Using client certificates to communicate trusted information

Abstract

A trusted information communication device comprising a receiver configured to receive a client certificate; a processor coupled to the receiver and configured to: authenticate the client certificate, extract, in response to the authentication, attributes from the client certificate, and create, in response to the extraction, a message comprising reformatted attributes based on the attributes, wherein the reformatted attributes can be trusted; and a transmitter coupled to the processor and configured to transmit the message.

Description

BACKGROUND

The disclosure generally relates to computer networks employing a client-server architecture and more particularly to authentication, authorization, and auditing within such networks.

Computer networks may employ various architectures. One such architecture is a client-server architecture. In a client-server network, a client, which may be an end user, may desire to use a service on an application server. Using a client application on the client, the client may send to the application server a request for the service. In reply, the application server may send to the client a response from the service or a resource associated with the service. A gateway server may be located between the client and the application server and may function as an interface between the client and the application server. The requests and responses may follow various protocols and require authentication and authorization. In addition, the application server may audit, or log, the requests and responses.

SUMMARY

In one embodiment, the disclosure includes a device comprising: a receiver configured to receive a client certificate; a processor coupled to the receiver and configured to: authenticate the client certificate, extract, in response to the authentication, attributes from the client certificate, and create, in response to the extraction, a message comprising reformatted attributes based on the attributes, wherein the reformatted attributes can be trusted; and a transmitter coupled to the processor and configured to transmit the message.

In another embodiment, the disclosure includes a device comprising: a processor configured to: process a client certificate comprising a certificate identifier (ID) attribute, a tenant ID attribute, and a role ID attribute, and package the client certificate in a request for a shared service; and a transmitter coupled to the processor and configured to transmit the request.

In yet another embodiment, the disclosure includes a method comprising: receiving a client certificate; authenticating the client certificate based on a signature in the client certificate; authorizing, in response to the authenticating, the client to access a shareable service; extracting, in response to the authenticating, attributes from the client certificate; and creating, in response to the extracting, a message comprising reformatted attributes based on the attributes, wherein the reformatted attributes can be trusted.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a client-server network according to an embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 2a is a first portion of a message sequence diagram of the network described in FIG. 1 according to an embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 2b is a second portion of a message sequence diagram of the network described in FIG. 1 according to an embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the client certificate described in FIGS. 2a and 2b.

FIG. 4 is a flowchart illustrating a method of processing a client certificate according to an embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a computer system according to an embodiment of the disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

When a client requests a service from an application server, the client may request a shareable service, meaning that multiple partners are associated with the service. Shareable services may be used to, for example, manage business data and perform business transactions. First, it is important that the client be trusted before processing the client's request. Second, because shareable services are shared among multiple partners, it is important for a gateway to distinguish among the partners and to be able to maintain data privacy. As an example, the client may request a service associated with a first partner. In that case, the application server may query data for the first partner and not query data for a second partner, which might compete with the first partner, so that the application server does not divulge to the second partner data that is confidential to the first partner. The application server's access to, but distinction among, multiple partners may be referred to as multi-tenancy.

Disclosed herein are techniques for addressing the above issues. Specifically, first, the disclosure may provide for authenticating and authorizing a client, and therefore trusting the client, before processing the client's request. The request may comprise a client certificate, which may contain encoded in it at least three attributes. The attributes may include a certificate identifier (ID) attribute, a tenant ID attribute, and a role ID attribute. Second, the tenant ID attribute may identify a specific partner and therefore prevent data confidential to that partner from being divulged to other partners. The role ID may implement role-based access control, which may refer to identifying what role the client application may fulfill while using a shareable service and prohibiting the client application from attempting to fulfill any other roles.

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a client-server network 100 according to an embodiment of the disclosure. The network 100 may comprise clients 110_1-m and partner servers 170_1-n, communicatively coupled to a gateway server 140 via a network 120 and through a firewall 130. The gateway server 140 may be communicatively coupled to an application server 150, which may, in turn, be communicatively coupled to a back end 160. The components of the network 100 may be arranged and coupled as shown or in another suitable manner.

