Patent Grant
9858925
The present invention relates to virtual assistants, and more specifically to mechanisms for improving interpretation and processing of commands provided to such an assistant.
Today's electronic devices are able to access a large, growing, and diverse quantity of functions, services, and information, both via the Internet and from other sources. Functionality for such devices is increasing rapidly, as many consumer devices, smartphones, tablet computers, and the like, are able to run software applications to perform various tasks and provide different types of information. Often, each application, function, website, or feature has its own user interface and its own operational paradigms, many of which can be burdensome to learn or overwhelming for users. In addition, many users may have difficulty even discovering what functionality and/or information is available on their electronic devices or on various websites; thus, such users may become frustrated or overwhelmed, or may simply be unable to use the resources available to them in an effective manner.
In particular, novice users, or individuals who are impaired or disabled in some manner, and/or are elderly, busy, distracted, and/or operating a vehicle may have difficulty interfacing with their electronic devices effectively, and/or engaging online services effectively. Such users are particularly likely to have difficulty with the large number of diverse and inconsistent functions, applications, and websites that may be available for their use.
Accordingly, existing systems are often difficult to use and to navigate, and often present users with inconsistent and overwhelming interfaces that often prevent the users from making effective use of the technology.
An intelligent automated assistant, also referred to herein as a virtual assistant, can provide an improved interface between human and computer. Such an assistant, which may be implemented as described in related U.S. application Ser. No. 12/987,982 for “Intelligent Automated Assistant”, filed Jan. 10, 2011, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, allows users to interact with a device or system using natural language, in spoken and/or text forms. Such an assistant interprets user inputs, operationalizes the user's intent into tasks and parameters to those tasks, executes services to support those tasks, and produces output that is intelligible to the user.
A virtual assistant can draw on any of a number of sources of information to process user input, including for example knowledge bases, models, and/or data. In many cases, the user's input alone is not sufficient to clearly define the user's intent and task to be performed. This could be due to noise in the input stream, individual differences among users, and/or the inherent ambiguity of natural language. For example, the user of a text messaging application on a phone might invoke a virtual assistant and speak the command “call her”. While such a command is perfectly reasonable English, it is not a precise, executable statement, since there are many interpretations and possible solutions to this request. Thus, without further information, a virtual assistant may not be able to correctly interpret and process such input. Ambiguity of this type can lead to errors, incorrect actions being performed, and/or excessively burdening the user with requests to clarify input.
According to various embodiments of the present invention, a virtual assistant uses context information (also referred to herein as “context”) to supplement natural language or gestural input from a user. This helps to clarify the user's intent and to reduce the number of candidate interpretations of the user's input, and reduces the need for the user to provide excessive clarification input. Context can include any available information that is usable by the assistant to supplement explicit user input to constrain an information-processing problem and/or to personalize results. For example, if input from the user includes a pronoun (such as “her” in the command “call her”) the virtual assistant can use context to infer the referent of the pronoun, for example to ascertain the identity of the person to be called and/or the telephone number to use. Other uses of context are described herein.
According to various embodiments of the present invention, any of a number of mechanisms can be implemented for acquiring and applying contextual information to perform computations in a virtual assistant implemented on an electronic device. In various embodiments, the virtual assistant is an intelligent automated assistant as described in U.S. application Ser. No. 12/987,982 for “Intelligent Automated Assistant”, filed Jan. 10, 2011, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Such an assistant engages with the user in an integrated, conversational manner using natural language dialog, and invokes external services when appropriate to obtain information or perform various actions. According to the techniques described herein, contextual information is used in such an assistant, for example, to reduce ambiguity when performing information processing functions such as speech recognition, natural language processing, task flow processing, and dialog generation.
According to various embodiments of the present invention, a virtual assistant may be configured, designed, and/or operable to use context in performing various different types of operations, functionalities, and/or features, and/or to combine a plurality of features, operations, and applications of an electronic device on which it is installed. In some embodiments, a virtual assistant of the present invention can use context when performing any or all of: actively eliciting input from a user, interpreting user intent, disambiguating among competing interpretations, requesting and receiving clarifying information as needed, and/or performing (or initiating) actions based on the discerned intent.
Actions can be performed, for example, by activating and/or interfacing with any applications or services that may be available on an electronic device, as well as services that are available over an electronic network such as the Internet. In various embodiments, such activation of external services can be performed via application programming interfaces (APIs) or by any other suitable mechanism. In this manner, a virtual assistant implemented according to various embodiments of the present invention can unify, simplify, and improve the user's experience with respect to many different applications and functions of an electronic device, and with respect to services that may be available over the Internet. The user can thereby be relieved of the burden of learning what functionality may be available on the device and on web-connected services, how to interface with such services to get what he or she wants, and how to interpret the output received from such services; rather, the assistant of the present invention can act as a go-between between the user and such diverse services.
In addition, in various embodiments, the virtual assistant of the present invention provides a conversational interface that the user may find more intuitive and less burdensome than conventional graphical user interfaces. The user can engage in a form of conversational dialog with the assistant using any of a number of available input and output mechanisms, such as for example speech, graphical user interfaces (buttons and links), text entry, and the like. The system can be implemented using any of a number of different platforms, such as device APIs, the web, email, and the like, or any combination thereof. Requests for additional input can be presented to the user in the context of such a conversation. Short and long term memory can be engaged so that user input can be interpreted in proper context given previous events and communications within a given session, as well as historical and profile information about the user.
In addition, in various embodiments, context information derived from user interaction with a feature, operation, or application on a device can be used to streamline the operation of other features, operations, or applications on the device or on other devices. For example, the virtual assistant can use the context of a phone call (such as the person called) to streamline the initiation of a text message (for example to determine that the text message should be sent to the same person, without the user having to explicitly specify the recipient of the text message). The virtual assistant of the present invention can thereby interpret instructions such as “send him a text message”, wherein the “him” is interpreted according to context information derived from a current phone call, and/or from any feature, operation, or application on the device. In various embodiments, the virtual assistant takes into account various types of available context data to determine which address book contact to use, which contact data to use, which telephone number to use for the contact, and the like, so that the user need not re-specify such information manually.
Contextual information sources include, for example and without limitation: the current state of a device used as an interface to the assistant, such as the current time, location, application, or data object; personal data such as a user's address book, calendar, and application usage history; and the state of the dialog between the user and the virtual assistant, such as recently mentioned people and/or places.
Context can be applied to a variety of computations and inferences in the operation of the virtual assistant. For example, context can be used to reduce ambiguity or otherwise constrain the number of solutions as user input is processed. Context can thus be used to constrain the solutions during various phases of processing, including for example and without limitation:
In various embodiments, the virtual assistant of the present invention can control various features and operations of an electronic device. For example, the virtual assistant can call services that interface with functionality and applications on a device via APIs or by other means, to perform functions and operations that might otherwise be initiated using a conventional user interface on the device. Such functions and operations may include, for example, setting an alarm, making a telephone call, sending a text message or email message, adding a calendar event, and the like. Such functions and operations may be performed as add-on functions in the context of a conversational dialog between a user and the assistant. Such functions and operations can be specified by the user in the context of such a dialog, or they may be automatically performed based on the context of the dialog. One skilled in the art will recognize that the assistant can thereby be used as a control mechanism for initiating and controlling various operations on the electronic device, which may be used as an alternative to conventional mechanisms such as buttons or graphical user interfaces. As described herein, contextual information can be used to inform and improve on such use of the virtual assistant as a control mechanism.
