments or that one or more embodiments necessarily include logic for deciding, with or without author input or prompting, whether these features, elements and/or states are included or are to be performed in any particular embodiment.

While certain embodiments of the inventions disclosed herein have been described, these embodiments have been presented by way of example only, and are not intended to limit the scope of the inventions disclosed herein. Indeed, the novel methods and systems described herein can be embodied in a variety of other forms; furthermore, various omissions, substitutions and changes in the form of the methods and systems described herein can be made without departing from the spirit of the inventions disclosed herein. The claims and their equivalents are intended to cover such forms or modifications as would fall within the scope and spirit of certain of the inventions disclosed herein.

Claims

1. A user-worn device configured to non-invasively measure a physiological parameter of a user, the user-worn device comprising: a housing comprising: one or more light sources configured to emit a spectrum of light;a plurality of photodiodes configured to receive a spectrum of light after attenuation by tissue of the user and output one or more output signals responsive to the received spectrum of light;a protrusion over the plurality of photodiodes; anda thermistor configured to output a temperature signal; andone or more processors configured to: calculate a measurement of the physiological parameter of the user responsive to the temperature signal and the one or more output signals, wherein the temperature signal is used to compensate for temperature-dependent effects on the received spectrum of light caused by water absorption resulting in an alteration of the received spectrum of light.
2. The user-worn device of claim 1, wherein the housing further comprises: a display configured to display the measurement of the physiological parameter; anda network interface configured to provide wireless communication with at least one of a mobile phone or a computer network.
3. The user-worn device of claim 2, further comprising: a strap is configured to position the housing on an arm of the user.
4. The user-worn device of claim 3, wherein the light sources and the photodiodes are arranged on a same side of the tissue of the user.
5. The user-worn device of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: drive the one or more light sources using a progression from low power to a higher power, wherein the progression from low power to the higher power increases a signal to noise ratio of the user-worn device.
6. The user-worn device of claim 5, wherein the increased signal to noise ratio of the user-worn device is sufficient for detecting a blood analyte.
7. The user-worn device of claim 6, wherein the measurement of the physiological parameter is based on a detection of the blood analyte.
8. The user-worn device of claim 5, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: cause modulation of a duty cycle of at least one of the one or more light sources, wherein the modulation includes pulse width time slots and off time slots.
9. The user-worn device of claim 8, wherein the modulation increases a signal to noise ratio of the user-worn device.
10. The user-worn device of claim 8, wherein a combination of the progression from low power to the higher power and the modulation increases a signal to noise ratio of the user-worn device.
11. The user-worn device of claim 10, wherein the increased signal to noise ratio of the user-worn device is sufficient for detecting a blood analyte.
12. The user-worn device of claim 11, wherein the measurement of the physiological parameter is based on a detection of the blood analyte.
13. The user-worn device of claim 1 further comprising: a light source driver configured to provide pulses of current to the one or more light sources, wherein the light source driver receives a control signal from the one or more processors and in response drives the one or more light sources progressing from low power to a higher power.
14. The user-worn device of claim 13, wherein the progression from low power to the higher power comprises: a first one or more pulses at low power; anda second one or more pulses at the higher power.
15. The user-worn device of claim 14, wherein the one or more light sources emit the first one or more pulses at a first one or more wavelengths, and wherein the one or more light sources emit the second one or more pulses at a second one or more wavelengths different from the first one or more wavelengths.
16. The user-worn device of claim 13, wherein the progression from low power to the higher power allows the light source driver to stabilize and provide more stable current to the one or more light sources.
17. The user-worn device of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: trigger a notification of an unsafe temperature based on the temperature signal.
18. The user-worn device of claim 17, wherein the notification comprises an alarm.
19. The user-worn device of claim 18 further comprising: a display is further configurable to display the alarm.
20. The user-worn device of claim 17, wherein the notification is provided to a caregiver.
21. The user-worn device of claim 17, wherein the unsafe temperature indicates that the user is too hot or too cold.
22. The user-worn device of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: responsive to the one or more output signals, calculate trending information and/or measurements of additional physiological parameters including at least one of: methemoglobin, carboxyhemoglobin, carbon monoxide, oxygen or oxygen saturation.
23. The user-worn device of claim 1 further comprising: a front-end interface comprising one or more amplifiers and one or more analog to digital converters (ADCs), wherein the front-end interface receives the output signals from the photodiodes, the one or more amplifiers amplify the output signals and the one or more ADCs convert the output signals to digital information, and wherein the one or more processors receive the converted signals.
24. A physiological measurement system comprising: a user-worn device according to claim 1; anda mobile phone configured to wirelessly communicate with the user-worn device.
25. The user-worn device of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: detect, based on the temperature signal, an extreme temperature in tissue of the user.
26. The user-worn device of claim 25, wherein the extreme temperature is a temperature that is too hot or too cold.
27. The user-worn device of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: determine, based at least in part on the temperature signal, a temperature of tissue of the user; anddetect, based at least in part on the temperature of tissue of the user, low perfusion in tissue of the user.
28. The user-worn device of claim 1, wherein the temperature signal is used to compensate for wavelength drift.
29. The user-worn device of claim 1, wherein the physiological parameter comprises total hemoglobin.
30. The user-worn device of claim 1, wherein the physiological parameter comprises glucose.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/449,143, filed Jun. 21, 2019, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/409,515, filed May 10, 2019, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/261,326, filed Jan. 29, 2019, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/212,537, filed Dec. 6, 2018, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/981,290 filed Dec. 28, 2015, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/829,352 filed Jul. 1, 2010, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/534,827 filed Aug. 3, 2009, which claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) of the following U.S. Provisional Patent Application Nos. 61/086,060 filed Aug. 4, 2008, 61/086,108 filed Aug. 4, 2008, 61/086,063 filed Aug. 4, 2008, 61/086,057 filed Aug. 4, 2008, and 61/091,732 filed Aug. 25, 2008. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/829,352 is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/497,528 filed Jul. 2, 2009, which claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) of the following U.S. Provisional Patent Application Nos. 61/086,060 filed Aug. 4, 2008, 61/086,108 filed Aug. 4, 2008, 61/086,063 filed Aug. 4, 2008, 61/086,057 filed Aug. 4, 2008, 61/078,228 filed Jul. 3, 2008, 61/078,207 filed Jul. 3, 2008, and 61/091,732 filed Aug. 25, 2008. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/497,528 also claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. § 120 as a continuation-in-part of the following U.S. Design Patent Application Nos. 29/323,409 filed Aug. 25, 2008 and 29/323,408 filed Aug. 25, 2008. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/829,352 is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/497,523 filed Jul. 2, 2009, which claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) of the following U.S. Provisional Patent Application Nos. 61/086,060 filed Aug. 4, 2008, 61/086,108 filed Aug. 4, 2008, 61/086,063 filed Aug. 4, 2008, 61/086,057 filed Aug. 4, 2008, 61/078,228 filed Jul. 3, 2008, 61/078,207 filed Jul. 3, 2008, and 61/091,732 filed Aug. 25, 2008. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/497,523 also claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. § 120 as a continuation-in-part of the following U.S. Design Patent Application Nos. 29/323,409 filed Aug. 25, 2008 and 29/323,408 filed Aug. 25, 2008. This application is related to the following U.S. Patent Applications: FilingAttorneyApp. No.DateTitleDocket12/497,528Jul. 2, 2009Noise Shielding forMASCER.006ANoninvasive DeviceContoured Protrusionfor Improving12/497,523Jul. 2, 2009Spectroscopic MeasurementMASCER.007Aof Blood Constituents12/497,506Jul. 2, 2009Heat Sink for NoninvasiveMASCER.011AMedical Sensor12/534,812Aug. 3,Multi-Stream Sensor FrontMASCER.003A2009Ends for Non-InvasiveMeasurement of BloodConstituents12/534,823Aug. 3,Multi-Stream SensorMASCER.004A2009for Non-InvasiveMeasurementof Blood Constituents12/534,825Aug. 3,Multi-Stream Emitter forCERCA.005A2009Non-Invasive Measurementof Blood Constituents The foregoing applications are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

US Referenced Citations (2156)