The clients 110_1-m may be a notebook computer, tablet computer, desktop computer, mobile telephone, or other device suitable for sending communication to, and receiving communication from, the network 120. M may be any positive integer. The clients 110_1-m may be associated with users (not shown), who may operate the clients 110_1-m using a graphical user interface (GUI). In addition, the clients 110_1-m may comprise a client application (not shown), which may be any software application coded in any format for purposes of carrying out designated tasks based on automation or user input. The users may use the client application using the GUI. The client application may be used to access a shareable service on the application server 150.

The network 120 may be any network suitable for allowing communication among the clients 110_1-m, the gateway server 140, and the partner servers 170_1-n. For example, the network 120 may be the Internet or a mobile telephone network. The network 120 may allow communication along wired or wireless channels.

The firewall 130 may be a software-based or hardware-based system suitable for controlling communication to and from the server gateway 140. The firewall 130 may control communication by applying rules to communications. The rules may be set by an administrator (not shown) via the gateway server 140, the application server 150, or another suitable device. The firewall 130 may include the gateway server 140.

The gateway server 140 may be a hardware server or other device suitable for serving as an interface between the clients 110_1-m and the partner servers 170_1-n on the one hand and the application server 150 on the other hand. The gateway server 140 may translate and convert network protocols in order to allow such communication. By routing all communication to the application server 150 through the gateway server 140, the gateway server 140 may make authentication and authorization of the clients 110_1-m simpler. In order to authenticate and authorize the clients 110_1-m, the gateway server 140 may require bi-directional Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) or other protocol authentication using mutual certificate-based Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) or Transport Layer Security (TLS), or another suitable form of authentication. HTTPS, SSL, and TLS are incorporated by reference.

The application server 150 may be a hardware server or other device suitable for storing data and providing that data to requesting clients. The application server 150 may be dedicated to providing data associated with a single service or with multiple services. When another device, for instance one of the clients 110_1-m, requests a service from the application server 150, the application server 150 may retrieve from the back end 160 a resource associated with the service.

The back end 160 may be a device or devices suitable for storing the resources associated with the service. The back end 160 may reside within or without the application server 150. The back end 160 may not run independently, but may instead require commands from the application server 150. For example, the back end 160 may be a database operated using Structured Query Language (SQL), which is incorporated by reference, or any other suitable language or protocol.

The firewall 130, the gateway server 140, the application server 150, and the back end 160, or any combination of those components may be located in the network 120 or a portion of the network 120. Specifically, those components may be located in a cloud and operate, from the perspective of an entity associated with the application server 150, in a cloud computing environment. In other words, those components may not be physically located where the entity associated with the application server 150 resides. The cloud may, for instance, be an Amazon® cloud.

The partner servers 170_1-n may be hardware servers or other devices suitable for sending communication to, and receiving communication from, the network 120. N may be any positive integer. The partner servers 170_1-n may be associated with partners (not shown), which may be brick-and-mortar merchants such as Safeway® or Albertsons®; gift, credit, and other card issuers such as Starbucks® or Visa®; or other entities unrelated to card processing transactions. Each partner may have a specific ID associated with it. Furthermore, each partner may have multiple partner servers 170_1-n associated with it. The service described above may be a shareable service, meaning that multiple partners are associated with the service. In addition, the service may use a framework using applications that conform to representational state transfer (REST), which is incorporated by reference. Such applications may be referred to as RESTful applications.

FIG. 2a is a first portion of a message sequence diagram 200 of the network 100 described in FIG. 1 according to an embodiment of the disclosure. At step 205, a user (not shown) associated with the client 110₁ may access a client application (not shown) using a GUI (not shown) on the client 110₁. Specifically, the user may request from the client application a service associated with the partner 170₁. The application server 150 may, however, provide the service on behalf of the partner 170₁. Accordingly, the client 110₁ may begin a process of communication with the application server 150. The communication may start, however, with mutual authentication between the client 110₁ and the gateway server 140 and with the gateway server 140 authorizing the client 110₁.