The accompanying drawings illustrate several embodiments of the invention and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention according to the embodiments. One skilled in the art will recognize that the particular embodiments illustrated in the drawings are merely exemplary, and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention.
According to various embodiments of the present invention, a variety of contextual information is acquired and applied to perform information processing functions in support of the operations of a virtual assistant. For purposes of the description, the term “virtual assistant” is equivalent to the term “intelligent automated assistant”, both referring to any information processing system that performs one or more of the functions of:
An example of such a virtual assistant is described in related U.S. Utility application Ser. No. 12/987,982 for “Intelligent Automated Assistant”, filed Jan. 10, 2011, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
Various techniques will now be described in detail with reference to example embodiments as illustrated in the accompanying drawings. In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of one or more aspects and/or features described or reference herein. It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art, that one or more aspects and/or features described or reference herein may be practiced without some or all of these specific details. In other instances, well known process steps and/or structures have not been described in detail in order to not obscure some of the aspects and/or features described or reference herein.
One or more different inventions may be described in the present application. Further, for one or more of the invention(s) described herein, numerous embodiments may be described in this patent application, and are presented for illustrative purposes only. The described embodiments are not intended to be limiting in any sense. One or more of the invention(s) may be widely applicable to numerous embodiments, as is readily apparent from the disclosure. These embodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice one or more of the invention(s), and it is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilized and that structural, logical, software, electrical and other changes may be made without departing from the scope of the one or more of the invention(s). Accordingly, those skilled in the art will recognize that the one or more of the invention(s) may be practiced with various modifications and alterations. Particular features of one or more of the invention(s) may be described with reference to one or more particular embodiments or figures that form a part of the present disclosure, and in which are shown, by way of illustration, specific embodiments of one or more of the invention(s). It should be understood, however, that such features are not limited to usage in the one or more particular embodiments or figures with reference to which they are described. The present disclosure is neither a literal description of all embodiments of one or more of the invention(s) nor a listing of features of one or more of the invention(s) that must be present in all embodiments.
Headings of sections provided in this patent application and the title of this patent application are for convenience only, and are not to be taken as limiting the disclosure in any way.
Devices that are in communication with each other need not be in continuous communication with each other, unless expressly specified otherwise. In addition, devices that are in communication with each other may communicate directly or indirectly through one or more intermediaries.
A description of an embodiment with several components in communication with each other does not imply that all such components are required. To the contrary, a variety of optional components are described to illustrate the wide variety of possible embodiments of one or more of the invention(s).
Further, although process steps, method steps, algorithms or the like may be described in a sequential order, such processes, methods and algorithms may be configured to work in any suitable order. In other words, any sequence or order of steps that may be described in this patent application does not, in and of itself, indicate a requirement that the steps be performed in that order. Further, some steps may be performed simultaneously despite being described or implied as occurring non-simultaneously (e.g., because one step is described after the other step). Moreover, the illustration of a process by its depiction in a drawing does not imply that the illustrated process is exclusive of other variations and modifications thereto, does not imply that the illustrated process or any of its steps are necessary to one or more of the invention(s), and does not imply that the illustrated process is preferred.
When a single device or article is described, it will be readily apparent that more than one device/article (whether or not they cooperate) may be used in place of a single device/article. Similarly, where more than one device or article is described (whether or not they cooperate), it will be readily apparent that a single device/article may be used in place of the more than one device or article.
The functionality and/or the features of a device may be alternatively embodied by one or more other devices that are not explicitly described as having such functionality/features. Thus, other embodiments of one or more of the invention(s) need not include the device itself.
Techniques and mechanisms described or reference herein will sometimes be described in singular form for clarity. However, it should be noted that particular embodiments include multiple iterations of a technique or multiple instantiations of a mechanism unless noted otherwise.
Although described within the context of technology for implementing an intelligent automated assistant, also known as a virtual assistant, it may be understood that the various aspects and techniques described herein may also be deployed and/or applied in other fields of technology involving human and/or computerized interaction with software.
Other aspects relating to virtual assistant technology (e.g., which may be utilized by, provided by, and/or implemented at one or more virtual assistant system embodiments described herein) are disclosed in one or more of the following, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference:
Generally, the virtual assistant techniques disclosed herein may be implemented on hardware or a combination of software and hardware. For example, they may be implemented in an operating system kernel, in a separate user process, in a library package bound into network applications, on a specially constructed machine, and/or on a network interface card. In a specific embodiment, the techniques disclosed herein may be implemented in software such as an operating system or in an application running on an operating system.
Software/hardware hybrid implementation(s) of at least some of the virtual assistant embodiment(s) disclosed herein may be implemented on a programmable machine selectively activated or reconfigured by a computer program stored in memory. Such network devices may have multiple network interfaces which may be configured or designed to utilize different types of network communication protocols. A general architecture for some of these machines may appear from the descriptions disclosed herein. According to specific embodiments, at least some of the features and/or functionalities of the various virtual assistant embodiments disclosed herein may be implemented on one or more general-purpose network host machines such as an end-user computer system, computer, network server or server system, mobile computing device (e.g., personal digital assistant, mobile phone, smartphone, laptop, tablet computer, or the like), consumer electronic device, music player, or any other suitable electronic device, router, switch, or the like, or any combination thereof. In at least some embodiments, at least some of the features and/or functionalities of the various virtual assistant embodiments disclosed herein may be implemented in one or more virtualized computing environments (e.g., network computing clouds, or the like).
Referring now to
In one embodiment, computing device 60 includes central processing unit (CPU) 62, interfaces 68, and a bus 67 (such as a peripheral component interconnect (PCI) bus). When acting under the control of appropriate software or firmware, CPU 62 may be responsible for implementing specific functions associated with the functions of a specifically configured computing device or machine. For example, in at least one embodiment, a user's personal digital assistant (PDA) or smartphone may be configured or designed to function as a virtual assistant system utilizing CPU 62, memory 61, 65, and interface(s) 68. In at least one embodiment, the CPU 62 may be caused to perform one or more of the different types of virtual assistant functions and/or operations under the control of software modules/components, which for example, may include an operating system and any appropriate applications software, drivers, and the like.
CPU 62 may include one or more processor(s) 63 such as, for example, a processor from the Motorola or Intel family of microprocessors or the MIPS family of microprocessors. In some embodiments, processor(s) 63 may include specially designed hardware (e.g., application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), electrically erasable programmable read-only memories (EEPROMs), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), and the like) for controlling the operations of computing device 60. In a specific embodiment, a memory 61 (such as non-volatile random access memory (RAM) and/or read-only memory (ROM)) also forms part of CPU 62. However, there are many different ways in which memory may be coupled to the system. Memory block 61 may be used for a variety of purposes such as, for example, caching and/or storing data, programming instructions, and the like.
