Patent Application
20160319661
Hydraulic fracturing is a technology that has evolved into a mature, complex level. The use of hydraulic fracturing is critical to the economical production of hydrocarbons; and is a significant portion of the well-development cost. Despite the progress, it is still not fully understood, and can be interpreted poorly, Although the physical laws governing fracturing are known, the constant emergence of new mechanisms, such as scale-dependent fracture toughness, complex fracturing, dilatancy, and convection, indicates that the basic physics incorporated into models has not been sufficient to model a fracture fully.
The reasons for the uncertainty surrounding the fracturing process are clear. The Earth is a complex, discontinuous medium, and historically there has been limited technology For observing or inferring fracturing results. Nothing can be done about the complexity of typical reservoirs in the Earth, and one can expect that difficulties with complexity will increase as more marginal reservoirs are exploited. On the other hand, diagnostic capabilities continue to improve and technology is reaching the point where fracture diagnostics can be applied by the average producer in problem situations, in new fields, or for validation of new fracturing techniques.
Furthermore, as operators continue to work in difficult, complex lithologies, it becomes clear that stimulation problems cannot be solved without some diagnostic; data from which judicious decisions can be made. Diagnostics cost money, but trial-and-error approaches often cost more money and can result in lost wells. Decisions on well spacing, field layout, sand concentrations and volumes, number of zones that can be stimulated in one treatment, optimum perforation schedule, and many other operational parameters can be made correctly if the proper diagnostic information is available in a timely manner.
Recent advances in hydraulic-fracture-mapping technologies have provided good information on the created fracture length in numerous geologic settings. Before having such measurements, fracture length was estimated using fracture-propagation models, but there was significant uncertainty in the results that cascaded into subsequent production analyses, Practitioners also need to understand how the created fracture length relates to the location of proppant in the fracture and to the producing or effective length to evaluate well performance and improve stimulation designs. Unfortunately, most advanced fracture-mapping technologies that provide accurate measurements of the created fracture length have not provided insights into the propped and effective fracture lengths. Advanced production-data analyses (PDAs), pressure-transient testing, and/or numerical reservoir modeling are required to determine the effective fracture length.
The common viewpoint of the far-field hydraulic fracture geometry is changing. Data sets compiled over the last decade are incompatible with the conventional picture of a single, bi-wing, planar hydraulic fracture. These data sets include (1) recovered cores, (2) minebacks, (3) microseismicity, (4) overcores and borehole video, (5) treatment pressure response, and (6) surface tilts, in conjunction with advancements in laboratory simulations, studies of natural hydraulic fracture analogues, and improvements in numerical simulations. The single, planar, farfield fracture viewpoint finds its roots and development in early theory and simplified laboratory studies that were pre-disposed to single, planar fracture geometry. Replacing this viewpoint is a new perspective that includes a strong potential for creating multiple, far-field fractures. The implications of multiple, far-field fracturing has resulted in adjustments to completion and stimulation strategies to address and affect the overall fracture geometry.
One of fracture technology's last frontiers is the understanding and optimization of far-field fracture geometry and proppant placement. Prior to the last decade, the viewpoint of far-field geometry was a single, bi-wing, planar fracture that opened against the least principal stress. But a growing body of data contradicts this viewpoint and a new perspective is emerging. This new viewpoint includes the potential for creating multiple, far-field fractures. As we discuss, the foundation of the new paradigm includes recent field studies, improved laboratory simulations, and advanced theoretical modeling.
In addition knowing the direction or azimuth of the fracture orientation is important in development of a low permeability reservoir with horizontal wellbores. The orientation of the horizontal wellbore will determine if the hydraulic fractures are longitudinal or transverse to the wellbore. The angle of the wellbore to the hydraulic fracture not only affects the recovery factor from the reservoir, but also influences the completion strategy.
Thus practitioners today would like to have much better diagnostics on several hydraulic fracture properties:
Artificially created hydraulic fractures are primarily mode-I tensile fractures. Geo-mechanical modeling shows that tensile hydraulic fractures create a characteristic strain distribution in the deformed rock around them. Our modeling shows that strain measurements with sufficient resolution in a properly instrumented monitor well (such as a horizontal well with high resolution distributed strain sensing) can provide information about the approaching hydraulic fractures from an offset stimulation treatment.
Approaching hydraulic fractures generate a characteristic strain pattern axially along the monitor wellbore, which can be analyzed to evaluate the above listed fracture properties.
There is a need the to utilize these new capabilities for high resolution distributed strain sensing to develop new diagnostics of hydraulic fracture properties.
This need is addressed in the following approach.