Number	Name	Date	Kind
2423855	Bernard	Jul 1947	A
3452215	Alessio	Jun 1969	A
3514538	Chadwick et al.	May 1970	A
3704706	Herczfeld et al.	Dec 1972	A
3760582	Thiess et al.	Sep 1973	A
3769974	Smart et al.	Nov 1973	A
3789601	Bergey	Feb 1974	A
3910701	Henderson et al.	Oct 1975	A
4015595	Benjamin	Apr 1977	A
4063551	Sweeny	Dec 1977	A
4114604	Shaw et al.	Sep 1978	A
4129124	Thalmann	Dec 1978	A
4163447	Orr	Aug 1979	A
4224948	Cramer et al.	Sep 1980	A
4258719	Lewyn	Mar 1981	A
4267844	Yamanishi	May 1981	A
4390343	Walter	Jun 1983	A
4409470	Shepard et al.	Oct 1983	A
4414980	Mott	Nov 1983	A
4438338	Stitt	Mar 1984	A
4444471	Ford et al.	Apr 1984	A
4447150	Heinemann	May 1984	A
4541439	Hon	Sep 1985	A
4547075	Fei	Oct 1985	A
4648892	Kittrell et al.	Mar 1987	A
4653498	New, Jr. et al.	Mar 1987	A
4655225	Dahne et al.	Apr 1987	A
4684245	Goldring	Aug 1987	A
4697593	Evans et al.	Oct 1987	A
4700708	New, Jr. et al.	Oct 1987	A
4709413	Forrest	Nov 1987	A
4714080	Edgar, Jr	Dec 1987	A
4734589	Atherton	Mar 1988	A
4755676	Gaalema et al.	Jul 1988	A
4759369	Taylor	Jul 1988	A
4781195	Martin	Nov 1988	A
4782836	Alt	Nov 1988	A
4796633	Zwirkoski	Jan 1989	A
4800495	Smith	Jan 1989	A
4802486	Goodman et al.	Feb 1989	A
4805623	Jöbsis	Feb 1989	A
4819860	Hargrove et al.	Apr 1989	A
4825872	Tan et al.	May 1989	A
4859057	Taylor et al.	Aug 1989	A
4865038	Rich et al.	Sep 1989	A
4867557	Takatani et al.	Sep 1989	A
4869253	Craig, Jr. et al.	Sep 1989	A
4880304	Jaeb et al.	Nov 1989	A
4890619	Hatschek	Jan 1990	A
4892101	Cheung et al.	Jan 1990	A
4903701	Moore et al.	Feb 1990	A
4928692	Goodman et al.	May 1990	A
4933545	Saaski et al.	Jun 1990	A
4938218	Goodman et al.	Jul 1990	A
4941236	Sherman et al.	Jul 1990	A
4942877	Sakai et al.	Jul 1990	A
4945239	Wist et al.	Jul 1990	A
4955379	Hall	Sep 1990	A
4960128	Gordon et al.	Oct 1990	A
4960314	Smith et al.	Oct 1990	A
4964408	Hink et al.	Oct 1990	A
5007423	Branstetter et al.	Apr 1991	A
5025791	Niwa	Jun 1991	A
5028787	Rosenthal et al.	Jul 1991	A
5035243	Muz	Jul 1991	A
5040539	Schmitt et al.	Aug 1991	A
5041187	Hink et al.	Aug 1991	A
5043820	Wyles et al.	Aug 1991	A
5068536	Rosenthal	Nov 1991	A
5069213	Polczynski	Dec 1991	A
5069214	Samaras et al.	Dec 1991	A
5069680	Grandjean	Dec 1991	A
5077476	Rosenthal	Dec 1991	A
5086229	Rosenthal et al.	Feb 1992	A
5099842	Mannheimer et al.	Mar 1992	A
5109849	Goodman et al.	May 1992	A
D326715	Schmidt	Jun 1992	S
5122925	Inpyn	Jun 1992	A
5131391	Sakai et al.	Jul 1992	A
5137023	Mendelson et al.	Aug 1992	A
5137364	McCarthy	Aug 1992	A
5158082	Jones	Oct 1992	A
5158091	Butterfiled et al.	Oct 1992	A
5159929	McMillen et al.	Nov 1992	A
5163438	Gordon et al.	Nov 1992	A
5176137	Erickson et al.	Jan 1993	A
5190038	Polson et al.	Mar 1993	A
5203329	Takatani et al.	Apr 1993	A
5209230	Swedlow et al.	May 1993	A
5218962	Mannheimer et al.	Jun 1993	A
5222295	Dorris, Jr.	Jun 1993	A
5222495	Clarke et al.	Jun 1993	A
5222496	Clarke et al.	Jun 1993	A
5228449	Christ et al.	Jul 1993	A
5249576	Goldberger et al.	Oct 1993	A
5250342	Lang	Oct 1993	A
5251011	Fujiwara et al.	Oct 1993	A
5254388	Melby et al.	Oct 1993	A
5254992	Keen et al.	Oct 1993	A
5259381	Cheung et al.	Nov 1993	A
5267562	Ukawa et al.	Dec 1993	A
5273036	Kronberg et al.	Dec 1993	A
5277181	Mendelson et al.	Jan 1994	A
5278627	Aoyagi et al.	Jan 1994	A
5297548	Pologe	Mar 1994	A
5299570	Hatschek	Apr 1994	A
5319355	Russek	Jun 1994	A
5329922	Atlee, III	Jul 1994	A
5333616	Mills et al.	Aug 1994	A
5334916	Noguchi	Aug 1994	A
5337744	Branigan	Aug 1994	A
5337745	Benaron	Aug 1994	A
5341805	Stavridi et al.	Aug 1994	A
5348005	Merrick et al.	Sep 1994	A
5355242	Eastmond et al.	Oct 1994	A
5355882	Ukawa et al.	Oct 1994	A
5358519	Grandjean	Oct 1994	A
5362966	Rosenthal et al.	Nov 1994	A
5365924	Erdman	Nov 1994	A
5368026	Swedlow et al.	Nov 1994	A
D353195	Savage et al.	Dec 1994	S
D353196	Savage et al.	Dec 1994	S
5372135	Mendelson et al.	Dec 1994	A
5377676	Vari et al.	Jan 1995	A
5385143	Aoyagi	Jan 1995	A
D356870	Ivers et al.	Mar 1995	S
5411024	Thomas et al.	May 1995	A
D359546	Savage et al.	Jun 1995	S
5427093	Ogawa et al.	Jun 1995	A
5429129	Lovejoy et al.	Jul 1995	A
5431159	Baker et al.	Jul 1995	A
5431170	Mathews	Jul 1995	A
5436499	Namavar et al.	Jul 1995	A
D361840	Savage et al.	Aug 1995	S
5437275	Amundsen et al.	Aug 1995	A
5441054	Tsuchiya	Aug 1995	A
D362063	Savage et al.	Sep 1995	S
5452717	Branigan et al.	Sep 1995	A
D363120	Savage et al.	Oct 1995	S
5456252	Vari et al.	Oct 1995	A
5462051	Oka et al.	Oct 1995	A
5477853	Farkas et al.	Dec 1995	A
5479934	Imran	Jan 1996	A
5482034	Lewis et al.	Jan 1996	A
5482036	Diab et al.	Jan 1996	A
5490505	Diab et al.	Feb 1996	A
5490506	Takatani et al.	Feb 1996	A
5490523	Isaacson et al.	Feb 1996	A
5494043	O'Sullivan et al.	Feb 1996	A
5497771	Rosenheimer	Mar 1996	A
5511546	Hon	Apr 1996	A
5533509	Koashi et al.	Jul 1996	A
5533511	Kaspari et al.	Jul 1996	A
5534851	Russek	Jul 1996	A
5542146	Hoekstra et al.	Aug 1996	A
5551422	Simonsen et al.	Sep 1996	A
5553614	Chance	Sep 1996	A
5553615	Carim et al.	Sep 1996	A
5553616	Ham et al.	Sep 1996	A
5555882	Richardson et al.	Sep 1996	A
5561275	Savage et al.	Oct 1996	A
5562002	Lalin	Oct 1996	A
5564429	Bornn et al.	Oct 1996	A
5581069	Shepard et al.	Dec 1996	A
5584296	Cui et al.	Dec 1996	A
5590649	Caro et al.	Jan 1997	A
5590652	Inai	Jan 1997	A
5601079	Wong et al.	Feb 1997	A
5601080	Oppenheimer	Feb 1997	A
5602924	Durand et al.	Feb 1997	A
D378414	Allen et al.	Mar 1997	S
5623925	Swenson et al.	Apr 1997	A
5625458	Alfano et al.	Apr 1997	A
5632272	Diab et al.	May 1997	A
5635700	Fazekas	Jun 1997	A
5638816	Kiani-Azarbayjany et al.	Jun 1997	A
5638818	Diab et al.	Jun 1997	A
5645440	Tobler et al.	Jul 1997	A
5671914	Kalkhoran et al.	Sep 1997	A
5673692	Shulze et al.	Oct 1997	A
5676143	Simonsen et al.	Oct 1997	A
5685299	Diab et al.	Nov 1997	A
5687717	Halpern et al.	Nov 1997	A
5699808	John	Dec 1997	A
5702429	King	Dec 1997	A
D390666	Lagerlof	Feb 1998	S
5719557	Rattman et al.	Feb 1998	A
5726440	Kalkhoran et al.	Mar 1998	A
5729203	Oka et al.	Mar 1998	A
D393830	Tobler et al.	Apr 1998	S
5743262	Lepper, Jr. et al.	Apr 1998	A
5746206	Mannheimer et al.	May 1998	A
5746697	Swedlow et al.	May 1998	A
5747806	Khalil et al.	May 1998	A
5750927	Baltazar	May 1998	A
5750994	Schlager	May 1998	A
5752914	Delonzor et al.	May 1998	A
5758644	Diab et al.	Jun 1998	A
5760910	Lepper, Jr. et al.	Jun 1998	A
5766131	Kondo et al.	Jun 1998	A
5769785	Diab et al.	Jun 1998	A
5782757	Diab et al.	Jul 1998	A
5784151	Miller et al.	Jul 1998	A
5785659	Caro et al.	Jul 1998	A
5791347	Flaherty et al.	Aug 1998	A
5792052	Isaacson et al.	Aug 1998	A
5795300	Bryars	Aug 1998	A
5797841	Delonzor et al.	Aug 1998	A
5800348	Kaestle	Sep 1998	A
5800349	Isaacson et al.	Sep 1998	A
5807246	Sakaguchi et al.	Sep 1998	A
5807247	Merchant et al.	Sep 1998	A
5810734	Caro et al.	Sep 1998	A
5817008	Rafert et al.	Oct 1998	A
5823950	Diab et al.	Oct 1998	A
5826885	Helgeland	Oct 1998	A
5827182	Raley et al.	Oct 1998	A
5830131	Caro et al.	Nov 1998	A
5830137	Scharf	Nov 1998	A
5833618	Caro et al.	Nov 1998	A
5838429	Hahn	Nov 1998	A
5838451	McCarthy	Nov 1998	A
D403070	Maeda et al.	Dec 1998	S
5842982	Mannheimer	Dec 1998	A
5851178	Aronow	Dec 1998	A
5854706	Alb	Dec 1998	A
5860919	Kiani-Azarbayjany et al.	Jan 1999	A
5860932	Goto et al.	Jan 1999	A
5890929	Mills et al.	Apr 1999	A
5891022	Pologe	Apr 1999	A
5893364	Haar et al.	Apr 1999	A
5902235	Lewis et al.	May 1999	A
5903357	Colak	May 1999	A
5904654	Wohltmann et al.	May 1999	A
5911689	Smith et al.	Jun 1999	A
5919134	Diab	Jul 1999	A
5923021	Dvorkis et al.	Jul 1999	A
5924979	Swedlow et al.	Jul 1999	A
5934925	Tobler et al.	Aug 1999	A
5936986	Cantatore et al.	Aug 1999	A
5940182	Lepper, Jr. et al.	Aug 1999	A
5952084	Anderson et al.	Sep 1999	A
5957840	Terasawa et al.	Sep 1999	A
D414870	Saltzstein et al.	Oct 1999	S
5963333	Walowit et al.	Oct 1999	A
5971930	Elghazzawi	Oct 1999	A
5987343	Kinast	Nov 1999	A
5991467	Kamiko	Nov 1999	A
5995855	Kiani et al.	Nov 1999	A
5995859	Takahashi	Nov 1999	A
5997343	Mills et al.	Dec 1999	A
6002952	Diab et al.	Dec 1999	A
6010937	Karam et al.	Jan 2000	A
6011986	Diab et al.	Jan 2000	A
6018403	Shirakura et al.	Jan 2000	A
6018673	Chin et al.	Jan 2000	A
6022321	Amano et al.	Feb 2000	A
6027452	Flaherty et al.	Feb 2000	A
6031603	Fine et al.	Feb 2000	A
6035223	Baker	Mar 2000	A
6036642	Diab et al.	Mar 2000	A
6040578	Malin et al.	Mar 2000	A
6041247	Weckstrom et al.	Mar 2000	A
6045509	Caro et al.	Apr 2000	A
6049727	Crothall	Apr 2000	A
6058331	King	May 2000	A
6064899	Fein et al.	May 2000	A
6066204	Haven	May 2000	A
6067462	Diab et al.	May 2000	A
6070092	Kazama et al.	May 2000	A
6081735	Diab et al.	Jun 2000	A
6088607	Diab et al.	Jul 2000	A
6102856	Groff et al.	Aug 2000	A
6110522	Lepper, Jr. et al.	Aug 2000	A
6115673	Malin et al.	Sep 2000	A
6122042	Wunderman et al.	Sep 2000	A
6122536	Sun et al.	Sep 2000	A
6124597	Shehada	Sep 2000	A
6126595	Amano et al.	Oct 2000	A
6128521	Marro et al.	Oct 2000	A
6129675	Jay	Oct 2000	A
6133871	Krasner	Oct 2000	A
6133994	Mathews et al.	Oct 2000	A
6141572	Haas et al.	Oct 2000	A
6144866	Miesel et al.	Nov 2000	A
6144868	Parker	Nov 2000	A
6151516	Kiani-Azarbayjany et al.	Nov 2000	A
6152754	Gerhardt et al.	Nov 2000	A
6157850	Diab et al.	Dec 2000	A
6158245	Savant	Dec 2000	A
6165005	Mills et al.	Dec 2000	A
6167258	Schmidt et al.	Dec 2000	A
6167303	Thompson	Dec 2000	A
6172743	Kley et al.	Jan 2001	B1
6175752	Say et al.	Jan 2001	B1
6178343	Bindszus et al.	Jan 2001	B1
6181958	Steuer et al.	Jan 2001	B1
6184521	Coffin, IV et al.	Feb 2001	B1
6185454	Thompson	Feb 2001	B1
6192261	Gratton et al.	Feb 2001	B1
6198951	Kosuda et al.	Mar 2001	B1
6198952	Miesel et al.	Mar 2001	B1
6202930	Plesko	Mar 2001	B1
6206830	Diab et al.	Mar 2001	B1
6212210	Serizawa	Apr 2001	B1
6223063	Chaiken et al.	Apr 2001	B1
6226539	Potratz	May 2001	B1
6229856	Diab et al.	May 2001	B1
6232609	Snyder et al.	May 2001	B1
6236872	Diab et al.	May 2001	B1
6241680	Miwa	Jun 2001	B1
6241683	Macklem et al.	Jun 2001	B1
6241684	Amano et al.	Jun 2001	B1
6252977	Salganicoff et al.	Jun 2001	B1
6253097	Aronow et al.	Jun 2001	B1
6255708	Sudharsanan et al.	Jul 2001	B1
6256523	Diab et al.	Jul 2001	B1
6263222	Diab et al.	Jul 2001	B1
6270223	Del Bon et al.	Aug 2001	B1
6272363	Casciani et al.	Aug 2001	B1
6278522	Lepper, Jr. et al.	Aug 2001	B1
6278889	Robinson	Aug 2001	B1
6280213	Tobler et al.	Aug 2001	B1
6280381	Malin et al.	Aug 2001	B1
6285895	Ristolainen et al.	Sep 2001	B1
6285896	Tobler et al.	Sep 2001	B1
6293915	Amano et al.	Sep 2001	B1
6297906	Allen et al.	Oct 2001	B1
6297969	Mottahed	Oct 2001	B1
6301493	Marro et al.	Oct 2001	B1
6304766	Colvin, Jr.	Oct 2001	B1
6308089	von der Ruhr et al.	Oct 2001	B1
6317627	Ennen et al.	Nov 2001	B1
6321100	Parker	Nov 2001	B1
D452012	Phillips	Dec 2001	S
6325761	Jay	Dec 2001	B1
6327376	Harkin	Dec 2001	B1
6330468	Scharf	Dec 2001	B1
6331063	Kamada et al.	Dec 2001	B1
6334065	Al-Ali et al.	Dec 2001	B1
6343223	Chin et al.	Jan 2002	B1
6343224	Parker	Jan 2002	B1
6345194	Nelson et al.	Feb 2002	B1
6349228	Kiani et al.	Feb 2002	B1
6351217	Kuhn	Feb 2002	B1
6353750	Kimura et al.	Mar 2002	B1
6356203	Halleck et al.	Mar 2002	B1
6356774	Bernstein et al.	Mar 2002	B1
6360113	Dettling	Mar 2002	B1
6360114	Diab et al.	Mar 2002	B1
6360115	Greenwald et al.	Mar 2002	B1
D455834	Donars et al.	Apr 2002	S
6368283	Xu et al.	Apr 2002	B1
6371921	Caro et al.	Apr 2002	B1
6377829	Al-Ali	Apr 2002	B1
6388240	Schulz et al.	May 2002	B2
6393311	Edgar et al.	May 2002	B1
6396873	Goldstein et al.	May 2002	B1
6397091	Diab et al.	May 2002	B2
6398727	Bui et al.	Jun 2002	B1
6400973	Winter	Jun 2002	B1
6402690	Rhee et al.	Jun 2002	B1
6411373	Garside et al.	Jun 2002	B1
6415166	Van Hoy et al.	Jul 2002	B1
6415167	Blank et al.	Jul 2002	B1
6430423	DeLonzor et al.	Aug 2002	B2
6430437	Marro	Aug 2002	B1
6430525	Weber et al.	Aug 2002	B1
D463561	Fukatsu et al.	Sep 2002	S
6449501	Reuss	Sep 2002	B1
6463187	Baruch et al.	Oct 2002	B1
6463311	Diab	Oct 2002	B1
6470199	Kopotic et al.	Oct 2002	B1
6470893	Boesen	Oct 2002	B1
6473008	Kelly et al.	Oct 2002	B2
6475153	Khair et al.	Nov 2002	B1
6480729	Stone	Nov 2002	B2
6483976	Shie et al.	Nov 2002	B2
6487429	Hockersmith et al.	Nov 2002	B2
RE37922	Sharan	Dec 2002	E
6491647	Bridger et al.	Dec 2002	B1
6501975	Diab et al.	Dec 2002	B2
6505059	Kollias et al.	Jan 2003	B1
6515273	Al-Ali	Feb 2003	B2
6516289	David et al.	Feb 2003	B2
6519487	Parker	Feb 2003	B1
6522521	Mizuno et al.	Feb 2003	B2
6525386	Mills et al.	Feb 2003	B1
6526300	Kiani et al.	Feb 2003	B1
6526301	Larsen et al.	Feb 2003	B2
6527711	Stivoric et al.	Mar 2003	B1
6527729	Turcott	Mar 2003	B1
6529754	Kondo	Mar 2003	B2
6534012	Hazen et al.	Mar 2003	B1
6541756	Schulz et al.	Apr 2003	B2
6542246	Toida	Apr 2003	B1
6542764	Al-Ali et al.	Apr 2003	B1
6553242	Sarussi	Apr 2003	B1
6556852	Schulze et al.	Apr 2003	B1
6560352	Rowe et al.	May 2003	B2
6580086	Schulz et al.	Jun 2003	B1
6584336	Ali et al.	Jun 2003	B1
6587196	Stippick et al.	Jul 2003	B1
6587199	Luu	Jul 2003	B1
6594511	Stone et al.	Jul 2003	B2
6595316	Cybulski et al.	Jul 2003	B2
6596016	Vreman et al.	Jul 2003	B1
6597932	Tian et al.	Jul 2003	B2
6597933	Kiani et al.	Jul 2003	B2
6606509	Schmitt	Aug 2003	B2
6606511	Ali et al.	Aug 2003	B1
6608562	Kimura et al.	Aug 2003	B1
D481459	Nahm	Oct 2003	S
6632181	Flaherty et al.	Oct 2003	B2
6635559	Greenwald et al.	Oct 2003	B2
6636759	Robinson	Oct 2003	B2
6639668	Trepagnier	Oct 2003	B1
6639867	Shim	Oct 2003	B2
6640116	Diab	Oct 2003	B2
6640117	Makarewicz et al.	Oct 2003	B2
6643530	Diab et al.	Nov 2003	B2
6650917	Diab et al.	Nov 2003	B2
6650923	Lesh et al.	Nov 2003	B1
6650939	Takpke, II et al.	Nov 2003	B2
6654624	Diab et al.	Nov 2003	B2
6658276	Kiani et al.	Dec 2003	B2
6661161	Lanzo et al.	Dec 2003	B1
6668185	Toida	Dec 2003	B2
6671526	Aoyagi et al.	Dec 2003	B1
6671531	Al-Ali et al.	Dec 2003	B2
6678543	Diab et al.	Jan 2004	B2
6681133	Chaiken et al.	Jan 2004	B2
6684090	Ali et al.	Jan 2004	B2
6684091	Parker	Jan 2004	B2
6694157	Stone et al.	Feb 2004	B1
6697655	Sueppel et al.	Feb 2004	B2
6697656	Al-Ali	Feb 2004	B1
6697657	Shehada et al.	Feb 2004	B1
6697658	Al-Ali	Feb 2004	B2
RE38476	Diab et al.	Mar 2004	E
6699194	Diab et al.	Mar 2004	B1
6702752	Dekker	Mar 2004	B2
6711425	Reuss	Mar 2004	B1
6714803	Mortz	Mar 2004	B1
6714804	Al-Ali et al.	Mar 2004	B2
RE38492	Diab et al.	Apr 2004	E
6721582	Trepagnier et al.	Apr 2004	B2
6721585	Parker	Apr 2004	B1
6725075	Al-Ali	Apr 2004	B2
6728560	Kollias et al.	Apr 2004	B2
6735459	Parker	May 2004	B2
6738652	Mattu et al.	May 2004	B2
6745060	Diab et al.	Jun 2004	B2
6748254	O'Neil et al.	Jun 2004	B2
6751283	van de Haar	Jun 2004	B2
6760607	Al-Ali	Jul 2004	B2
6763255	Delonzor et al.	Jul 2004	B2
6763256	Kimball et al.	Jul 2004	B2
6770028	Ali et al.	Aug 2004	B1
6771994	Kiani et al.	Aug 2004	B2
6778923	Norris et al.	Aug 2004	B2
6785568	Chance	Aug 2004	B2
6788965	Ruchti et al.	Sep 2004	B2
6792300	Diab et al.	Sep 2004	B1
6801799	Mendelson	Oct 2004	B2
6811535	Palti et al.	Nov 2004	B2
6813511	Diab et al.	Nov 2004	B2
6815694	Sfez et al.	Nov 2004	B2
6816010	Seetharaman et al.	Nov 2004	B2
6816241	Grubisic et al.	Nov 2004	B2
6816741	Diab	Nov 2004	B2
6822564	Al-Ali	Nov 2004	B2
6826419	Diab et al.	Nov 2004	B2
6829496	Nagai et al.	Dec 2004	B2
6830711	Mills et al.	Dec 2004	B2
6831266	Paritsky et al.	Dec 2004	B2
6850787	Weber et al.	Feb 2005	B2
6850788	Al-Ali	Feb 2005	B2
6852083	Caro et al.	Feb 2005	B2
6853304	Reisman	Feb 2005	B2
D502655	Huang	Mar 2005	S
6861639	Al-Ali	Mar 2005	B2
6871089	Korzinov et al.	Mar 2005	B2
6876931	Lorenz et al.	Apr 2005	B2
6882872	Uchida et al.	Apr 2005	B2
6897788	Khair et al.	May 2005	B2
6898452	Al-Ali et al.	May 2005	B2
6912413	Rantala et al.	Jun 2005	B2
6920345	Al-Ali et al.	Jul 2005	B2
D508862	Behar et al.	Aug 2005	S
6931268	Kiani-Azarbayjany et al.	Aug 2005	B1
6931269	Terry	Aug 2005	B2
6934570	Kiani et al.	Aug 2005	B2
6939305	Flaherty et al.	Sep 2005	B2
6939307	Dunlop	Sep 2005	B1
6943348	Coffin IV	Sep 2005	B1
6950687	Al-Ali	Sep 2005	B2
D510625	Widener et al.	Oct 2005	S
6956649	Acosta et al.	Oct 2005	B2
6961598	Diab	Nov 2005	B2
6970792	Diab	Nov 2005	B1
6979812	Al-Ali	Dec 2005	B2
6985764	Mason et al.	Jan 2006	B2
6987994	Mortz	Jan 2006	B1
6990364	Ruchti et al.	Jan 2006	B2
6993371	Kiani et al.	Jan 2006	B2
D514461	Harju	Feb 2006	S
6995400	Mizuyoshi	Feb 2006	B2
6996427	Ali et al.	Feb 2006	B2
6997879	Turcott	Feb 2006	B1
6998247	Monfre et al.	Feb 2006	B2
6999685	Kawase et al.	Feb 2006	B1
6999904	Weber et al.	Feb 2006	B2
7003338	Weber et al.	Feb 2006	B2
7003339	Diab et al.	Feb 2006	B2
7015451	Dalke et al.	Mar 2006	B2
7019338	Ballon	Mar 2006	B1
7024233	Ali et al.	Apr 2006	B2
7026619	Cranford	Apr 2006	B2
7027849	Al-Ali	Apr 2006	B2
7030749	Al-Ali	Apr 2006	B2
7031728	Beyer, Jr.	Apr 2006	B2
7039449	Al-Ali	May 2006	B2
7041060	Flaherty et al.	May 2006	B2
7044918	Diab	May 2006	B2
7046347	Amend et al.	May 2006	B1
7047054	Benni	May 2006	B2
7048687	Reuss et al.	May 2006	B1
7060963	Maegawa et al.	Jun 2006	B2
7061595	Cabuz et al.	Jun 2006	B2
7062307	Norris et al.	Jun 2006	B2
7067893	Mills et al.	Jun 2006	B2
D526719	Richie, Jr. et al.	Aug 2006	S
7088040	Ducharme et al.	Aug 2006	B1
7092735	Osann, Jr.	Aug 2006	B2
7092757	Larson et al.	Aug 2006	B2
7096052	Mason et al.	Aug 2006	B2
7096054	Abdul-Hafiz et al.	Aug 2006	B2
7107706	Bailey, Sr. et al.	Sep 2006	B1
7109490	Fuchs et al.	Sep 2006	B2
7113815	O'Neil et al.	Sep 2006	B2
D529616	Deros et al.	Oct 2006	S
7128716	Higurashi et al.	Oct 2006	B2
7130672	Pewzner et al.	Oct 2006	B2
7132641	Schulz et al.	Nov 2006	B2
7133710	Acosta et al.	Nov 2006	B2
7139599	Terry	Nov 2006	B2
7142901	Kiani et al.	Nov 2006	B2
7149561	Diab	Dec 2006	B2
7155273	Taylor	Dec 2006	B2
D535031	Barrett et al.	Jan 2007	S
7171251	Sarussi et al.	Jan 2007	B2
D537164	Shigemori et al.	Feb 2007	S
7184809	Sterling et al.	Feb 2007	B1
7186966	Al-Ali	Mar 2007	B2
7190261	Al-Ali	Mar 2007	B2
7190984	Delonzor et al.	Mar 2007	B1
7192403	Russell	Mar 2007	B2
7212847	Petersen et al.	May 2007	B2
7215984	Diab	May 2007	B2
7215985	Petersen et al.	May 2007	B2
7215986	Diab	May 2007	B2
7220254	Altshuler et al.	May 2007	B2
7221971	Diab	May 2007	B2
7225006	Al-Ali et al.	May 2007	B2
7225007	Al-Ali	May 2007	B2
RE39672	Shehada et al.	Jun 2007	E
7227156	Colvin, Jr. et al.	Jun 2007	B2
7228166	Kawasaki et al.	Jun 2007	B1
7230227	Wilcken et al.	Jun 2007	B2
D547454	Hsieh	Jul 2007	S
7239384	Kawano	Jul 2007	B2
7239905	Kiani-Azarbayjany et al.	Jul 2007	B2
7245953	Parker	Jul 2007	B1
7251513	Kondoh et al.	Jul 2007	B2
D549830	Behar et al.	Aug 2007	S
7252385	Engle et al.	Aug 2007	B2
7252639	Kimura et al.	Aug 2007	B2
7254429	Schurman et al.	Aug 2007	B2
7254431	Al-Ali	Aug 2007	B2
7254433	Diab et al.	Aug 2007	B2
7254434	Schulz et al.	Aug 2007	B2
D550364	Glover et al.	Sep 2007	S
D551350	Lorimer et al.	Sep 2007	S
7272425	Al-Ali	Sep 2007	B2
7274955	Kiani et al.	Sep 2007	B2
D553248	Nguyen	Oct 2007	S
D554263	Al-Ali	Oct 2007	S
7280858	Al-Ali et al.	Oct 2007	B2
7289835	Mansfield et al.	Oct 2007	B2
7292883	De Felice et al.	Nov 2007	B2
7295866	Al-Ali	Nov 2007	B2
7305262	Brodnick et al.	Dec 2007	B2
7313425	Finarov et al.	Dec 2007	B2
D562985	Brefka et al.	Feb 2008	S
7328053	Diab et al.	Feb 2008	B1
7332784	Mills et al.	Feb 2008	B2
7336982	Yoo	Feb 2008	B2
7340287	Mason et al.	Mar 2008	B2
7341559	Schulz et al.	Mar 2008	B2
7341560	Henderson et al.	Mar 2008	B2
7343186	Lamego et al.	Mar 2008	B2
7346378	Ruiter	Mar 2008	B2
D566282	Al-Ali et al.	Apr 2008	S
D567125	Okabe et al.	Apr 2008	S
7355512	Al-Ali	Apr 2008	B1
7355539	Petersen et al.	Apr 2008	B2
7356365	Schurman	Apr 2008	B2
7365923	Hargis et al.	Apr 2008	B2
D569001	Omaki	May 2008	S
D569521	Omaki	May 2008	S
7371981	Abdul-Hafiz	May 2008	B2
7372778	Klopfenstein et al.	May 2008	B2
7373192	Chew et al.	May 2008	B2
7373193	Al-Ali et al.	May 2008	B2
7373194	Weber et al.	May 2008	B2
7376453	Diab et al.	May 2008	B1
7377794	Al Ali et al.	May 2008	B2
7377899	Weber et al.	May 2008	B2
7383070	Diab et al.	Jun 2008	B2
7395158	Monfre et al.	Jul 2008	B2
7395189	Qing et al.	Jul 2008	B2
7415297	Al-Ali et al.	Aug 2008	B2
7420658	Petterson et al.	Sep 2008	B2
7428432	Ali et al.	Sep 2008	B2
7438683	Al-Ali et al.	Oct 2008	B2
7440787	Diab	Oct 2008	B2
7454240	Diab et al.	Nov 2008	B2
7467002	Weber et al.	Dec 2008	B2
7469157	Diab et al.	Dec 2008	B2
7471969	Diab et al.	Dec 2008	B2
7471971	Diab et al.	Dec 2008	B2
7483729	Al-Ali et al.	Jan 2009	B2
7483730	Diab et al.	Jan 2009	B2
7489958	Diab et al.	Feb 2009	B2
7496391	Diab et al.	Feb 2009	B2
7496393	Diab et al.	Feb 2009	B2
D587657	Al-Ali et al.	Mar 2009	S
7499741	Diab et al.	Mar 2009	B2
7499835	Weber et al.	Mar 2009	B2
7500950	Al-Ali et al.	Mar 2009	B2
7509153	Blank et al.	Mar 2009	B2
7509154	Diab et al.	Mar 2009	B2
7509494	Al-Ali	Mar 2009	B2
7510849	Schurman et al.	Mar 2009	B2
7514725	Wojtczuk et al.	Apr 2009	B2
7519327	White	Apr 2009	B2
7519406	Blank et al.	Apr 2009	B2
7526328	Diab et al.	Apr 2009	B2
D592507	Wachman et al.	May 2009	S
7530942	Diab	May 2009	B1
7530949	Al Ali et al.	May 2009	B2
7530955	Diab et al.	May 2009	B2
7558622	Tran	Jul 2009	B2
7563110	Al-Ali et al.	Jul 2009	B2
7593230	Abul-Haj et al.	Sep 2009	B2
7596398	Al-Ali et al.	Sep 2009	B2
7601123	Tweed et al.	Oct 2009	B2
7606606	Laakkonen	Oct 2009	B2
7606608	Blank et al.	Oct 2009	B2
D603966	Jones et al.	Nov 2009	S
7613490	Sarussi et al.	Nov 2009	B2
7613504	Rowe	Nov 2009	B2
7618375	Flaherty	Nov 2009	B2
7620212	Allen et al.	Nov 2009	B1
7620291	Aswell	Nov 2009	B1
7620674	Ruchti et al.	Nov 2009	B2
D606659	Kiani et al.	Dec 2009	S
7629039	Eckerbom et al.	Dec 2009	B2
7640140	Ruchti et al.	Dec 2009	B2
7647083	Al-Ali et al.	Jan 2010	B2
D609193	Al-Ali et al.	Feb 2010	S
7656393	King et al.	Feb 2010	B2
7657294	Eghbal et al.	Feb 2010	B2
7657295	Coakley et al.	Feb 2010	B2
7657296	Raridan et al.	Feb 2010	B2
7658613	Griffin et al.	Feb 2010	B1
7671974	O'Mahony et al.	Mar 2010	B2
7676253	Raridan, Jr.	Mar 2010	B2
7683926	Schechterman et al.	Mar 2010	B2
D614305	Al-Ali et al.	Apr 2010	S
7697966	Monfre et al.	Apr 2010	B2
7698105	Ruchti et al.	Apr 2010	B2
7698909	Hannula et al.	Apr 2010	B2
RE41317	Parker	May 2010	E
RE41333	Blank et al.	May 2010	E
7726209	Ruotoistenmaki	Jun 2010	B2
7729733	Al-Ali et al.	Jun 2010	B2
7734320	Al-Ali	Jun 2010	B2
7738935	Turcott	Jun 2010	B1
7740588	Sciarra	Jun 2010	B1
7740589	Maschke et al.	Jun 2010	B2
7761127	Al-Ali et al.	Jul 2010	B2
7761128	Al-Ali et al.	Jul 2010	B2
7764982	Dalke et al.	Jul 2010	B2
7764983	Mannheimer et al.	Jul 2010	B2
D621516	Kiani et al.	Aug 2010	S
7778118	Lyons et al.	Aug 2010	B2
7791155	Diab	Sep 2010	B2
7796247	Mao et al.	Sep 2010	B2
7801581	Diab	Sep 2010	B2
7809418	Xu	Oct 2010	B2
7822452	Schurman et al.	Oct 2010	B2
RE41912	Parker	Nov 2010	E
7844313	Kiani et al.	Nov 2010	B2
7844314	Al-Ali	Nov 2010	B2
7844315	Al-Ali	Nov 2010	B2
7862523	Ruotoistenmaki	Jan 2011	B2
7865222	Weber et al.	Jan 2011	B2
7869849	Ollerdessen et al.	Jan 2011	B2
7873497	Weber et al.	Jan 2011	B2
7877127	Hannula et al.	Jan 2011	B2
7880606	Al-Ali	Feb 2011	B2
7880626	Al-Ali et al.	Feb 2011	B2
7884314	Hamada	Feb 2011	B2
7890158	Rowe et al.	Feb 2011	B2
7891355	Al-Ali et al.	Feb 2011	B2
7894868	Al-Ali et al.	Feb 2011	B2
7897109	Labuda et al.	Mar 2011	B2
7899506	Xu et al.	Mar 2011	B2
7899507	Al-Ali et al.	Mar 2011	B2
7899510	Hoarau	Mar 2011	B2
7899518	Trepagnier et al.	Mar 2011	B2
7904130	Raridan, Jr.	Mar 2011	B2
7904132	Weber et al.	Mar 2011	B2
7909772	Popov et al.	Mar 2011	B2
7910875	Al-Ali	Mar 2011	B2
7918779	Haber et al.	Apr 2011	B2
7919713	Al-Ali et al.	Apr 2011	B2
7937128	Al-Ali	May 2011	B2
7937129	Mason et al.	May 2011	B2
7937130	Diab et al.	May 2011	B2
7941199	Kiani	May 2011	B2
7951086	Flaherty et al.	May 2011	B2
7957780	Lamego et al.	Jun 2011	B2
7962188	Kiani et al.	Jun 2011	B2
7962190	Diab et al.	Jun 2011	B1
7976472	Kiani	Jul 2011	B2
7988637	Diab	Aug 2011	B2
7990382	Kiani	Aug 2011	B2
7991446	Ali et al.	Aug 2011	B2
8000761	Al-Ali	Aug 2011	B2
8008088	Bellott et al.	Aug 2011	B2
8009291	Oh et al.	Aug 2011	B2
RE42753	Kiani-Azarbayjany et al.	Sep 2011	E
8019400	Diab et al.	Sep 2011	B2
8028701	Al-Ali et al.	Oct 2011	B2
8029765	Bellott et al.	Oct 2011	B2
8036727	Schurman et al.	Oct 2011	B2
8036728	Diab et al.	Oct 2011	B2
8040758	Dickinson	Oct 2011	B1
8044998	Heenan	Oct 2011	B2
8046040	Ali et al.	Oct 2011	B2
8046041	Diab et al.	Oct 2011	B2
8046042	Diab et al.	Oct 2011	B2
8048040	Kiani	Nov 2011	B2
8050728	Al-Ali et al.	Nov 2011	B2
8071935	Besko et al.	Dec 2011	B2
8078248	Lee et al.	Dec 2011	B2
RE43169	Parker	Feb 2012	E
8118620	Al-Ali et al.	Feb 2012	B2
8126525	Rantala	Feb 2012	B2