As used herein, the term “processor” is not limited merely to those integrated circuits referred to in the art as a processor, but broadly refers to a microcontroller, a microcomputer, a programmable logic controller, an application-specific integrated circuit, and any other programmable circuit.
In one embodiment, interfaces 68 are provided as interface cards (sometimes referred to as “line cards”). Generally, they control the sending and receiving of data packets over a computing network and sometimes support other peripherals used with computing device 60. Among the interfaces that may be provided are Ethernet interfaces, frame relay interfaces, cable interfaces, DSL interfaces, token ring interfaces, and the like. In addition, various types of interfaces may be provided such as, for example, universal serial bus (USB), Serial, Ethernet, Firewire, PCI, parallel, radio frequency (RF), Bluetooth™, near-field communications (e.g., using near-field magnetics), 802.11 (WiFi), frame relay, TCP/IP, ISDN, fast Ethernet interfaces, Gigabit Ethernet interfaces, asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) interfaces, high-speed serial interface (HSSI) interfaces, Point of Sale (POS) interfaces, fiber data distributed interfaces (FDDIs), and the like. Generally, such interfaces 68 may include ports appropriate for communication with the appropriate media. In some cases, they may also include an independent processor and, in some instances, volatile and/or non-volatile memory (e.g., RAM).
Although the system shown in
Regardless of network device configuration, the system of the present invention may employ one or more memories or memory modules (such as, for example, memory block 65) configured to store data, program instructions for the general-purpose network operations and/or other information relating to the functionality of the virtual assistant techniques described herein. The program instructions may control the operation of an operating system and/or one or more applications, for example. The memory or memories may also be configured to store data structures, keyword taxonomy information, advertisement information, user click and impression information, and/or other specific non-program information described herein.
Because such information and program instructions may be employed to implement the systems/methods described herein, at least some network device embodiments may include nontransitory machine-readable storage media, which, for example, may be configured or designed to store program instructions, state information, and the like for performing various operations described herein. Examples of such nontransitory machine-readable storage media include, but are not limited to, magnetic media such as hard disks, floppy disks, magnetic tape; optical media such as CD-ROM disks; magneto-optical media such as floptical disks, and hardware devices that are specially configured to store and perform program instructions, such as read-only memory devices (ROM), flash memory, memristor memory, random access memory (RAM), and the like. Examples of program instructions include both machine code, such as produced by a compiler, and files containing higher level code that may be executed by the computer using an interpreter.
In one embodiment, the system of the present invention is implemented on a standalone computing system. Referring now to
In another embodiment, the system of the present invention is implemented on a distributed computing network, such as one having any number of clients and/or servers. Referring now to
In the arrangement shown in
In addition, in one embodiment, servers 1340 can call external services 1360 when needed to obtain additional information or refer to store data concerning previous interactions with particular users. Communications with external services 1360 can take place, for example, via network 1361. In various embodiments, external services 1360 include web-enabled services and/or functionality related to or installed on the hardware device itself. For example, in an embodiment where assistant 1002 is implemented on a smartphone or other electronic device, assistant 1002 can obtain information stored in a calendar application (“app”), contacts, and/or other sources.
In various embodiments, assistant 1002 can control many features and operations of an electronic device on which it is installed. For example, assistant 1002 can call external services 1360 that interface with functionality and applications on a device via APIs or by other means, to perform functions and operations that might otherwise be initiated using a conventional user interface on the device. Such functions and operations may include, for example, setting an alarm, making a telephone call, sending a text message or email message, adding a calendar event, and the like. Such functions and operations may be performed as add-on functions in the context of a conversational dialog between a user and assistant 1002. Such functions and operations can be specified by the user in the context of such a dialog, or they may be automatically performed based on the context of the dialog. One skilled in the art will recognize that assistant 1002 can thereby be used as a control mechanism for initiating and controlling various operations on the electronic device, which may be used as an alternative to conventional mechanisms such as buttons or graphical user interfaces.
For example, the user may provide input to assistant 1002 such as “I need to wake tomorrow at 8 am”. Once assistant 1002 has determined the user's intent, using the techniques described herein, assistant 1002 can call external services 1340 to interface with an alarm clock function or application on the device. Assistant 1002 sets the alarm on behalf of the user. In this manner, the user can use assistant 1002 as a replacement for conventional mechanisms for setting the alarm or performing other functions on the device. If the user's requests are ambiguous or need further clarification, assistant 1002 can use the various techniques described herein, including active elicitation, paraphrasing, suggestions, and the like, and including obtaining context information, so that the correct services 1340 are called and the intended action taken. In one embodiment, assistant 1002 may prompt the user for confirmation and/or request additional context information from any suitable source before calling a service 1340 to perform a function. In one embodiment, a user can selectively disable assistant's 1002 ability to call particular services 1340, or can disable all such service-calling if desired.
The system of the present invention can be implemented with any of a number of different types of clients 1304 and modes of operation. Referring now to
For messaging platforms including but not limited to email, instant messaging, discussion forums, group chat sessions, live help or customer support sessions and the like, assistant 1002 may act as a participant in the conversations. Assistant 1002 may monitor the conversation and reply to individuals or the group using one or more the techniques and methods described herein for one-to-one interactions.
In various embodiments, functionality for implementing the techniques of the present invention can be distributed among any number of client and/or server components. For example, various software modules can be implemented for performing various functions in connection with the present invention, and such modules can be variously implemented to run on server and/or client components. Further details for such an arrangement are provided in related U.S. application Ser. No. 12/987,982 for “Intelligent Automated Assistant”, filed Jan. 10, 2011, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
In the example of
In one embodiment, client 1304 maintains subsets and/or portions of these components locally, to improve responsiveness and reduce dependence on network communications. Such subsets and/or portions can be maintained and updated according to well known cache management techniques. Such subsets and/or portions include, for example:
Additional components may be implemented as part of server 1340, including for example:
Each of these components will be described in more detail below. Server 1340 obtains additional information by interfacing with external services 1360 when needed.
Conceptual Architecture
Referring now to
For example, according to different embodiments, virtual assistant 1002 may be configured, designed, and/or operable to provide various different types of operations, functionalities, and/or features, such as, for example, one or more of the following (or combinations thereof):
According to different embodiments, at least a portion of the various types of functions, operations, actions, and/or other features provided by virtual assistant 1002 may be implemented at one or more client systems(s), at one or more server system(s), and/or combinations thereof.
According to different embodiments, at least a portion of the various types of functions, operations, actions, and/or other features provided by virtual assistant 1002 may use contextual information in interpreting and operationalizing user input, as described in more detail herein.
For example, in at least one embodiment, virtual assistant 1002 may be operable to utilize and/or generate various different types of data and/or other types of information when performing specific tasks and/or operations. This may include, for example, input data/information and/or output data/information. For example, in at least one embodiment, virtual assistant 1002 may be operable to access, process, and/or otherwise utilize information from one or more different types of sources, such as, for example, one or more local and/or remote memories, devices and/or systems. Additionally, in at least one embodiment, virtual assistant 1002 may be operable to generate one or more different types of output data/information, which, for example, may be stored in memory of one or more local and/or remote devices and/or systems.