The strain sensing system can be based on fiber optic technology, and may be based on Rayleigh scattering, Brillouin scattering, Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) technology or any other technology that may be used to monitor strain in optical fibers. The sensing technology may use Optical Time Domain Reflectometry (OTDR), Optical Frequency Domain Reflectometry (OFDR), Optical Interferometric techniques based continuous wave or pulsed optical sources. The strain sensing system may utilize one or several technologies simultaneously to enhance resolution.
The strain sensing system may measure absolute strain or measure deviations from a base-line. It is desirable to couple the optical fiber to the formation as efficiently as possible, and strain sensing cables may be epoxy filled or otherwise closely couple the optical fiber to the outer sheath of the sensing cable. The strain sensing cable may be cemented in-place in the monitoring well for enhanced performance. It is also desirable to have a well-known strain transfer function of the strain sensing cable for accurate interpretation. High-resolution strain sensing cables may have a built in strain profile due to the manufacturing process, and this strain profile may be larger than the expected strain measurements. Cable installation down-hole may also add strain variations along the length of the sensing cable so it may be beneficial to measure deviations from a base-line after the cable has been installed in the monitoring well.
The strain sensing system may also need to be temperature compensated for accurate strain measurements, as many strain-sensing technologies are both temperature and strain sensitive. Accurate distributed temperature profiles can be measured with e.g. Raman based (Distributed Temperature Sensing (DT) systems. The temperature effects can then be subtracted from the strain profile to achieve accurate high-resolution strain profiles. Temperature compensation can alternatively be done by decoupling optical fibers from strain in the cable. Options to de-couple strain include to cable optical fibers in gel-filled cables to minimize strain transfer into the temperature sensing fiber, and this can be done in e.g. Brillouin based sensing systems. Other options include housing single point temperature sensors, e.g. FBG's, in a capillary tube to prevent strain transfer, and you would then need a pair of FBG's at each sensing location where FBG 1 measures temperature only and FBG 2 at a close proximity measure both temperature and strain.
The strain sensing system may utilize one cable for strain sensing and one cable for temperature compensation, or a single cable with multiple optical fibers where the first optical fiber is used for strain sensing, the second optical fiber is used for temperature sensing, the third optical fiber is used for acoustic sensing etc. The strain sensing system may utilize one or several technologies simultaneously to enhance resolution and performance, and the selected technologies may drive the cable design. A person skilled in the art of fiber optic sensing knows the trade-offs and the examples above are by no way an exhaustive list of technologies or combinations to make a working fiber optic strain sensing system aligned with the spirit of the invention.
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If more than one fracture is approaching, the axial strain pattern changes significantly.
Our modeling further shows that the separation of the two maximum strain peaks is related to the distance of the approaching hydraulic fracture tip, thus providing a measurement of fracture length from the treatment well. Views such as
The
The strain measurement could better define the fracture length and number of tensile hydraulic fractures propagating in the far-field as well as the final propped hydraulic fracture length. Existing technologies such as distributed temperature sensing and distributed acoustic sensing mainly measure near-wellbore injection entry points but cannot measure the geometry distribution of fractures in the far-field. Micro seismic mapping measures the far-field fracture geometry and azimuth but in horizontal well completions with multiple perforation/entry points it is many times very difficult to discern the individual dominant fracture planes of the tensile hydraulic fractures since micro seismic events are shear-failures around the tensile fracture, thus forming a diffuse image, with insufficient resolution in terms of number of fracture planes. Tilt meter or Micro deformation mapping is also a deformation based technology which is used to measure the far-field fracture geometry and azimuth but lacks the resolution to discern individual fracture planes and cannot be used in horizontal monitor wellbores.
The number and individual lengths of fracture planes that propagate in the far-field are an important input for fracture models as well as reservoir modeling tools to optimize fracture completion and well spacing strategies. The technology described herein can provide more detail of the dominant hydraulic fracture structure within the traditional SRV (Stimulated Reservoir Volume) measured by micro-seismic mapping in unconventional reservoirs. When the strain measurements are performed in conjunction with other diagnostic measurements a more complete picture and image of hydraulic fractures can be created. The potential of estimating a propped hydraulic fracture length is an industry challenge that has not been overcome yet but is a highly desired goal of fracture diagnostic measurements. This technology could provide a start for overcoming this challenge.
Although certain embodiments and their advantages have been described herein in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions and alterations could be made without departing from the coverage as defined by the appended claims. Moreover, the potential applications of the disclosed techniques is not intended to be limited to the particular embodiments of the processes, machines, manufactures, means, methods and steps described herein. As a person of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate from this disclosure, other processes, machines, manufactures, means, methods, or steps, presently existing or later to be developed that perform substantially the same function or achieve substantially the same result as the corresponding embodiments described herein may be utilized. Accordingly, the appended claims are intended to include within their scope such processes, machines, manufactures, means, methods or steps.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/US14/12178 | 1/20/2014 | WO | 00 |