Generally, steps 210-240 may comprise steps for mutual authentication between the client 110₁ and the gateway server 140. The steps may comprise messages sent between the client 110₁ and the gateway server 140, as well as among other components, such as the network 120 and the firewall 130, between the client 110₁ and the gateway server 140. The messages may comply with SSL, TLS, or another suitable authentication protocol and be sent and received using HTTPS or another suitable communications protocol. Though steps 220-270 are shown, it may be understood that different steps may be used for SSL, TLS, or another suitable authentication protocol.

At step 210, the client 110₁ may send a request for establishment of communication with the application server 150. For example, the client application may be an Internet browser, so the request may be the client application attempting to access a website. As another example, the client application may be a stand-alone application that directly accesses the Internet without use of a web browser. Because all communication with the application server 150 may be routed through the gateway server 140, the gateway server 140 may handle the request. At step 215, in response to the request at step 210, the gateway server 140 may retrieve a server certificate either locally or from a database.

At step 220, the gateway server 140 may send to the client 110₁ the server certificate. At step 225, the client 110₁ may authenticate the gateway server 140 based on the server certificate. At step 230, the client 110₁ may retrieve a client certificate. The client 110₁ may have previously received the client certificate from the partner server 170₁ upon downloading the client application or at some other point. The client 110₁ may store the client certificate either locally on the client 110₁ or in a database accessible to the client 110₁. The client certificate may be signed by a private certificate authority associated with the application server 150. The client certificate may have embedded within it three attributes, a certificate ID, a tenant ID, and a role ID, which are described more fully below.

At step 235, the client 110₁ may attempt to send to the application server 150 a request for a shareable service. Once again, the gateway server 140 may handle the request. The request may include the client certificate and may be related to a partner associated with the partner server 170₁. Alternatively, the client 110₁ may route the request through the partner server 170₁, which may contain the client certificate.

At step 240, the gateway server 140 may authenticate and authorize the client 110₁. The gateway server 140 may authenticate the client 110₁ because it received the client certificate from the client 110₁. The client certificate may not be forged because it is signed by the private certificate authority associated with the application server 150. The gateway server 140 may therefore authorize the client 110₁ to have access to the shareable service.

FIG. 2b is a second portion of a message sequence diagram 200 of the network 100 described in FIG. 1 according to an embodiment of the disclosure. At step 245, after authenticating and authorizing the client 110₁, the gateway server 140 may extract the attributes from the client certificate. At step 250, the gateway server 140 may reformat the attributes into HTTPS headers or an HTTPS body in an Extensible Markup Language (XML), JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) or other suitable message. The message may be in human readable format. At step 255, the gateway server 140 may send to the application server 150 a request for the shareable service. The request may include the message comprising the attributes.

At step 260, the application server 150 may audit the certificate ID, the tenant ID, and the role ID from the request for legal, billing, or other purposes. For example, if the request is related to a financial shareable service, the application server 150 may be required by law to audit the request. In addition, the application server 150 may audit the request in order to bill the client 110₁ for use of the shareable service. The audit data may indicate which one of the client 100_1-m, for instance the client 100₁, made which requests. The application server 150 may store audit data either locally or on the back end 160.

At step 265, the application server 150 may request data from the back end 160, which may be a resource associated with the shareable service. At step 270, the back end 160 may send to the application server 150 the resource associated with the shareable service. At step 275, the application server 150 may forward to the gateway server 140 the resource associated with the shareable service or a response to the request. At step 280, the gateway server 140 may send to the client 110₁ the resource associated with the shareable service or a response to the request. At step 285, the client 110₁ or the client application may use the resource or process the response.

As another example, the shareable service may be related to gift cards. A merchant may be associated with a partner server 170₁, and a user associated with the client 110₁ may desire to obtain a Starbucks® gift card from the partner server 170₁. The client 110₁ may be a notebook computer at a user's home. The user may access on the client 110₁ a client application, which may be a web browser such as Safari®. In particular, the user may navigate to the merchant's website to obtain a Starbucks® gift card. The application server 150 may provide the shareable service. Accordingly, the partner server 170₁ may contact the application server 150 through the gateway server 140, and the partner server 170₁ and the gateway server 140 may authenticate each other. After authentication, the client application may send a request to the shareable service. In other words, the client application may request a gift card or a resource related to the gift card. The application server 150 may respond with a new gift card ID, time stamps associated with the transaction, or other resources associated with the shareable service. While this example relates to gift cards, it is understood that the shareable service may be any shareable or non-shareable service provided in a client-server network such as the network 100.