Examples of different types of input data/information which may be accessed and/or utilized by virtual assistant 1002 may include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following (or combinations thereof):
The input to the embodiments described herein also includes the context of the user interaction history, including dialog and request history.
As described in the related U.S. Utility Applications cross-referenced above, many different types of output data/information may be generated by virtual assistant 1002. These may include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following (or combinations thereof):
It may be appreciated that the virtual assistant 1002 of
Virtual assistant 1002 may include a plurality of different types of components, devices, modules, processes, systems, and the like, which, for example, may be implemented and/or instantiated via the use of hardware and/or combinations of hardware and software. For example, as illustrated in the example embodiment of
In certain client/server-based embodiments, some or all of these components may be distributed between client 1304 and server 1340.
In one embodiment, virtual assistant 1002 receives user input 2704 via any suitable input modality, including for example touchscreen input, keyboard input, spoken input, and/or any combination thereof. In one embodiment, assistant 1002 also receives context information 1000, which may include event context 2706 and/or any of several other types of context as described in more detail herein.
Upon processing user input 2704 and context information 1000 according to the techniques described herein, virtual assistant 1002 generates output 2708 for presentation to the user. Output 2708 can be generated according to any suitable output modality, which may be informed by context 1000 as well as other factors, if appropriate. Examples of output modalities include visual output as presented on a screen, auditory output (which may include spoken output and/or beeps and other sounds), haptic output (such as vibration), and/or any combination thereof.
Additional details concerning the operation of the various components depicted in
Context
As described above, in one embodiment virtual assistant 1002 acquires and applies a variety of contextual information to perform information processing functions. The following description sets forth:
One skilled in the art will recognize that the following description of sources, techniques, and methods for using context information is merely exemplary, and that other sources, techniques, and methods can be used without departing from the essential characteristics of the present invention.
Sources of Context
Throughout phases of information processing performed by virtual assistant 1002, several different kinds of context can be used to reduce possible interpretations of user input. Examples include application context, personal data context, and previous dialog history. One skilled in the art will recognize that other sources of context may also be available.
Referring now to
As described in more detail herein, virtual assistant 1002 can draw on any of a number of different sources of knowledge and data, such as dictionaries, domain models, and/or task models. From the perspective of the present invention, such sources, referred to as background sources, are internal to assistant 1002. In addition to user input 2704 and background sources, virtual assistant 1002 can also draw on information from several sources of context, including for example device sensor data 1056, application preferences and usage history 1072, dialog history and assistant memory 1052, personal databases 1058, personal acoustic context data 1080, current application context 1060, and event context 2706. These will be described in detail herein.
Application Context 1060
Application context 1060 refers to the application or similar software state in which the user is doing something. For example, the user could be using a text messaging application to chat with a particular person. Virtual assistant 1002 need not be specific to or part of the user interface of the text messaging application. Rather, virtual assistant 1002 can receive context from any number of applications, with each application contributing its context to inform virtual assistant 1002.
If the user is currently using an application when virtual assistant 1002 is invoked, the state of that application can provide useful context information. For example, if virtual assistant 1002 is invoked from within an email application, context information may include sender information, recipient information, date and/or time sent, subject, data extracted from email content, mailbox or folder name, and the like.
Referring now to
In
Referring now to
In
In
In
Application context can also help identify the meaning of the user's intent across applications. Referring now to
Examples of context information that can be obtained from application(s) include, without limitation:
Another source of context data is the user's personal database(s) 1058 on a device such as a phone, such as for example an address book containing names and phone numbers. Referring now to
In one embodiment, personal information of the user is obtained from personal databases 1058 for use as context for interpreting and/or operationalizing the user's intent or other functions of virtual assistant 1002. For example, data in a user's contact database can be used to reduce ambiguity in interpreting a user's command when the user referred to someone by first name only. Examples of context information that can be obtained from personal databases 1058 include, without limitation:
Another source of context data is the user's dialog history 1052 with virtual assistant 1002. Such history may include, for example, references to domains, people, places, and so forth. Referring now to
As another example, if the user says “find camera shops near here” and then, after examining the results, says “how about in San Francisco?”, an assistant can use the dialog context to determine that “how about” means “do the same task (find camera stores)” and “in San Francisco” means “changing the locus of the search from here to San Francisco.” Virtual assistant 1002 can also use, as context, previous details of a dialog, such as previous output provided to the user. For example, if virtual assistant 1002 used a clever response intended as humor, such as “Sure thing, you're the boss”, it can remember that it has already said this and can avoid repeating the phrase within a dialog session.
Examples of context information from dialog history and virtual assistant memory include, without limitation:
Referring now to
Device Sensor Data 1056
In one embodiment, a physical device running virtual assistant 1002 may have one or more sensors. Such sensors can provide sources of contextual information. Example of such information include, without limitation:
Sensors can be of any type including for example: an accelerometer, compass, GPS unit, altitude detector, light sensor, thermometer, barometer, clock, network interface, battery test circuitry, and the like.
Application Preferences and Usage History 1072
In one embodiment, information describing the user's preferences and settings for various applications, as well as his or her usage history 1072, are used as context for interpreting and/or operationalizing the user's intent or other functions of virtual assistant 1002. Examples of such preferences and history 1072 include, without limitation:
Referring now to
Event Context 2706
In one embodiment, virtual assistant 1002 is able to use context associated with asynchronous events that happen independently of the user's interaction with virtual assistant 1002. Referring now to
Examples of alert context information include, without limitation:
When interpreting speech input, virtual assistant 1002 can also take into account the acoustic environments in which the speech is entered. For example, the noise profiles of a quiet office are different from those of automobiles or public places. If a speech recognition system can identify and store acoustic profile data, these data can also be provided as contextual information. When combined with other contextual information such as the properties of the microphones in use, the current location, and the current dialog state, acoustic context can aid in recognition and interpretation of input.
Representing and Accessing Context
As described above, virtual assistant 1002 can use context information from any of a number of different sources. Any of a number of different mechanisms can be used for representing context so that it can be made available to virtual assistant 1002. Referring now to
Representing People, Places, Times, Domains, Tasks, and Objects
In one embodiment, sets of current values of a given type are represented. Such sets can refer to current people, current places, current times, and the like.
In one embodiment, context values are arranged in a history, so that at iteration N there is a frame of current context values, and also a frame of context values that were current at iteration N−1, going back to some limit on the length of history desired.
In one embodiment, sets of typed context variables are arranged in histories as shown in
One skilled in the art will recognize that the particular representations shown in
For purposes of the description provided herein, these representations of contextual information are referred to as context variables of a given type. For example, a representation of the current user is a context variable of type Person.