8126528	Diab et al.	Feb 2012	B2
8126531	Crowley	Feb 2012	B2
8128572	Diab et al.	Mar 2012	B2
8130105	Al-Ali et al.	Mar 2012	B2
8145287	Diab et al.	Mar 2012	B2
8150487	Diab et al.	Apr 2012	B2
8165662	Cinbis et al.	Apr 2012	B2
8175667	Debreczeny	May 2012	B2
8175672	Parker	May 2012	B2
8177720	Nanba et al.	May 2012	B2
8180420	Diab et al.	May 2012	B2
8182443	Kiani	May 2012	B1
8185180	Diab et al.	May 2012	B2
8190223	Al-Ali et al.	May 2012	B2
8190227	Diab et al.	May 2012	B2
8203438	Kiani et al.	Jun 2012	B2
8203704	Merritt et al.	Jun 2012	B2
8204566	Schurman et al.	Jun 2012	B2
8204567	Petersen	Jun 2012	B2
8219170	Hausmann et al.	Jul 2012	B2
8219172	Schurman et al.	Jul 2012	B2
8224411	Al-Ali et al.	Jul 2012	B2
8228181	Al-Ali	Jul 2012	B2
8229532	Davis	Jul 2012	B2
8229533	Diab et al.	Jul 2012	B2
8233955	Al-Ali et al.	Jul 2012	B2
8244325	Al-Ali et al.	Aug 2012	B2
8244326	Ninomiya et al.	Aug 2012	B2
8255026	Al-Ali	Aug 2012	B1
8255027	Al-Ali et al.	Aug 2012	B2
8255028	Al-Ali et al.	Aug 2012	B2
8260577	Weber et al.	Sep 2012	B2
8265723	McHale et al.	Sep 2012	B1
8274360	Sampath et al.	Sep 2012	B2
8280473	Al-Ali	Oct 2012	B2
8285010	Rowe	Oct 2012	B2
8289130	Nakajima et al.	Oct 2012	B2
8301217	Al-Ali et al.	Oct 2012	B2
8306596	Schurman et al.	Nov 2012	B2
8310336	Muhsin et al.	Nov 2012	B2
8315682	Such et al.	Nov 2012	B2
8315683	Al-Ali et al.	Nov 2012	B2
RE43860	Parker	Dec 2012	E
8280469	Baker, Jr.	Dec 2012	B2
8332006	Naganuma et al.	Dec 2012	B2
8337403	Al-Ali et al.	Dec 2012	B2
8343026	Gardiner et al.	Jan 2013	B2
8346327	Campbell et al.	Jan 2013	B2
8346330	Lamego	Jan 2013	B2
8352003	Sawada et al.	Jan 2013	B2
8353842	Al-Ali et al.	Jan 2013	B2
8355766	MacNeish, III et al.	Jan 2013	B2
8359080	Diab et al.	Jan 2013	B2
8360985	Borgos	Jan 2013	B2
8364222	Cook et al.	Jan 2013	B2
8364223	Al-Ali et al.	Jan 2013	B2
8364226	Diab et al.	Jan 2013	B2
8364389	Dorogusker et al.	Jan 2013	B2
8374665	Lamego	Feb 2013	B2
8374825	Vock et al.	Feb 2013	B2
8378811	Crump et al.	Feb 2013	B2
8380272	Barrett et al.	Feb 2013	B2
8385995	Al-ali et al.	Feb 2013	B2
8385996	Smith et al.	Feb 2013	B2
8388353	Kiani et al.	Mar 2013	B2
8399822	Al-Ali	Mar 2013	B2
8401602	Kiani	Mar 2013	B2
8405608	Al-Ali et al.	Mar 2013	B2
8414499	Al-Ali et al.	Apr 2013	B2
8417305	Dixon	Apr 2013	B2
8417307	Presura et al.	Apr 2013	B2
8418524	Al-Ali	Apr 2013	B2
8421022	Rozenfeld	Apr 2013	B2
8423106	Lamego et al.	Apr 2013	B2
8428674	Duffy et al.	Apr 2013	B2
8428967	Olsen et al.	Apr 2013	B2
8430817	Al-Ali et al.	Apr 2013	B1
8437825	Dalvi et al.	May 2013	B2
8452364	Hannula et al.	May 2013	B2
8455290	Siskavich	Jun 2013	B2
8457703	Al-Ali	Jun 2013	B2
8457707	Kiani	Jun 2013	B2
8463349	Diab et al.	Jun 2013	B2
8466286	Bellot et al.	Jun 2013	B2
8471713	Poeze et al.	Jun 2013	B2
8473020	Kiani et al.	Jun 2013	B2
8483787	Al-Ali et al.	Jul 2013	B2
8487256	Kwong et al.	Jul 2013	B2
8489364	Weber et al.	Jul 2013	B2
8496595	Jornod	Jul 2013	B2
8498684	Weber et al.	Jul 2013	B2
8504128	Blank et al.	Aug 2013	B2
8509867	Workman et al.	Aug 2013	B2
8509869	Baker, Jr	Aug 2013	B2
8515509	Bruinsma et al.	Aug 2013	B2
8515511	Boutelle	Aug 2013	B2
8515515	McKenna et al.	Aug 2013	B2
8523781	Al-Ali	Sep 2013	B2
8529301	Al-Ali et al.	Sep 2013	B2
8532727	Ali et al.	Sep 2013	B2
8532728	Diab et al.	Sep 2013	B2
D692145	Al-Ali et al.	Oct 2013	S
8547209	Kiani et al.	Oct 2013	B2
8548548	Al-Ali	Oct 2013	B2
8548549	Schurman et al.	Oct 2013	B2
8548550	Al-Ali et al.	Oct 2013	B2
8552989	Hotelling et al.	Oct 2013	B2
8560032	Al-Ali et al.	Oct 2013	B2
8560034	Diab et al.	Oct 2013	B1
8570167	Al-Ali	Oct 2013	B2
8570503	Vo	Oct 2013	B2
8571617	Reichgott et al.	Oct 2013	B2
8571618	Lamego et al.	Oct 2013	B1
8571619	Al-Ali et al.	Oct 2013	B2
8577431	Lamego et al.	Nov 2013	B2
8577434	Merchant et al.	Nov 2013	B2
8581732	Al-Ali et al.	Nov 2013	B2
8584345	Al-Ali et al.	Nov 2013	B2
8588880	Abdul-Hafiz et al.	Nov 2013	B2
8591426	Onoe et al.	Nov 2013	B2
8600467	Al-Ali et al.	Dec 2013	B2
8600494	Schroeppel et al.	Dec 2013	B2
8602971	Farr	Dec 2013	B2
8606342	Diab	Dec 2013	B2
8611095	Kwong et al.	Dec 2013	B2
8611977	Baker, Jr.	Dec 2013	B2
8615290	Lin et al.	Dec 2013	B2
8626255	Al-Ali et al.	Jan 2014	B2
8630691	Lamego et al.	Jan 2014	B2
8634889	Al-Ali et al.	Jan 2014	B2
8641631	Sierra et al.	Feb 2014	B2
8652060	Al-Ali	Feb 2014	B2
8655004	Prest et al.	Feb 2014	B2
8663107	Kiani	Mar 2014	B2
8666468	Al-Ali	Mar 2014	B1
8667967	Al-Ali et al.	Mar 2014	B2
8668643	Kinast	Mar 2014	B2
8670811	O'Reilly	Mar 2014	B2
8670814	Diab et al.	Mar 2014	B2
8670819	Iwamiya et al.	Mar 2014	B2
8676286	Weber et al.	Mar 2014	B2
8682407	Al-Ali	Mar 2014	B2
RE44823	Parker	Apr 2014	E
RE44875	Kiani et al.	Apr 2014	E
8688183	Bruinsma et al.	Apr 2014	B2
8690799	Telfort et al.	Apr 2014	B2
8700111	LeBoeuf et al.	Apr 2014	B2
8700112	Kiani	Apr 2014	B2
8702627	Telfort et al.	Apr 2014	B2
8706179	Parker	Apr 2014	B2
8712494	MacNeish, III et al.	Apr 2014	B1
8715206	Telfort et al.	May 2014	B2
8718735	Lamego et al.	May 2014	B2
8718737	Diab et al.	May 2014	B2
8718738	Blank et al.	May 2014	B2
8720249	Al-Ali	May 2014	B2
8721541	Al-Ali et al.	May 2014	B2
8721542	Al-Ali et al.	May 2014	B2
8723677	Kiani	May 2014	B1
8740792	Kiani et al.	Jun 2014	B1
8754776	Poeze et al.	Jun 2014	B2
8755535	Telfort et al.	Jun 2014	B2
8755856	Diab et al.	Jun 2014	B2
8755872	Marinow	Jun 2014	B1
8760517	Sarwar et al.	Jun 2014	B2
8761850	Lamego	Jun 2014	B2
8764671	Kiani	Jul 2014	B2
8768423	Shakespeare et al.	Jul 2014	B2
8768426	Haisley et al.	Jul 2014	B2
8771204	Telfort et al.	Jul 2014	B2
8777634	Kiani et al.	Jul 2014	B2
8781543	Diab et al.	Jul 2014	B2
8781544	Al-Ali et al.	Jul 2014	B2
8781549	Al-Ali et al.	Jul 2014	B2
8788003	Schurman et al.	Jul 2014	B2
8790268	Al-Ali	Jul 2014	B2
8801613	Al-Ali et al.	Aug 2014	B2
8805463	McKenna et al.	Aug 2014	B2
8814802	Iijima et al.	Aug 2014	B2
8821397	Al-Ali et al.	Sep 2014	B2
8821415	Al-Ali et al.	Sep 2014	B2
8830449	Lamego et al.	Sep 2014	B1
8831700	Schurman et al.	Sep 2014	B2
8838210	Wood et al.	Sep 2014	B2
8840549	Al-Ali et al.	Sep 2014	B2
8847740	Kiani et al.	Sep 2014	B2
8849365	Smith et al.	Sep 2014	B2
8852094	Al-Ali et al.	Oct 2014	B2
8852994	Wojtczuk et al.	Oct 2014	B2
8868147	Stippick et al.	Oct 2014	B2
8868150	Al-Ali et al.	Oct 2014	B2
8870792	Al-Ali et al.	Oct 2014	B2
8886271	Kiani et al.	Nov 2014	B2
8888539	Al-Ali et al.	Nov 2014	B2
8888701	LeBoeuf et al.	Nov 2014	B2
8888708	Diab et al.	Nov 2014	B2
8892180	Weber et al.	Nov 2014	B2
8897847	Al-Ali	Nov 2014	B2
8897850	Jochim et al.	Nov 2014	B2
8909310	Lamego et al.	Dec 2014	B2
8911377	Al-Ali	Dec 2014	B2
8912909	Al-Ali et al.	Dec 2014	B2
8914088	Buice et al.	Dec 2014	B2
8920317	Al-Ali et al.	Dec 2014	B2
8920332	Hong et al.	Dec 2014	B2
8921699	Al-Ali et al.	Dec 2014	B2
8922382	Al-Ali et al.	Dec 2014	B2
8929964	Al-Ali et al.	Jan 2015	B2
8929967	Mao et al.	Jan 2015	B2
8942777	Diab et al.	Jan 2015	B2
8948834	Diab et al.	Feb 2015	B2
8948835	Diab	Feb 2015	B2
8965471	Lamego	Feb 2015	B2
8983564	Al-Ali	Mar 2015	B2
8989831	Al-Ali et al.	Mar 2015	B2
8996085	Kiani et al.	Mar 2015	B2
8998809	Kiani	Apr 2015	B2
8998815	Venkatraman et al.	Apr 2015	B2
9001047	Forstall et al.	Apr 2015	B2
9005129	Venkatraman et al.	Apr 2015	B2
9026192	Blit et al.	May 2015	B2
9028429	Telfort et al.	May 2015	B2
9036970	Guyon et al.	May 2015	B2
9037207	Al-Ali et al.	May 2015	B2
9060721	Reichgott et al.	Jun 2015	B2
9063160	Stamler et al.	Jun 2015	B2
9066666	Kiani	Jun 2015	B2
9066680	Al-Ali et al.	Jun 2015	B1
9072437	Paalasmaa	Jul 2015	B2
9072474	Al-Ali et al.	Jul 2015	B2
9078560	Schurman et al.	Jul 2015	B2
9081889	Ingrassia, Jr. et al.	Jul 2015	B2
9084569	Weber et al.	Jul 2015	B2
9095316	Welch et al.	Aug 2015	B2
9106038	Telfort et al.	Aug 2015	B2
9107625	Telfort et al.	Aug 2015	B2
9107626	Al-Ali et al.	Aug 2015	B2
9113831	Al-Ali	Aug 2015	B2
9113832	Al-Ali	Aug 2015	B2
9119595	Lamego	Sep 2015	B2
9131880	Balberg et al.	Sep 2015	B2
9131881	Diab et al.	Sep 2015	B2
9131882	Al-Ali et al.	Sep 2015	B2
9131883	Al-Ali	Sep 2015	B2
9131917	Telfort et al.	Sep 2015	B2
9138180	Coverston et al.	Sep 2015	B1
9138182	Al-Ali et al.	Sep 2015	B2
9138192	Weber et al.	Sep 2015	B2
9142117	Muhsin et al.	Sep 2015	B2
9153112	Kiani et al.	Oct 2015	B1
9153121	Kiani et al.	Oct 2015	B2
9161696	Al-Ali et al.	Oct 2015	B2
9161713	Al-Ali et al.	Oct 2015	B2
9167995	Lamego et al.	Oct 2015	B2
9176141	Al-Ali et al.	Nov 2015	B2
9186102	Bruinsma et al.	Nov 2015	B2
9192312	Al-Ali	Nov 2015	B2
9192329	Al-Ali	Nov 2015	B2
9192351	Telfort et al.	Nov 2015	B1
9195385	Al-Ali et al.	Nov 2015	B2
9210566	Ziemianska et al.	Dec 2015	B2
9211072	Kiani	Dec 2015	B2
9211095	Al-Ali	Dec 2015	B1
9218454	Kiani et al.	Dec 2015	B2
9226669	Rulkov et al.	Jan 2016	B1
9226696	Kiani	Jan 2016	B2
9241662	Al-Ali et al.	Jan 2016	B2
9245668	Vo et al.	Jan 2016	B1
9259185	Abdul-Hafiz et al.	Feb 2016	B2
9267572	Barker et al.	Feb 2016	B2
9277880	Poeze et al.	Mar 2016	B2
9289167	Diab et al.	Mar 2016	B2
9295421	Kiani et al.	Mar 2016	B2
9304202	Deliwala	Apr 2016	B2
9307928	Al-Ali et al.	Apr 2016	B1
9311382	Varoglu et al.	Apr 2016	B2
9314197	Eisen et al.	Apr 2016	B2
9323894	Kiani	Apr 2016	B2
D755392	Hwang et al.	May 2016	S
9326712	Kiani	May 2016	B1
9333316	Kiani	May 2016	B2
9339220	Lamego et al.	May 2016	B2
9339236	Frix et al.	May 2016	B2
9341565	Lamego et al.	May 2016	B2
9351673	Diab et al.	May 2016	B2
9351675	Al-Ali et al.	May 2016	B2
9357665	Myers et al.	May 2016	B2
9357954	Li et al.	Jun 2016	B2
9364181	Kiani et al.	Jun 2016	B2
9368671	Wojtczuk et al.	Jun 2016	B2
9370325	Al-Ali et al.	Jun 2016	B2
9370326	McHale et al.	Jun 2016	B2
9370335	Al-Ali et al.	Jun 2016	B2
9375185	Ali et al.	Jun 2016	B2
9380969	Kalathil	Jul 2016	B2
9386953	Al-Ali	Jul 2016	B2
9386961	Al-Ali et al.	Jul 2016	B2
9392945	Al-Ali et al.	Jul 2016	B2
9392946	Sarantos et al.	Jul 2016	B1
9397448	Al-Ali et al.	Jul 2016	B2
9408542	Kinast et al.	Aug 2016	B1
9436645	Al-Ali et al.	Sep 2016	B2
9445759	Lamego et al.	Sep 2016	B1
9466919	Kiani et al.	Oct 2016	B2
9474474	Lamego et al.	Oct 2016	B2
9480422	Al-Ali	Nov 2016	B2
9480435	Olsen	Nov 2016	B2
9486196	Heaton et al.	Nov 2016	B1
9489081	Anzures et al.	Nov 2016	B2
9492110	Al-Ali et al.	Nov 2016	B2
9497534	Prest et al.	Nov 2016	B2
9510779	Poeze et al.	Dec 2016	B2
9517024	Kiani et al.	Dec 2016	B2
9526430	Srinivas et al.	Dec 2016	B2
9532722	Lamego et al.	Jan 2017	B2
9538949	Al-Ali et al.	Jan 2017	B2
9538980	Telfort et al.	Jan 2017	B2
9549696	Lamego et al.	Jan 2017	B2
9553625	Hatanaka et al.	Jan 2017	B2
9554737	Schurman et al.	Jan 2017	B2
9560994	McCutcheon et al.	Feb 2017	B2
9560996	Kiani	Feb 2017	B2
9560998	Al-Ali et al.	Feb 2017	B2
9566019	Al-Ali et al.	Feb 2017	B2
9579039	Jansen et al.	Feb 2017	B2
9591975	Dalvi et al.	Mar 2017	B2
9593969	King	Mar 2017	B2
9622692	Lamego et al.	Apr 2017	B2
9622693	Diab	Apr 2017	B2
9622694	Mao et al.	Apr 2017	B2
D788312	Al-Ali et al.	May 2017	S
9636055	Al-Ali et al.	May 2017	B2
9636056	Al-Ali	May 2017	B2
9649054	Lamego et al.	May 2017	B2
9651405	Gowreesunker et al.	May 2017	B1
9662052	Al-Ali et al.	May 2017	B2
9668676	Culbert	Jun 2017	B2
9668679	Schurman et al.	Jun 2017	B2
9668680	Bruinsma et al.	Jun 2017	B2
9668703	Al-Ali	Jun 2017	B2
9675286	Diab	Jun 2017	B2
9681812	Presura	Jun 2017	B2
9681825	Acquista	Jun 2017	B2
9684900	Motoki et al.	Jun 2017	B2
9687160	Kiani	Jun 2017	B2
9693719	Al-Ali et al.	Jul 2017	B2
9693737	Al-Ali	Jul 2017	B2
9697928	Al-Ali et al.	Jul 2017	B2
9699546	Qian et al.	Jul 2017	B2
9700249	Johnson et al.	Jul 2017	B2
9716937	Qian et al.	Jul 2017	B2
9717425	Kiani et al.	Aug 2017	B2
9717448	Frix et al.	Aug 2017	B2
9717458	Lamego et al.	Aug 2017	B2
9723997	Lamego	Aug 2017	B1
9724016	Al-Ali et al.	Aug 2017	B1
9724024	Al-Ali	Aug 2017	B2
9724025	Kiani et al.	Aug 2017	B1
9730640	Diab et al.	Aug 2017	B2
9743887	Al-Ali et al.	Aug 2017	B2
9749232	Sampath et al.	Aug 2017	B2
9750442	Olsen	Sep 2017	B2
9750443	Smith et al.	Sep 2017	B2
9750461	Telfort	Sep 2017	B1
9752925	Chu et al.	Sep 2017	B2
9775545	Al-Ali et al.	Oct 2017	B2
9775546	Diab et al.	Oct 2017	B2
9775548	Sarantos et al.	Oct 2017	B2
9775570	Al-Ali	Oct 2017	B2
9778079	Al-Ali et al.	Oct 2017	B1
9781984	Baranski et al.	Oct 2017	B2
9782077	Lamego et al.	Oct 2017	B2
9782110	Kiani	Oct 2017	B2
9787568	Lamego et al.	Oct 2017	B2
9788735	Al-Ali	Oct 2017	B2
9788768	Al-Ali et al.	Oct 2017	B2
9795300	Al-Ali	Oct 2017	B2
9795310	Al-Ali	Oct 2017	B2
9795358	Telfort et al.	Oct 2017	B2
9795739	Al-Ali et al.	Oct 2017	B2
9801556	Kiani	Oct 2017	B2
9801588	Weber et al.	Oct 2017	B2
9808188	Perea et al.	Nov 2017	B1
9814418	Weber et al.	Nov 2017	B2
9820658	Tran	Nov 2017	B2
9820691	Kiani	Nov 2017	B2
9833152	Kiani et al.	Dec 2017	B2
9833180	Shakespeare et al.	Dec 2017	B2
9838775	Qian et al.	Dec 2017	B2
9839379	Al-Ali et al.	Dec 2017	B2
9839381	Weber et al.	Dec 2017	B1
9847002	Kiani et al.	Dec 2017	B2
9847749	Kiani et al.	Dec 2017	B2
9848800	Lee et al.	Dec 2017	B1
9848806	Al-Ali et al.	Dec 2017	B2
9848807	Lamego	Dec 2017	B2
9848823	Raghuram et al.	Dec 2017	B2
9861298	Eckerbom et al.	Jan 2018	B2
9861304	Al-Ali et al.	Jan 2018	B2
9861305	Weber et al.	Jan 2018	B1
9866671	Thompson et al.	Jan 2018	B1
9867575	Maani et al.	Jan 2018	B2
9867578	Al-Ali et al.	Jan 2018	B2
9872623	Al-Ali	Jan 2018	B2
9876320	Coverston et al.	Jan 2018	B2
9877650	Muhsin et al.	Jan 2018	B2
9877686	Al-Ali et al.	Jan 2018	B2
9891079	Dalvi	Feb 2018	B2
9891590	Shim et al.	Feb 2018	B2
9895107	Al-Ali et al.	Feb 2018	B2
9898049	Myers et al.	Feb 2018	B2
9913617	Al-Ali et al.	Mar 2018	B2
9918646	Singh Alvarado et al.	Mar 2018	B2
9924893	Schurman et al.	Mar 2018	B2
9924897	Abdul-Hafiz	Mar 2018	B1
9936917	Poeze et al.	Apr 2018	B2
9943269	Muhsin et al.	Apr 2018	B2
9949676	Al-Ali	Apr 2018	B2
9952095	Hotelling et al.	Apr 2018	B1
9955937	Telfort	May 2018	B2
9965946	Al-Ali	May 2018	B2
9980667	Kiani et al.	May 2018	B2
D820865	Muhsin et al.	Jun 2018	S
9986919	Lamego et al.	Jun 2018	B2
9986952	Dalvi et al.	Jun 2018	B2
9989560	Poeze et al.	Jun 2018	B2
9993207	Al-Ali et al.	Jun 2018	B2
10007758	Al-Ali et al.	Jun 2018	B2
D822215	Al-Ali et al.	Jul 2018	S
D822216	Barker et al.	Jul 2018	S
10010276	Al-Ali et al.	Jul 2018	B2
10024655	Raguin et al.	Jul 2018	B2
10032002	Kiani et al.	Jul 2018	B2
10039080	Miller et al.	Jul 2018	B2
10039482	Al-Ali et al.	Aug 2018	B2
10039491	Thompson et al.	Aug 2018	B2
10052037	Kinast et al.	Aug 2018	B2
10052850	Weiss et al.	Aug 2018	B2
10055121	Chaudhri et al.	Aug 2018	B2
10058275	Al-Ali et al.	Aug 2018	B2
10064562	Al-Ali	Sep 2018	B2
10066970	Gowreesunker et al.	Sep 2018	B2
10076257	Lin et al.	Sep 2018	B2
10078052	Ness et al.	Sep 2018	B2
10086138	Novak, Jr.	Oct 2018	B1
10092200	Al-Ali et al.	Oct 2018	B2
10092244	Chuang et al.	Oct 2018	B2
10092249	Kiani et al.	Oct 2018	B2
10098550	Al-Ali et al.	Oct 2018	B2
10098591	Al-Ali et al.	Oct 2018	B2
10098610	Al-Ali et al.	Oct 2018	B2
10111591	Dyell et al.	Oct 2018	B2
D833624	DeJong et al.	Nov 2018	S
10117587	Han	Nov 2018	B2
10123726	Al-Ali et al.	Nov 2018	B2
10123729	Dyell et al.	Nov 2018	B2
10130289	Al-Ali et al.	Nov 2018	B2
10130291	Schurman et al.	Nov 2018	B2
D835282	Barker et al.	Dec 2018	S
D835283	Barker et al.	Dec 2018	S
D835284	Barker et al.	Dec 2018	S
D835285	Barker et al.	Dec 2018	S
10149616	Al-Ali et al.	Dec 2018	B2
10154815	Al-Ali et al.	Dec 2018	B2
10156686	Kaestle	Dec 2018	B2
10159412	Lamego et al.	Dec 2018	B2
10165954	Lee	Jan 2019	B2
10188296	Al-Ali et al.	Jan 2019	B2
10188331	Al-Ali et al.	Jan 2019	B1
10188348	Kiani et al.	Jan 2019	B2
RE47218	Ali-Ali	Feb 2019	E
RE47244	Kiani et al.	Feb 2019	E
RE47249	Kiani et al.	Feb 2019	E
10194847	Al-Ali	Feb 2019	B2
10194848	Kiani et al.	Feb 2019	B1
10201286	Waydo	Feb 2019	B2
10201298	Al-Ali et al.	Feb 2019	B2
10205272	Kiani et al.	Feb 2019	B2
10205291	Scruggs et al.	Feb 2019	B2
10213108	Al-Ali	Feb 2019	B2
10215698	Han et al.	Feb 2019	B2
10219706	Al-Ali	Mar 2019	B2
10219746	McHale et al.	Mar 2019	B2
10219754	Lamego	Mar 2019	B1
10226187	Al-Ali et al.	Mar 2019	B2
10226576	Kiani	Mar 2019	B2
10231657	Al-Ali et al.	Mar 2019	B2
10231670	Blank et al.	Mar 2019	B2
10231676	Al-Ali et al.	Mar 2019	B2
RE47353	Kiani et al.	Apr 2019	E
10247670	Ness et al.	Apr 2019	B2
10251585	Al-Ali et al.	Apr 2019	B2
10251586	Lamego	Apr 2019	B2
10255994	Sampath et al.	Apr 2019	B2
10258265	Poeze et al.	Apr 2019	B1
10258266	Poeze et al.	Apr 2019	B1
10265024	Lee et al.	Apr 2019	B2
10271748	Al-Ali	Apr 2019	B2
10278626	Schurman et al.	May 2019	B2
10278648	Al-Ali et al.	May 2019	B2
10279247	Kiani	May 2019	B2
10285626	Kestelli et al.	May 2019	B1
10292628	Poeze et al.	May 2019	B1
10292657	Abdul-Hafiz et al.	May 2019	B2
10292664	Al-Ali	May 2019	B2
10299708	Poeze et al.	May 2019	B1
10299709	Perea et al.	May 2019	B2
10299720	Brown et al.	May 2019	B2
10305775	Lamego et al.	May 2019	B2
10307111	Muhsin et al.	Jun 2019	B2
10325681	Sampath et al.	Jun 2019	B2
10327337	Triman et al.	Jun 2019	B2
10327683	Smith et al.	Jun 2019	B2
10327713	Barker et al.	Jun 2019	B2
10332630	Al-Ali	Jun 2019	B2
10335033	Al-Ali	Jul 2019	B2
10335068	Poeze et al.	Jul 2019	B2
10335072	Al-Ali et al.	Jul 2019	B2
10342470	Al-Ali et al.	Jul 2019	B2
10342487	Al-Ali et al.	Jul 2019	B2
10342497	Al-Ali et al.	Jul 2019	B2
10349895	Telfort et al.	Jul 2019	B2
10349898	Al-Ali et al.	Jul 2019	B2
10354504	Kiani et al.	Jul 2019	B2
10357206	Weber et al.	Jul 2019	B2
10357209	Al-Ali	Jul 2019	B2
10366787	Sampath et al.	Jul 2019	B2
10368787	Reichgott et al.	Aug 2019	B2
10376190	Poeze et al.	Aug 2019	B1
10376191	Poeze et al.	Aug 2019	B1
10383520	Wojtczuk et al.	Aug 2019	B2
10383527	Al-Ali	Aug 2019	B2
10388120	Muhsin et al.	Aug 2019	B2
10390716	Shimuta	Aug 2019	B2
10398320	Kiani et al.	Sep 2019	B2
10398383	van Dinther et al.	Sep 2019	B2
10405804	Al-Ali	Sep 2019	B2
10406445	Vock et al.	Sep 2019	B2
10413666	Al-Ali et al.	Sep 2019	B2
10416079	Magnussen et al.	Sep 2019	B2
10420493	Al-Ali et al.	Sep 2019	B2
D864120	Forrest et al.	Oct 2019	S
10433776	Al-Ali	Oct 2019	B2
10441181	Telfort et al.	Oct 2019	B1
10441196	Eckerbom et al.	Oct 2019	B2
10448844	Al-Ali et al.	Oct 2019	B2
10448871	Al-Ali	Oct 2019	B2
10456038	Lamego et al.	Oct 2019	B2
10463284	Al-Ali et al.	Nov 2019	B2
10463340	Telfort et al.	Nov 2019	B2
10470695	Al-Ali	Nov 2019	B2
10471159	Lapotko et al.	Nov 2019	B1
10474249	Fahraeus et al.	Nov 2019	B2
10478107	Kiani et al.	Nov 2019	B2
10503379	Al-Ali et al.	Dec 2019	B2
10505311	Al-Ali et al.	Dec 2019	B2
10512436	Muhsin et al.	Dec 2019	B2
10524671	Lamego	Jan 2020	B2
10524706	Telfort et al.	Jan 2020	B2
10524738	Olsen	Jan 2020	B2
10531811	Al-Ali et al.	Jan 2020	B2
10531819	Diab et al.	Jan 2020	B2
10531835	Al-Ali et al.	Jan 2020	B2
10532174	Al-Ali	Jan 2020	B2
10537271	Mao et al.	Jan 2020	B2
10537285	Sherim et al.	Jan 2020	B2
10542903	Al-Ali et al.	Jan 2020	B2
10548561	Telfort et al.	Feb 2020	B2
10555678	Dalvi et al.	Feb 2020	B2
10568514	Wojtczuk et al.	Feb 2020	B2
10568553	O'Neil et al.	Feb 2020	B2
RE47882	Al-Ali	Mar 2020	E
10575779	Poeze et al.	Mar 2020	B2
10582886	Poeze et al.	Mar 2020	B2
10588518	Kiani	Mar 2020	B2
10588553	Poeze et al.	Mar 2020	B2
10588554	Poeze et al.	Mar 2020	B2
10588556	Kiani et al.	Mar 2020	B2
10595747	Al-Ali et al.	Mar 2020	B2
10608817	Haider et al.	Mar 2020	B2
D880477	Forrest et al.	Apr 2020	S
10610138	Poeze et al.	Apr 2020	B2
10617302	Al-Ali et al.	Apr 2020	B2
10617335	Al-Ali et al.	Apr 2020	B2
10617338	Poeze et al.	Apr 2020	B2
10624563	Poeze et al.	Apr 2020	B2
10624564	Poeze et al.	Apr 2020	B1
10631765	Poeze et al.	Apr 2020	B1
10637181	Al-Ali et al.	Apr 2020	B2
10638961	Al-Ali	May 2020	B2
10646146	Al-Ali	May 2020	B2
D887548	Abdul-Hafiz et al.	Jun 2020	S
D887549	Abdul-Hafiz et al.	Jun 2020	S
10667764	Ahmed et al.	Jun 2020	B2
10684417	Beckman et al.	Jun 2020	B2
10687743	Al-Ali et al.	Jun 2020	B1
10687744	Al-Ali et al.	Jun 2020	B1
10687745	Al-Ali et al.	Jun 2020	B1
D890708	Forrest et al.	Jul 2020	S
10702194	Poeze et al.	Jul 2020	B1
10702195	Poeze et al.	Jul 2020	B1
10709366	Poeze et al.	Jul 2020	B1
10721785	Al-Ali	Jul 2020	B2
10722159	Al-Ali et al.	Jul 2020	B2
10736518	Al-Ali et al.	Aug 2020	B2
10743803	Poeze et al.	Aug 2020	B2
10750984	Pauley et al.	Aug 2020	B2
D897098	Al-Ali	Sep 2020	S
10758166	Poeze et al.	Sep 2020	B2
10779098	Iswanto et al.	Sep 2020	B2
10827961	Iyengar et al.	Nov 2020	B1
10828007	Telfort et al.	Nov 2020	B1
10832818	Muhsin et al.	Nov 2020	B2
10849554	Shreim et al.	Dec 2020	B2
10856750	Indorf et al.	Dec 2020	B2
D906970	Forrest et al.	Jan 2021	S
10912500	Poeze et al.	Feb 2021	B2
10912501	Poeze et al.	Feb 2021	B2
10912502	Poeze et al.	Feb 2021	B2
10918281	Al-Ali et al.	Feb 2021	B2
10932705	Muhsin et al.	Mar 2021	B2
10932729	Kiani et al.	Mar 2021	B2
10939878	Kiani et al.	Mar 2021	B2
10945648	Poeze et al.	Mar 2021	B2
D916135	Indorf et al.	Apr 2021	S
D917550	Indorf et al.	Apr 2021	S
D917564	Indorf et al.	Apr 2021	S
D917704	Al-Ali et al.	Apr 2021	S
10987066	Chandran et al.	Apr 2021	B2
10991135	Al-Ali et al.	Apr 2021	B2
D919094	Al-Ali et al.	May 2021	S
D919100	Al-Ali et al.	May 2021	S
11006867	Al-Ali	May 2021	B2
D921202	Al-Ali et al.	Jun 2021	S
11024064	Muhsin et al.	Jun 2021	B2
11026604	Chen et al.	Jun 2021	B2
D925597	Chandran et al.	Jul 2021	S
D927699	Al-Ali et al.	Aug 2021	S
11076777	Lee et al.	Aug 2021	B2
11114188	Poeze et al.	Sep 2021	B2
D933232	Al-Ali et al.	Oct 2021	S
11145408	Sampath et al.	Oct 2021	B2
11147518	Al-Ali et al.	Oct 2021	B1
11185262	Al-Ali et al.	Nov 2021	B2
11191484	Kiani et al.	Dec 2021	B2
11224381	Mchale et al.	Jan 2022	B2
D946596	Ahmed	Mar 2022	S
D946597	Ahmed	Mar 2022	S
D946598	Ahmed	Mar 2022	S
D946617	Ahmed	Mar 2022	S
11272839	Al-Ali et al.	Mar 2022	B2
11289199	Al-Ali	Mar 2022	B2
20010017970	Shie et al.	Aug 2001	A1
20010034477	Mansfield et al.	Oct 2001	A1
20010034479	Ring et al.	Oct 2001	A1
20010039483	Brand et al.	Nov 2001	A1
20010056243	Ohsaki et al.	Dec 2001	A1
20020010401	Bushmakin et al.	Jan 2002	A1
20020019586	Teller et al.	Feb 2002	A1
20020042558	Mendelson	Apr 2002	A1
20020042559	Buschmann et al.	Apr 2002	A1
20020045836	Alkawwas	Apr 2002	A1
20020058864	Mansfield et al.	May 2002	A1
20020099279	Pfeiffer et al.	Jul 2002	A1
20020111546	Cook et al.	Aug 2002	A1
20020133080	Apruzzese et al.	Sep 2002	A1
20020156353	Larson	Oct 2002	A1
20020188210	Aizawa	Dec 2002	A1
20030013975	Kiani	Jan 2003	A1
20030018243	Gerhardt et al.	Jan 2003	A1
20030028085	Al-Ali	Feb 2003	A1
20030033102	Dietiker	Feb 2003	A1
20030036689	Diab et al.	Feb 2003	A1
20030036690	Geddes et al.	Feb 2003	A1
20030065269	Vetter et al.	Apr 2003	A1
20030078504	Rowe	Apr 2003	A1
20030088162	Yamamoto et al.	May 2003	A1
20030098969	Katz et al.	May 2003	A1
20030100840	Sugiura et al.	May 2003	A1
20030144582	Cohen et al.	Jul 2003	A1
20030156288	Barnum et al.	Aug 2003	A1
20030158501	Uchida et al.	Aug 2003	A1
20030212312	Coffin, IV et al.	Nov 2003	A1
20040054290	Chance	Mar 2004	A1
20040054291	Schulz et al.	Mar 2004	A1
20040106163	Workman, Jr. et al.	Jun 2004	A1
20040114783	Spycher et al.	Jun 2004	A1
20040132197	Zahniser et al.	Jul 2004	A1
20040133081	Teller et al.	Jul 2004	A1
20040138568	Lo et al.	Jul 2004	A1
20040152957	Stivoric et al.	Aug 2004	A1
20040162499	Nagai et al.	Aug 2004	A1
20040220738	Nissila	Nov 2004	A1
20050007582	Villers et al.	Jan 2005	A1
20050007589	Kramer	Jan 2005	A1
20050020927	Blondeau et al.	Jan 2005	A1
20050030629	Kursawe et al.	Feb 2005	A1
20050047455	Tanaka	Mar 2005	A1
20050054940	Almen	Mar 2005	A1
20050055276	Kiani et al.	Mar 2005	A1
20050075548	Al-Ali et al.	Apr 2005	A1
20050075553	Sakai et al.	Apr 2005	A1
20050113654	Weber	May 2005	A1
20050116820	Goldreich	Jun 2005	A1
20050192490	Yamamoto et al.	Sep 2005	A1
20050197555	Mouradian et al.	Sep 2005	A1
20050212405	Negley	Sep 2005	A1
20050228244	Banet	Oct 2005	A1
20050234317	Kiani	Oct 2005	A1
20050245839	Stivoric et al.	Nov 2005	A1
20050276164	Amron	Dec 2005	A1
20050277819	Kiani et al.	Dec 2005	A1
20050279949	Oldham et al.	Dec 2005	A1
20050288592	Yamamoto	Dec 2005	A1
20060005944	Wang et al.	Jan 2006	A1
20060009607	Lutz et al.	Jan 2006	A1
20060009688	Lamego et al.	Jan 2006	A1
20060009698	Banet et al.	Jan 2006	A1
20060020180	Al-Ali	Jan 2006	A1
20060025659	Kiguchi et al.	Feb 2006	A1
20060033724	Chaudhri et al.	Feb 2006	A1
20060041198	Kondoh et al.	Feb 2006	A1
20060073719	Kiani	Apr 2006	A1
20060076473	Wilcken et al.	Apr 2006	A1
20060089557	Grajales et al.	Apr 2006	A1
20060097136	Baxter et al.	May 2006	A1
20060111622	Merritt et al.	May 2006	A1
20060115128	Mainguet	Jun 2006	A1
20060122517	Banet et al.	Jun 2006	A1
20060161054	Reuss et al.	Jul 2006	A1
20060182659	Unlu et al.	Aug 2006	A1