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the client certificate 300 described in FIGS. 2a and 2b. The certificate 300 may comprise a certificate ID, or certificateId, attribute 310; a tenant ID, or tenantId, attribute 320; and a role ID, or roleId, attribute 330. In a message from the client 110₁ to the gateway server 140, the certificateId attribute 310 may be referenced as a common name (CN) attribute, the tenantId attribute 320 may be referenced as an organization (O) attribute, and the roleId attribute 330 may be referenced as an organizational unit (OU) attribute in the subject line of the client certificate 300, though other associations may be made as well. In a message from the gateway server 140 to the application server 150, the attributes may maintain their nomenclature. In addition to the certificateId attribute 310, the tenantId attribute 320, and the roleId attribute 330, the client certificate 300 may comprise additional attributes that may identify other aspects of the relationship among the client 110₁, the gateway server 140, the application server 150, and the partner server 170₁. A private certificate authority (not shown) associated with the gateway server 140 may issue the client certificate 300. Each partner associated with the partner servers 170_1-n may have a client certificate associated with it.

Each of the attributes may not be forged because the client certificate 300 may be signed by the private certificate authority associated with the gateway server 140. Because the attributes may not be forged, the attributes may not need to be validated, but may instead be trusted and cannot be repudiated later by the client 110₁ or other legal party. Any additional attributes similarly may be trusted and cannot be repudiated later by the client 110₁ or other legal party. When the gateway server 140 extracts the attributes and forwards them to the application server 150, the application server 150 may trust the attributes because they came from the gateway server 140. Each attribute may be a cryptographically random globally unique identifier (GUID), meaning that the same values may not be created twice. Because the attributes may be encoded in the client certificate 300, they may not be changed without the client certificate 300 signature being invalidated.

The certificateId attribute 310 may be an ID that is unique to the client certificate 300. In other words, every client certificate may have a different value for the certificateId attribute 310. The certificateId attribute 310 may tell the gateway server 140 and the application server 150 which one of the clients 110_1-m, for instance the client 110₁, is requesting the shareable service. Before processing the tenantId attribute 320 and the roleId attribute 330, the gateway server 140 and the application server 150 may confirm that the certificateId attribute 310 value is valid and has not been revoked. A certificateId attribute 310 value may be revoked if, for instance, the client certificate 300 has been stolen or suspected of being stolen.

The tenantId attribute 320 may be an ID that specifies which partner owns the data that the client application is attempting to access. Each partner may have a tenant ID associated with it. The tenantId attribute 320 may specify which partner data the client 110₁ may access. Accordingly, the tenantId attribute 320 may ensure segregation of data associated with the partners. In other words, if the client certificate 300 comprises the tenantId attribute 320 and the tenantId attribute 320 indicates a first partner, then the first partner may not access the data of a second partner and no data associated with the second partner may be affected based on the client certificate 300.

The roleId attribute 330 may be an ID that helps to implement role-based access control, which may refer to identifying what role the client application may fulfill while using the shareable service and prohibiting the client application from attempting to fulfill any other roles. For example, the role may be an administrator role, a general role, or another role. The types of roles may be unlimited and may dictate what data transactions the client 110₁ may perform. If the roleId attribute 330 has a value indicating a general role, then the client 110₁ may have limited access to data. If, however, the roleId attribute 330 has a value indicating an administrator role, then the client 110₁ may have nearly unlimited access to data. There may be multiple roleId attribute 330 values associated with a single tenantId attribute 320 value in separate client certificates.

FIG. 4 is a flowchart illustrating a method 400 of processing a client certificate according to an embodiment of the disclosure. The method 400 may be implemented in the gateway server 140. At step 410, a client certificate may be received. The client certificate may be the client certificate 300. At step 420, the client certificate may be authenticated. The client certificate may be authenticated based on a signature in the client certificate. At step 430, access to a shareable service may be authorized. The authorization may occur in response to the authentication. The access may be authorized to one of the clients 110_1-m. At step 440, attributes from the client certificate may be extracted. The extraction may be in response to the authentication. The attributes may be the certificateId attribute 310, the tenantId attribute 320, and the roleId attribute 330. At step 450, a message comprising reformatted attributes may be created. The creation may be in response to the extraction. The reformatted attributes may be based on the attributes and may be trusted based on the authentication.

FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a computer system 500 according to an embodiment of the disclosure. The system 500 may be suitable for implementing the disclosed embodiments, including the clients 110_1-m, the gateway server 140, the application server 150, and the partner servers 170_1-n. The system 500 may comprise a processor 510 that is in communication with memory devices, including a secondary storage 520, a read only memory (ROM) 530, a random access memory (RAM) 540, input/output (I/O) devices 550, and a transmitter/receiver 560. Although illustrated as a single processor, the processor 510 is not so limited and may comprise multiple processors. The processor 510 may be implemented as one or more central processor unit (CPU) chips, cores (e.g., a multi-core processor), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), and/or digital signal processors (DSPs), and/or the processor 510 may be part of one or more ASICs. The processor 510 may be implemented using hardware or a combination of hardware and software.

The secondary storage 520 may comprise one or more disk drives or tape drives and may be used for non-volatile storage of data and as an overflow data storage device if the RAM 540 is not large enough to hold all working data. The secondary storage 520 may be used to store programs that are loaded into the RAM 540 when such programs are selected for execution. The ROM 530 may be used to store instructions and data that are read during program execution. The ROM 530 may be a non-volatile memory device that may have a small memory capacity relative to the larger memory capacity of the secondary storage 520. The RAM 540 may be used to store volatile data and perhaps to store instructions. Access to both the ROM 530 and the RAM 540 may be faster than to the secondary storage 520.

The transmitter/receiver 560 may serve as an output and/or input device of the system 500. For example, if the transmitter/receiver 560 is acting as a transmitter, it may transmit data out of the system 500. If the transmitter/receiver 560 is acting as a receiver, it may receive data into the system 500. The transmitter/receiver 560 may take the form of modems; modem banks; Ethernet cards; universal serial bus (USB) interface cards; serial interfaces; token ring cards; fiber distributed data interface (FDDI) cards; wireless local area network (WLAN) cards; radio transceiver cards such as code division multiple access (CDMA), global system for mobile communications (GSM), long-term evolution (LTE), worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), and/or other air interface protocol radio transceiver cards; and other well-known network devices. The transmitter/receiver 560 may enable the processor 510 to communicate with the Internet or one or more intranets. The I/O devices 550 may comprise a video monitor, a liquid crystal display (LCD), a touch screen display, or another type of video display for displaying video and may also include a video recording device for capturing video. The I/O devices 550 may also include one or more keyboards, mice, track balls, or other well-known input devices.

The ordering of steps in the various processes, data flows, and flowcharts presented are for illustration purposes and do not necessarily reflect the order that various steps must be performed. The steps may be rearranged in different orders in different embodiments to reflect the needs, desires and preferences of the entity implementing the systems. Furthermore, many steps may be performed simultaneously with other steps in some embodiments.

Also, techniques, systems, subsystems and methods described and illustrated in the various embodiments as discrete or separate may be combined or integrated with other systems, modules, techniques, or methods without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. Other items shown or discussed as directly coupled or communicating with each other may be coupled through some interface or device, such that the items may no longer be considered directly coupled to each other but may still be indirectly coupled and in communication, whether electrically, mechanically, or otherwise with one another. Other examples of changes, substitutions, and alterations are ascertainable by one skilled in the art and could be made without departing from the spirit and scope disclosed. There has been described herein an systems and methods for providing a security code of an electronic stored-value card such that users may purchase, redeem, and/or exchange value associated with the electronic stored-value card (e.g., electronic value tokens residing in an electronic wallet). It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure. The embodiments described are representative only, and are not intended to be limiting. Many variations, combinations, and modifications of the applications disclosed herein are possible and are within the scope of the disclosure. Accordingly, the scope of protection is not limited by the description set out above, but is defined by the claims which follow, that scope including all equivalents of the subject matter of the claims.