Representing Context Derivation
In one embodiment, the derivation of context variables is represented explicitly, so that it can be used in information processing. The derivation of context information is a characterization of the source and/or sets of inferences made to conclude or retrieve the information. For example, a Person context value 851 as depicted in
Representing a History of User Requests and/or Intent
In one embodiment, a history of the user's requests can be stored. In one embodiment, a history of the deep structure representation of the user's intent (as derived from natural language processing) can be stored as well. This allows virtual assistant 1002 to make sense of new inputs in the context of previously interpreted input. For example, if the user asks “what is the weather in New York?”, language interpreter 2770 might interpret the question as referring to the location of New York. If the user then says “what is it for this weekend?” virtual assistant 1002 can refer to this previous interpretation to determine that “what is it” should be interpreted to mean “what is the weather”.
Representing a History of Results
In one embodiment, a history of the results of user's requests can be stored, in the form of domain objects. For example, the user request “find me some good Italian restaurants” might return a set of domain objects representing restaurants. If the user then enters a command such as “call Amilio's”, virtual assistant 1002 can search the results for restaurants named Amilio's within the search results, which is a smaller set than all possible places that can be called.
Delayed Binding of Context Variables
In one embodiment, context variables can represent information that is retrieved or derived on demand. For example, a context variable representing the current location, when accessed, can invoke an API that retrieves current location data from a device and then does other processing to compute, for instance, a street address. The value of that context variable can be maintained for some period of time, depending on a caching policy.
Searching Context
Virtual assistant 1002 can use any of a number of different approaches to search for relevant context information to solve information-processing problems. Example of different types of searches include, without limitation:
In one embodiment, if the current information processing problem requires a single match, the search is terminated once a match is found. If multiple matches are allowed, matching results can be retrieved in order until some limit is reached.
In one embodiment, if appropriate, virtual assistant 1002 can constrain its search to data having certain derivation. For example, if looking for People objects within a task flow for email, virtual assistant 1002 might only consider context variables whose derivation is an application associated with that domain.
In one embodiment, virtual assistant 1002 uses rules to rank matches according to heuristics, using any available properties of context variables. For example, when processing user input including a command to “tell her I'll be late”, virtual assistant 1002 interprets “her” by reference to context. In doing so, virtual assistant 1002 can apply ranking to indicate a preference for People objects whose derivation is application usage histories for communication applications such as text messaging and email. As another example, when interpreting a command to “call her”, virtual assistant 1002 can apply ranking to prefer People objects that have phone numbers over those whose phone numbers are not known. In one embodiment, ranking rules can be associated with domains. For example, different ranking rules can be used for ranking Person variables for Email and Phone domains. One skilled in the art will recognize that any such ranking rule(s) can be created and/or applied, depending on the particular representation and access to context information needed.
Use of Context to Improve Virtual Assistant Processing
As described above, context can be applied to a variety of computations and inferences in connection with the operation of virtual assistant 1002. Referring now to
Method 10 may be implemented in connection with one or more embodiments of virtual assistant 1002.
In at least one embodiment, method 10 may be operable to perform and/or implement various types of functions, operations, actions, and/or other features such as, for example, one or more of the following (or combinations thereof):
In at least some embodiments, portions of method 10 may also be implemented at other devices and/or systems of a computer network.
According to specific embodiments, multiple instances or threads of method 10 may be concurrently implemented and/or initiated via the use of one or more processors 63 and/or other combinations of hardware and/or hardware and software. In at least one embodiment, one or more or selected portions of method 10 may be implemented at one or more client(s) 1304, at one or more server(s) 1340, and/or combinations thereof.
For example, in at least some embodiments, various aspects, features, and/or functionalities of method 10 may be performed, implemented and/or initiated by software components, network services, databases, and/or the like, or any combination thereof.
According to different embodiments, one or more different threads or instances of method 10 may be initiated in response to detection of one or more conditions or events satisfying one or more different types of criteria (such as, for example, minimum threshold criteria) for triggering initiation of at least one instance of method 10. Examples of various types of conditions or events which may trigger initiation and/or implementation of one or more different threads or instances of the method may include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following (or combinations thereof):
According to different embodiments, one or more different threads or instances of method 10 may be initiated and/or implemented manually, automatically, statically, dynamically, concurrently, and/or combinations thereof. Additionally, different instances and/or embodiments of method 10 may be initiated at one or more different time intervals (e.g., during a specific time interval, at regular periodic intervals, at irregular periodic intervals, upon demand, and the like).
In at least one embodiment, a given instance of method 10 may utilize and/or generate various different types of data and/or other types of information when performing specific tasks and/or operations, including context data as described herein. Data may also include any other type of input data/information and/or output data/information. For example, in at least one embodiment, at least one instance of method 10 may access, process, and/or otherwise utilize information from one or more different types of sources, such as, for example, one or more databases. In at least one embodiment, at least a portion of the database information may be accessed via communication with one or more local and/or remote memory devices. Additionally, at least one instance of method 10 may generate one or more different types of output data/information, which, for example, may be stored in local memory and/or remote memory devices.
In at least one embodiment, initial configuration of a given instance of method 10 may be performed using one or more different types of initialization parameters. In at least one embodiment, at least a portion of the initialization parameters may be accessed via communication with one or more local and/or remote memory devices. In at least one embodiment, at least a portion of the initialization parameters provided to an instance of method 10 may correspond to and/or may be derived from the input data/information.
In the particular example of
Speech input is elicited and interpreted 100. Elicitation may include presenting prompts in any suitable mode. In various embodiments, the user interface of the client offers several modes of input. These may include, for example:
Techniques for performing each of these are described in the above-referenced related patent applications. One skilled in the art will recognize that other input modes may be provided. The output of step 100 is a set of candidate interpretations 190 of the input speech.
The set of candidate interpretations 190 is processed 200 by language interpreter 2770 (also referred to as a natural language processor, or NLP), which parses the text input and generates a set of possible interpretations of the user's intent 290.
In step 300, the representation(s) of the user's intent 290 is/are passed to dialog flow processor 2780, which implements an embodiment of a dialog and flow analysis procedure as described in connection with
In step 400, the identified flow step is executed. In one embodiment, invocation of the flow step is performed by services orchestration component 2782 which invokes a set of services on behalf of the user's request. In one embodiment, these services contribute some data to a common result.
In step 500 a dialog response is generated. In step 700, the response is sent to the client device for output thereon. Client software on the device renders it on the screen (or other output device) of the client device.
If, after viewing the response, the user is done 790, the method ends. If the user is not done, another iteration of the loop is initiated by returning to step 100.
Context information 1000 can be used by various components of the system at various points in method 10. For example, as depicted in
In addition, one skilled in the art will recognize that different embodiments of method 10 may include additional features and/or operations than those illustrated in the specific embodiment depicted in
Use of Context in Speech Elicitation and Interpretation
Referring now to
The method begins 100. Assistant 1002 receives 121 voice or speech input in the form of an auditory signal. A speech-to-text service 122 or processor generates a set of candidate text interpretations 124 of the auditory signal. In one embodiment, speech-to-text service 122 is implemented using, for example, Nuance Recognizer, available from Nuance Communications, Inc. of Burlington, Mass.