20060189871	Al-Ali et al.	Aug 2006	A1
20060211924	Dalke et al.	Sep 2006	A1
20060217605	Fein et al.	Sep 2006	A1
20060217608	Fein et al.	Sep 2006	A1
20060220881	Al-Ali et al.	Oct 2006	A1
20060226992	Al-Ali et al.	Oct 2006	A1
20060247531	Pogue et al.	Nov 2006	A1
20060253010	Brady et al.	Nov 2006	A1
20060258928	Ortner et al.	Nov 2006	A1
20060270919	Brenner	Nov 2006	A1
20060287589	Wobermin et al.	Dec 2006	A1
20070038049	Huang	Feb 2007	A1
20070055119	Lash et al.	Mar 2007	A1
20070073116	Kiani et al.	Mar 2007	A1
20070073117	Raridan	Mar 2007	A1
20070093717	Nagar et al.	Apr 2007	A1
20070093786	Goldsmith et al.	Apr 2007	A1
20070100222	Mastrototaro et al.	May 2007	A1
20070106132	Elhag	May 2007	A1
20070106172	Abreu	May 2007	A1
20070129617	Noet et al.	Jun 2007	A1
20070142715	Banet et al.	Jun 2007	A1
20070145255	Nishikawa et al.	Jun 2007	A1
20070149864	Laakkonen	Jun 2007	A1
20070180140	Welch et al.	Aug 2007	A1
20070185393	Zhou et al.	Aug 2007	A1
20070191691	Polanco	Aug 2007	A1
20070197886	Naganuma et al.	Aug 2007	A1
20070208232	Kovacs	Sep 2007	A1
20070208395	Leclerc et al.	Sep 2007	A1
20070210242	Cho	Sep 2007	A1
20070238955	Tearney et al.	Oct 2007	A1
20070244377	Cozad et al.	Oct 2007	A1
20070249916	Pesach et al.	Oct 2007	A1
20070260130	Chin	Nov 2007	A1
20070276262	Banet	Nov 2007	A1
20070276273	Watson, Jr	Nov 2007	A1
20070282178	Scholler et al.	Dec 2007	A1
20070282179	Merritt et al.	Dec 2007	A1
20070282478	Al-Ali et al.	Dec 2007	A1
20070293792	Sliwa et al.	Dec 2007	A1
20070299323	Arns et al.	Dec 2007	A1
20080004513	Walker et al.	Jan 2008	A1
20080015424	Bernreuter	Jan 2008	A1
20080030468	Al-Ali et al.	Feb 2008	A1
20080031497	Kishigami et al.	Feb 2008	A1
20080064965	Jay et al.	Mar 2008	A1
20080076980	Hoarau	Mar 2008	A1
20080076993	Ostrowski	Mar 2008	A1
20080081966	Debreczeny	Apr 2008	A1
20080081972	Debreczeny	Apr 2008	A1
20080094228	Welch et al.	Apr 2008	A1
20080097172	Sawada et al.	Apr 2008	A1
20080122796	Jobs et al.	May 2008	A1
20080130232	Yamamoto	Jun 2008	A1
20080139908	Kurth	Jun 2008	A1
20080147147	Griffiths et al.	Jun 2008	A1
20080190436	Jaffe et al.	Aug 2008	A1
20080194932	Ayers et al.	Aug 2008	A1
20080221418	Al-Ali et al.	Sep 2008	A1
20080221426	Baker et al.	Sep 2008	A1
20080221463	Baker	Sep 2008	A1
20080242958	Al-Ali et al.	Oct 2008	A1
20080262325	Lamego	Oct 2008	A1
20080269619	Lindberg et al.	Oct 2008	A1
20080287758	Benaron et al.	Nov 2008	A1
20080319290	Mao et al.	Dec 2008	A1
20090018452	Sugiura et al.	Jan 2009	A1
20090024013	Seller	Jan 2009	A1
20090030327	Chance	Jan 2009	A1
20090036759	Ault et al.	Feb 2009	A1
20090043180	Tschautscher et al.	Feb 2009	A1
20090062685	Bergethon et al.	Mar 2009	A1
20090093687	Telfort et al.	Apr 2009	A1
20090095926	MacNeish, III	Apr 2009	A1
20090129102	Xiao et al.	May 2009	A1
20090143655	Shani	Jun 2009	A1
20090156916	Wang et al.	Jun 2009	A1
20090156918	Davis et al.	Jun 2009	A1
20090163775	Barrett et al.	Jun 2009	A1
20090163783	Mannheimer et al.	Jun 2009	A1
20090163787	Mannheimer et al.	Jun 2009	A1
20090177097	Ma et al.	Jul 2009	A1
20090187085	Pav	Jul 2009	A1
20090190198	Kwon	Jul 2009	A1
20090234206	Gaspard et al.	Sep 2009	A1
20090247885	Suzuki et al.	Oct 2009	A1
20090247984	Lamego et al.	Oct 2009	A1
20090259114	Johnson et al.	Oct 2009	A1
20090259116	Wasserman et al.	Oct 2009	A1
20090270699	Scholler et al.	Oct 2009	A1
20090275813	Davis	Nov 2009	A1
20090275844	Al-Ali	Nov 2009	A1
20090306487	Crowe et al.	Dec 2009	A1
20090326346	Kracker et al.	Dec 2009	A1
20090326867	Watson et al.	Dec 2009	A1
20100004518	Vo et al.	Jan 2010	A1
20100030040	Poeze et al.	Feb 2010	A1
20100030043	Kuhn	Feb 2010	A1
20100056934	Cho et al.	Mar 2010	A1
20100099964	O'Reilly et al.	Apr 2010	A1
20100113948	Yang et al.	May 2010	A1
20100130841	Ozawa et al.	May 2010	A1
20100210925	Holley et al.	Aug 2010	A1
20100217102	LeBoeuf et al.	Aug 2010	A1
20100234718	Sampath et al.	Sep 2010	A1
20100249550	Lovejoy	Sep 2010	A1
20100270257	Wachman et al.	Oct 2010	A1
20100305416	Bedard et al.	Dec 2010	A1
20100331640	Medina	Dec 2010	A1
20110001605	Kiani et al.	Jan 2011	A1
20110003665	Burton et al.	Jan 2011	A1
20110004079	Al-Ali et al.	Jan 2011	A1
20110004106	Iwamiya et al.	Jan 2011	A1
20110028806	Merritt et al.	Feb 2011	A1
20110028809	Goodman	Feb 2011	A1
20110040197	Welch et al.	Feb 2011	A1
20110082711	Poeze et al.	Apr 2011	A1
20110085721	Guyon et al.	Apr 2011	A1
20110087081	Kiani et al.	Apr 2011	A1
20110105854	Kiani et al.	May 2011	A1
20110105865	Yu et al.	May 2011	A1
20110118561	Tari et al.	May 2011	A1
20110125060	Telfort et al.	May 2011	A1
20110137297	Kiani et al.	Jun 2011	A1
20110172498	Olsen et al.	Jul 2011	A1
20110208015	Welch et al.	Aug 2011	A1
20110213212	Al-Ali	Sep 2011	A1
20110213227	Ziv et al.	Sep 2011	A1
20110230733	Al-Ali	Sep 2011	A1
20110237911	Lamego et al.	Sep 2011	A1
20110237969	Eckerbom et al.	Sep 2011	A1
20110245697	Miettinen	Oct 2011	A1
20110288383	Diab	Nov 2011	A1
20110301444	Al-Ali	Dec 2011	A1
20120041316	Al-Ali et al.	Feb 2012	A1
20120046557	Kiani	Feb 2012	A1
20120059267	Lamego et al.	Mar 2012	A1
20120078069	Melker	Mar 2012	A1
20120088984	Al-Ali et al.	Apr 2012	A1
20120123231	O'Reilly	May 2012	A1
20120150052	Buchheim et al.	Jun 2012	A1
20120165629	Merritt et al.	Jun 2012	A1
20120179006	Jansen et al.	Jul 2012	A1
20120197093	LeBoeuf et al.	Aug 2012	A1
20120197137	Jeanne et al.	Aug 2012	A1
20120209082	Al-Ali	Aug 2012	A1
20120209084	Olsen et al.	Aug 2012	A1
20120226117	Lamego et al.	Sep 2012	A1
20120227739	Kiani	Sep 2012	A1
20120277559	Kohl-Bareis et al.	Nov 2012	A1
20120283524	Kiani et al.	Nov 2012	A1
20120288230	Polonge et al.	Nov 2012	A1
20120296178	Lamego et al.	Nov 2012	A1
20120319816	Al-Ali	Dec 2012	A1
20120330112	Lamego et al.	Dec 2012	A1
20130006076	McHale	Jan 2013	A1
20130018233	Cinbis et al.	Jan 2013	A1
20130023775	Lamego et al.	Jan 2013	A1
20130041591	Lamego	Feb 2013	A1
20130045685	Kiani	Feb 2013	A1
20130046204	Lamego et al.	Feb 2013	A1
20130060147	Welch et al.	Mar 2013	A1
20130085346	Lin et al.	Apr 2013	A1
20130096405	Garfio	Apr 2013	A1
20130096936	Sampath et al.	Apr 2013	A1
20130131474	Gu et al.	May 2013	A1
20130190581	Al-Ali et al.	Jul 2013	A1
20130197328	Diab et al.	Aug 2013	A1
20130204112	White et al.	Aug 2013	A1
20130211214	Olsen	Aug 2013	A1
20130243021	Siskavich	Sep 2013	A1
20130245408	Porges	Sep 2013	A1
20130253334	Al-Ali et al.	Sep 2013	A1
20130262730	Al-Ali et al.	Oct 2013	A1
20130264592	Bergmann et al.	Oct 2013	A1
20130267804	Al-Ali	Oct 2013	A1
20130274572	Al-Ali et al.	Oct 2013	A1
20130296672	O'Neil et al.	Nov 2013	A1
20130296713	Al-Ali et al.	Nov 2013	A1
20130317370	Dalvi et al.	Nov 2013	A1
20130324808	Al-Ali et al.	Dec 2013	A1
20130331660	Al-Ali et al.	Dec 2013	A1
20130331670	Kiani	Dec 2013	A1
20130338461	Lamego et al.	Dec 2013	A1
20130345921	Al-Ali et al.	Dec 2013	A1
20140012100	Al-Ali et al.	Jan 2014	A1
20140034353	Al-Ali et al.	Feb 2014	A1
20140051953	Lamego et al.	Feb 2014	A1
20140051955	Tiao et al.	Feb 2014	A1
20140058230	Abdul-Hafiz et al.	Feb 2014	A1
20140066783	Kiani et al.	Mar 2014	A1
20140073887	Petersen et al.	Mar 2014	A1
20140073960	Rodriguez-Llorente et al.	Mar 2014	A1
20140077956	Sampath et al.	Mar 2014	A1
20140081100	Muhsin et al.	Mar 2014	A1
20140081175	Telfort	Mar 2014	A1
20140094667	Schurman et al.	Apr 2014	A1
20140100434	Diab et al.	Apr 2014	A1
20140107493	Yuen et al.	Apr 2014	A1
20140114199	Lamego et al.	Apr 2014	A1
20140120564	Workman et al.	May 2014	A1
20140121482	Merritt et al.	May 2014	A1
20140121483	Kiani	May 2014	A1
20140127137	Bellott et al.	May 2014	A1
20140129702	Lamego et al.	May 2014	A1
20140135588	Al-Ali et al.	May 2014	A1
20140142401	Al-Ali et al.	May 2014	A1
20140163344	Al-Ali	Jun 2014	A1
20140163402	Lamego et al.	Jun 2014	A1
20140166076	Kiani et al.	Jun 2014	A1
20140171146	Ma et al.	Jun 2014	A1
20140171763	Diab	Jun 2014	A1
20140180038	Kiani	Jun 2014	A1
20140180154	Sierra et al.	Jun 2014	A1
20140180160	Brown et al.	Jun 2014	A1
20140187973	Brown et al.	Jul 2014	A1
20140192177	Bartula et al.	Jul 2014	A1
20140194709	Al-Ali et al.	Jul 2014	A1
20140194711	Al-Ali	Jul 2014	A1
20140194766	Al-Ali et al.	Jul 2014	A1
20140206954	Yuen et al.	Jul 2014	A1
20140206963	Al-Ali	Jul 2014	A1
20140213864	Abdul-Hafiz et al.	Jul 2014	A1
20140221854	Wai	Aug 2014	A1
20140243627	Diab et al.	Aug 2014	A1
20140266790	Al-Ali et al.	Sep 2014	A1
20140275808	Poeze et al.	Sep 2014	A1
20140275835	Lamego et al.	Sep 2014	A1
20140275871	Lamego et al.	Sep 2014	A1
20140275872	Merritt et al.	Sep 2014	A1
20140275881	Lamego et al.	Sep 2014	A1
20140276013	Muehlemann et al.	Sep 2014	A1
20140276115	Dalvi et al.	Sep 2014	A1
20140276116	Takahashi et al.	Sep 2014	A1
20140288400	Diab et al.	Sep 2014	A1
20140296664	Bruinsma et al.	Oct 2014	A1
20140303520	Telfort et al.	Oct 2014	A1
20140316217	Purdon et al.	Oct 2014	A1
20140316218	Purdon et al.	Oct 2014	A1
20140316228	Blank et al.	Oct 2014	A1
20140323825	Al-Ali et al.	Oct 2014	A1
20140323897	Brown et al.	Oct 2014	A1
20140323898	Purdon et al.	Oct 2014	A1
20140330092	Al-Ali et al.	Nov 2014	A1
20140330098	Merritt et al.	Nov 2014	A1
20140330099	Al-Ali et al.	Nov 2014	A1
20140333440	Kiani	Nov 2014	A1
20140336481	Shakespeare et al.	Nov 2014	A1
20140343436	Kiani	Nov 2014	A1
20140357966	Al-Ali et al.	Dec 2014	A1
20140361147	Fei	Dec 2014	A1
20140371548	Al-Ali et al.	Dec 2014	A1
20140371632	Al-Ali et al.	Dec 2014	A1
20140378784	Kiani et al.	Dec 2014	A1
20140378844	Fei	Dec 2014	A1
20150005600	Blank et al.	Jan 2015	A1
20150011907	Purdon et al.	Jan 2015	A1
20150012231	Poeze et al.	Jan 2015	A1
20150018650	Al-Ali et al.	Jan 2015	A1
20150025406	Al-Ali	Jan 2015	A1
20150032029	Al-Ali et al.	Jan 2015	A1
20150038859	Dalvi et al.	Feb 2015	A1
20150045637	Dalvi	Feb 2015	A1
20150045685	Al-Ali et al.	Feb 2015	A1
20150051462	Olsen	Feb 2015	A1
20150065889	Gandelman et al.	Mar 2015	A1
20150073235	Kateraas et al.	Mar 2015	A1
20150073241	Lamego	Mar 2015	A1
20150080754	Purdon et al.	Mar 2015	A1
20150087936	Al-Ali et al.	Mar 2015	A1
20150094546	Al-Ali	Apr 2015	A1
20150097701	Al-Ali et al.	Apr 2015	A1
20150099324	Wojtczuk et al.	Apr 2015	A1
20150099950	Al-Ali et al.	Apr 2015	A1
20150099951	Al-Ali et al.	Apr 2015	A1
20150099955	Al-Ali et al.	Apr 2015	A1
20150101844	Al-Ali et al.	Apr 2015	A1
20150106121	Muhsin et al.	Apr 2015	A1
20150112151	Muhsin et al.	Apr 2015	A1
20150116076	Al-Ali et al.	Apr 2015	A1
20150119725	Martin et al.	Apr 2015	A1
20150126830	Schurman et al.	May 2015	A1
20150133755	Smith et al.	May 2015	A1
20150140863	Al-Ali et al.	May 2015	A1
20150141781	Weber et al.	May 2015	A1
20150165312	Kiani	Jun 2015	A1
20150173671	Paalasmaa et al.	Jun 2015	A1
20150196237	Lamego	Jul 2015	A1
20150196249	Brown et al.	Jul 2015	A1
20150201874	Diab	Jul 2015	A1
20150208966	Al-Ali	Jul 2015	A1
20150216459	Al-Ali et al.	Aug 2015	A1
20150230755	Al-Ali et al.	Aug 2015	A1
20150238722	Al-Ali	Aug 2015	A1
20150245773	Lamego et al.	Sep 2015	A1
20150245793	Al-Ali et al.	Sep 2015	A1
20150245794	Al-Ali	Sep 2015	A1
20150255001	Haughav et al.	Sep 2015	A1
20150257689	Al-Ali et al.	Sep 2015	A1
20150272514	Kiani et al.	Oct 2015	A1
20150281424	Vock et al.	Oct 2015	A1
20150318100	Rothkopf et al.	Nov 2015	A1
20150351697	Weber et al.	Nov 2015	A1
20150351704	Kiani et al.	Dec 2015	A1
20150359429	Al-Ali et al.	Dec 2015	A1
20150366472	Kiani	Dec 2015	A1
20150366507	Blank	Dec 2015	A1
20150374298	Al-Ali et al.	Dec 2015	A1
20150380875	Coverston et al.	Dec 2015	A1
20160000362	Diab et al.	Jan 2016	A1
20160007930	Weber et al.	Jan 2016	A1
20160019360	Pahwa et al.	Jan 2016	A1
20160022160	Pi et al.	Jan 2016	A1
20160023245	Zadesky et al.	Jan 2016	A1
20160029932	Al-Ali	Feb 2016	A1
20160029933	Al-Ali et al.	Feb 2016	A1
20160038045	Shapiro	Feb 2016	A1
20160041531	Mackie et al.	Feb 2016	A1
20160045118	Kiani	Feb 2016	A1
20160051157	Waydo	Feb 2016	A1
20160051158	Silva	Feb 2016	A1
20160051205	Al-Ali et al.	Feb 2016	A1
20160058302	Raghuram et al.	Mar 2016	A1
20160058309	Han	Mar 2016	A1
20160058310	Iijima	Mar 2016	A1
20160058312	Han et al.	Mar 2016	A1
20160058338	Schurman et al.	Mar 2016	A1
20160058347	Reichgott et al.	Mar 2016	A1
20160058356	Raghuram et al.	Mar 2016	A1
20160058370	Raghuram et al.	Mar 2016	A1
20160066823	Al-Ali et al.	Mar 2016	A1
20160066824	Al-Ali et al.	Mar 2016	A1
20160066879	Telfort et al.	Mar 2016	A1
20160071392	Hankey et al.	Mar 2016	A1
20160072429	Kiani et al.	Mar 2016	A1
20160073967	Lamego et al.	Mar 2016	A1
20160081552	Wojtczuk et al.	Mar 2016	A1
20160095543	Telfort et al.	Apr 2016	A1
20160095548	Al-Ali et al.	Apr 2016	A1
20160103598	Al-Ali et al.	Apr 2016	A1
20160106367	Jorov et al.	Apr 2016	A1
20160113527	Al-Ali et al.	Apr 2016	A1
20160143548	Al-Ali	May 2016	A1
20160154950	Nakajima et al.	Jun 2016	A1
20160157780	Rimminen et al.	Jun 2016	A1
20160166182	Al-Ali et al.	Jun 2016	A1
20160166183	Poeze et al.	Jun 2016	A1
20160166210	Al-Ali	Jun 2016	A1
20160192869	Kiani et al.	Jul 2016	A1
20160196388	Lamego	Jul 2016	A1
20160197436	Barker et al.	Jul 2016	A1
20160206219	Fortin	Jul 2016	A1
20160213281	Eckerbom et al.	Jul 2016	A1
20160213309	Sannholm et al.	Jul 2016	A1
20160228043	O'Neil et al.	Aug 2016	A1
20160233632	Scruggs et al.	Aug 2016	A1
20160234944	Schmidt et al.	Aug 2016	A1
20160256058	Pham et al.	Sep 2016	A1
20160256082	Ely et al.	Sep 2016	A1
20160267238	Nag	Sep 2016	A1
20160270735	Diab et al.	Sep 2016	A1
20160283665	Sampath et al.	Sep 2016	A1
20160287090	Al-Ali et al.	Oct 2016	A1
20160287107	Szabados et al.	Oct 2016	A1
20160287181	Han et al.	Oct 2016	A1
20160287786	Kiani	Oct 2016	A1
20160296169	McHale et al.	Oct 2016	A1
20160296173	Culbert	Oct 2016	A1
20160296174	Isikman et al.	Oct 2016	A1
20160310027	Han	Oct 2016	A1
20160310052	Al-Ali et al.	Oct 2016	A1
20160314260	Kiani	Oct 2016	A1
20160324488	Olsen	Nov 2016	A1
20160327984	Al-Ali et al.	Nov 2016	A1
20160331332	Al-Ali	Nov 2016	A1
20160367173	Dalvi et al.	Dec 2016	A1
20160378069	Rothkopf	Dec 2016	A1
20160378071	Rothkopf	Dec 2016	A1
20170000394	Al-Ali et al.	Jan 2017	A1
20170007134	Al-Ali et al.	Jan 2017	A1
20170007183	Dusan et al.	Jan 2017	A1
20170007198	Al-Ali et al.	Jan 2017	A1
20170010858	Prest et al.	Jan 2017	A1
20170014083	Diab et al.	Jan 2017	A1
20170014084	Al-Ali et al.	Jan 2017	A1
20170024748	Haider	Jan 2017	A1
20170042488	Muhsin	Feb 2017	A1
20170055851	Al-Ali	Mar 2017	A1
20170055882	Al-Ali et al.	Mar 2017	A1
20170055887	Al-Ali	Mar 2017	A1
20170055896	Al-Ali et al.	Mar 2017	A1
20170074897	Mermel et al.	Mar 2017	A1
20170079594	Telfort et al.	Mar 2017	A1
20170084133	Cardinali et al.	Mar 2017	A1
20170086689	Shui et al.	Mar 2017	A1
20170086723	Al-Ali et al.	Mar 2017	A1
20170086742	Harrison-Noonan et al.	Mar 2017	A1
20170086743	Bushnell et al.	Mar 2017	A1
20170094450	Tu et al.	Mar 2017	A1
20170143281	Olsen	May 2017	A1
20170147774	Kiani	May 2017	A1
20170156620	Al-Ali et al.	Jun 2017	A1
20170164884	Culbert et al.	Jun 2017	A1
20170172435	Presura	Jun 2017	A1
20170172476	Schilthuizen	Jun 2017	A1
20170173632	Al-Ali	Jun 2017	A1
20170187146	Kiani et al.	Jun 2017	A1
20170188919	Al-Ali et al.	Jul 2017	A1
20170196464	Jansen et al.	Jul 2017	A1
20170196470	Lamego et al.	Jul 2017	A1
20170202505	Kirenko et al.	Jul 2017	A1
20170209095	Wagner et al.	Jul 2017	A1
20170224262	Al-Ali	Aug 2017	A1
20170228516	Sampath et al.	Aug 2017	A1
20170245790	Al-Ali et al.	Aug 2017	A1
20170248446	Gowreesunker et al.	Aug 2017	A1
20170251974	Shreim et al.	Sep 2017	A1
20170251975	Shreim et al.	Sep 2017	A1
20170258403	Abdul-Hafiz et al.	Sep 2017	A1
20170273619	Alvarado et al.	Sep 2017	A1
20170281024	Narasimhan et al.	Oct 2017	A1
20170293727	Klaassen et al.	Oct 2017	A1
20170311851	Schurman et al.	Nov 2017	A1
20170311891	Kiani et al.	Nov 2017	A1
20170325698	Allee et al.	Nov 2017	A1
20170325728	Al-Ali et al.	Nov 2017	A1
20170325744	Allee et al.	Nov 2017	A1
20170332976	Al-Ali et al.	Nov 2017	A1
20170340209	Klaassen et al.	Nov 2017	A1
20170340219	Sullivan et al.	Nov 2017	A1
20170340293	Al-Ali et al.	Nov 2017	A1
20170347885	Tan et al.	Dec 2017	A1
20170354332	Lamego	Dec 2017	A1
20170354795	Blahnik et al.	Dec 2017	A1
20170358239	Arney et al.	Dec 2017	A1
20170358240	Blahnik et al.	Dec 2017	A1
20170358242	Thompson et al.	Dec 2017	A1
20170360306	Narasimhan et al.	Dec 2017	A1
20170360310	Kiani et al.	Dec 2017	A1
20170366657	Thompson et al.	Dec 2017	A1
20170367632	Al-Ali et al.	Dec 2017	A1
20180008146	Al-Ali et al.	Jan 2018	A1
20180013562	Haider et al.	Jan 2018	A1
20180014752	Al-Ali et al.	Jan 2018	A1
20180014781	Clavelle et al.	Jan 2018	A1
20180025287	Mathew et al.	Jan 2018	A1
20180028124	Al-Ali et al.	Feb 2018	A1
20180042556	Shahparnia et al.	Feb 2018	A1
20180049694	Singh Alvarado et al.	Feb 2018	A1
20180050235	Tan et al.	Feb 2018	A1
20180055375	Martinez et al.	Mar 2018	A1
20180055385	Al-Ali	Mar 2018	A1
20180055390	Kiani	Mar 2018	A1
20180055430	Diab et al.	Mar 2018	A1
20180055439	Pham et al.	Mar 2018	A1
20180056129	Narasimha Rao et al.	Mar 2018	A1
20180064381	Shakespeare et al.	Mar 2018	A1
20180069776	Lamego et al.	Mar 2018	A1
20180070867	Smith et al.	Mar 2018	A1
20180078151	Allec et al.	Mar 2018	A1
20180078182	Chen et al.	Mar 2018	A1
20180082767	Al-Ali et al.	Mar 2018	A1
20180085068	Telfort	Mar 2018	A1
20180087937	Al-Ali et al.	Mar 2018	A1
20180103874	Lee et al.	Apr 2018	A1
20180103905	Kiani	Apr 2018	A1
20180110469	Maani et al.	Apr 2018	A1
20180110478	Al-Ali	Apr 2018	A1
20180116575	Perea et al.	May 2018	A1
20180125368	Lamego et al.	May 2018	A1
20180125430	Al-Ali et al.	May 2018	A1
20180125445	Telfort et al.	May 2018	A1
20180130325	Kiani et al.	May 2018	A1
20180132769	Weber et al.	May 2018	A1
20180132770	Lamego	May 2018	A1
20180146901	Al-Ali et al.	May 2018	A1
20180146902	Kiani et al.	May 2018	A1
20180153418	Sullivan et al.	Jun 2018	A1
20180153442	Eckerbom et al.	Jun 2018	A1
20180153446	Kiani	Jun 2018	A1
20180153447	Al-Ali et al.	Jun 2018	A1
20180153448	Weber et al.	Jun 2018	A1
20180161499	Al-Ali et al.	Jun 2018	A1
20180164853	Myers et al.	Jun 2018	A1
20180168491	Al-Ali et al.	Jun 2018	A1
20180174679	Sampath et al.	Jun 2018	A1
20180174680	Sampath et al.	Jun 2018	A1
20180182484	Sampath et al.	Jun 2018	A1
20180184917	Kiani	Jul 2018	A1
20180192924	Al-Ali	Jul 2018	A1
20180192953	Shreim et al.	Jul 2018	A1
20180192955	Al-Ali et al.	Jul 2018	A1
20180196514	Allec et al.	Jul 2018	A1
20180199871	Pauley et al.	Jul 2018	A1
20180206795	Al-Ali	Jul 2018	A1
20180206815	Telfort	Jul 2018	A1
20180213583	Al-Ali	Jul 2018	A1
20180214031	Kiani et al.	Aug 2018	A1
20180214090	Al-Ali et al.	Aug 2018	A1
20180216370	Ishiguro et al.	Aug 2018	A1
20180218792	Muhsin et al.	Aug 2018	A1
20180225960	Al-Ali et al.	Aug 2018	A1
20180228414	Shao et al.	Aug 2018	A1
20180238718	Dalvi	Aug 2018	A1
20180238734	Hotelling et al.	Aug 2018	A1
20180242853	Al-Ali	Aug 2018	A1
20180242921	Muhsin et al.	Aug 2018	A1
20180242923	Al-Ali et al.	Aug 2018	A1
20180242924	Barker et al.	Aug 2018	A1
20180242926	Muhsin et al.	Aug 2018	A1
20180247353	Al-Ali et al.	Aug 2018	A1
20180247712	Muhsin et al.	Aug 2018	A1
20180249933	Schurman et al.	Sep 2018	A1
20180253947	Muhsin et al.	Sep 2018	A1
20180256087	Al-Ali et al.	Sep 2018	A1
20180256113	Weber et al.	Sep 2018	A1
20180279956	Waydo et al.	Oct 2018	A1
20180285094	Housel et al.	Oct 2018	A1
20180289325	Poeze et al.	Oct 2018	A1
20180289337	Al-Ali et al.	Oct 2018	A1
20180296161	Shreim et al.	Oct 2018	A1
20180300919	Muhsin et al.	Oct 2018	A1
20180310822	Indorf et al.	Nov 2018	A1
20180310823	Al-Ali et al.	Nov 2018	A1
20180317826	Muhsin	Nov 2018	A1
20180317841	Novak, Jr.	Nov 2018	A1
20180333055	Lamego et al.	Nov 2018	A1
20180333087	Al-Ali	Nov 2018	A1
20190000317	Muhsin et al.	Jan 2019	A1
20190000362	Kiani et al.	Jan 2019	A1
20190015023	Monfre	Jan 2019	A1
20190021638	Al-Ali et al.	Jan 2019	A1
20190029574	Schurman et al.	Jan 2019	A1
20190029578	Al-Ali et al.	Jan 2019	A1
20190038143	Al-Ali	Feb 2019	A1
20190058280	Al-Ali et al.	Feb 2019	A1
20190058281	Al-Ali et al.	Feb 2019	A1
20190069813	Al-Ali	Mar 2019	A1
20190069814	Al-Ali	Mar 2019	A1
20190076028	Al-Ali et al.	Mar 2019	A1
20190082979	Al-Ali et al.	Mar 2019	A1
20190090748	Al-Ali	Mar 2019	A1
20190090760	Kinast et al.	Mar 2019	A1
20190090764	Al-Ali	Mar 2019	A1
20190099130	LeBoeuf et al.	Apr 2019	A1
20190104973	Poeze et al.	Apr 2019	A1
20190110719	Poeze et al.	Apr 2019	A1
20190117070	Muhsin et al.	Apr 2019	A1
20190117139	Al-Ali et al.	Apr 2019	A1
20190117140	Al-Ali et al.	Apr 2019	A1
20190117141	Al-Ali	Apr 2019	A1
20190117930	Al-Ali	Apr 2019	A1
20190122763	Sampath et al.	Apr 2019	A1
20190133525	Al-Ali et al.	May 2019	A1
20190142283	Lamego et al.	May 2019	A1
20190142344	Telfort et al.	May 2019	A1
20190150800	Poeze et al.	May 2019	A1
20190150856	Kiani et al.	May 2019	A1
20190167161	Al-Ali et al.	Jun 2019	A1
20190175019	Al-Ali et al.	Jun 2019	A1
20190192076	Mchale et al.	Jun 2019	A1
20190200941	Chandran et al.	Jul 2019	A1
20190201623	Kiani	Jul 2019	A1
20190209025	Al-Ali	Jul 2019	A1
20190214778	Scruggs et al.	Jul 2019	A1
20190216319	Poeze et al.	Jul 2019	A1
20190216379	Al-Ali et al.	Jul 2019	A1
20190221966	Kiani et al.	Jul 2019	A1
20190223804	Blank	Jul 2019	A1
20190231199	Al-Ali et al.	Aug 2019	A1
20190231241	Al-Ali et al.	Aug 2019	A1
20190231270	Abdul-Hafiz et al.	Aug 2019	A1
20190239787	Pauley et al.	Aug 2019	A1
20190239824	Muhsin et al.	Aug 2019	A1
20190254578	Lamego	Aug 2019	A1
20190261857	Al-Ali	Aug 2019	A1
20190269370	Al-Ali et al.	Sep 2019	A1
20190274606	Kiani et al.	Sep 2019	A1
20190274627	Al-Ali et al.	Sep 2019	A1
20190274635	Al-Ali et al.	Sep 2019	A1
20190290136	Dalvi et al.	Sep 2019	A1
20190298270	Al-Ali et al.	Oct 2019	A1
20190304601	Sampath et al.	Oct 2019	A1
20190304605	Al-Ali	Oct 2019	A1
20190307377	Perea et al.	Oct 2019	A1
20190320906	Olsen	Oct 2019	A1
20190320959	Al-Ali	Oct 2019	A1
20190320988	Ahmed et al.	Oct 2019	A1
20190325722	Kiani et al.	Oct 2019	A1
20190350506	Al-Ali	Nov 2019	A1
20190357813	Poeze et al.	Nov 2019	A1
20190357823	Reichgott et al.	Nov 2019	A1
20190357824	Al-Ali	Nov 2019	A1
20190358524	Kiani	Nov 2019	A1
20190365294	Poeze et al.	Dec 2019	A1
20190374139	Kiani et al.	Dec 2019	A1
20190374173	Kiani et al.	Dec 2019	A1
20190374713	Kiani et al.	Dec 2019	A1
20190386908	Lamego et al.	Dec 2019	A1
20190388039	Al-Ali	Dec 2019	A1
20200000338	Lamego et al.	Jan 2020	A1
20200000415	Barker et al.	Jan 2020	A1
20200015716	Poeze et al.	Jan 2020	A1
20200021930	Iswanto et al.	Jan 2020	A1
20200037453	Triman et al.	Jan 2020	A1
20200037891	Kiani et al.	Feb 2020	A1
20200037966	Al-Ali	Feb 2020	A1
20200046257	Eckerbom et al.	Feb 2020	A1
20200054253	Al-Ali et al.	Feb 2020	A1
20200060591	Diab et al.	Feb 2020	A1
20200060628	Al-Ali et al.	Feb 2020	A1
20200060629	Muhsin et al.	Feb 2020	A1
20200060869	Telfort et al.	Feb 2020	A1
20200074819	Muhsin et al.	Mar 2020	A1
20200111552	Ahmed	Apr 2020	A1
20200113435	Muhsin	Apr 2020	A1
20200113488	Al-Ali et al.	Apr 2020	A1
20200113496	Scruggs et al.	Apr 2020	A1
20200113497	Triman et al.	Apr 2020	A1
20200113520	Abdul-Hafiz et al.	Apr 2020	A1
20200138288	Al-Ali et al.	May 2020	A1
20200138368	Kiani et al.	May 2020	A1
20200163597	Dalvi et al.	May 2020	A1
20200196877	Vo et al.	Jun 2020	A1
20200196882	Kiani et al.	Jun 2020	A1
20200221980	Poeze et al.	Jul 2020	A1
20200253474	Muhsin et al.	Aug 2020	A1
20200253544	Belur Nagaraj et al.	Aug 2020	A1
20200275841	Telfort et al.	Sep 2020	A1
20200275871	Al-Ali	Sep 2020	A1
20200288983	Telfort et al.	Sep 2020	A1
20200321793	Al-Ali et al.	Oct 2020	A1
20200329983	Al-Ali et al.	Oct 2020	A1
20200329984	Al-Ali et al.	Oct 2020	A1
20200329993	Al-Ali et al.	Oct 2020	A1
20200330037	Al-Ali et al.	Oct 2020	A1
20210022628	Telfort et al.	Jan 2021	A1
20210104173	Pauley et al.	Apr 2021	A1
20210113121	Diab et al.	Apr 2021	A1
20210117525	Kiani et al.	Apr 2021	A1
20210118581	Kiani et al.	Apr 2021	A1
20210121582	Krishnamani et al.	Apr 2021	A1
20210161465	Barker et al.	Jun 2021	A1
20210236729	Kiani et al.	Aug 2021	A1
20210256267	Ranasinghe et al.	Aug 2021	A1
20210256835	Ranasinghe et al.	Aug 2021	A1
20210275101	Vo et al.	Sep 2021	A1
20210290060	Ahmed	Sep 2021	A1
20210290072	Forrest	Sep 2021	A1
20210290080	Ahmed	Sep 2021	A1
20210290120	Al-Ali	Sep 2021	A1
20210290177	Novak, Jr.	Sep 2021	A1
20210290184	Ahmed	Sep 2021	A1
20210296008	Novak, Jr.	Sep 2021	A1
20210330228	Olsen et al.	Oct 2021	A1
20210386382	Olsen et al.	Dec 2021	A1
20210402110	Pauley et al.	Dec 2021	A1
20220026355	Normand et al.	Jan 2022	A1
20220039707	Sharma et al.	Feb 2022	A1
20220053892	Al-Ali et al.	Feb 2022	A1
20220071562	Kiani	Mar 2022	A1
20220096603	Kiani et al.	Mar 2022	A1