Claims

1. A device comprising: a receiver configured to receive a client certificate;a processor comprising hardware or a combination of hardware and software coupled to the receiver and configured via execution of a stored program to: authenticate the client certificate comprising a role ID attribute,extract, in response to the authentication, attributes from the client certificate, andcreate, in response to the extraction, a message comprising trusted reformatted attributes based on the attributes, wherein the trusted reformatted attributes are trusted because the processor created the message comprising the reformatted attributes, and wherein the trusted reformatted attributes are included in Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) or HTTP Secure (FITTPS) headers; anda transmitter coupled to the processor and configured to transmit the message.

2. The device of claim 1, wherein the device is a gateway server, wherein the receiver is configured to receive the client certificate from a client, and wherein the transmitter is configured to transmit the message to an application server.

3. The device of claim 2, wherein the processor is configured to authenticate the client certificate when the client certificate is signed by a private certificate authority associated with a gateway server.

4. The device of claim 2, wherein the trusted reformatted attributes comprise a certificate identifier (ID) attribute that uniquely identifies the client certificate.

5. The device of claim 4, wherein the certificate ID identifies the client.

6. The device of claim 4, wherein the trusted reformatted attributes comprise a tenant ID attribute that specifies which client accessible partner data.

7. The device of claim 6, wherein the role ID attribute helps to implement role-based access control.

8. The device of claim 1, wherein the trusted reformatted attributes are trusted because of the authentication.

9. The device of claim 1, wherein the message is in an Extensible Markup Language (XML) or JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) format, and wherein the transmitter is configured to transmit the message using Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS).

10. A computer system hardware component, wherein the hardware computer system component executes a stored program to perform a method comprising: receiving, by the computer system hardware component, a client certificate comprising a role ID attribute;authenticating, by the computer system hardware component, the client certificate based on a signature in the client certificate;authorizing, by the computer system hardware component, in response to the authenticating, access to a shareable service;extracting, by the computer system hardware component, in response to the authenticating, attributes from the client certificate; andcreating, by the computer system hardware component, in response to the extracting, a message comprising trusted reformatted attributes based on authentication of the attributes, wherein the computer system hardware component's created trusted reformatted attributes are globally unique identifiers (GUIDs) that are unique and cannot be forged, and wherein the reformatted attributes com rise a certificate identifier (ID) attribute that uniquely identifies the device, a tenant ID attribute that specifies device accessible partner data, and the role ID attribute that specifies a device role while accessing the application server.

11. The computer system hardware component of claim 10, further comprising: transmitting, by the computer system hardware component, the message;receiving, by the computer system hardware component in response to the transmitting, a resource associated with the shareable service; andforwarding, by the computer system hardware component, the resource.

12. A device comprising: a receiver configured to receive a client certificate;a processor comprising hardware or a combination of hardware and software coupled to the receiver and configured via execution of a stored program to: authenticate the client certificate comprising a role ID attribute,extract, in response to the authentication, attributes from the client certificate, andcreate, in response to the extraction, a message comprising trusted reformatted attributes based on the attributes, wherein the message is in an Extensible Markup Language (XML) or JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) format and wherein the trusted reformatted attributes are trusted because the processor created the message comprising the reformatted; anda transmitter coupled to the processor and configured to transmit the message and wherein the transmitter is configured to transmit the message using Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS).

13. The device of claim 12, wherein the device is a gateway server, wherein the receiver is configured to receive the client certificate from a client, and wherein the transmitter is configured to transmit the message to an application server.

14. The device of claim 13, wherein the processor is configured to authenticate the client certificate when the client certificate is signed by a private certificate authority associated with a gateway server.

15. The device of claim 13, wherein the trusted reformatted attributes comprise a certificate identifier (ID) attribute that uniquely identifies the client certificate.

16. The device of claim 15, wherein the certificate ID identifies the client.

17. The device of claim 15, wherein the trusted reformatted attributes comprise a tenant ID attribute that specifies which client accessible partner data.

18. The device of claim 17, wherein the role ID attribute helps to implement role-based access control.

19. The device of claim 12, wherein the trusted reformatted attributes are trusted because of the authentication.

20. The device of claim 12, wherein the trusted reformatted attributes are included in Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) or HTTP Secure (HTTPS) headers.