In one embodiment, assistant 1002 employs statistical language models 1029 to generate candidate text interpretations 124 of speech input 121. In one embodiment context 1000 is applied to bias the generation, filtering, and/or ranking of candidate interpretations 124 generated by speech-to-text service 122. For example:
For example, a given speech input might lead speech-to-text service 122 to generate interpretations “call her” and “collar”. Guided by statistical language models (SLMs) 1029, speech-to-text service 122 can be tuned by grammatical constraints to hear names after it hears “call”. Speech-to-text service 122 can be also tuned based on context 1000. For example, if “Herb” is a first name in the user's address book, then this context can be used to lower the threshold for considering “Herb” as an interpretation of the second syllable. That is, the presence of names in the user's personal data context can influence the choice and tuning of the statistical language model 1029 used to generate hypotheses. The name “Herb” can be part of a general SLM 1029 or it can be added directly by context 1000. In one embodiment, it can be added as an additional SLM 1029, which is tuned based on context 1000. In one embodiment, it can be a tuning of an existing SLM 1029, which is tuned based on context 1000.
In one embodiment, statistical language models 1029 are also tuned to look for words, names, and phrases from application preferences and usage history 1072 and/or personal databases 1058, which may be stored in long-term personal memory 2754. For example, statistical language models 1029 can be given text from to-do items, list items, personal notes, calendar entries, people names in contacts/address books, email addresses, street or city names mentioned in contact/address books, and the like.
A ranking component analyzes candidate interpretations 124 and ranks 126 them according to how well they fit syntactic and/or semantic models of virtual assistant 1002. Any sources of constraints on user input may be used. For example, in one embodiment, assistant 1002 may rank the output of the speech-to-text interpreter according to how well the interpretations parse in a syntactic and/or semantic sense, a domain model, task flow model, and/or dialog model, and/or the like: it evaluates how well various combinations of words in candidate interpretations 124 would fit the concepts, relations, entities, and properties of an active ontology and its associated models, as described in above-referenced related U.S. utility applications.
Ranking 126 of candidate interpretations can also be influenced by context 1000. For example, if the user is currently carrying on a conversation in a text messaging application when virtual assistant 1002 is invoked, the phrase “call her” is more likely to be a correct interpretation than the word “collar”, because there is a potential “her” to call in this context. Such bias can be achieved by tuning the ranking of hypotheses 126 to favor phrases such as “call her” or “call <contact name>” when the current application context indicates an application that can provide “callable entities”.
In various embodiments, algorithms or procedures used by assistant 1002 for interpretation of text inputs, including any embodiment of the natural language processing procedure shown in
Context 1000 can also be used to filter candidate interpretations 124, instead of or in addition to constraining the generation of them or influencing the ranking of them. For example, a filtering rule could prescribe that the context of the address book entry for “Herb” sufficiently indicates that the phrase containing it should be considered a top candidate 130, even if it would otherwise be below a filtering threshold. Depending on the particular speech recognition technology being used, constraints based on contextual bias can be applied at the generation, rank, and/or filter stages.
In one embodiment, if ranking component 126 determines 128 that the highest-ranking speech interpretation from interpretations 124 ranks above a specified threshold, the highest-ranking interpretation may be automatically selected 130. If no interpretation ranks above a specified threshold, possible candidate interpretations of speech 134 are presented 132 to the user. The user can then select 136 among the displayed choices.
Referring now also to
In various embodiments, user selection 136 among the displayed choices can be achieved by any mode of input, including for example multimodal input. Such input modes include, without limitation, actively elicited typed input, actively elicited speech input, actively presented GUI for input, and/or the like. In one embodiment, the user can select among candidate interpretations 134, for example by tapping or speaking. In the case of speaking, the possible interpretation of the new speech input is highly constrained by the small set of choices offered 134.
Whether input is automatically selected 130 or selected 136 by the user, the resulting one or more text interpretation(s) 190 is/are returned. In at least one embodiment, the returned input is annotated, so that information about which choices were made in step 136 is preserved along with the textual input. This enables, for example, the semantic concepts or entities underlying a string to be associated with the string when it is returned, which improves accuracy of subsequent language interpretation.
Any of the sources described in connection with
Context 1000 can be used to facilitate natural language processing (NLP)—the parsing of text input into semantic structures representing the possible parses. Referring now to
The method begins 200. Input text 202 is received. In one embodiment, input text 202 is matched 210 against words and phrases using pattern recognizers 2760, vocabulary databases 2758, ontologies and other models 1050, so as to identify associations between user input and concepts. Step 210 yields a set of candidate syntactic parses 212, which are matched for semantic relevance 220 producing candidate semantic parses 222. Candidate parses are then processed to remove ambiguous alternatives at 230, filtered and sorted by relevance 232, and returned.
Throughout natural language processing, contextual information 1000 can be applied to reduce the hypothesis space and constrain possible parses. For example, if language interpreter 2770 receives two candidates “call her” and “call Herb” to, then language interpreter 2770 would find bindings 212 for the words “call”, “her”, and “Herb”. Application context 1060 can be used to constrain the possible word senses for “call” to mean “phone call”. Context can also be used to find the referents for “her” and “Herb”. For “her”, the context sources 1000 could be searched for a source of callable entities. In this example, the party to a text messaging conversation is a callable entity, and this information is part of the context coming from the text messaging application. In the case of “Herb”, the user's address book is a source of disambiguating context, as are other personal data such as application preferences (such as favorite numbers from domain entity databases 2772) and application usage history (such as recent phone calls from domain entity databases 2772). In an example where the current text messaging party is RebeccaRichards and there is a HerbGowen in the user's address book, the two parses created by language interpreter 2770 would be semantic structures representing “PhoneCall(RebeccaRichards)” and “PhoneCall (HerbGowen)”.
Data from application preferences and usage history 1072, dialog history and assistant memory 1052, and/or personal databases 1058 can also be used by language interpreter 2770 in generating candidate syntactic parses 212. Such data can be obtained, for example, from short- and/or long-term memory 2752, 2754. In this manner, input that was provided previously in the same session, and/or known information about the user, can be used to improve performance, reduce ambiguity, and reinforce the conversational nature of the interaction. Data from active ontology 1050, domain models 2756, and task flow models 2786 can also be used, to implement evidential reasoning in determining valid candidate syntactic parses 212.
In semantic matching 220, language interpreter 2770 considers combinations of possible parse results according to how well they fit semantic models such as domain models and databases. Semantic matching 220 may use data from, for example, active ontology 1050, short term personal memory 2752, and long term personal memory 2754. For example, semantic matching 220 may use data from previous references to venues or local events in the dialog (from dialog history and assistant memory 1052) or personal favorite venues (from application preferences and usage history 1072). Semantic matching 220 step also uses context 1000 to interpret phrases into domain intent structures. A set of candidate, or potential, semantic parse results is generated 222.
In disambiguation step 230, language interpreter 2770 weighs the evidential strength of candidate semantic parse results 222. Disambiguation 230 involves reducing the number of candidate semantic parse 222 by eliminating unlikely or redundant alternatives. Disambiguation 230 may use data from, for example, the structure of active ontology 1050. In at least one embodiment, the connections between nodes in an active ontology provide evidential support for disambiguating among candidate semantic parse results 222. In one embodiment, context 1000 is used to assist in such disambiguation. Examples of such disambiguation include: determining one of several people having the same name; determining a referent to a command such as “reply” (email or text message); pronoun dereferencing; and the like.