Foreign Referenced Citations (159)

Number	Date	Country
7426381	Feb 1983	AU
2014200060	Oct 2016	AU
2105681	Oct 1992	CA
2264029	Mar 1998	CA
2137878	Apr 2007	CA
1270793	Oct 2000	CN
1482448	Mar 2004	CN
201033073	Mar 2008	CN
101564290	Oct 2009	CN
201481421	May 2010	CN
201542615	Aug 2010	CN
201578231	Sep 2010	CN
201585989	Sep 2010	CN
101484065	Nov 2011	CN
103906468	Jul 2014	CN
202004017631	Mar 2005	DE
102008002741	Dec 2009	DE
202007019341	Jan 2012	DE
0102816	Mar 1984	EP
0419223	Mar 1991	EP
0630208	Dec 1994	EP
0724860	Aug 1996	EP
0665727	Jan 1997	EP
0760223	Mar 1997	EP
0770349	May 1997	EP
0781527	Jul 1997	EP
0880936	Dec 1998	EP
0922432	Jun 1999	EP
0985373	Mar 2000	EP
1080683	Mar 2001	EP
1213037	Jun 2002	EP
1518494	Mar 2005	EP
1526805	May 2005	EP
1124609	Aug 2006	EP
1860989	Dec 2007	EP
1875213	Jan 2008	EP
1880666	Jan 2008	EP
2165196	Mar 2010	EP
2277440	Jan 2011	EP
3316779	May 2018	EP
2243691	Nov 1991	GB
05-325705	Dec 1993	JP
H06-66633	Sep 1994	JP
H07-124138	May 1995	JP
08-185864	Jul 1996	JP
H09-173322	Jul 1997	JP
H 09257508	Oct 1997	JP
H 10314133	Dec 1998	JP
H 1170086	Mar 1999	JP
29193262	Jul 1999	JP
H11-197127	Jul 1999	JP
H 11235320	Aug 1999	JP
3107630	Nov 2000	JP
3116255	Dec 2000	JP
2001-066990	Mar 2001	JP
2001-087250	Apr 2001	JP
2002-500908	Jan 2002	JP
2003-024276	Jan 2003	JP
2003-508104	Mar 2003	JP
2003-210438	Jul 2003	JP
2003-265444	Sep 2003	JP
2004-031485	Jan 2004	JP
2004-119515	Apr 2004	JP
2004-329406	Nov 2004	JP
2004-337605	Dec 2004	JP
2004-344668	Dec 2004	JP
2005-160641	Jun 2005	JP
2005-270543	Oct 2005	JP
3710570	Oct 2005	JP
37411472	Feb 2006	JP
2006-102159	Apr 2006	JP
2006-102164	Apr 2006	JP
2006-177837	Jul 2006	JP
2006-198321	Aug 2006	JP
38033512	Aug 2006	JP
2006-288835	Oct 2006	JP
2006-296564	Nov 2006	JP
2007-289463	Nov 2007	JP
2007-389463	Nov 2007	JP
2007-319232	Dec 2007	JP
2008-099222	Apr 2008	JP
2008-119026	May 2008	JP
2008-126017	Jun 2008	JP
2009-106373	May 2009	JP
2011-147746	Aug 2011	JP
5056867	Oct 2012	JP
2013-009710	Jan 2013	JP
2013-515528	May 2013	JP
5756752	Jun 2015	JP
2018-524073	Aug 2018	JP
20-0195400	Sep 2000	KR
20070061122	Jun 2007	KR
100755079	Sep 2007	KR
2007-0102089	Oct 2007	KR
20100091592	Aug 2010	KR
WO 93012712	Jul 1993	WO
WO 94021173	Sep 1994	WO
WO 94023643	Oct 1994	WO
WO 95000070	Jan 1995	WO
WO 96013208	May 1996	WO
WO 9627325	Sep 1996	WO
WO 96041566	Dec 1996	WO
WO 97000923	Jan 1997	WO
WO 1997001985	Jan 1997	WO
WO 97009923	Mar 1997	WO
WO 99000053	Jan 1999	WO
WO 99001704	Jul 1999	WO
WO 99063883	Dec 1999	WO
WO 00018290	Apr 2000	WO
WO 0025112	May 2000	WO
WO 00028892	May 2000	WO
WO 0109589	Feb 2001	WO
WO 2001024700	Apr 2001	WO
WO 01050433	Jul 2001	WO
WO 2001050955	Jul 2001	WO
WO 02028274	Apr 2002	WO
WO 2002062213	Aug 2002	WO
WO 02097324	Dec 2002	WO
WO 03031961	Apr 2003	WO
WO 03068060	Aug 2003	WO
WO 2004082472	Sep 2004	WO
WO 2005009221	Feb 2005	WO
WO 2005092182	Oct 2005	WO
WO 2005094667	Oct 2005	WO
WO 2006016366	Feb 2006	WO
WO 2006017117	Feb 2006	WO
WO 2006060949	Jun 2006	WO
WO 2006079862	Aug 2006	WO
WO 2006090371	Aug 2006	WO
WO 2006110488	Oct 2006	WO
WO 2006113070	Oct 2006	WO
WO 2007004083	Jan 2007	WO
WO 2007017266	Feb 2007	WO
WO 2007048039	Apr 2007	WO
WO 2007144817	Dec 2007	WO
WO 2008002405	Jan 2008	WO
WO 2008035076	Mar 2008	WO
WO 2008107238	Sep 2008	WO
WO 2008149081	Dec 2008	WO
WO 2009001988	Dec 2008	WO
WO 2009137524	Nov 2009	WO
WO 2010003134	Jan 2010	WO
WO 2010107913	Sep 2010	WO
WO 2011033628	Mar 2011	WO
WO 2011051888	May 2011	WO
WO 2011069122	Jun 2011	WO
WO 2013030744	Mar 2013	WO
WO 2013106607	Jul 2013	WO
WO 2013181368	Dec 2013	WO
WO 2014115075	Jul 2014	WO
WO 2014149781	Sep 2014	WO
WO 2014153200	Sep 2014	WO
WO 2014158820	Oct 2014	WO
WO 2014178793	Nov 2014	WO
WO 2014184447	Nov 2014	WO
WO 2015046624	Apr 2015	WO
WO 2015187732	Dec 2015	WO
WO 2016066312	May 2016	WO
WO 2017004260	Jan 2017	WO

Non-Patent Literature Citations (518)

Entry
US 8,845,543 B2, 09/2014, Diab et al. (withdrawn)
U.S. Appl. No. 17/410,944, A User-Worn Device for Noninvasively Measuring a Physiological Parameter of a user, filed Aug. 24, 2021.
U.S. Appl. No. 14/064,055, Multi-Stream Sensor for Noninvasive Measurement of Blood Constituents, filed Oct. 25, 2013.
U.S. Appl. No. 15/660,743, Noise Shielding for a Noninvasive Device, filed Jul. 26, 2017.
U.S. Appl. No. 16/805,605, Noise Shielding for a Noninvasive Device, filed Feb. 28, 2020.
U.S. Appl. No. 12/497,506, Heat Sink for Noninvasive Medical Sensor, filed Jul. 2, 2009.
U.S. Appl. No. 16/871,874, Physiological Measurement Devices, Systems, and Methods, filed May 11, 2020.
International Search Report, App. No. PCT/US2010/047899, Date of Actual Completion of Search: Jan. 26, 2011, 4 pages.
International Search Report and Written Opinion for PCT/US2009/049638, dated Jan. 7, 2010.
International Search Report issued in Application No. PCT/US2009/052756, dated Feb. 10, 2009 in 14 pages.
International Preliminary Report on Patentability and Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority issued in Application No. PCT US2009/049638, dated Jan. 5, 2011 in 9 pages.
International Preliminary Report on Patentability and Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority issued in Application No. PCT/US2009/052756, dated Feb. 8, 2011 in 8 pages.
International Preliminary Report on Patentability and Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/US2016/040190, dated Jan. 2, 2018, in 7 pages.
Burritt, Mary F.; Current Analytical Approaches to Measuring Blood Analytes; vol. 36; No. 8(B); 1990.
Hall, et al., Jeffrey W.; Near-Infrared Spectrophotometry: A New Dimension in Clinical Chemistry; vol. 38; No. 9; 1992.
Kuenstner, et al., J. Todd; Measurement of Hemoglobin in Unlysed Blood by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy; vol. 48; No. 4, 1994.
Manzke, et al., B., Multi Wavelength Pulse Oximetry in the Measurement of Hemoglobin Fractions; SPIE, vol. 2676, Apr. 24, 1996.
Naumenko, E. K.; Choice of Wavelengths for Stable Determination of Concentrations of Hemoglobin Derivatives from Absorption Spectra of Erythrocytes; vol. 63; No. 1; pp. 60-66 Jan.-Feb. 1996; Original article submitted Nov. 3, 1994.
Schmitt, Joseph M.; Simple Photon Diffusion Anaylsis of the Effects of Multiple Scattering on Pulse Oximetry; Mar. 14, 1991; revised Aug. 30, 1991.
Schmitt, et al., Joseph M.; Measurement of Blood Hematocrit by Dual-Wavelength near-IR Photoplethysmography; vol. 1641; 1992.
Schnapp, et al., L.M.; Pulse Oximetry. Uses and Abuses.; Chest 1990; 98; 1244-1250 DOI 10.1378/Chest.98.5.1244.
http://www.masimo.com/rainbow/pronto.htm Noninvasive & Immediate Hemoglobin Testing, printed on Aug. 20, 2009.
http://www.masimo.com/pulseOximeter/Rad5.htm; Signal Extraction Pulse Oximeter, printed on Aug. 20, 2009.
http://blogderoliveira.blogspot.com/2008_02_01_archive.html; Ricardo Oliveira, printed on Aug. 20, 2009.
http://www.masimo.com/rad-57/; Noninvasive Measurement of Methemoglobin, Carboxyhemoglobin and Oxyhemoglobin in the blood. Printed on Aug. 20, 2009.
http://amivital.ugr.es/blog/?tag+spo2; Monitorizacion de la hemoglobina . . . y mucho mas, printed on Aug. 20, 2009.
http://www.masimo.com/spco/; Carboxyhemoglobin Noninvasive > Continuous > Immediate, printed on Aug. 20, 2009.
http://www.masimo.com/PARTNERS/WELCHALLYN.htm; Welch Allyn Expands Patient Monitor Capabilities with Masimo Pulse Oximetry Technology, printed on Aug. 20, 2009.
http://www.masimo.com/pulseOximeter/PPO.htm; Masimo Personal Pulse Oximeter, printed on Aug. 20, 2009.
http://www.masimo.com/generalFloor/system.htm; Masimo Patient SafetyNet System at a Glance, printed on Aug. 20, 2009.
http://www.masimo.com/partners/GRASEBY.htm; Graseby Medical Limited, printed on Aug. 20, 2009.
Japanese Office Action, re JP Application No. 2011-516895, dated Sep. 2, 2014, with translation.
Japanese Notice of Allowance, re JP Application No. 2011-516895, dated May 12, 2015, no translation.
European Office Action issued in application No. 10763901.5 dated Jan. 11, 2013.
European Office Action issued in application No. 10763901.5 dated Aug. 27, 2014.
European Office Action issued in application No. 10763901.5 dated Aug. 6, 2015.
European Office Action issued in Application No. 09791157.2, dated Jun. 20, 2016.
Kanukurthy et al., “Data Acquisition Unit for an Implantable Multi-Channel Optical Glucose Sensor”, Electro/lnformation Technology Conference, Chicago, IL, USA, May 17-20, 2007, pp. 1-6.
Konig et al., “Reflectance Pulse Oximetry—Principles and Obstetric Application in the Zurich System”, Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing, vol. 14, No. 6, Aug. 1998, pp. 403-412.
Smith, “The Pursuit of Noninvasive Glucose: ‘Hunting the Deceitful Turkey’”, 2006.
Small et al., “Data Handling Issues for Near-Infrared Glucose Measurements”, http://www.ieee.org/organizations/pubs/newsletters/leos/apr98/datahandling.htm, accessed Nov. 27, 2007.
J. Schmitt et al., “An Integrated Circuit-Based Optical Sensor for In Vivo Measurement of Blood Oxygenation,” IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. BME-33, No. 2, Feb. 1986, pp. 98-107.
C. Gutierrez et al., “Non-Invasive Functional Mapping of the Brain Using Cerebral Oximeter,” Proceedings of the Second Joint EMBS/BMES Conference, Oct. 2002, pp. 947-948.
R. Gupta et al., “Design and Development of Pulse Oximeter,” Proceedings RC IEEE-EMBS & 14th BMESI, 1995, pp. 1.13-1.16.
S. Duun et al., “A Novel Ring Shaped Photodiode for Reflectance Pulse Oximetry in Wireless Applications,” IEEE Sensors Conference, 2007, pp. 596-599.
D. C. Zheng and Y. T. Zhang, “A ring-type device for the noninvasive measurement of arterial blood pressure,” Proceedings of the 25th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (IEEE Cat. No. 03CH37439), Sep. 17-21, 2003, Cancun, pp. 3184-3187 vol. 4.
Sokwoo Rhee et al., “Artifact-Resistant Power-Efficient Design of Finger-Ring Plethysmographic Sensors,” IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, Jul. 2001, pp. 795-805, vol. 48, No. 7.
L. Xu et al., “An integrated wrist-worn routine monitoring system for the elderly using BSN,” 2008 5th International Summer School and Symposium on Medical Devices and Biosensors, Hong Kong, 2008, pp. 45-48.
J Kraitl et al., “An optical device to measure blood components by a photoplethysmographic method,” Journal of Optics A: Pure and Applied Optics. 7, 2005, pp. S318-S324.
K. Nakajima et al., “Monitoring of heart and respiratory rates by photoplethysmography using digital filtering technique,” Med. Eng. Phy. vol. 18, No. 5, pp. 365-372, 1996.
Russell Dresher, “Wearable Forehead Pulse Oximetry: Minimization of Motion and Pressure Artifacts,” May 3, 2006, 93 pages.
Sonnia Maria Lopez Silva et al., “Near-infrared transmittance pulse oximetry with laser diodes,” Journal of Biomedical Optics vol. 8 No. 3, Jul. 2003, pp. 525-533.
Fabio Buttussi et al., “MOPET: A context-aware and user-adaptive wearable system for fitness training,” Artificial Intelligence in Medicine 42, 2008, pp. 153-163.
Stephen A. Mascaro et al., “Photoplethysmograph Fingernail Sensors for Measuring Finger Forces Without Haptic Obstruction,” IEEE Transactions on Robotics and Automation, vol. 17, No. 5, Oct. 2001, pp. 698-708.
Stephen A. Mascaro et al., “Measurement of Finger Posture and Three-Axis Fingertip Touch Force Using Fingernail Sensors,” IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, 2002, pp. 1-11.
Akira Sakane et al., “Estimating Arterial Wall Impedance using a Plethysmogram,” IEEE 2003, pp. 580-585.
Nuria Oliver et al., “HealthGear: A Real-time Wearable System for Monitoring and Analyzing Physiological Signals,” Proceedings of the International Workshop on Wearable and Implantable Body Sensor Networks 2006 IEEE, pp. 1-4.
Yuan-Hsiang Lin et al., “A wireless PDA-based physiological monitoring system for patient transport,” IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine, vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 439-447, Dec. 2004.
R. Fensli et al., “A Wireless ECG System for Continuous Event Recording and Communication to a Clinical Alarm Station,” Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc, 2004, pp. 1-4.
E. Higurashi et al., “An integrated laser blood flowmeter,” Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 591-595, Mar. 2003.
T. Kiyokura et al., “Wearable Laser Blood Flowmeter for Ubiquitous Healthcare Service,” 2007 IEEE/LEOS International Conference on Optical MEMS and Nanophotonics, Hualien, 2007, pp. 4-5.
Takumi Morita et al., “Integrated Blood Flowmeter Using Micromachining Technology,” Dec. 2004, pp. 77-80.
Eiji Higurashi et al., “Hybrid integration technologies for optical micro-systems”, Proc. SPIE 5604, Optomechatronic Micro/Nano Components, Devices, and Systems, Oct. 25, 2004, pp. 67-73.
L. Grajales et al., “Wearable multisensor heart rate monitor,” International Workshop on Wearable and Implantable Body Sensor Networks (BSN'06), Cambridge, MA, 2006, pp. 4-157.
N. Townsend, “Pulse Oximetry,” Medical Electronics, 2001, pp. 32-42.
Nonin Medical, Inc., “Operator's Manual—Models 8600F0 and 8600F0M Pulse Oximeters,” 2005, 25 pages.
C. J. Pujary, “Investigation of Photodetector Optimization in Reducing Power Consumption by a Noninvasive Pulse Oximeter Sensor,” Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Jan. 16, 2004, 133 pages.
B. McGarry et al., “Reflections on a candidate design of the user-interface for a wireless vital-signs monitor,” Proceedings of DARE 2000 on Designing Augmented Reality Environments, Jan. 2000, pp. 33-40.
J. C. D. Conway et al., “Wearable computer as a multi-parametric monitor for physiological signals,” Proceedings IEEE International Symposium on Bio-Informatics and Biomedical Engineering, Arlington, VA, USA, 2000, pp. 236-242.
J. A. Tamada et al., “Noninvasive Glucose Monitoring: Comprehensive Clinical Results,” JAMA, Nov. 17, 1999, vol. 282, No. 19, pp. 1839-1844.
B.-H. Yang et al., “Development of the ring sensor for healthcare automation,” Robotics and Autonomous Systems, 2000, pp. 273-281.
Laukkanen RM et al., “Heart Rate Monitors: State of the Art,” Journal of Sports Science, Jan. 1998, pp. S3-S7.
S. Warren et al., “Designing Smart Health Care Technology into the Home of the Future,” Workshops on Future Medical Devices: Home Care Technologies for the 21st Century, Apr. 1999, 19 pages.
A. C. M. Dassel et al., “Reflectance Pulse Oximetry at the Forehead Improves by Pressure on the Probe,” Journal of Clinical Monitoring, vol. 11, No. 4, Jul. 1995, pp. 237-244.
B-H. Yang et al., “A Twenty-Four Hour Tele-Nursing System Using a Ringer Sensor,” Proceedings of 1998 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, May 16-20, 1998, 6 pages.
S. Rhee et al., “The Ring Sensor: a New Ambulatory Wearable Sensor for Twenty-Four Hour Patient Monitoring,” Proceedings of the 20th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Oct. 29-Nov. 1, 1998, 4 pages.
S. Rhee et al., “Design of a Artifact-Free Wearable Plethysmographic Sensor,” 21st Annual International Conferemce IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Oct. 13-16, 1999, p. 786.
T. Martin et al., “Issues in Wearable Computing for Medical Montioring Applications: A Case Study of a Wearable ECG Monitoring Device,” In Proceedings of International Symposium of Wearable Computers (ISWC'00), Feb. 2000, pp. 43-49.
S. Rhee et al., “Artifact-Resistant, Power Efficient Design of Finger-Ring Plethysmographic Sensors, Part I: Design and Analysis,” 22nd Annual International Conference IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Jul. 23-28, 2000, pp. 2792-2795.
C. Pujary et al., “Photodetector Size Considerations in the Design of a Noninvasive Reflectance Pulse Oximeter for Telemedicine Applications,” Proceedings of IEEE Annual Northeast Bioengineering Conference, 2003, pp. 148-149.
M. Savage et al., “Optimizing Power Consumption in the Design of a Wearable Wireless Telesensor: Comparison of Pulse Oximeter Modes,” Proceedings of IEEE 29th Annual Nonheust Bioengineering Conference, 2003, pp. 150-151.
A. Tura et al., “A Wearable Device with Wireless Bluetooth-based Data Transmission,” Measurement Science Review, vol. 3, Sec. 2, 2003, pp. 1-4.
R. Paradiso, “Wearable Health Care System for Vital Signs Monitoring,” In Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Information Technology Applications in Biomedicine, May 2003, pp. 283-286.
H.H. Asada et al., “Mobile Monitoring with Wearable Photoplethysmographic Biosensors,” IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine, May/Jun. 2003, pp. 28-40.
Y. Mendelson et al., “Minimization of LED Power Consumption in the Design of a Wearable Pulse Oximeter,”Proceedings of the IASTED International Conference Biomedical Engineering, Jun. 25-27, 2003, 6 pages.
Y. Mendelson et al., “Measurement Site and Photodetector Size Considerations in Optimizing Power Consumption of a Wearable Reflectance Pulse Oximeter,” Proceedings of the 25th Annual International Conference of the IEEE EMBS, Sep. 17-21, 2003, pp. 3016-3019.
D. Marculescu et al., “Ready to Ware,” IEEE Spectrum, vol. 40, Issue 10, Oct. 2003, pp. 28-32.
P. Celka et al., “Motion Resistant Earphone Located Infrared Based Hearth Rate Measurement Device,” In Proceeding of the 2nd International Conference on Biomedical Engineering, Innsbruck, Austria, Feb. 16-18, 2004, pp. 582-585.
D. Konstantas et al., “Mobile Patient Monitoring: The MobiHealth System,” In Proceedings of International Conference on Medical and Care Compunetics, NCC'04, Feb. 2004, 8 pages.
S. Pentland, “Healthwear: Medical Technology Becomes Wearable,” IEEE Computer Society, vol. 37, Issue 5, May 2004, pp. 34-41.
P. Branche et al., “Signal Quality and Power Consumption of a New Prototype Reflectance Pulse Oximeter Sensor,” Proceeding of the 31th Annual Northeast Bioengineering Conference, Hoboken, NJ, IEEE, 2005, pp. 1-2.
U. Anliker et al., “AMON: A Wearable Multiparameter Medical Monitoring and Alert System,” IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine, Jan. 2005, pp. 1-11.
P. T. Gibbs et al., “Active Motion Artifact Cancellation for Wearable Health Monitoring Sensors Using Collocated MEMS Accelerometers,” Proceedings of SPIE Smart Structures and Materials: Sensors and Smart Structures Technologies for Civil, Mechanical, and Aerospace Systems, May 17, 2005, pp. 811-819.
C. W. Mundt et al., “A Multiparameter Wearable Physiologic Monitoring System for Space and Terrestrial Applications,” IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine, vol. 9, No. 3, Sep. 2005, pp. 382-391.
Y. Mendelson, et al., “A Wearable Reflectance Pulse Oximeter for Remote Physiological Monitoring”, Proceedings of the 28th IEEE EMBS Annual International Conference, 2006, pp. 912-915.
B-S. Lin et al., “RTWPMS: A Real-Time Wireless Physiological Monitoring System,” IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine, vol. 10, No. 4, Oct. 2006, pp. 647-656.
T. Torfs et al., “Body-Heat Powered Autonomous Pulse Oximeter,” IEEE Sensors 2006, EXCO, Oct. 22-25, 2006, pp. 427-430.
P.S. Pandian et al., “Smart Vest: Wearable Multi-Parameter Remote Physiological Monitoring System,” Medical Engineering & Physics 30, 2008. pp. 466-477.
G. Tamannagari, “Power Efficient Design of Finder-Ring Sensor for Patient Monitoring,” Master of Science in Electrical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, College of Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, Dec. 2008, 74 pages.
M. Yamashita et al., “Development of a Ring-Type Vital Sign Telemeter,” Biotelemetry XIII, Mar. 26-31, 1995, pp. 145-150.
P. Renevey et al., “Wrist-Located Pulse Detection Using IR Signals, Activity and Nonlinear Artifact Cancellation,” Proceedings of the 23rd Annual EMBS International Conference, Oct. 25-28, 2001, pp. 3030-3033.
Y. Mendelson et al., “A Mobile PDA-Based Wireless Pulse Oximeter,” Proceedings of the IASTED International Conference Telehealth, Jul. 19-21, 2005, pp. 1-6.
P. Shaltis et al., “Novel Design for a Wearable, Rapidly Depolyable, Wireless Noninvasive Triage Sensor,” Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE, Engineering in Medicine and Biology 27th Annual Conference, Sep. 1-4, 2005, pp. 3567-3570.
Y-S. Yan et al., An Efficient Motion-Resistant Method for Wearable Pulse Oximeter, IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine, vol. 12, No. 3, May 2008, pp. 399-405.
P. C. Branche et al., “Measurement Reproducibility and Sensor Placement Considerations in Designing a Wearable Pulse Oximeter for Military Applications,” IEEE, 2004, pp. 216-217.
G. Comtois, “A Comparative Evaluation of Adaptive Noise Cancellation Algorithms for Minimizing Motion Artifacts in a Forehead-Mounted Wearable Pulse Oximeter,” Proceedings of the 29th Annual international Conference of the IEEE EMBS, Aug. 23-26, 2007, pp. 1528-1531.
G. Comtois et al., “A Noise Reference Input to an Adaptive Filter Algorithm for Signal Processing in a Wearable Pulse Oximeter,” IEEE, 2007, pp. 106-107.
R. P. Dresher et al., “A New Reflectance Pulse Oximeter Housing to Reduce Contact Pressure Effects,” IEEE, 2006, pp. 49-50.
R. P. Dresher et al., “Reflectance Forehead Pulse Oximetry: Effects on Contact Pressure During Walking,” Proceedings of the 28th IEEE EMBS Annual International Conference, Aug. 30-Sep. 3, 2006, pp. 3529-3532.
W. S. Johnston et al., “Extracting Breathing Rate Information from a Wearable Reflectance Pulse Oximeter Sensor,” Proceedings of the 26th Annual International Conference of the IEEE EMBS, Sep. 1-5, 2004, pp. 5388-5391.
W. Johnston et al., “Extracting Heart Rate Variability from a Wearable Reflectance Pulse Oximeter,” IEEE, 2005, pp. 1-2.
W. S. Johnston et al., “Investigation of Signal Processing Algorithms for an Embedded Microcontroller-Based Wearable Pulse Oximeter,” Proceedings of the 28th IEEE EMBS Annual International Conference, Aug. 30-Sep. 3, 2006, pp. 5888-5891.
P. Lukowicz et al., “AMON: A Wearable Medical Computer for High Risk Patient,” Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Wearable Computers (ISWC'02), 2002, pp. 1-2.
P. Lukowicz et al., “The WearARM Modular, Low-Power Computing Core,” IEEE Micro, May-Jun. 2001, pp. 16-28.
Y. Mendelson et al., “Accelerometery-Based Adaptive Noise Cancellation for Remote Physiological Monitoring by a Wearable Pulse Oximeter,” Proceedings of the 3rd IASTED International Conference Telehealth, May 31-Jun. 1, 2007, pp. 28-33.
Y. Mendelson, et al., “Design and Evaluation of a New Reflectance Pulse Oximeter Sensor”, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Biomedical Engineering Program, Worcester, MA 01609, Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation, vol. 22, No. 4, 1988, pp. 167-173.
Definition of “gap”, excerpt from Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.), 2005, 3 pages.
“Acrylic: Strong, stiff, clear plastic available in variety of brilliant colors”, Copyright 2020. available at http://www.curbellplastics.com/Research-Solutions/Materials/Acrylic, 5 pages.
QuickSpecs, Version 3, Nov. 20, 2003, HP iPAQ Pocket PC h4150 Series, 8 pages.
“Universal asynchronous receiver-transmitter”, Wikipedia, available at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_asynchronous_receiver-transmitter, accessed Aug. 27, 2020, 10 pages.
Y. Mendelson, et al., “Skin Reflectance Pulse Oximetry: In Vivo Measurements from the Forearm and Calf”, Journal of Clinical Monitoring, vol. 7, No. 1, Jan. 1991, pp. 7-12.
Design of Pulse Oximeters, J.G. Webster, Institution of Physics Publishing, IOP Publishing Ltd, 1997, 262 pages (uploaded in three parts).
McPherson, “How to Do Everything with Windows Mobile”, McGraw Hill, 2006, 431 pages (uploaded in three parts).
B. Landon et al., “Master Visually Windows Mobile 2003”, Wiley Publishing, Inc., 2004, 335 pages (uploaded in two parts).
J. Yao, et al., “Stimulating Student Learning with a Novel ‘In-House’ Pulse Oximeter Design”, Proceedings of the 2005 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition, 2005, 14 pages.
National Instruments LabVIEW User Manual, National Instruments Corporation, Nov. 2001 Edition, Part No. 320999D-01, 293 pages.
Definition of “processor”, excerpt from Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (10th ed.), 1999, 6 pages.
Y. Mendelson et al., “Noninvasive Pulse Oximetry Utilizing Skin Reflectance Photoplethysmography”, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 35, No. 10, Oct. 1988, pp. 798-805.
J. Hayano et al., “Assessment of pulse rate variability by the method of pulse frequency demodulation.” BioMedical Engineering OnLine vol. 4, No. 62, Nov. 1, 2005, doi:10.1186/1475-925X-4-62, pp. 1-12.
D. Thompson et al., “A Small, High-Fidelity Reflectance Pulse Oximeter”, American Society for Engineering Education, Jan. 2007, 15 pages.
Frank H. Netter, M.D., Atlas of Human Anatomy Third Edition—Section VI Upper Limb, ICON Learning Systems, LLC, 2003, 81 pages.
A. Fontaine et al., “Reflectance-Based Pulse Oximetry for the Chest and Wrist”, Worcester Polytechnic Institute Digital WPI, Apr. 2013, 132 pages.
Tekla S. Perry, “Should You Trust Apple's New Blood Oxygen Sensor?” View From the Valley—IEEE Spectrum, Sep. 21, 2020, retrieved from https://spectrum.ieee.org/view-from-the-valley/biomedical/devices/should-you-trust-apples-new-blood-oxygen-sensor, 4 pages.
E. Geun et al., “Measurement Site and Applied Pressure Consideration in Wrist Photoplethysmography”, The 23rd International Technical Conference on Circuits/System, Computers and Communication, Jan. 2008, pp. 1129-1132.
H. Lee et al., “Reflectance pulse oximetry: Practical issues and limitation”, The Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences, Nov. 2016, pp. 195-198.
Eugene Hecht, Excerpts of Optics, Second Edition, Addition-Wesley Publishing Company, 1990, 80 pages (pp. 79-143, 211-220).
Eugene Hecht, Optics, Second Edition, Addition-Wesley Publishing Company, 1990, 348 pages, (uploaded in two parts).
H. Ding et al., “Refractive indices of human skin tissues at eight wavelengths and estimated dispersion relations between 300 and 1600 nm”, Physics in Medicine & Biology, vol. 51, 2006, pp. 1479-1489.
S. N. Kasarova et al., “Analysis of the dispersion of optical plastic materials”, Optical Materials vol. 29, 2007, pp. 1481-1490.
Eugene Hecht, Optics, Fourth Edition, Pearson Education, Inc., Addison Wesley, 2002, 355 pages, (uploaded in three parts).
Definition of “cover”, excerpt from Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.), 2005, 3 pages.
Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,258,265, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01520, dated Aug. 31, 2020, in 114 pages.
Declaration of Thomas W. Kenny, Ph.D., in support of Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,258,265, Ex. 1003, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01520, dated Aug. 31, 2020, in 138 pages.
Patent Owner Response for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,258,265, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01520, dated May 28, 2021, 77 pages.
Declaration of Vijay K. Madisetti, Ph.D., in support of Patent Owner for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,258,265, Ex. 2004, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01520, dated May 28, 2021, 83 pages.
Petitioner's Reply to Patent Owner Response's to Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,258,265, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01520, dated Aug. 20, 2021, 42 pages.
Second Declaration of Thomas W. Kenny, Ph.D., in support of Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,258,265, Ex. 1047, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01520, dated Aug. 20, 2021, in 41 pages.
Patent Owner's Sur-Reply to Reply for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,258,265, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01520, dated Oct. 1, 2021, 34 pages.
Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,588,553, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01536, dated Aug. 31, 2020, in 114 pages.
Declaration of Thomas W. Kenny, Ph.D., in support of Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,588,553, Ex. 1003, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01536, dated Aug. 31, 2020, in 173 pages.
Patent Owner Response for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,588,553, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01536, dated Jun. 1, 2021, in 69 pages.
Declaration of Vijay K. Madisetti, Ph.D., in support of Patent Owner for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,588,553, Ex. 2004, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01536, dated Jun. 1, 2021, in 72 pages.
Petitioner's Reply to Patent Owner Response's to Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,588,553, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01536, dated Aug. 24, 2021, 39 pages.
Second Declaration of Thomas W. Kenny, Ph.D., in support of Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,588,553, Ex. 1047, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01536, dated Aug. 24, 2021, in 47 pages.
Patent Owner's Sur-Reply to Reply for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,588,553, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01536, dated Oct. 5, 2021, 38 pages.
Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,588,553, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01537, dated Aug. 31, 2020, in 114 pages.
Declaration of Thomas W. Kenny, Ph.D., in support of Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,588,553, Ex. 1003, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01537, dated Aug. 31, 2020, in 181 pages.
Patent Owner Response for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,588,553, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01537, dated Jun. 4, 2021, in 76 pages.
Declaration of Vijay K. Madisetti, Ph.D., in support of Patent Owner for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,588,553, Ex. 2004, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01537, dated Jun. 3, 2021, in 81 pages.
Petitioner's Reply to Patent Owner Response's to Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,588,553, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01537, dated Aug. 27, 2021, 40 pages.
Second Declaration of Thomas W. Kenny, Ph.D., in support of Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,588,553, Ex. 1047, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01537, dated Aug. 27, 2021, in 42 pages.
Patent Owner's Sur-Reply to Reply for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,588,553, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01537, dated Oct. 8, 2021, 37 pages.
Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,292,628, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01521, dated Sep. 2, 2020, in 107 pages.
Declaration of Thomas W. Kenny, Ph.D., in support of Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,292,628, Ex. 1003, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01521, dated Sep. 2, 2020, in 133 pages.
Patent Owner Response for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,292,628, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01521, dated Jul. 9, 2021, in 77 pages.
Declaration of Vijay K. Madisetti, Ph.D., in support of Patent Owner for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,292,628, Ex. 2004, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01521, dated Jul. 9, 2021, in 81 pages.
Petitioner's Reply to Patent Owner Response's to Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,292,628, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01521, dated Oct. 1, 2021, 42 pages.
Second Declaration of Thomas W. Kenny, Ph.D., in support of Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,292,628, Ex. 1047, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01521, dated Sep. 29, 2021, in 41 pages.
Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,588,554, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01538, dated Sep. 2, 2020, in 108 pages.
Declaration of Thomas W. Kenny, Ph.D., in support of Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,588,554, Ex. 1003, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01538, dated Sep. 2, 2020, in 151 pages.
Patent Owner Response for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,588,554, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01538, dated Jun. 8, 2021, in 82 pages.
Declaration of Vijay K. Madisetti, Ph.D., in support of Patent Owner for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,588,554, Ex. 2004, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01538, dated Jun. 8, 2021, in 80 pages.
Petitioner's Reply to Patent Owner Response's to Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,588,554, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01538, dated Aug. 31, 2021, 40 pages.
Second Declaration of Thomas W. Kenny, Ph.D., in support of Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,588,554, Ex. 1047, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01538, dated Aug. 30, 2021, in 38 pages.
Patent Owner's Sur-Reply to Reply for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,588,554, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01538, dated Oct. 12, 2021, 40 pages.
Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,588,554, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01539, dated Sep. 2, 2020, in 111 pages.
Declaration of Thomas W. Kenny, Ph.D., in support of Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,588,554, Ex. 1003, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01539, dated Sep. 2, 2020, in 170 pages.
Patent Owner Response for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,588,554, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01539, dated Jun. 11, 2021, in 88 pages.
Declaration of Vijay K. Madisetti, Ph.D., in support of Patent Owner for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,588,554, Ex. 2004, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01539, dated Jun. 11, 2021, in 89 pages.
Petitioner's Reply to Patent Owner Response's to Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,588,554, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01539, dated Sep. 3, 2021, 40 pages.
Second Declaration of Thomas W. Kenny, Ph.D., in support of Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,588,554, Ex. 1047, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01539, dated Sep. 2, 2021, in 36 pages.
Patent Owner's Sur-Reply to Reply for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,588,554, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes ReviewNo. IPR2020-01539, dated Oct. 15, 2021, 38 pages.
Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,624,564, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01713, dated Sep. 30, 2020, in 117 pages.
Declaration of Thomas W. Kenny, Ph.D., in support of Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,624,564, Ex. 1003, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01713, dated Sep. 30, 2020, in 159 pages.
Patent Owner Response for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,624,564, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01713, dated Aug. 4, 2021, in 67 pages.
Declaration of Vijay K. Madisetti, Ph.D., in support of Patent Owner for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,624,564, Ex. 2004, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01713, dated Aug. 4, 2021, in 72 pages.
Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,631,765, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01714, dated Sep. 30, 2020, in 113 pages.
Declaration of Thomas W. Kenny, Ph.D., in support of Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,631,765, Ex. 1003, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01714, dated Sep. 30, 2020, in 122 pages.
Patent Owner Response for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,631,765, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01714, dated Jul. 23, 2021, in 80 pages.
Declaration of Vijay K. Madisetti, Ph.D., in support of Patent Owner for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,631,765, Ex. 2004, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01714, dated Jul. 23, 2021, in 82 pages.
Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,631,765, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01715, dated Sep. 30, 2020, in 114 pages.
Declaration of Thomas W. Kenny, Ph.D., in support of Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,631,765, Ex. 1003, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01715, dated Sep. 30, 2020, in 117 pages.
Patent Owner Response for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,631,765, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01715, dated Jul. 27, 2021, in 84 pages.
Declaration of Vijay K. Madisetti, Ph.D., in support of Patent Owner for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,631,765, Ex. 2004, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01715, dated Jul. 27, 2021, in 88 pages.
Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,702,194, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01716, dated Sep. 30, 2020, in 100 pages.
Declaration of Thomas W. Kenny, Ph.D., in support of Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,702,194, Ex. 1003, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01716, dated Sep. 30, 2020, in 109 pages.
Patent Owner Response for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,702,194, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01716, dated Aug. 6, 2021, in 94 pages.
Declaration of Vijay K. Madisetti, Ph.D., in support of Patent Owner for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,702,194, Ex. 2004, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01716, dated Aug. 5, 2021, in 89 pages.
Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,702,195, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01733, dated Sep. 30, 2020, in 105 pages.
Declaration of Thomas W. Kenny, Ph.D., in support of Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,702,195, Ex. 1003, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01733, dated Sep. 30, 2020, in 108 pages.
Patent Owner Response for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,702,195, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01733, dated Aug. 10, 2021, in 88 pages.
Declaration of Vijay K. Madisetti, Ph.D., in support of Patent Owner for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,702,195, Ex. 2004, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01733, dated Aug. 10, 2021, in 89 pages.
Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,709,366, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01737, dated Sep. 30, 2020, in 104 pages.
Declaration of Thomas W. Kenny, Ph.D., in support of Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,709,366, Ex. 1003, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01737, dated Sep. 30, 2020, in 110 pages.
Patent Owner Response for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,709,366, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01737, dated Aug. 12, 2021, in 89 pages.
Declaration of Vijay K. Madisetti, Ph.D., in support of Patent Owner for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,709,366, Ex. 2004, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01737, dated Aug. 12, 2021, in 86 pages.
Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,299,708, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2021-00193, dated Nov. 20, 2020, in 107 pages.
Declaration of Thomas W. Kenny, Ph.D., in support of Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,299,708, Ex. 1003, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2021-00193, dated Nov. 20, 2020, in 136 pages.
Patent Owner Response for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,299,708, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2021-00193, dated Aug. 27, 2021, in 67 pages.
Declaration of Vijay K. Madisetti, Ph.D., in support of Patent Owner for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,299,708, Ex. 2004, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2021-00193, dated Aug. 27, 2021, in 76 pages.
Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,376,190, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2021-00195, dated Nov. 20, 2020, in 109 pages.
Declaration of Thomas W. Kenny, Ph.D., in support of Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,376,190, Ex. 1003, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2021-00195, dated Nov. 20, 2020, in 139 pages.
Patent Owner Response for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,376,190, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2021-00195, dated Sep. 2, 2021, in 72 pages.
Declaration of Vijay K. Madisetti, Ph.D., in support of Patent Owner for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,376,190, Ex. 2004, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2021-00195, dated Sep. 2, 2021, in 81 pages.
Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,258,266, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2021-00208, dated Nov. 20, 2020, in 80 pages.
Declaration of Thomas W. Kenny, Ph.D., in support of Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,258,266, Ex. 1003, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2021-00208, dated Nov. 20, 2020, in 96 pages.
Patent Owner Response for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,258,266, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2021-00208, dated Sep. 8, 2021, in 69 pages.
Declaration of Vijay K. Madisetti, Ph.D., in support of Patent Owner for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,258,266, Ex. 2004, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2021-00208, dated Sep. 8, 2021, in 77 pages.
Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,376,191, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2021-00209, dated Nov. 20, 2020, in 79 pages.
Declaration of Thomas W. Kenny, Ph.D., in support of Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,376,191, Ex. 1003, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2021-00209, dated Nov. 20, 2020, in 96 pages.
Patent Owner Response for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,376,191, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2021-00209, dated Sep. 14, 2021, in 70 pages.
Declaration of Vijay K. Madisetti, Ph.D., in support of Patent Owner for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,376,191, Ex. 2004, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2021-00209, dated Sep. 14, 2021, in 78 pages.
D. Thompson et al., “Pulse Oximeter Improvement with an ADC-DAC Feedback Loop and a Radical Reflectance Sensor,” Proceedings of the 28th IEEE EMBS Annual International Conference, 2006, pp. 815-818.
Service Manual: NPB-40 Handheld Pulse Oximeter, Nellcor Puritan Bennett, Inc., Copyright 2001, 55 pages.
J. Bronzino et al., The Biomedical Engineering Handbook, Second Edition, CRC Press LLC, 2000, 21 pages.
J. Bronzino et al., Medical Devices and Systems, The Biomedical Engineering Handbook, Third Edition, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC, Apr. 2006, 20 pages.
J. Webster et al., Nanoparticles—Radiotherapy Accessories, Encyclopedia of Medical Devices and Instrumentation, Second Edition, vol. 5, Wiley-Interscience, 2006, 42 pages.
S. LeGare et al., “A Device to Assess the Severity of Peripheral Edema,” IEEE 33rd Annual Northeast Bioengineering Conference, 2007, pp. 257-258.
M. Corcoran et al., “A Humidifier for Olfaction Studies During Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging,” Proceedings of the IEEE 31st Annual Northeast Bioengineering Conference, 2005, pp. 1-2.
Y. Mendelson et al., “A Multiwavelength VIS-NIR Spectrometer for Pulsatile Measurement of Hemoglobin Derivatives in Whole Blood,” 18th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 1996, pp. 134-135.
H. DiSpirito et al., “A Neural Stimulation System Model to Enhance Neural Integrated Circuit Design,” 29th Southern Biomedical Engineering Conference, 2013, pp. 9-10.
D. Sen et al., “A New Vision for Preventing Pressure Ulcers: Wearable Wireless Devices Could Help Solve a Common-and Serious-Problem,” IEEE Pulse, vol. 9, No. 6, Nov. 2018, pp. 28-31.
N. Selvaraj et al., “A Novel Approach Using Time-Frequency Analysis of Pulse-Oximeter Data to Detect Progressive Hypovolemia in Spontaneously Breathing Healthy Subjects,” IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 58, No. 8, Aug. 2011, pp. 2272-2279.
S. Salehizadeh et al., “A Novel Time-Varying Spectral Filtering Algorithm for Reconstruction of Motion Artifact Corrupted Heart Rate Signals During Intense Physical Activities Using a Wearable Photoplethysmogram Sensor,” Sensors 2016, vol. 16, No. 1, Dec. 2015, pp. 1-20.
A. Gendler et al., “A PAB-Based Multi-Prefetcher Mechanism,” International Journal of Parallel Programming, vol. 34, No. 2, Apr. 2006, pp. 171-188.
J. Harvey et al., “A Portable Sensor for Skin Bioimpedance Measurements,” International Journal of Sensors and Sensor Networks, vol. 7, No. 1, Aug. 2019, pp. 1-8.
D. Traviglia et al., “A Portable Setup for Comparing Transmittance and Reflectance Pulse Oximeters for Field Testing Applications,” Proceedings of the IEEE 30th Annual Northeast Bioengineering Conference, 2004, pp. 212-213.
S. Xie et al., “A Predictive Model for Force-Sensing Resistor Nonlinearity for Pressure Measurement in a Wearable Wireless Sensor Patch,” IEEE 61st International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems, 2018, pp. 476-479.
P. Muller et al., “A Preliminary In-Vitro Evaluation and Comparative Study of Various Tissue pH Sensors,” Proceedings of the 18th IEEE Annual Northeast Bioengineering Conference, 1992, pp. 158-159.
D. Dao et al., “A Robust Motion Artifact Detection Algorithm for Accurate Detection of Heart Rates From Photoplethysmographic Signals Using Time-Frequency Spectral Features,” IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics, vol. 21, No. 5, Sep. 2017, pp. 1242-1253.
G. Comtois et al., “A Wearable Wireless Reflectance Pulse Oximeter for Remote Triage Applications,” Proceedings of the IEEE 32nd Annual Northeast Bioengineering Conference, 2006, pp. 53-54.
S. Djamasbi et al., “Affect Feedback during Crisis and Its Role in Improving IS Utilization,” Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (ISCRAM), 2010, pp. 1-4.
B. Odegard et al., “An Analysis of Racewalking Styles Using a 2-Dimensional Mathematical Knee Model,” Proceedings of the IEEE 23rd Northeast Bioengineering Conference, 1997, pp. 73-74.
S. Patrick et al., “An Electromyogram Simulator for Myoelectric Prosthesis Testing,” Proceedings of the IEEE 36th Annual Northeast Bioengineering Conference (NEBEC), 2010, pp. 1-2.
Y. Mendelson et al., “An In Vitro Tissue Model for Evaluating the Effect of Carboxyhemoglobin Concentration on Pulse Oximetry,” IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 36, No. 6, Jun. 1989, pp. 625-627.
C. Tamanaha et al., “An Inorganic Membrane Filter to Support Biomembrane-Mimetic Structures,” Proceedings of 17th International Conference of the Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Sep. 1995, pp. 1559-1560.
A. Lader et al., “An Investigative Study of Membrane-Based Biosensors,” Proceedings of the IEEE 17th Annual Northeast Bioengineering Conference, 1991, pp. 253-254.
N. Reljin et al., “Automatic Detection of Dehydration using Support Vector Machines,” 14th Symposium on Neural Networks and Applications (NEUREL), Nov. 2018, pp. 1-6.
Y. Mendelson et al., Chapter 9: Biomedical Sensors, Introduction to Biomedical Engineering, Second Edition, Apr. 2005, pp. 505-548.
R. Peura et al., “Biotechnology for Biomedical Engineers,” IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology, vol. 14, No. 2, Apr. 1995, pp. 199-200.
Y. Mendelson et al., “Blood Glucose Measurement by Multiple Attenuated Total Reflection and Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy,” IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 37, No. 5, May 1990, pp. 458-465.
Y. Mendelson et al., “Carbon dioxide laser based multiple ATR technique for measuring glucose in aqueous solutions,” Applied Optics, vol. 27, No. 24, Dec. 1988, pp. 5077-5081.
J. Harvey et al., “Correlation of bioimpedance changes after compressive loading of murine tissues in vivo,” Physiological Measurement, vol. 40, No. 10, Oct. 2019, pp. 1-13.
B. Yocum et al., “Design of a Reflectance Pulse Oximeter Sensor and its Evaluation in Swine,” Proceedings of the 15th Annual Northeast Bioengineering Conference, IEEE, 1989, pp. 239-240.
E. Tuite et al., “Design of Individual Balance Control Device Utilized during the Sit-to-Stand Task,” ISB 2011 Brussels, 2011, pp. 1-2.
C. E. Darling et al., “Detecting Blood Loss With a Wearable Photoplethysmography Device,” Annals of Emergency Medicine, vol. 68, No. 45, Oct. 2016, p. S116.
N. Reljin et al., “Detection of Blood Loss in Trauma Patients using Time-Frequency Analysis of Photoplethysmographic Signal,” IEEE-EMBS International Conference on Biomedical and Health Informatics (BHI), 2016, pp. 118-121.
Y. Xu et al., “Drowsiness Control Center by Photoplethysmogram,” 38th Annual Northeast Bioengineering Conference (NECBEC), IEEE, 2012, pp. 430-431.
M. Last et al., Chapter 14: Early Warning from Car Warranty Data using a Fuzzy Logic Technique, Scalable Fuzzy Algorithms for Data Management and Analysis: Methods and Design, 2010, pp. 347-364.
W. Johnston et al., “Effects of Motion Artifacts on Helmet-Mounted Pulse Oximeter Sensors,” Proceedings of the IEEE 30th Annual Northeast Bioengineering Conference, 2014, pp. 214-215.
A. Nagre et al., “Effects of Motion Artifacts on Pulse Oximeter Readings from Different Facial Regions,” Proceedings of the IEEE 31st Annual Northeast Bioengineering Conference, 2005, pp. 1-3.
R. Kasbekar et al., “Evaluation of key design parameters for mitigating motion artefact in the mobile reflectance PPG signal to improve estimation of arterial oxygenation,” Physiological Measurement, vol. 39, No. 7, Jul. 2018, pp. 1-12.
Y. Mendelson et al., “Evaluation of the Datascope ACCUSAT Pulse Oximeter in Healthy Adults,” Journal of Clinical Monitoring, vol. 4, No. 1, Jan. 1988, pp. 59-63.
C. Tamanaha et al., “Feasibility Study of an Inorganic Membrane Filter as a Support for Biomembrane-Mimetic Structures,” Proceedings of the IEEE 21st Annual Northeast Bioengineering Conference, 1995, pp. 99-101.
J. McNeill et al., “Flexible Sensor for Measurement of Skin Pressure and Temperature in a Clinical Setting,” 2016 IEEE Sensors, Nov. 2016, pp. 1-3.
P. Bhandare et al., “Glucose determination in simulated blood serum solutions by Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy: investigation of spectral interferences,” Vibrational Spectroscopy, vol. 6, No. 3, Mar. 1994, pp. 363-378.
P. Bhandare et al. “Glucose Determination in Simulated Plasma Solutions Using Infrared Spectrophotometry,” 14th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Nov. 1992, pp. 163-164.
C. Tamanaha et al., “Humidity and Cation Dependency of Purple Membrane Based Biosensors,” Proceedings of the 18th IEEE Annual Northeast Bioengineering Conference, Mar. 1992, pp. 107-108.
K. M. Warren et al., “Improving Pulse Rate Measurements during Random Motion Using a Wearable Multichannel Reflectance Photoplethysmograph,” Sensors (Basel), vol. 16, No. 3, Mar. 2016, p. 1-18.
P. Bhandare et al., “IR Spectrophotometric Measurement of Glucose in Phosphate Buffered Saline Solutions: Effects of Temperature and pH,” Proceedings of the 18th IEEE Annual Northeast Bioengineering Conference, 1992, pp. 103-104.
Y. Mendelson et al., “Multi-channel pulse oximetry for wearable physiological monitoring,” IEEE International Conference on Body Sensor Networks, 2013, pp. 1-6.
P. Bhandare et al., “Multivariate Determination of Glucose in Whole Blood Using Partial Least-Squares and Artificial Neural Networks Based on Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy,” Society for Applied Spectroscopy, vol. 47, No. 8, 1993, pp. 1214-1221.