For example, input such as “call Herb” potentially refers to any entity matching “Herb”. There could be any number of such entities, not only in the user's address book (personal databases 1058) but also in databases of names of businesses from personal databases 1058 and/or domain entity databases 2772. Several sources of context can constrain the set of matching “Herbs”, and/or rank and filter them in step 232. For example:
Context 1000 can also help reduce the ambiguity in words other than proper names. For example, if the user of an email application tells assistant 1002 to “reply” (as depicted in
In step 232, language interpreter 2770 filters and sorts 232 the top semantic parses as the representation of user intent 290. Context 1000 can be used to inform such filtering and sorting 232. The result is a representation of user intent 290.
Use of Context in Task Flow Processing
Referring now to
The method begins 300. Multiple candidate representations of user intent 290 are received. As described in connection with
In step 312, dialog flow processor 2780 determines the preferred interpretation of the semantic parse(s) with other information to determine a task to perform and its parameters, based on a determination of the user's intent. Information may be obtained, for example, from domain models 2756, task flow models 2786, and/or dialog flow models 2787, or any combination thereof. For example, a task might be PhoneCall and a task parameter is the PhoneNumber to call.
In one embodiment, context 1000 is used in performing step 312, to guide the binding of parameters 312 by inferring default values and resolving ambiguity. For example, context 1000 can guide the instantiation of the task descriptions and determining whether there is a best interpretation of the user's intent.
For example, assume the intent inputs 290 are PhoneCall(RebeccaRichards)” and “PhoneCall (HerbGowen)”. The PhoneCall task requires parameter PhoneNumber. Several sources of context 100 can be applied to determine which phone number for Rebecca and Herb would work. In this example, the address book entry for Rebecca in a contacts database has two phone numbers and the entry for Herb has no phone numbers but one email address. Using the context information 1000 from personal databases 1058 such as the contacts database allows virtual assistant 1002 to prefer Rebecca over Herb, since there is a phone number for Rebecca and none for Herb. To determine which phone number to use for Rebecca, application context 1060 can be consulted to choose the number that is being used to carry on text messaging conversation with Rebecca. Virtual assistant 1002 can thus determine that “call her” in the context of a text messaging conversation with Rebecca Richards means make a phone call to the mobile phone that Rebecca is using for text messaging. This specific information is returned in step 390.
Context 1000 can be used for more than reducing phone number ambiguity. It can be used whenever there are multiple possible values for a task parameter, as long as any source of context 1000 having values for that parameter is available. Other examples in which context 1000 can reduce the ambiguity (and avoid having to prompt the user to select among candidates) include, without limitation: email addresses; physical addresses; times and dates; places; list names; media titles; artist names; business names; or any other value space.
Other kinds of inferences required for task flow processing 300 can also benefit from context 1000. For example, default value inference can use the current location, time, and other current values. Default value inference is useful for determining the values of task parameters that are implicit in the user's request. For example, if someone says “what is the weather like?” they implicitly mean what is the current weather like around here.
In step 310, dialog flow processor 2780 determines whether this interpretation of user intent is supported strongly enough to proceed, and/or if it is better supported than alternative ambiguous parses. If there are competing ambiguities or sufficient uncertainty, then step 322 is performed, to set the dialog flow step so that the execution phase causes the dialog to output a prompt for more information from the user. An example of a screen shot for prompting the user to resolve an ambiguity is shown in
In step 320, the task flow model is consulted to determine an appropriate next step. Information may be obtained, for example, from domain models 2756, task flow models 2786, and/or dialog flow models 2787, or any combination thereof.
The result of step 320 or step 322 is a representation of the user's request 390, which may include the task parameters sufficient for dialog flow processor 2780 and services orchestration 2782 to dispatch to the appropriate service.
Use of Context to Improve Dialog Generation
During dialog response generation 500, assistant 1002 may paraphrase back its understanding of the user's intent and how it is being operationalized in a task. An example of such output is “OK, I'll call Rebecca on her mobile . . . .” This allows the user to authorize assistant 1002 to perform the associated task automation, such as placing a call. In dialog generation step 500, assistant 1002 determines how much detail to convey back to the user in paraphrasing its understanding of the user's intent.
In one embodiment, context 1000 can also be used to guide selection of the appropriate level of detail in the dialog, as well as to filter based on previous output (so as to avoid repeating information). For example, assistant 1002 can use the knowledge that the person and phone number were inferred from context 1000 to determine whether to mention the name and phone number and in what level of detail. Examples of rules that can be applied include, without limitation:
In addition to guiding the appropriate level of detail, context 1000 can also be used in dialog generation step 500, for example, to filter previous utterances, so as to avoid repetition, and to refer to previously mentioned entities in the conversation.
One skilled in the art will recognize that context 1000 can also be used in other ways. For example, in connection with the techniques described herein, context 1000 can be used according to mechanisms described in related U.S. Utility application Ser. No. 12/479,477 for “Contextual Voice Commands”, filed Jun. 5, 2009, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
Context Gathering and Communication Mechanisms
In various embodiments, different mechanisms are used for gathering and communicating context information in virtual assistant 1002. For example, in one embodiment, wherein virtual assistant 1002 is implemented in a client/server environment so that its services are distributed between the client and the server, sources of context 1000 may also be distributed.
Referring now to
In one embodiment, context 1000 can be communicated among distributed components such as client 1304 and server 1340. Such communication can be over a local API or over a distributed network, or by some other means.
Referring now to
In one embodiment, flexibility in obtaining and coordinating context information 1000 is accomplished by prescribing, for each source of context information 1000, a communication policy and an access API that balances the cost of communication against the value of having the information available on every request. For example, variables that are relevant to every speech-to-text request, such as personal acoustic context data 1080 or device sensor data 1056 describing parameters of microphones, can be loaded on every request. Such communication policies can be specified, for example, in a configuration table.
Referring now to
The fully configurable method allows a large space of potentially relevant contextual information 1000 to be made available to streamline the natural language interaction between human and machine. Rather than loading all of this information all of the time, which could lead to inefficiencies, some information is maintained in both the context source and virtual assistant 1002, while other information is queried on demand. For example, as described above, information such as names used in real time operations such as speech recognition is maintained locally, while information that is only used by some possible requests such as a user's personal calendar is queried on demand. Data that cannot be anticipated at the time of a user's invoking the assistant such as incoming SMS events are pushed as they happen.
Referring now to
The sequence depicted in
At time T0, before the interaction begins, user name is synched 770 and address book names are synched 771. These are examples of static context loaded at initialization time, as shown in element 640 of
At time T1, synching steps 770 and 771 are complete. At time T2, the user speaks a request, which is processed according to steps 100, 200, and 300 of
At time T4, an SMS message is received; this is an example of event context 2706. Notification of the event is pushed 773 to virtual assistant 1002, based on the configuration in table 900.