E. Morillo et al., “Multiwavelength Transmission Spectrophotometry in the Pulsatile Measurement of Hemoglobin Derivatives in Whole Blood,” Proceedings of the IEEE 23rd Northeast Bioengineering Conference, 1997, pp. 5-6.
P. Bhandare et al., “Neural Network Based Spectral Analysis of Multicomponent Mixtures for Glucose Determination,” Proceedings of the IEEE, 17th Annual Northeast Bioengineering Conference, 1991, pp. 249-250.
Y. Mendelson et al., “Noninvasive Transcutaneous Monitoring of Arterial Blood Gases,” IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. BME-31, No. 12, Dec. 1984, pp. 792-800.
J. Harvey et al., “OxiMA: A Frequency-Domain Approach to Address Motion Artifacts in Photoplethysmograms for Improved Estimation of Arterial Oxygen Saturation and Pulse Rate,” IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 66, No. 2, Feb. 2019, pp. 311-318.
J. Chong et al., “Photoplethysmograph Signal Reconstruction Based on a Novel Hybrid Motion Artifact Detection-Reduction Approach. Part I: Motion and Noise Artifact Detection,” Annals of Biomedical Engineering, vol. 42, No. 11, Nov. 2014, pp. 2238-2250.
S. M. A. Salehizadeh et al., “Photoplethysmograph Signal Reconstruction based on a Novel Motion Artifact Detection-Reduction Approach. Part II: Motion and Noise Artifact Removal,” Annals of Biomedical Engineering, vol. 42, May 2014, pp. 2251-2263.
C. G. Scully et al., “Physiological Parameter Monitoring from Optical Recordings With a Mobile Phone,” IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 59, No. 2, Feb. 2012, pp. 303-306.
D. Sen et al., “Pressure Ulcer Prevention System: Validation in a Clinical Setting,” IEEE Life Sciences Conference (LSC), 2018, pp. 105-108.
Y. Mendelson et al., Pulse Oximetry: Theory and Applications for Noninvasive Monitoring, Clinical Chemistry, vol. 38, No. 9, 1992, pp. 1601-1607.
Y. Mendelson, Pulse Oximetry, PowerPoint, UMass Center for Clinical and Translational Science Research Retreat, 2017, 22 pages.
E. Stohr et al., “Quantitative FT-IR Spectrometry of Blood Constituents,” 14th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 1992, pp. 173-174.
E. Stohr et al., “Quantitative FTIR Spectrophotometry of Cholesterol and Other Blood Constituents and their Interference with the In-Vitro Measurement of Blood Glucose,” Proceedings of the 18th IEEE Annual Northeast Bioengineering Conference, 1992, pp. 105-106.
N. Selvaraj et al., “Statistical Approach for the Detection of Motion/Noise Artifacts in Photoplethysmogram,” 33rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE EMBS, Sep. 2011, pp. 4972-4975.
C. Tamanaha et al., “Surface Modification of y-Al2O3 Filters by Chemisorption of Alkyltrichlorosilane Molecules,” 18th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 1996, pp. 2069-2070.
D. Sen et al., “Time-Domain-Based Measurement Technique for Pressure Measurement in a Wearable Wireless Sensor Patch,” IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), 2018, pp. 1-5.
N. Reljin et al., “Using support vector machines on photoplethysmographic signals to discriminate between hypovolemia and euvolemia,” PLoS One, vol. 13, No. 3, Mar. 2018, pp. 1-14.
Y. Mendelson et al., “Variations in Optical Absorption Spectra of Adult and Fetal Hemoglobins and Its Effect on Pulse Oximetry,” IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 36, No. 8, Aug. 1989, pp. 844-848.
K. Chon et al., “Wearable Wireless Sensor for Multi-Scale Physiological Monitoring,” Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Oct. 2014, 82 pages.
K. Chon et al., “Wearable Wireless Sensor for Multi-Scale Physiological Monitoring,” Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Oct. 2015, 142 pages.
J. McNeill et al., “Wearable Wireless Sensor Patch for Continuous Monitoring of Skin Temperature, Pressure, and Relative Humidity,” IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), 2017, pp. 1-4.
D. Sen et al., “Wireless Sensor Patch Suitable for Continuous Monitoring of Contact Pressure in a Clinical Setting,” 16th IEEE International New Circuits and Systems Conference (NEWCAS), 2018, pp. 91-95.
K. Hickle et al., “Wireless Pressure Ulcer Sensor,” Annals of Plastic Surgery, vol. 82, Supplement 3, Apr. 2019, pp. S215-S221.
K. Self, Application Note 78—Using Power Management with High-Speed Microcontrollers, Maxim Integrated Products, Inc., Mar. 29, 2001, 25 pages.
Service Manual: Nellcor Symphony N-3000 Pulse Oximeter, Nellcor Puritan Bennett, Inc., Copyright 1996, 110 pages.
Home Use Guide: Nellcor Symphony N-3000 Pulse Oximeter, Nellcor Puritan Bennett, Inc., Copyright 1996, 50 pages.
Operator's Manual: Nellcor N-200 Pulse Oximeter, Nellcor Incorporated, Copyright 2003, 96 pages.
S. Kastle et al., “A New Family of Sensors for Pulse Oximetry,” Hewlett-Packard Journal, Article 7, Feb. 1997, pp. 1-17.
M. Nogawa et al., “A Novel Hybrid Reflectance Pulse Oximeter Sensor with Improved Linearity and General Applicability to Various Portions of the Body,” Proceedings of the 20th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, vol. 20, No. 4, 1998, pp. 1858-1861.
J. Hodby, “A ratio-measuring detection system for use in pulsed spectroscopic measurements,” Journal of Physics E: Scientific Instruments, vol. 3, 1970, pp. 229-233.
K. Li et al., “A Wireless Reflectance Pulse Oximeter with Digital Baseline Control for Unfiltered Photoplethysmograms,” IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems, Nov. 2011, pp. 1-11.
D. Thompson et al., “A Small, High-Fidelity Reflectance Pulse Oximeter,” American Society for Engineering Education, 2007, 14 pages.
K. Li et al., “A High-Performance Wireless Reflectance Pulse Oximeter for Photo-Plethysmogram Acquisition and Analysis in the Classroom,” American Society for Engineering Education, 2010, 12 pages.
M. J. Hayes, “Artefact Reduction in Photoplethysmography,” Doctoral thesis, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Loughborough University, Nov. 1998, 195 pages, (uploaded in 2 parts).
A. C. M. Dassel et al., “Effect of location of the sensor on reflectance pulse oximetry,” British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, vol. 104, Aug. 1997, pp. 910-916.
RF Cafe, Electronic Warfare and Radar Systems Engineering Handbook, Duty Cycle, available at https://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/ew-radar-handbook/duty-cycle.htm, retrieved Jul. 11, 2020, 3 pages.
Y. Shimada et al., “Evaluation of a new reflectance pulse oximeter for clinical applications,” Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing, vol. 29, No. 5, Sep. 1991, pp. 557-561.
S. Takatani et al., “Experimental and Clinical Evaluation of a Noninvasive Reflectance Pulse Oximeter Sensor,” Journal of Clinical Monitoring, vol. 8, No. 4, Oct. 1992, pp. 257-266.
K. Ono et al., “Fiber optic reflectance spectrophotometry system for in vivo tissue diagnosis,” Applied Optics, vol. 30, No. 1, Jan. 1991, pp. 98-105.
M. Barr, “Introduction to Pulse Width Modulation (PWM),” Barr Group, Embedded Systems Programming, Sep. 2001, pp. 1-3.
P. P. Vaidyanathan, “Multirate Digital Filters, Filter Banks, Polyphase Networks, and Applications: A Tutorial,” Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 78, No. 1, Jan. 1990, pp. 56-93.
S. Oshima et al., “Optical Measurement of Blood Hematocrit on Medical Tubing with Dual Wavelength and Detector Model,” 31st Annual International Conference of the IEEE EMBS, Sep. 2009, pp. 5891-5896.
Optoelectronics, Data Book 1990, Siemens Components, Inc., 770 pages, (uploaded in 7 parts).
OxiplexTS Near Infrared, Non-Invasive, Tissue Spectrometer Brochure, ISS, Inc., Copyright 2001, 6 pages.
J. A. Pologe, “Pulse Oximetry: Technical Aspects of Machine Design,” International Anesthesiology Clinics, vol. 25, No. 3, 1987, pp. 137-153.
B. F. Koegh et al., “Recent findings in the use of reflectance oximetry: a critical review,” Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology, vol. 18, 2005, pp. 649-654.
K. Faisst et al., “Reflectance pulse oximetry in neonates,” European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, vol. 61, No. 2, Aug. 1995, pp. 117-122.
V. Konig et al., “Reflexions-Pulsoximetrie—Untersuchungen mit eigenem Mess-System,” Biomedical Engineering, Biomedizinische Technik, vol. 37. No. s2, 1992, pp. 39-40.
Oct. 20, 2020 Letter from B. K. Andrea to J. Re et al., Re: Masimo Corp, et al. v. Apple, Inc., C.A. 8:20-cv-00048 (C.D. Cal.), 19 pages.
3 pages of images, identified by bates Nos. “APL-MAS_00057600”, “APL-MAS_00057601”, and “APL-MAS_00057602”. Undated.
2 pages of images, identified by bates Nos. “APL-MAS_00057598” and “APL-MAS_00057599”. Undated.
Y. Mendelson et al., A Wearable Reflectance Pulse Oximeter for Remote Physiological Monitoring, PowerPoint, The Bioengineering Institute, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 18 pages. Undated.
P. C. Branche et al., “A Wearable Wireless Reflectance Pulse Oximeter with Automatic and Remote On-Demand Activation,” Annual Fall Meeting of the BMES, 2004, p. 1.
A Wireless Wearable Reflectance Pulse Oximeter Printout, The Bioengineering Institute, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 1 page. Undated.
Y. Mendelson et al., A Wireless Wearable Reflectance-Based Forehead Pulse Oximeter, PowerPoint, The Bioengineering Institute, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 8 pages. Undated.
R. J. Duckworth et al., Field Testing of a Wireless Wearable Reflectance Pulse Oximeter Printout, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 1 page. Undated.
V. Floroff, “PDA Interface for the WPI Wireless Physiological Monitor,” Directed research, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Mar. 2006, 42 pages.
Wireless Wearable Reflectance Pulse Oximeter, PowerPoint, The Bioengineering Institute, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, TATRC, 10 pages. Undated.
V. Floroff, “Remote Pulse Oximetry: The wireless side of the TATRC project.” Thesis, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Feb. 2005, pp. 1-20.
Y. Mendelson et al., “The Feasibility of Measuring SpO2 from the Head Using a Reflectance Pulse Oximeter: Effect of Motion Artifacts,” Proceeding of the 3rd European Medical & Biological Engineering Conference, 2005, 5 pages.
Y. Mendelson, “Wearable, Wireless, Noninvasive Physiological Sensing,” The Bioengineering Institute, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 2005, 2 pages.
Y. Mendelson et al., “Wireless Reflectance Pulse Oximetery for Remote Triage Application,” Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 1 page. Undated.
Jan. 9, 2020 Complaint for (1) Patent Infringement (2) Trade Secret Misappropriation and (3) Ownership of Patents and Demand for Jury Trial, Masimo Corporation and Cercacor Laboratories, Inc. v. Apple Inc., Case No. 8:20-cv-00048, 64 pages.
Mar. 25, 2020 First Amended Complaint for (1) Patent Infringement (2) Trade Secret Misappropriation (3) Correction of Inventorship and (4) Ownership of Patents and Demand for Jury Trial, and including Exhibits 13-24 (Exhibits 1-12 and 25-31 comprise copies of publicly available U.S. patents and U.S. patent application publications, and are not included herein for ease of transmission), Masimo Corporation and Cercacor Laboratories, Inc. v. Apple Inc., Case No. 8:20-cv-00048, pp. 1-94, 983-1043 (total of 156 pages).
Jul. 24, 2020 Second Amended Complaint for (1) Patent Infringement (2) Trade Secret Misappropriation (3) Correction of Inventorship and (4) Ownership of Patents and Demand for Jury Trial, and including Exhibit 1, Masimo Corporation and Cercacor Laboratories, Inc. v. Apple Inc., Case No. 8:20-cv-00048, 182 pages.
Jul. 27, 2020 Plaintiffs' Infringement Contentions, and including Exhibit 1 and Appendices A-P, Masimo Corporation and Cercacor Laboratories, Inc. v. Apple Inc., Case No. 8:20-cv-00048, 305 pages.
Sep. 8, 2020 Apple's Preliminary Invalidity Contentions, and including Exhibits A-G, Masimo Corporation and Cercacor Laboratories, Inc. v. Apple Inc., Case No. 8:20-cv-00048, 3960 pages. [uploaded in 15 parts].
Nov. 12, 2020 Third Amended Complaint for (1) Patent Infringement (2) Trade Secret Misappropriation (3) Correction of Inventorship and (4) Ownership of Patents and Demand for Jury Trial, and including Exhibit 1, Masimo Corporation and Cercacor Laboratories, Inc. v. Apple Inc., Case No. 8:20-cv-00048, 196 pages. [uploaded in 2 parts].
Feb. 3, 2021 Defendant Apple Inc.'s Answer to Plaintiffs' Third Amended Complaint and Demand for Jury Trial, Masimo Corporation and Cercacor Laboratories, Inc. v. Apple Inc., Case No. 8:20-cv-00048, 72 pages.
Feb. 5, 2021 Fourth Amended Complaint for (1) Patent Infringement (2) Trade Secret Misappropriation (3) Correction of Inventorship and (4) Ownership of Patents and Demand for Jury Trial, and including Exhibit 1, Masimo Corporation and Cercacor Laboratories, Inc. v. Apple Inc., Case No. 8:20-cv-00048, 207 pages.
Feb. 24, 2021 Defendant Apple Inc.'s Amended Answer to Plaintiffs' Third Amended Complaint and Demand for Jury Trial, Masimo Corporation and Cercacor Laboratories, Inc. v. Apple Inc., Case No. 8:20-cv-00048, 85 pages.
May 5, 2021 Defendant Apple Inc.'s Amended Answer to Plaintiffs' Fourth Amended Complaint and Demand for Jury Trial, Masimo Corporation and Cercacor Laboratories, Inc. v. Apple Inc., Case No. 8:20-cv-00048, 90 pages.
Patent Owner's Sur-Reply to Reply for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,292,628, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes ReviewNo. IPR2020-01521, dated Nov. 12, 2021, 33 pages.
Petitioner's Reply to Patent Owner Response's to Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,624,564, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01713, dated Oct. 27, 2021, 43 pages.
Second Declaration of Thomas W. Kenny, Ph.D., in support of Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,624,564, Ex. 1050, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01713, dated Oct. 27, 2021, in 43 pages.
Patent Owner's Sur-Reply to Reply for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,624,564, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes ReviewNo. IPR2020-01713, dated Dec. 8, 2021, 34 pages.
Petitioner's Reply to Patent Owner Response's to Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,631,765, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01714, dated Oct. 29, 2021, 42 pages.
Second Declaration of Thomas W. Kenny, Ph.D., in support of Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,631,765, Ex. 1047, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01714, dated Oct. 29, 2021, in 45 pages.
Patent Owner's Sur-Reply to Reply for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,631,765, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01714, dated Dec. 10, 2021, 37 pages.
Petitioner's Reply to Patent Owner Response's to Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,631,765, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01715, dated Nov. 9, 2021, 44 pages.
Second Declaration of Thomas W. Kenny, Ph.D., in support of Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,631,765, Ex. 1047, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01715, dated Nov. 7, 2021, in 45 pages.
Patent Owner's Sur-Reply to Reply for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,631,765, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01715, dated Dec. 17, 2021, 35 pages.
Petitioner's Reply to Patent Owner Response's to Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,702,194, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01716, dated Nov. 1, 2021, 41 pages.
Second Declaration of Thomas W. Kenny, Ph.D., in support of Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,702,194, Ex. 1060, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01716, dated Nov. 1, 2021, in 42 pages.
Patent Owner's Sur-Reply to Reply for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,702,194, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01716, dated Dec. 13, 2021, 36 pages.
Petitioner's Reply to Patent Owner Response's to Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,702,195, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01733, dated Nov. 8, 2021, 42 pages.
Second Declaration of Thomas W. Kenny, Ph.D., in support of Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,702,195, Ex. 1060, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01733, dated Nov. 7, 2021, in 41 pages.
Patent Owner's Sur-Reply to Reply for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,702,195, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01733, dated Dec. 20, 2021, 36 pages.
Petitioner's Reply to Patent Owner Response's to Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,709,366, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01737, dated Nov. 12, 2021, 40 pages.
Second Declaration of Thomas W. Kenny, Ph.D., in support of Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,709,366, Ex. 1060, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01737, dated Nov. 10, 2021, in 40 pages.
Patent Owner's Sur-Reply to Reply for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,702,366, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01737, dated Dec. 22, 2021, 35 pages.
Petitioner's Reply to Patent Owner Response's to Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,299,708, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2021-00193, dated Nov. 19, 2021, 33 pages.
Second Declaration of Thomas W. Kenny, Ph.D., in support of Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,299,708, Ex. 1047, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2021-00193, dated Nov. 19, 2021, in 29 pages.
Patent Owner's Sur-Reply to Reply for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,299,708, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2021-00193, dated Jan. 3, 2022, 28 pages.
Petitioner's Reply to Patent Owner Response's to Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,376,190, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2021-00195, dated Nov. 29, 2021, 34 pages.
Second Declaration of Thomas W. Kenny, Ph.D., in support of Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,376,190, Ex. 1047, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2021-00195, dated Nov. 27, 2021, in 30 pages.
Patent Owner's Sur-Reply to Reply for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,376,190, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2021-00195, dated Jan. 12, 2022, 29 pages.
Petitioner's Reply to Patent Owner Response's to Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,258,266, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2021-00208, dated Dec. 3, 2021, 35 pages.
Second Declaration of Thomas W. Kenny, Ph.D., in support of Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,258,266, Ex. 1047, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2021-00208, dated Dec. 2, 2021, in 32 pages.
Patent Owner's Sur-Reply to Reply for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,258,266, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2021-00208, dated Jan. 17, 2022, 29 pages.
Petitioner's Reply to Patent Owner Response's to Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,376,191, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2021-00209, dated Dec. 7, 2021, 35 pages.
Second Declaration of Thomas W. Kenny, Ph.D., in support of Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,376,191, Ex. 1047, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2021-00209, dated Dec. 6, 2021, in 32 pages.
Patent Owner's Sur-Reply to Reply for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,376,191, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2021-00209, dated Jan. 18, 2022, 30 pages.
Feb. 17, 2022 Hearing Transcript, Masimo Corporation and Cercacor Laboratories, Inc. v. Apple Inc., United States International Trade Commission, Investigation No. 337-TA-1276, 106 pages.
Order No. 24 Granting-in-Part and Denying-in-Part Respondent's Motion for Leave to File Amended Response to the Complaint to Add Affirmative Defenses, Masimo Corporation and Cercacor Laboratories, Inc. v. Apple Inc., United States International Trade Commission, Investigation No. 337-TA-1276, 10 pages.
Final Written Decision for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,624,564, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01713, dated May 2, 2022, 75 pages.
Patent Owner's Corrected Sur-Reply to Reply for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,702,194, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01716, dated Jan. 6, 2022, 36 pages.
Final Written Decision for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,702,194, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01716, dated Apr. 28, 2022, 82 pages.
Final Written Decision for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,702,195, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01733, dated Apr. 28, 2022, 75 pages.
Final Written Decision for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,709,366, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01737, dated May 4, 2022, 77 pages.
Bagha et al., “A Real Time Analysis of PPG Signal for Measurement of SpO2 and Pulse Rate,” International Journal of Computer Applications, vol. 36, No. 11, Dec. 2011, pp. 45-50.
C. Faulkner, “Apple Watch heart rate sensor: everything you need to know,” Apr. 24, 2015, 5 pages.
A. Keikhosravi et al., “Effect of deep breath on the correlation between the wrist and finger photoplethysmograms,” Proceedings of the 19th Iranian conference on Biomedical Engineering (ICBME 2012), Dec. 21-22, 2012, pp. 135-138.
K. Kilbane, “Design Considerations for Wrist-Wearable Heart Rate Monitors,” GSA, Copyright 2021, 5 pages.
K. Kuboyama, “Motion Artifact Cancellation for Wearable Photoplethysmographic Sensor,” Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010, 66 pages.
E. Kviesis-Kipge et al., “Miniature wireless photoplethysmography devices: integration in garments and test measurements,” Proc. SPIE vol. 8427, Biophotonics: Photonic Solutions for Better Health Care III, May 2012, 7 pages.
B. Mapar, “Wearable Sensor for Continuously Vigilant Blood Perfusion and Oxygenation Monitoring,” UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2012, 112 pages.
N. Phattraprayoon et al., “Accuracy of pulse oximeter readings from probe placement on newborn wrist and ankle,” Journal of Perinatology, vol. 32, 2012, pp. 276-280.
M. Poh et al., “Motion-Tolerant Magnetic Earring Sensor and Wireless Earpiece for Wearable Photoplethysmography,” IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine, vol. 14, No. 3, May 2010, pp. 786-794.
P. Shyamkumar et al., “Wearable Wireless Cardiovascular Monitoring Using Textile-Based Nanosensor and Nanomaterial Systems,” Electronics vol. 3, 2014, pp. 504-520.
R. Stojanovic et al., “Design of an Oximeter Based on LED-LED Configuration and FPGA Technology,” Sensors vol. 13, 2013, pp. 574-586.
T. Tamura et al., “Wearable Photoplethysmographic Sensors—Past and Present,” Electronics vol. 3, 2014, pp. 282-302.
S. Vogel et al., “In-Ear Vital Signs Monitoring Using a Novel Microoptic Reflective Sensor,” IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine, vol. 13, No. 6, Nov. 2009, pp. 882-889.
Withings, Withings Pulse: Activity Tracker—Sleep Analyzer Heart Rate Analyzer—Installation and Operating Instructions (iOS users), Apr. 2015, 43 pages.
P.B. Crilly et al., “An Integrated Pulse Oximeter System for Telemedicine Applications,” IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference Sensing, Processing, Networking, IMTC Proceedings, 1997, pp. 102-104.
T. Hayes, ‘What's inside a fitness tracker, anyway?’ published Nov. 29, 2014, retrieved from https://www.digitaltrends.com/wearables/whats-inside-fitness-tracker-anyway/, 24 Pages.
DC Rainmaker, ‘Mio Alpha Optical Heart Rate Monitor in-Depth Review (Bluetooth Smart/ANT+)’, published Feb. 12, 2013, retrieved from https://www.dcrainmaker.com/2013/02/monitor-bluetooth-smartant.html, 42 pages.
PerformTek Precision Biometrics White Paper, ValenCell, Jan. 4, 2013, 13 pages.
Heart Rate Measurement Technology, Seiko Epson Corporation, retrieved from https://global.epson.com/innovation/core_technology/wearable/vital_sensing.html, accessed Dec. 2, 2019, 6 pages.
D. Yang et al., “SpO2 and Heart Rate Measurement with Wearable Watch Based on PPG,” 2015 IET International Conference on Biomedical Image and Signal Processing (ICBISP 2015), Nov. 2015, pp. 1-5.
Y. Zhai, “A Wireless Sensor Network for Hospital Patient Monitoring,” Thesis for University of Calgary Department of Eletrical and Computer Engineering, Apr. 2007, 134 pages.
K. Shin et al., “A Novel Headset with a Transmissive PPG Sensor for Heart Rate Measurement,” ICBME 2008 Proceedings vol. 23, 2009, 519-522 Pages.
Y. Lee et al., “Development of a Wristwatch-Type PPG Array Sensor Module,” 2011 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics (ICCE-Berlin), 2011, pp. 168-171.
J. Heerlein et al., ‘LED-based sensors for wearable fitness tracking products,’ published Dec. 16, 2014, retrieved from https://www.edn.eom/design/led/4437996/1/LED-based-sensors-for-fitness-tracking-wearables, accessed Nov. 25, 2019, 6 pages.
Physical Enterprises Inc., Mio ALPHA Complete User Guide, retrieved from https://www.medisana.com/out/media/manual/mio_alpha_user_guide_en.pdf, Copyright 2014, 14 pages.
N. Stuban et al., “Optimal filter bandwidth for pulse oximetry,” Review of Scientific Instruments vol. 83, 2012, 6 pages.
Yao et al., “Design of a Plug-and-Play Pulse Oximeter,” Proceedings of the Second Joint EMBS/BMES Conference, Oct. 23-26, 2002, pp. 1752-1753.
Yao, Design of Standards-Based Medical Components and a Plug-and-Play Home Health Monitoring System, A Dissertation for Kansas State University Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, 2005, 155 pages, [uploaded in 2 parts].
Warren et al., “Wearable Sensors and Component-Based Design for Home Health Care,” Proceedings of the Second Joint EMBS/BMES Conference, Oct. 23-26, 2002, pp. 1871-1872.
Yao et al., “Applying the ISO/IEEE 11073 Standards to Wearable Home Health Monitoring Systems,” Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing, vol. 19, No. 6, 2005, pp. 427-436.
Warren et al., “Wearable Telemonitoring Systems Designed with Interoperability in Mind,” Proceedings of the 25th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, vol. 4, 2003, 4 pages.
Yao et al., “A Wearable Standards-Based Point-of-Care System for Home Use,” Proceedings of the 25th Annual International Conference of the IEEE, vol. 4, 2003, 4 pages.
Excerpts of Design of Pulse Oximeters, J.G. Webster, Institution of Physics Publishing, IOP Publishing Ltd, 1997, 150 pages, [uploaded in 3 parts].
Mendelson, “Invasive and Noninvasive Blood Gas Monitoring,” Bioinstrumentation and biosensors, 1991, pp. 249-279.
Harsanyi, Sensors in Biomedical Applications, Fundamentals, Technology and Applications, CRC Press LLC, 2000, 368 pages, [uploaded in 2 parts].
Nixon et al., “Novel Spectroscopy-Based Technology for Biometric and Liveness Verification,” Proceedings of SPIE vol. 5404, Biometric Technology for Human Identification, Aug. 25, 2004, pp. 287-295.
Severinghaus, “Pulse Oximetry,” Computing and Monitoring in Anesthesia and Intensive Care, 1992, pp. 391-403.
Takatani et al., “Optical Oximetry Sensors for Whole Blood and Tissue,” IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology, 1994, pp. 347-357.
Graaff et al., “Optical Properties of Human Dermis In Vitro and In Vivo,” Applied Optics, vol. 32, No. 4, Feb. 1, 1993, pp. 435-447.
Mendelson, Theory and Development of a Transcutaneous Reflectance Oximeter System for Noninvasive Measurements of Arterial Oxygen Saturation, Thesis for Case Western Reserve University Department of Biomedical Engineering, May 25, 1983, 284 pages, [uploaded in 2 parts].
Wang et al., “Multichannel Reflective PPG Earpiece Sensor with Passive Motion Cancelation,” IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems, vol. 1, No. 4, Dec. 2007, pp. 235-241.
Love et al., Personal Status Monitor, Sandia National Laboratories, Feb. 1997, 211 pages. [uploaded in 2 parts].
Cahill, Laser-Based Fibre-Optic Sensor for Measurement of Surface Properties, Thesis for Dublin City University Faculty of Engineering and Design, May 1998, 208 pages, [uploaded in 5 parts].
Feather et al., “A portable reflectometer for the rapid quantification of cutaneous haemoglobin and melanin,” Phys. Med. Biol., vol. 33, No. 6, 1988, pp. 711-722.
Wareing, Optimization of Reflectance-Mode Pulse Oximeter Sensors, National Science Foundation Research Experiences, 1 page. Undated.
Wareing, Previous Research Experience, 2 pages. Undated.
Yao et al., “A Novel Algorithm to Separate Motion Artifacts from Photoplethysmographic Signals Obtained with a Reflectance Pulse Oximeter”, Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc., 2004, 4 pages.
Jun. 30, 2021 Complaint under Section 337 of the Tariff Act of 1930, as Amended, and including Exhibits 11-40 (Exhibits 1-10 comprise copies of publicly available U.S. patents, and are not included herein for ease of transmission), Masimo Corporation and Cercacor Laboratories, Inc. v. Apple Inc., United States International Trade Commission, Investigation No. 337-TA-1276, 736 pages. [uploaded in 13 parts].
Jul. 7, 2021 First Amended Complaint under Section 337 of the Tariff Act of 1930, as Amended, Masimo Corporation and Cercacor Laboratories, Inc. v. Apple Inc., United States International Trade Commission, Investiation No. 337-TA-1276, 44 pages.
Sep. 23, 2021 Response of Apple Inc. to First Amended Complaint and Notice of Investigation, and including Exhibit A and Appendix A, Masimo Corporation and Cercacor Laboratories, Inc. v. Apple Inc., United States International Trade Commission, Investiation No. 337-TA-1276, 664 pages.
Dec. 3, 2021 Respondent Apple Inc.'s Preliminary Invalidity Contentions for U.S. Pat. Nos. 10,912,501, 10,912,502, 10,945,648, 10,687,745, and 7,761,127, and including Exhibits A1-A6, B1-B6, and C1-C6 related to U.S. Pat. Nos. 10,912,501, 10,912,502, 10,945,648 (Exhibits D1-D16 and E1-E13 relate to U.S. Pat. Nos. 10,687,745, and 7,761,127, and are not included herein but are available upon request), Masimo Corporation and Cercacor Laboratories, Inc. v. Apple Inc., United States International Trade Commission, Investiation No. 337-TA-1276, 443 pages.
Dec. 3, 2021 Respondent Apple Inc.'s Preliminary Invalidity Contentions for U.S. Pat. Nos. 10,912,501, 10,912,502, 10,945,648, 10,687,745, and 7,761,127, Exhibits A-1 to A-6, Masimo Corporation and Cercacor Laboratories, Inc. v. Apple Inc., United States International Trade Commission, Investiation No. 337-TA-1276, 1230 pages. [uploaded in 2 parts].
Dec. 3, 2021 Respondent Apple Inc.'s Preliminary Invalidity Contentions for U.S. Pat. Nos. 10,912,501, 10,912,502, 10,945,648, 10,687,745, and 7,761,127, Exhibits B-1 to B6 Masimo Corporation and Cercacor Laboratories, Inc. v. Apple Inc., United States International Trade Commission, Investiation No. 337-TA-1276, 1343 pages. [uploaded in 2 parts].
Dec. 3, 2021 Respondent Apple Inc.'s Preliminary Invalidity Contentions for U.S. Pat. Nos. 10,912,501, 10,912,502, 10,945,648, 10,687,745, and 7,761,127, Exhibits C-1 to C-6, Masimo Corporation and Cercacor Laboratories, Inc. v. Apple Inc., United States International Trade Commission, Investiation No. 337-TA-1276, 1222 pages. [uploaded in 2 parts].
Final Written Decision for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,258,265, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01520, dated Feb. 23, 2022, 106 pages.
Patent Owner's Notice of Appeal to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,258,265, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01520, dated Apr. 12, 2022, 112 pages.
Final Written Decision for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,588,553, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01536, dated Feb. 23, 2022, 78 pages.
Patent Owner's Notice of Appeal to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,588,553, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01536, dated Apr. 12, 2022, 84 pages.
Final Written Decision for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,588,553, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01537, dated Feb. 23, 2022, 82 pages.
Patent Owner's Notice of Appeal to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,588,553, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01537, dated Apr. 12, 2022, 88 pages.
Final Written Decision for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,292,628, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01521, dated Apr. 11, 2022, 92 pages.
Patent Owner's Notice of Appeal to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,292,628, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01521, dated Apr. 12, 2022, 98 pages.
Final Written Decision for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,588,554, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01538, dated Feb. 23, 2022, 70 pages.
Patent Owner's Notice of Appeal to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,588,554, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01538, dated Apr. 12, 2022, 76 pages.
Final Written Decision for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,588,554, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01539, dated Feb. 23, 2022, 86 pages.
Patent Owner's Notice of Appeal to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,588,554, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01539, dated Apr. 12, 2022, 92 pages.
Final Written Decision for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,631,765, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01714, dated Apr. 6, 2022, 77 pages.
Patent Owner's Notice of Appeal to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,631,765, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01714, dated Apr. 12, 2022, 83 pages.
Final Written Decision for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,631,765, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01715, dated Apr. 6, 2022, 84 pages.
Patent Owner's Notice of Appeal to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,631,765, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01715, dated Apr. 12, 2022, 90 pages.
Physical Enterprises Inc., Mio ALPHA Complete User Guide, Copyright 2012, 15 pages.
DC Rainmaker, ‘Mio Alpha Optical Heart Rate Monitor in-Depth Review (Bluetooth Smart/ANT+)’, published Feb. 12, 2013, retrieved from https://www.dcrainmaker.com/2013/02/monitor-bluetooth-smartant.html, 108 pages, [uploaded in 5 parts].
Lam et al., “A Smartphone-Centric Platform for Personal Health Monitoring using Wireless Wearable Biosensors”, IEEE, ICICS 2009, 7 pages.
Vashist et al., “Commercial Smartphone-Based Devices and Smart Applications for Personalized Healthcare Monitoring and Management”, Diagnostics, 2014, vol. 4, pp. 104-128.
Yao et al., “A Wearable Point-of-Care System for Home Use That Incorporates Plug-and-Play and Wireless Standards”, IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine, vol. 9, No. 3, Sep. 2005, pp. 363-371.
Chang et al., “Microlens array diffuser for a light-emitting diode backlight system”, Optics Letters, vol. 31, No. 20, Oct. 15, 2006, pp. 3016-3018.
Scarlett, The Multilayer Printed Circuit Board Handbook, Electrochemical Publications Limited, 1985, 130 pages.
137 pages of images, identified by bates Nos. “APL_MAS_ITC_00378839” to “APL_MAS_ITC_00378975”. Undated, [uploaded in 3 parts].
54 pages of images, identified by bates Nos. “APL_MAS_ITC_00383217” to “APL_MAS_ITC_00383270”. Undated, [uploaded in 3 parts].
12 pages of images, identified by bates Nos. “APL_MAS_ITC_00383288” to “APL_MAS_ITC_00383299”. Undated.
7 pages of images, identified by bates Nos. “APL_MAS_ITC_00383308” to “APL_MAS_ITC_00383314”. Undated.
Warren, Pulse Oximetry Laboratory, 8 pages. Undated.
Jan. 13, 2022 Joint Proposed Claim Construction Chart, Masimo Corporation and Cercacor Laboratories, Inc. v. Apple Inc., United States International Trade Commission, Investigation No. 337-TA-1276, 8 pages.
Jan. 27, 2022 Respondent Apple Inc.'s Opening Markman Brief, and including Exhibits 1-7, Masimo Corporation and Cercacor Laboratories, Inc. v. Apple Inc., United States International Trade Commission, Investigation No. 337-TA-1276,144 pages.
Jan. 27, 2022 Complainant's Opening Claim Construction Brief, and including Exhibits 1-16, Masimo Corporation and Cercacor Laboratories, Inc. v. Apple Inc., United States International Trade Commission, Investigation No. 337-TA-1276, 1019 pages, [uploaded in 9 parts].
Feb. 9, 2022 Respondent Apple Inc.'s Motion for Leave to File Amended Response to the First Amended Complaint, Masimo Corporation and Cercacor Laboratories, Inc. v. Apple Inc., United States International Trade Commission, Investigation No. 337-TA-1276, 4 pages.
Feb. 9, 2022 Memorandum in support of Respondent Apple Inc.'s Motion for Leave to File Amended Response to the First Amended Complaint, and including Exhibits 1 (with Exhibits A-J) and 2, Masimo Corporation and Cercacor Laboratories, Inc. v. Apple Inc., United States International Trade Commission, Investigation No. 337-TA-1276, 1477 pages, [uploaded in 2 parts].
Feb. 10, 2022 Complainants' Rebuttal Claim Construction Brief, and including Exhibits 17-21, Masimo Corporation and Cercacor Laboratories, Inc. v. Apple Inc., United States International Trade Commission, Investigation No. 337-TA-1276, 59 pages.
Feb. 10, 2022 Respondent Apple Inc.'s Rebuttal Markman Brief, and including Exhibit 8, Masimo Corporation and Cercacor Laboratories, Inc. v. Apple Inc., United States International Trade Commission, Investigation No. 337-TA-1276, 21 pages.
Feb. 15, 2022 Respondent Apple Inc.'s Notice of Prior Art, Masimo Corporation and Cercacor Laboratories, Inc. v. Apple Inc., United States International Trade Commission, Investigation No. 337-TA-1276, 15 pages.
Feb. 18, 2022 Complainants' Opposition to Respondent's Motion for Leave to File Amended Response to the First Amended Complaint, and including Exhibits A-J, Masimo Corporation and Cercacor Laboratories, Inc. v. Apple Inc., United States International Trade Commission, Investigation No. 337-TA-1276, 691 pages. [uploaded in 5 parts].
Feb. 23, 2022 Respondent Apple Inc.'s Reply in support of its Motion for Leave to File Amended Response to First Amended Complaint (Motion No. 1276-018), and including Exhibit 3, Masimo Corporation and Cercacor Laboratories, Inc. v. Apple Inc., United States International Trade Commission, Investigation No. 337-TA-1276, 65 pages.
Feb. 18, 2022 Respondent Apple Inc.'s Rebuttal Claim Construction Evidence, and including Exhibit 9, Masimo Corporation and Cercacor Laboratories, Inc. v. Apple Inc., United States International Trade Commission, Investigation No. 337-TA-1276, 12 pages.
Feb. 23, 2022 Updated Joint Proposed Claim Construction Chart, Masimo Corporation and Cercacor Laboratories, Inc. v. Apple Inc., United States International Trade Commission, Investigation No. 337-TA-1276, 6 pages.
A. Domingues, “Development of a Stand-Alone Pulse Oximeter,” Thesis for Universidade de Coimbra Master of Biomedical Engineering, Sep. 2009, 120 pages.
A. Looney, “Respiratory System Monitoring: Basics of Pulse Oximetry and Capnography,” Atlantic Coast Veterinary Conference, 2001, retrieved from https://www.vin.com/doc/?id=3844121, 5 pages.
A.C. Dassel et al., “Reflectance pulse oximetry at the forehead of newborns: the influence of varying pressure on the probe,” Journal of Clinical Monitoring, vol. 12, No. 6, Nov. 1996, pp. 421-428.
H. Kisch-Wedel et al., “Does the Estimation of Light Attenuation in Tissue Increase the Accuracy of Reflectance Pulse Oximetry at Low Oxygem Saturations In Vivo?” IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering., vol. 56, No. 9, Sep. 2009, pp. 2271-2279.
J. Fiala et al., “Implantable optical sensor for continuous monitoring of various hemoglobin derivatives and tissue perfusion,” IEEE Sensors Conference, 2009, pp. 1971-1974.
S. DeMeulenaere, “Pulse Oximetry: Uses and Limitations,” The Journal for Nurse Practitioners—JNP, May 2007, pp. 312-317.
S. Mace, “The Fifth Vital Sign: Pulse Oximetetry in Noninvasive Respiratory Monitoring,” Relias Media, May 1, 2005, retrieved from https://www.reliasmedia.com/articles/85751-the-fifth-vital-sign-pulse-oximetry-in-noninvasive-respiratory-monitoring, 21 pages.
Team SO-SIG, Final Report, Aug. 22, 2007, 4 pages.
R. Yotter et al., “A Review of Photodetectors for Sensing Light-Emitting Reporters in Biological Systems”, IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 3, No. 3, Jun. 2003, pp. 288-303.
Final Written Decision for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,299,708, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2021-00193, dated Jun. 1, 2022, 85 pages.
Final Written Decision for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,376,190, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2021-00195, dated May 25, 2022, 79 pages.
Final Written Decision for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,258,266, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2021-00208, dated Jun. 1, 2022, 77 pages.
Final Written Decision for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,376,191, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2021-00209, dated May 25, 2022, 75 pages.
Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,912,501, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2022-01271, dated Jul. 15, 2022, in 112 pages.
Declaration of Thomas W. Kenny, Ph.D., in support of Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,912,501, Ex. 1003, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2022-01271, dated Jul. 15, 2022, in 107 pages.
Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,912,501, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2022-01272, dated Jul. 15, 2022, in 107 pages.
Declaration of Thomas W. Kenny, Ph.D., in support of Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,912,501, Ex. 1003, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2022-01272, dated Jul. 14, 2022, in 122 pages.
Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,912,502, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2022-01273, dated Jul. 15, 2022, in 117 pages.
Declaration of Thomas W. Kenny, Ph.D., in support of Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,912,502, Ex. 1003, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2022-01273, dated Jul. 15, 2022, in 110 pages.
Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,912,502, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2022-01274, dated Jul. 15, 2022, in 114 pages.
Declaration of Thomas W. Kenny, Ph.D., in support of Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,912,502, Ex. 1003, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2022-01274, dated Jul. 14, 2022, in 131 pages.
Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,945,648, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2022-01275, dated Jul. 15, 2022, in 116 pages.
Declaration of Thomas W. Kenny, Ph.D., in support of Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,945,648, Ex. 1003, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2022-01275, dated Jul. 14, 2022, in 123 pages.
Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,945,648, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2022-01276, dated Jul. 15, 2022, in 109 pages.
Declaration of Thomas W. Kenny, Ph.D., in support of Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,945,648, Ex. 1003, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2022-01276, dated Jul. 14, 2022, in 131 pages.
Brief of Appellant Masimo Corporation, Appeal from the Patent Trial and Appeal Board Case Nos. IPR2020-01520 (U.S. Pat. No. 10,258,265), IPR2020-01521 (U.S. Pat. No. 10,292,628), IPR2020-01536 (U.S. Pat. No. 10,588,553), IPR2020-01537 (U.S. Pat. No. 10,588,553), IPR2020-01538 (U.S. Pat. No. 10,588,554), IPR2020-01539 (U.S. Pat. No. 10,588,554), IPR2020-01714 (U.S. Pat. No. 10,631,765), IPR2020-01715 (U.S. Pat. No. 10,631,765), Federal Circuit Case Nos. 2022-1631,2022-1632, 2022-1633, 2022-1634, 2022-1635, 2022-1636, 2022-1637, 2022-1638, Masimo Corporation v. Apple Inc., Aug. 5, 2022, 94 pages.
Patent Owner's Notice of Appeal to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,624,564, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01713, dated Jun. 28, 2022, 81 pages.
Patent Owner's Notice of Appeal to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,702,194, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01716, dated Jun. 28, 2022, 88 pages.
Patent Owner's Notice of Appeal to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,702,195, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01733, dated Jun. 28, 2022, 81 pages.
Patent Owner's Notice of Appeal to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,709,366, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01737, dated Jun. 28, 2022, 83 pages.
Patent Owner's Notice of Appeal to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,299,708, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2021-00193, dated Jul. 27, 2022, 91 pages.
Patent Owner's Notice of Appeal to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,376,190, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2021-00195, dated Jul. 27, 2022, 85 pages.
Patent Owner's Notice of Appeal to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,258,266, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2021-00208, dated Jul. 27, 2022, 83 pages.
Patent Owner's Notice of Appeal to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Pat. No. 10,376,191, Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation, Inter Partes Review No. IPR2021-00209, dated Jul. 27, 2022, 81 pages.
Jun. 6, 2022 First Supplement to the Fourth Amended Complaint and Demand for Jury Trial, Masimo Corporation and Cercacor Laboratories, Inc. v. Apple Inc., Case No. 8:20-cv-00048, 7 pages.
Jun. 27, 2022 Defendant Apple Inc.'s Answer to Plaintiffs' First Supplement to the Fourth Amended Complaint and Demand for Jury Trial, Masimo Corporation and Cercacor Laboratories, Inc. v. Apple Inc., Case No. 8:20-cv-00048, 7 pages.
May 13, 2022 Complainants' Pre-Hearing Brief, Masimo Corporation and Cercacor Laboratories, Inc. v. Apple Inc., United States International Trade Commission, Investigation No. 337-TA-1276, 274 pages.
May 16, 2022 Respondent Apple Inc.'s Corrected Pre-Hearing Brief, Masimo Corporation and Cercacor Laboratories, Inc. v. Apple Inc., United States International Trade Commission, Investigation No. 337-TA-1276, 264 pages.
Jun. 27, 2022 Complainants' Initial Post-Hearing Brief and including Complainants' Final Exhibit Lists, Masimo Corporation and Cercacor Laboratories, Inc. v. Apple Inc., United States International Trade Commission, Investigation No. 337-TA-1276, 434 pages, [uploaded in 3 parts].
Jun. 27, 2022 Respondent Apple Inc.'s Post-Hearing Brief and including Respondent's Final Exhibit Lists and Respondent's Corrected Final Exhibit Lists, Masimo Corporation and Cercacor Laboratories, Inc. v. Apple Inc., United States International Trade Commission, Investigation No. 337-TA-1276, 338 pages.
Jul. 11, 2022 Respondent Apple Inc.'s Reply Post-Hearing Brief, Masimo Corporation and Cercacor Laboratories, Inc. v. Apple Inc., United States International Trade Commission, Investigation No. 337-TA-1276, 191 pages.
2022-07-11 Complainants' Reply Post-Hearing Brief, Masimo Corporation and Cercacor Laboratories, Inc. v. Apple Inc., United States International Trade Commission, Investigation No. 337-TA-1276, 217 pages. [uploaded in 2 parts].
2022-07-06 Complainant's Corrected Initial Post-Hearing Brief, Masimo Corporation and Cercacor Laboratories, Inc. v. Apple Inc., United States International Trade Commission, Investigation No. 337-TA-1276, 380 pages, [uploaded in 9 parts].

Related Publications (1)

	Number	Date	Country
	20210378555 A1	Dec 2021	US

Provisional Applications (7)

Number	Date	Country
61091732	Aug 2008	US
61086060	Aug 2008	US
61086057	Aug 2008	US
61086108	Aug 2008	US
61086063	Aug 2008	US
61078228	Jul 2008	US
61078207	Jul 2008	US

Divisions (1)

	Number	Date	Country
Parent	29323408	Aug 2008	US
Child	29323409		US

Continuations (7)

	Number	Date	Country
Parent	16449143	Jun 2019	US
Child	17410927		US
Parent	16409515	May 2019	US
Child	16449143		US
Parent	16261326	Jan 2019	US
Child	16409515		US
Parent	16212537	Dec 2018	US
Child	16261326		US
Parent	14981290	Dec 2015	US
Child	16212537		US
Parent	12829352	Jul 2010	US
Child	14981290		US
Parent	12534827	Aug 2009	US
Child	12829352		US

Continuation in Parts (5)

	Number	Date	Country
Parent	12497523	Jul 2009	US
Child	12534827		US
Parent	12497528	Jul 2009	US
Child	12497523		US
Parent	29323409	Aug 2008	US
Child	12497528		US
Parent	29323408	Aug 2008	US
Child	29323409		US
Parent	29323409	Aug 2008	US
Child	29323408		US

User-worn device for noninvasively measuring a physiological parameter of a user

Information

Patent Number

Date Filed

Date Issued

Inventors

Original Assignees

Examiners

Agents

CPC

Field of Search

CPC

International Classifications

Disclaimer

Abstract