At time T5, the user asks virtual assistant 1002 to read the SMS message. The presence of the event context 2706 guides the NLP component in performing step 200, to interpret “that message” as a new SMS message. At time T6, step 300 can be performed by the task component to invoke an API to read the SMS message to the user. At time T7, the user makes request with an ambiguous verb (“tell”) and name (“Johnny”). The NLP component interprets natural language 200 by resolving these ambiguities using various sources of context 1000 including the event context 2706 received in step 773; this tells the NLP component that the command refers to an SMS message from a person named Johnny. At step T7 execute flow step 400 is performed, including matching the name 771 by looking up the number to use from the received event context object. Assistant 1002 is thus able to compose a new SMS message and send it to Johnny, as confirmed in step T8.
The present invention has been described in particular detail with respect to possible embodiments. Those of skill in the art will appreciate that the invention may be practiced in other embodiments. First, the particular naming of the components, capitalization of terms, the attributes, data structures, or any other programming or structural aspect is not mandatory or significant, and the mechanisms that implement the invention or its features may have different names, formats, or protocols. Further, the system may be implemented via a combination of hardware and software, as described, or entirely in hardware elements, or entirely in software elements. Also, the particular division of functionality between the various system components described herein is merely exemplary, and not mandatory; functions performed by a single system component may instead be performed by multiple components, and functions performed by multiple components may instead be performed by a single component.
In various embodiments, the present invention can be implemented as a system or a method for performing the above-described techniques, either singly or in any combination. In another embodiment, the present invention can be implemented as a computer program product comprising a nontransitory computer-readable storage medium and computer program code, encoded on the medium, for causing a processor in a computing device or other electronic device to perform the above-described techniques.
Reference in the specification to “one embodiment” or to “an embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiments is included in at least one embodiment of the invention. The appearances of the phrase “in one embodiment” in various places in the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment.
Some portions of the above are presented in terms of algorithms and symbolic representations of operations on data bits within a memory of a computing device. These algorithmic descriptions and representations are the means used by those skilled in the data processing arts to most effectively convey the substance of their work to others skilled in the art. An algorithm is here, and generally, conceived to be a self-consistent sequence of steps (instructions) leading to a desired result. The steps are those requiring physical manipulations of physical quantities. Usually, though not necessarily, these quantities take the form of electrical, magnetic or optical signals capable of being stored, transferred, combined, compared and otherwise manipulated. It is convenient at times, principally for reasons of common usage, to refer to these signals as bits, values, elements, symbols, characters, terms, numbers, or the like. Furthermore, it is also convenient at times, to refer to certain arrangements of steps requiring physical manipulations of physical quantities as modules or code devices, without loss of generality.
It should be borne in mind, however, that all of these and similar terms are to be associated with the appropriate physical quantities and are merely convenient labels applied to these quantities. Unless specifically stated otherwise as apparent from the following discussion, it is appreciated that throughout the description, discussions utilizing terms such as “processing” or “computing” or “calculating” or “displaying” or “determining” or the like, refer to the action and processes of a computer system, or similar electronic computing module and/or device, that manipulates and transforms data represented as physical (electronic) quantities within the computer system memories or registers or other such information storage, transmission or display devices.
Certain aspects of the present invention include process steps and instructions described herein in the form of an algorithm. It should be noted that the process steps and instructions of the present invention can be embodied in software, firmware and/or hardware, and when embodied in software, can be downloaded to reside on and be operated from different platforms used by a variety of operating systems.
The present invention also relates to an apparatus for performing the operations herein. This apparatus may be specially constructed for the required purposes, or it may comprise a general-purpose computing device selectively activated or reconfigured by a computer program stored in the computing device. Such a computer program may be stored in a computer readable storage medium, such as, but is not limited to, any type of disk including floppy disks, optical disks, CD-ROMs, magnetic-optical disks, read-only memories (ROMs), random access memories (RAMs), EPROMs, EEPROMs, magnetic or optical cards, application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), or any type of media suitable for storing electronic instructions, and each coupled to a computer system bus. Further, the computing devices referred to herein may include a single processor or may be architectures employing multiple processor designs for increased computing capability.
The algorithms and displays presented herein are not inherently related to any particular computing device, virtualized system, or other apparatus. Various general-purpose systems may also be used with programs in accordance with the teachings herein, or it may prove convenient to construct more specialized apparatus to perform the required method steps. The required structure for a variety of these systems will be apparent from the description provided herein. In addition, the present invention is not described with reference to any particular programming language. It will be appreciated that a variety of programming languages may be used to implement the teachings of the present invention as described herein, and any references above to specific languages are provided for disclosure of enablement and best mode of the present invention.
Accordingly, in various embodiments, the present invention can be implemented as software, hardware, and/or other elements for controlling a computer system, computing device, or other electronic device, or any combination or plurality thereof. Such an electronic device can include, for example, a processor, an input device (such as a keyboard, mouse, touchpad, trackpad, joystick, trackball, microphone, and/or any combination thereof), an output device (such as a screen, speaker, and/or the like), memory, long-term storage (such as magnetic storage, optical storage, and/or the like), and/or network connectivity, according to techniques that are well known in the art. Such an electronic device may be portable or nonportable. Examples of electronic devices that may be used for implementing the invention include: a mobile phone, personal digital assistant, smartphone, kiosk, desktop computer, laptop computer, tablet computer, consumer electronic device, consumer entertainment device; music player; camera; television; set-top box; electronic gaming unit; or the like. An electronic device for implementing the present invention may use any operating system such as, for example, iOS or MacOS, available from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif., or any other operating system that is adapted for use on the device.
While the invention has been described with respect to a limited number of embodiments, those skilled in the art, having benefit of the above description, will appreciate that other embodiments may be devised which do not depart from the scope of the present invention as described herein. In addition, it should be noted that the language used in the specification has been principally selected for readability and instructional purposes, and may not have been selected to delineate or circumscribe the inventive subject matter. Accordingly, the disclosure of the present invention is intended to be illustrative, but not limiting, of the scope of the invention, which is set forth in the claims.
This application claims priority as a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/479,477, entitled “Contextual Voice Commands”, filed Jun. 5, 2009, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. This application further claims priority as a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/987,982, entitled “Intelligent Automated Assistant”, filed Jan. 10, 2011, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. U.S. application Ser. No. 12/987,982 claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/295,774, entitled “Intelligent Automated Assistant”, filed Jan. 18, 2010, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. This application further claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/493,201, entitled “Generating and Processing Data Items That Represent Tasks to Perform”, filed Jun. 3, 2011, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. This application is related to U.S. Utility application Ser. No. 13/251,088, entitled “Generating and Processing Task Items that Represent Tasks to Perform”, filed on the same date as the present application, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. This application is related to U.S. Utility application Ser. No. 13/250,947, entitled “Automatically Adapting User Interfaces for Hands-Free Interaction”, filed on the same date as the present application, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20120265528 A1 | Oct 2012 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61295774 | Jan 2010 | US | |
| 61493201 | Jun 2011 | US |
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|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 12479477 | Jun 2009 | US |
| Child | 13250854 | US | |
| Parent | 12987982 | Jan 2011 | US |
| Child | 12479477 | US |
